Inventory of Henry VIII of England
Encyclopedia
The Inventory of Henry VIII of England compiled in 1547 is a list of the possessions of the crown, now in the British Library
as Harley Ms. 1419.
The inventory was made following a commission of 14 September 1547 during the first year of the reign of Edward VI of England
. The surviving manuscripts list the possessions of Henry VIII of England
item by item, by their location in houses. The armaments of ships and forts are also recorded. Altogether there are 17,810 items listed, and some of these entries contain multiple objects. Despite this abundance, only a very small number of objects survive and can be identified. The monetary values of the objects were not recorded, though the weights of many gold and silver items were given.
MS 129 & A &B, and a duplicate copy British Library
BL Additional MS 46348; and British Library Harley MS 1419 A & B. The copy of the Society of Antiquaries manuscript, BL Add. MS 46348, was used in the Tower of London
after the inventory was complied to track changes in the royal collections and contains later annotations.
These manuscripts were edited and published in full for the first time in 1998. The published transcription alloted each item an index number to facilitate further study. The team of editors provided a thematic index of generic headings in alphabetical order. Within the index many heading provide short glossaries. This indexing solution to the large number of royal possessions has itself a helpful introduction running to three and half pages.
Another manuscript lists the ships of Henry VIII's navy; the three Anthony Roll
s are kept by Magdalene College, Cambridge
, and the British Library, and were published in 2000. Partial details of the royal library and other separate inventories of the King's books were also published in 2000. The comparable and shorter inventories of James V of Scotland
and Mary, Queen of Scots were published in 1815, 1844, 1863 and 2004, from manuscripts in the National Archives of Scotland
and British Library.
were recorded in 1542. This inventory survives in manuscript at Kew Public Record Office
, PRO E315/160 and PRO E101/472/2, and at the British Library, BL Lansdowne Rolls 14 & 15. The Whitehall inventory was published in 2004.
's jewels which remained at the Tower of London
, amongst its contents were gold headresses set with pearls and diamonds (habillements); girdles with gold links set with diamonds, rubies and pearls; and two jewels fashioned with the initials HK, for Katherine and Henry. One more recent acquisition was a jewel with balas rubies
bought from Anton Fugger
;
which survives in the British Museum
is listed simply as; "a Cuppe of gold with Imagerie, the knopp a crowne Imperiall and aboute the bordre of the cover and the foote a Crowne garnished with lxii garnishing perles weying lxxix oz," and identified by its original number of pearls. The "knopp a crowne Imperiall" and "the bordre of the cover" with its pearls were lost at some point between the 17th and 19th centuries. Notes in the inventory record diplomatic gifts given and some incidents; in the summer of 1552, Edward VI lost a large pearl pendant from a gold chain while riding between Titchfield
and Southhampton. The pearl was found and returned in May 1553.
The elaborate furnishing textiles and beds of these houses are listed in detail. Beyond this general magnificence, the inventory hints at Henry VIII's own interests and activities; at Westminster Palace there was a little study called the New Library, with equipment for writing, drawing, painting and surveying. Two shelves held patterns for castles and engines of war, and there was a portfolio for plans, noted as a 'a case for a platte covered with leather.'
s. In total, Thomas P. Campbell estimates the inventory list at approximately 2,450 tapestry wall hangings, and 300 other tapesty furnishings. A entry for one of the newer suites listed in the Wardrobe at Westminster reads;
Amongst the many other furnishing textiles of embroidered silk and brocade in the Wardrobe at Hampton Court there was a crimson bed and a pair of crimson satin cushions embroidered with the arms of James V of Scotland
. These items may have been seized at Edinburgh in 1544
.
run to 237 items. As well as costumes for court Masque
s for men and women, and bards
(decorative trappings for horses), Cawarden was keeper of the royal tents. These props included;
. The decoration distinguished some of the larger pieces. Some were painted in the 'antique manner', decoration in renaissance character incorporating Italianate grotesques
. The inventory included;
. The listed ships include;
are recorded; as were some of the Scottish guns captured at the battle of Pinkie
. The inventory details body armour supplied from the Hampton Court armoury for the Scottish expedition. There was also iron shot for captured Scottish guns stored at Calais.
Shot, powder, gunnery tools, and other equipment was recorded. Some cannon were old, dangerous, broken, or un-mounted, and the lists noted broken firing chambers for breech-loaders. Some of these broken cannon had burst when firing salutes. The Ordnance house at Calais had accumulated quantities of iron shot of redundant calibre. Equipment at the Tower of London included some exotic pieces and large numbers of decorated ceremonial hand-arms. Most garrisons held Moorish pikes, bills and bows. Armouries and fortified places with royal cannon listed included;
British Library
The British Library is the national library of the United Kingdom, and is the world's largest library in terms of total number of items. The library is a major research library, holding over 150 million items from every country in the world, in virtually all known languages and in many formats,...
as Harley Ms. 1419.
The inventory was made following a commission of 14 September 1547 during the first year of the reign of Edward VI of England
Edward VI of England
Edward VI was the King of England and Ireland from 28 January 1547 until his death. He was crowned on 20 February at the age of nine. The son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour, Edward was the third monarch of the Tudor dynasty and England's first monarch who was raised as a Protestant...
. The surviving manuscripts list the possessions of Henry VIII of England
Henry VIII of England
Henry VIII was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He was Lord, and later King, of Ireland, as well as continuing the nominal claim by the English monarchs to the Kingdom of France...
item by item, by their location in houses. The armaments of ships and forts are also recorded. Altogether there are 17,810 items listed, and some of these entries contain multiple objects. Despite this abundance, only a very small number of objects survive and can be identified. The monetary values of the objects were not recorded, though the weights of many gold and silver items were given.
Manuscripts
The three original manuscripts of the Inventory are; Society of AntiquariesSociety of Antiquaries of London
The Society of Antiquaries of London is a learned society "charged by its Royal Charter of 1751 with 'the encouragement, advancement and furtherance of the study and knowledge of the antiquities and history of this and other countries'." It is based at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London , and is...
MS 129 & A &B, and a duplicate copy British Library
British Library
The British Library is the national library of the United Kingdom, and is the world's largest library in terms of total number of items. The library is a major research library, holding over 150 million items from every country in the world, in virtually all known languages and in many formats,...
BL Additional MS 46348; and British Library Harley MS 1419 A & B. The copy of the Society of Antiquaries manuscript, BL Add. MS 46348, was used in the Tower of London
Tower of London
Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, more commonly known as the Tower of London, is a historic castle on the north bank of the River Thames in central London, England. It lies within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, separated from the eastern edge of the City of London by the open space...
after the inventory was complied to track changes in the royal collections and contains later annotations.
These manuscripts were edited and published in full for the first time in 1998. The published transcription alloted each item an index number to facilitate further study. The team of editors provided a thematic index of generic headings in alphabetical order. Within the index many heading provide short glossaries. This indexing solution to the large number of royal possessions has itself a helpful introduction running to three and half pages.
Another manuscript lists the ships of Henry VIII's navy; the three Anthony Roll
Anthony Roll
The Anthony Roll is a record of ships of the English Tudor navy of the 1540s, named after its creator, Anthony Anthony. It originally consisted of three rolls of vellum, depicting 58 naval vessels along with information on their size, crew, armament, and basic equipment. The rolls were...
s are kept by Magdalene College, Cambridge
Magdalene College, Cambridge
Magdalene College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge, England.The college was founded in 1428 as a Benedictine hostel, in time coming to be known as Buckingham College, before being refounded in 1542 as the College of St Mary Magdalene...
, and the British Library, and were published in 2000. Partial details of the royal library and other separate inventories of the King's books were also published in 2000. The comparable and shorter inventories of James V of Scotland
James V of Scotland
James V was King of Scots from 9 September 1513 until his death, which followed the Scottish defeat at the Battle of Solway Moss...
and Mary, Queen of Scots were published in 1815, 1844, 1863 and 2004, from manuscripts in the National Archives of Scotland
National Archives of Scotland
Based in Edinburgh, the National Archives of Scotland are the national archives of Scotland. The NAS claims to have one of the most varied collection of archives in Europe...
and British Library.
The Whitehall Palace inventory of 1542
Over 4000 objects at Whitehall Palace in the keeping of Sir Anthony DennyAnthony Denny
Sir Anthony Denny was a confidant of Henry VIII of England. Denny was the most prominent member of the Privy chamber in Henry's last years having, together with his brother-in-law John Gates, charge of the "dry stamp" of Henry's signature, and attended Henry on his deathbed. He also served as...
were recorded in 1542. This inventory survives in manuscript at Kew Public Record Office
Public Record Office
The Public Record Office of the United Kingdom is one of the three organisations that make up the National Archives...
, PRO E315/160 and PRO E101/472/2, and at the British Library, BL Lansdowne Rolls 14 & 15. The Whitehall inventory was published in 2004.
Henry's collection
The inventory intended to list all of the late King's; jewels, plate, stuff, ordinance, and munition. Commissioners were appointed to view the royal mansion houses, stables, and stores of munition. The sections below sketch aspects of this collection.Gold, silver, and jewels
The inventory has 3690 entries for precious metals and stones. These include a coffer of Catherine ParrCatherine Parr
Catherine Parr ; 1512 – 5 September 1548) was Queen consort of England and Ireland and the last of the six wives of King Henry VIII of England. She married Henry VIII on 12 July 1543. She was the fourth commoner Henry had taken as his consort, and outlived him...
's jewels which remained at the Tower of London
Tower of London
Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, more commonly known as the Tower of London, is a historic castle on the north bank of the River Thames in central London, England. It lies within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, separated from the eastern edge of the City of London by the open space...
, amongst its contents were gold headresses set with pearls and diamonds (habillements); girdles with gold links set with diamonds, rubies and pearls; and two jewels fashioned with the initials HK, for Katherine and Henry. One more recent acquisition was a jewel with balas rubies
Spinel
Spinel is the magnesium aluminium member of the larger spinel group of minerals. It has the formula MgAl2O4. Balas ruby is an old name for a rose-tinted variety.-Spinel group:...
bought from Anton Fugger
Anton Fugger
Anton Fugger was a German merchant and member of the Fugger family. He was a nephew of Jacob Fugger.-Biography:...
;
"A jewell bought by the kinges Majestie of Anthony fulker and his company of Antewarpe in May 1551 and delivered to t'handes of the Earl of willteshereEdward VI was obliged to buy this jewel, which he described in his diary, for 100,000 crowns because the English crown owed £60,000 to the Fugger's bank. The enamelled Royal Gold CupWilliam Paulet, 1st Marquess of WinchesterSir William Paulet was an English Secretary of State and statesman who attained several peerages throughout his lifetime: Baron St John , Earl of Wiltshire , and Marquess of Winchester .-Family origins and early career in Hampshire:William Paulet was eldest son of Sir John Paulet of...
lorde treasurer of England by the kinges Majestie the VIIth day of June 1551.
A fayer flower of golde having sett in the same three table ballaces sett withowte foyle, and between everey ballace a perle, and in the myddes betwene the three ballaces a large pointed Diamounte and a perle pendaunt at one of the ballaces."
Royal Gold Cup
The Royal Gold Cup or Saint Agnes Cup is a solid gold covered cup lavishly decorated with enamel and pearls. It was made for the French royal family at the end of the 14th century, and later belonged to several English monarchs before spending nearly 300 years in Spain...
which survives in the British Museum
British Museum
The British Museum is a museum of human history and culture in London. Its collections, which number more than seven million objects, are amongst the largest and most comprehensive in the world and originate from all continents, illustrating and documenting the story of human culture from its...
is listed simply as; "a Cuppe of gold with Imagerie, the knopp a crowne Imperiall and aboute the bordre of the cover and the foote a Crowne garnished with lxii garnishing perles weying lxxix oz," and identified by its original number of pearls. The "knopp a crowne Imperiall" and "the bordre of the cover" with its pearls were lost at some point between the 17th and 19th centuries. Notes in the inventory record diplomatic gifts given and some incidents; in the summer of 1552, Edward VI lost a large pearl pendant from a gold chain while riding between Titchfield
Titchfield Abbey
Titchfield Abbey is a medieval abbey and later country house, located in the village of Titchfield near Fareham in Hampshire, England. The abbey was founded in 1222 for Premonstratensian canons, an austere order of priests...
and Southhampton. The pearl was found and returned in May 1553.
Palaces and houses
Apart from collections of jewels and the stores of the Royal Wardrobe, items were listed in the houses where they were kept. As well as Henry's major palaces, the contents of his children's homes and wardrobes were listed. These include;- Manor of BeddingtonBeddingtonBeddington is a settlement between the London Boroughs of Sutton and Croydon. The BedZED low energy housing scheme is located here. In Beddington was a static inverter plant of HVDC Kingsnorth....
, SurreySurreySurrey is a county in the South East of England and is one of the Home Counties. The county borders Greater London, Kent, East Sussex, West Sussex, Hampshire and Berkshire. The historic county town is Guildford. Surrey County Council sits at Kingston upon Thames, although this has been part of...
, in the charge of Sir Michael StanhopeSir Michael StanhopeSir Michael Stanhope was a Nottinghamshire landowner and suspected rebel against the English Crown. He was a descendant of the ancient Stanhope family of Rampton, Nottinghamshire....
. - Durham PlaceDurham House (London)Durham House, or Durham Inn, was the historic London residence of the Bishop of Durham in the Strand, with its gardens descending to the Thames.-Origins:...
, London, former home of Prince Edward. - The MoreThe MoreThe More was a sixteenth-century castle near Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire, where Catherine of Aragon lived after the annulment of her marriage to Henry VIII of England. It was previously owned by Cardinal Wolsey, and was at More Park. The Treaty of the More was celebrated here by Henry VIII and the...
, HertfordshireHertfordshireHertfordshire is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in the East region of England. The county town is Hertford.The county is one of the Home Counties and lies inland, bordered by Greater London , Buckinghamshire , Bedfordshire , Cambridgeshire and...
, Wardrobe in the charge of Richard Hobbes. - Manor of NonsucheNonsuch PalaceNonsuch Palace was a Tudor royal palace, built by Henry VIII in Surrey, England; it stood from 1538 to 1682–3. Its ruins are in Nonsuch Park.- Background :Nonsuch Palace in Surrey was perhaps the grandest of Henry VIII's building projects...
, SurreySurreySurrey is a county in the South East of England and is one of the Home Counties. The county borders Greater London, Kent, East Sussex, West Sussex, Hampshire and Berkshire. The historic county town is Guildford. Surrey County Council sits at Kingston upon Thames, although this has been part of...
, Wardrobe in the charge of Sir Thomas CawardenThomas CawardenThomas Cawarden of Bletchingley was Master of Revels to Henry VIII of England, Edward VI, and Mary.Thomas was the son of William Carden, a cloth-fuller and citizen of London...
. - Nottingham CastleNottingham CastleNottingham Castle is a castle in Nottingham, England. It is located in a commanding position on a natural promontory known as "'Castle Rock'", with cliffs high to the south and west. In the Middle Ages it was a major royal fortress and occasional royal residence...
, Wardrobe in the charge of Thomas Clyeff. - Manor of OtelandsOatlands PalaceOatlands Palace is a former Tudor and Stuart royal palace located between Weybridge and Walton on Thames in Surrey, England. The surrounding modern district of Oatlands takes its name from the palace...
, in the charge of Sir Anthony Brown, Master of the King's Horses and Keeper of Oatlands. - New Hall or the Manor of BeaulieuPalace of Beaulieuright|350px|thumb|Beaulieu Palace circa 1580The Palace of Beaulieu also known as New Hall was located in Essex, England, north of Chelmsford....
, EssexEssexEssex is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in the East region of England, and one of the home counties. It is located to the northeast of Greater London. It borders with Cambridgeshire and Suffolk to the north, Hertfordshire to the west, Kent to the South and London to the south west...
, in the charge of the Marquis of NorthamptonWilliam Parr, 1st Marquess of NorthamptonWilliam Parr, 1st Marquess of Northampton, 1st Earl of Essex and 1st Baron Parr, KG was the son of Sir Thomas Parr and his wife, Maud Green, daughter of Sir Thomas Green, of Broughton and Greens Norton...
, usual home of Princess MaryMary I of EnglandMary I was queen regnant of England and Ireland from July 1553 until her death.She was the only surviving child born of the ill-fated marriage of Henry VIII and his first wife Catherine of Aragon. Her younger half-brother, Edward VI, succeeded Henry in 1547...
. - Manor of RichmondRichmond PalaceRichmond Palace was a Thameside royal residence on the right bank of the river, upstream of the Palace of Westminster, to which it lay 9 miles SW of as the crow flies. It it was erected c. 1501 within the royal manor of Sheen, by Henry VII of England, formerly known by his title Earl of Richmond,...
, SurreySurreySurrey is a county in the South East of England and is one of the Home Counties. The county borders Greater London, Kent, East Sussex, West Sussex, Hampshire and Berkshire. The historic county town is Guildford. Surrey County Council sits at Kingston upon Thames, although this has been part of...
, Wardrobe in the charge of William Griffithe. - Sudeley CastleSudeley CastleSudeley Castle is a castle located near Winchcombe, Gloucestershire, England. It dates from the 10th century, but the inhabited portion is chiefly Elizabethan. The castle has a notable garden, which is designed and maintained to a very high standard. The chapel, St. Mary's Sudeley, is the burial...
, GloucestershireGloucestershireGloucestershire is a county in South West England. The county comprises part of the Cotswold Hills, part of the flat fertile valley of the River Severn, and the entire Forest of Dean....
, effects of Catherine ParrCatherine ParrCatherine Parr ; 1512 – 5 September 1548) was Queen consort of England and Ireland and the last of the six wives of King Henry VIII of England. She married Henry VIII on 12 July 1543. She was the fourth commoner Henry had taken as his consort, and outlived him...
. - Woodstock PalaceWoodstock PalaceWoodstock Palace was a royal residence in the English town of Woodstock, Oxfordshire.Henry I of England built a hunting lodge here and in 1129 he built seven miles of walls to create the first enclosed park, where lions and leopards were kept. The lodge became a palace under Henry's grandson, Henry...
, OxfordshireOxfordshireOxfordshire is a county in the South East region of England, bordering on Warwickshire and Northamptonshire , Buckinghamshire , Berkshire , Wiltshire and Gloucestershire ....
.
The elaborate furnishing textiles and beds of these houses are listed in detail. Beyond this general magnificence, the inventory hints at Henry VIII's own interests and activities; at Westminster Palace there was a little study called the New Library, with equipment for writing, drawing, painting and surveying. Two shelves held patterns for castles and engines of war, and there was a portfolio for plans, noted as a 'a case for a platte covered with leather.'
Tapestry and textiles
In 1906 the historian and tapestry-maker W. G. Thomson commented on the 1547 inventory that the king, "had a perfect mania for acquiring tapestries by any means that presented itself." Thomson was first to print the full list of tapestries but omitted the dimensions. These were given in English yards, or French and Flemish ellEll
An ell , is a unit of measurement, approximating the length of a man's arm.Several national forms existed, with different lengths, includingthe Scottish ell ,the Flemish ell ,the French ell...
s. In total, Thomas P. Campbell estimates the inventory list at approximately 2,450 tapestry wall hangings, and 300 other tapesty furnishings. A entry for one of the newer suites listed in the Wardrobe at Westminster reads;
"Item vii peces of fine newe Tapsterie of the Historye of Vulcanus Mars and venus lined withe Canvas whereof one pece conteyneth in Lengthe v yerdes iii quarters di The iide pece conteyneth in lengthe vii yerdes quarter di The iiide pece conteyneth in lengthe vi yerdes di the iiiith in lengthe v yerdes iii quarters The vth in lengthe vii yerdes quarter The vith in length vi yerdes di and the viith in length vii yerdes quarter everye of the saide peces conteyning in depthe iiii yerdes quarter di."
Amongst the many other furnishing textiles of embroidered silk and brocade in the Wardrobe at Hampton Court there was a crimson bed and a pair of crimson satin cushions embroidered with the arms of James V of Scotland
James V of Scotland
James V was King of Scots from 9 September 1513 until his death, which followed the Scottish defeat at the Battle of Solway Moss...
. These items may have been seized at Edinburgh in 1544
Burning of Edinburgh (1544)
The Burning of Edinburgh in 1544 by an English sea-borne army was the first major action of the war of the Rough Wooing. A Scottish army observed the landing on 3 May 1544 but did not engage with the English force. The Provost of Edinburgh was compelled to allow the English to sack Leith and...
.
Revels
The properties of the Master of Revels, Thomas CawardenThomas Cawarden
Thomas Cawarden of Bletchingley was Master of Revels to Henry VIII of England, Edward VI, and Mary.Thomas was the son of William Carden, a cloth-fuller and citizen of London...
run to 237 items. As well as costumes for court Masque
Masque
The masque was a form of festive courtly entertainment which flourished in 16th and early 17th century Europe, though it was developed earlier in Italy, in forms including the intermedio...
s for men and women, and bards
Barding
Barding is armour for horses. During the late Middle Ages as armour protection for knights became more effective, their mounts became targets...
(decorative trappings for horses), Cawarden was keeper of the royal tents. These props included;
- Two coverings of cloth-of-gold tissue and purple velvet embroidered with a man-at-arms of silver riding upon a Mount and a lady standing in clouds casting darts at him with harts and 'sisars' of gold. (no. 8607)
- 12 long narrow masquing garments for men of cloth-of-gold and tissued gold and silver guarded about the skirts with green tinsel (silk woven with metal ribbon) and guarded all over with green satin bendBend (heraldry)In heraldry, a bend is a coloured band running from the upper right corner of the shield to the lower left . Writers differ in how much of the field they say it covers, ranging from one-fifth up to one-third...
-wise (diagonally) under four bodies colours and undersleeves of cloth-of-silver, the long sleeves hanging by of cloth-of-silver and cloth of tissue paned barFessIn heraldry, a fess or fesse is a charge on a coat of arms that takes the form of a band running horizontally across the centre of the shield. Writers disagree in how much of the shield's surface is to be covered by a fess or other ordinary, ranging from one-fifth to one-third...
-wise (horizontal stripes) having great leaves of green satin about, the 'Scise' of the sleeves 12 'scaplers' of crimson satin cut and edged with yellow sarsenet with leaves about the colour of green satin. 12 hats to the same of the said cloth-of-gold tissued fringed with Cologne silver and garnished with leaves of green satin. (no. 8619) - 8 Italian gowns for women with ruff sleeves, 4 of flat cloth-of-gold striped with silver, 'cheverned' with crimson satin, upon the labels or pendants of yellow sarsenet hanging of great tassels at the skirts, the nether bases or skirts of purple velvet upon silver th'under sleeves of crimson tinsel (silk woven with metal ribbon) cut upon white sarsenet, th'other 4 of flat cloth-of-silver striped with gold with ruff sleeves, nether sleeves, labels and 'chevernes' as the other first 4, the nether skirts of cloth-of-gold tissue blue, 8 coiffs of Venice gold with their perukes of hair hanging to them and long labels of coloured lawn. (no. 8659)
Musical instruments
Most of the listed musical instruments were kept at Westminster Palace by Philip van WilderPhilip van Wilder
Philip van Wilder, was a South Netherlandish lutenist and composer, active in England....
. The decoration distinguished some of the larger pieces. Some were painted in the 'antique manner', decoration in renaissance character incorporating Italianate grotesques
Grotesque
The word grotesque comes from the same Latin root as "Grotto", meaning a small cave or hollow. The original meaning was restricted to an extravagant style of Ancient Roman decorative art rediscovered and then copied in Rome at the end of the 15th century...
. The inventory included;
- BagpipesBagpipesBagpipes are a class of musical instrument, aerophones, using enclosed reeds fed from a constant reservoir of air in the form of a bag. Though the Scottish Great Highland Bagpipe and Irish uilleann pipes have the greatest international visibility, bagpipes of many different types come from...
; one of purple velvet with ivory pipes; 4 bagpipes with ivory pipes, all at Westminster. - Clavichords, 2; one covered in gilt leather, another silvered, Westminster.
- CrumhornCrumhornThe crumhorn is a musical instrument of the woodwind family, most commonly used during the Renaissance period. In modern times, there has been a revival of interest in Early Music, and crumhorns are being played again....
s; a case of 7; another case of 4; at Westminster; 7 ivory 'crok horns' in a case in the Long Gallery at Hampton Court. - CornetCornetThe cornet is a brass instrument very similar to the trumpet, distinguished by its conical bore, compact shape, and mellower tone quality. The most common cornet is a transposing instrument in B. It is not related to the renaissance and early baroque cornett or cornetto.-History:The cornet was...
s; one from the effects of James Rufford. - Dulcenses, unidentified woodwind, 5 short instruments called 'dulcenses' covered with black leather; 8 covered with black leather some with silver tips.
- 5 FluteFluteThe flute is a musical instrument of the woodwind family. Unlike woodwind instruments with reeds, a flute is an aerophone or reedless wind instrument that produces its sound from the flow of air across an opening...
s of ivory tipped with gold enamelled black; 5 cases of four flutes, one missing; a case of 15 flutes; a case of 7 flutes; a flute and 2 fifeFifeFife is a council area and former county of Scotland. It is situated between the Firth of Tay and the Firth of Forth, with inland boundaries to Perth and Kinross and Clackmannanshire...
s of black ebony tipped with silver in a red leather bag; 3 glass flutes and one of wood painted like glass; 3 wood flutes; 3 more flutes in a red leather bag; all at Westminster. - Gitteron pipes, 14 wood gitteron pipes called cornets; 2 ivory gitteron pipes, silver tipped and gilt, called cornets.
- A HarpsichordHarpsichordA harpsichord is a musical instrument played by means of a keyboard. It produces sound by plucking a string when a key is pressed.In the narrow sense, "harpsichord" designates only the large wing-shaped instruments in which the strings are perpendicular to the keyboard...
- An Instrument that goes with a wheel without playing upon, wood varnished yellow and decorated with 6 silver plates pounced with 'antique work' with gilt copper edges.
- One Regal and virginalsClaviorganumThe claviorganum is an instrument whose origin is uncertain. A number of "virgynalls with regals" are mentioned in the inventories of Henry VIII in 1542/3 and 1547 and Wilson Barry cites references to the claviorganum in England dating back to the 1530s...
; a double virginal and double Regal; a single Regal and single virginal. - LuteLuteLute can refer generally to any plucked string instrument with a neck and a deep round back, or more specifically to an instrument from the family of European lutes....
s; 23 with cases; a gitteron (gitternGitternThe gittern was a relatively small, quill-plucked, gut strung instrument that originated around the 13th century and came to Europe via Moorish Spain. It was also called the quinterne in Germany, the guitarra in Spain, and the chitarra in Italy...
) and a lute in a leather covered case, at Westminster; 1 Venice lute. - Organs, 3 inventory entries, one the Chapel of St James Palace.
- Pilgrim staves, called FluteFluteThe flute is a musical instrument of the woodwind family. Unlike woodwind instruments with reeds, a flute is an aerophone or reedless wind instrument that produces its sound from the flow of air across an opening...
s, a case of 10, only six complete, a case for 7 shawms with 5 pilgrim staves in it, all at Westminster. - Pipes, 4 inventory entries, a case of pipes at Westminster.
- Portative organPortative organA portative organ is a small pipe organ that consists of one rank of flue pipes, sometimes arranged in two rows, to be played while strapped to the performer at a right angle...
s; a pair of portatives covered with crimson satin and embroidered with gold and silver passement on an oak table in a chamber in the Long Gallery at Hampton Court at the garden end, another 'instrument' with similar decoration in the chamber between the Bed Chamber and Privy Chamber, (these two rooms were small oratoriesOratory (worship)An oratory is a Christian room for prayer, from the Latin orare, to pray.-Catholic church:In the Roman Catholic Church, an oratory is a structure other than a parish church, set aside by ecclesiastical authority for prayer and the celebration of Mass...
). - RecorderRecorderThe recorder is a woodwind musical instrument of the family known as fipple flutes or internal duct flutes—whistle-like instruments which include the tin whistle. The recorder is end-blown and the mouth of the instrument is constricted by a wooden plug, known as a block or fipple...
s; 9 wood recorders; a velvet-covered case of 4 walnut recorders; a case of 6 ivory recorders; a great base recorder; two red-wood (in imitation of walnut) base recorders one tipped with silver; a velvet case with 8 ivory recorders; 8 box-wood recorders; 7 wood recorders; 4 ivory recorders; all at Westminster. - Regals (organs);
- double regals, 6; two covered in purple velvet embroidered with the king's arms; another with the King and Jane SeymourJane SeymourJane Seymour was Queen of England as the third wife of King Henry VIII. She succeeded Anne Boleyn as queen consort following the latter's execution for trumped up charges of high treason, incest and adultery in May 1536. She died of postnatal complications less than two weeks after the birth of...
's arms; one with the arms & garter; one painted with 'antique work' and the King and Jane Seymour's arms, all at Westminster; another at Windsor Castle, painted 'antique' with a rose painted and gilt. - pairs of Regals, 4 entries; a pair of Regals in crimson velvet case in the Long Gallery at Hampton Court, a pair in the Queen's Gallery at Hampton Court.
- 9 Pairs of Single Regals, at Westminster; two pairs with the royal arms and garter painted on the bellows; one pair painted with black 'antique work'; another painted with black arabesque.
- a fair instrument being Regals and virginals in the King's withdrawing chamber at Greenwich Palace..
- double regals, 6; two covered in purple velvet embroidered with the king's arms; another with the King and Jane Seymour
- ShawmShawmThe shawm was a medieval and Renaissance musical instrument of the woodwind family made in Europe from the 12th century until the 17th century. It was developed from the oriental zurna and is the predecessor of the modern oboe. The body of the shawm was usually turned from a single piece of wood,...
s; 1 wood; one box-wood; 8 other shawms in 3 leather cases, at Westminster. - TaberdeTabor (instrument)Tabor, or tabret, refers to a portable snare drum played with one hand. The word "tabor" is simply an English variant of a Latin-derived word meaning "drum" - cf. tambour , tamburo...
, its case and a pipe at Westminster. - ViolViolThe viol is any one of a family of bowed, fretted and stringed musical instruments developed in the mid-late 15th century and used primarily in the Renaissance and Baroque periods. The family is related to and descends primarily from the Renaissance vihuela, a plucked instrument that preceded the...
s; 19 great and small; 4 gitterons with their cases called Spanish viols; a red chest with 6 viols with the King's arms, all at Westminster, - VirginalsVirginalsThe virginals or virginal is a keyboard instrument of the harpsichord family...
; a new pair of double virginals covered with black leather with small printed and gilt roses, the lid lined in green and garnished with red silk ribbon lozenge-wise; another new pair yellow varnished with red arabesque work, lid with purple lining and painted and gilt with the King's arms; a little pair covered with red leather; 2 fair pairs of new long virginals made harp fashion of cypress wood with ivory keys with the King's arms crowned with his grace's beasts and the garter gilt, with a case in walnut with white wood inlay of 'antique' pattern; a [blank in MS] virginal on a timber foot in a cabinet covered with crimson satin in the Privy Gallery at Westminster; a pair in the King's gallery at Greenwich Palace; two old pairs at the More; an old and very broken pair at Beaulieu alias New Hall.- At Hampton Court; a pair fashioned like harp, and 7 pairs in cases of printers (i.e. printed) leather in the Long Gallery; a pair in the 'next' or second bedchamber.
Ships
The ship lists includes those at sea and those docked. There are separate entries for munitions and crew. The munitions list records cannon, hand-arms, powder and shot. Crews are numbered as mariners and gunners. Two ships had been captured at Leith in 1544 from the Royal Scots NavyRoyal Scots Navy
The Royal Scots Navy was the navy of the Kingdom of Scotland from its foundation in the 11th century until its merger with the Kingdom of England's Royal Navy per the Acts of Union 1707.- Origins :...
. The listed ships include;
- The AntloppHMS Antelope (1546)The Antelope was originally built as a galleass of the English Tudor navy, launched in 1546. She was rebuilt three times, in 1558 , 1581 and 1618. She thus served in various forms from the time of King Henry VIII to the English Civil War...
, item reference numbers for 1547 inventory; crew, 7180; arms, 7555-7577. - The Henry Grace a dewe, nos. 7164, 7127-7251.
- The marie willowbyHMS Mary WilloughbyMary Willoughby was a ship of the Royal Navy. She was appears in the navy lists from 1535, during the reign of Henry VIII. She was named after Maria Willoughby, a lady-in-waiting and close friend of Catherine of Aragon. The ship was taken by the Scots in 1536 and joined the Royal Scots Navy, The...
, nos. 7176, 8140-8151. - The PetirPeter PomegranateThe Peter Pomegranate was a 16th-century warship completed for service in 1510. Its name most likely was in honour of Saint Peter, founder of the Christian church, and after the badge of Queen Catharine of Aragon, a pomegranate...
, nos. 7165, 7252-7273. - The SallomanderSalamander of LeithSalamander of Leith was a warship of the 16th-century Royal Scots Navy. She was a wedding present from Francis I of France to James V of Scotland....
, nos. 7178, 7625-7644.
Forts and armouries
The guns of English coastal fortifications and forts in France are noted. At major establishments the armaments are noted by bulwark and blockhouse. The list was compiled from December 1547 to March 1548 during the war of the Rough Wooing so a number of outposts in the Scottish BordersScottish Borders
The Scottish Borders is one of 32 local government council areas of Scotland. It is bordered by Dumfries and Galloway in the west, South Lanarkshire and West Lothian in the north west, City of Edinburgh, East Lothian, Midlothian to the north; and the non-metropolitan counties of Northumberland...
are recorded; as were some of the Scottish guns captured at the battle of Pinkie
Battle of Pinkie Cleugh
The Battle of Pinkie Cleugh, on the banks of the River Esk near Musselburgh, Scotland on 10 September 1547, was part of the War of the Rough Wooing. It was the last pitched battle between Scottish and English armies, and is seen as the first modern battle in the British Isles...
. The inventory details body armour supplied from the Hampton Court armoury for the Scottish expedition. There was also iron shot for captured Scottish guns stored at Calais.
Shot, powder, gunnery tools, and other equipment was recorded. Some cannon were old, dangerous, broken, or un-mounted, and the lists noted broken firing chambers for breech-loaders. Some of these broken cannon had burst when firing salutes. The Ordnance house at Calais had accumulated quantities of iron shot of redundant calibre. Equipment at the Tower of London included some exotic pieces and large numbers of decorated ceremonial hand-arms. Most garrisons held Moorish pikes, bills and bows. Armouries and fortified places with royal cannon listed included;
London armouries
- Bridewell PalaceBridewell PalaceBridewell Palace in London, originally a residence of King Henry VIII, later became a poorhouse and prison. The name "Bridewell" subsequently became synonymous with police stations and detention facilities in England and in Ireland...
; quantity of horsemen's and foot armour in the charge of Thomas Wolner, the King's armourer. - Deptford Dockyard; quantity of Almain rivetAlmain rivetAn Almain rivet is a type of plate armour created in Germany around the end of the 15th and early 16th centuries. It was designed to be manufactured easily yet afforded considerable protection to the wearer...
s (light German) armour in disrepair in the charge of Thomas Wolner. - GreenwichGreenwichGreenwich is a district of south London, England, located in the London Borough of Greenwich.Greenwich is best known for its maritime history and for giving its name to the Greenwich Meridian and Greenwich Mean Time...
Armoury, in the charge of Erasmus Kyrkenar, armourer; 115 items; includes; 100 Italian pieces (handguns) furnished and delivered to my Lord Protectors grace at his going to Scotland.- The Long House; an armour for the King (Henry VIII), all graven and parcel gilt which was to be taken on the King's voyage to Boulogne; etc.
- First House; on the second (wooden) horse an armour given to Sir Harry Knyvet over the sea, and a steel saddle with blue velvet that served Captain Julian at the battle of Campe in France; on the third (wooden) horse an armour given to the King by the Emperor MaximilianMaximilian I, Holy Roman EmperorMaximilian I , the son of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor and Eleanor of Portugal, was King of the Romans from 1486 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1493 until his death, though he was never in fact crowned by the Pope, the journey to Rome always being too risky...
; etc. - Second House; 3 elaborate horse armours.
- Third House, equipment for Edward VI's practice; a horse of wood with a bridle of cloth-of-tissue and russet velvet with two collars with 16 bells silver and gilt; 2 saddles of crimson velvet embroidered with goldsmith's spangles silver and gilt; a saddle of blue velvet embroidered with spangles of goldsmith's work, all white; a saddle of purple velvet embroidered with goldsmith's work silver and gilt; a saddle of black velvet fringed with Venice gold; one heavy 'Arymygne' sword for the King.
- Little Houses, tilting armour; smaller house; 2 tonlets (armour skirts) and a basinet; 2 cuirassCuirassA cuirass is a piece of armour, formed of a single or multiple pieces of metal or other rigid material, which covers the front of the torso...
es and basinets; a cuirass and no basinet; 3 manifers (bridle-hand tilting glove); 3 pairs of vambraceVambraceVambraces or forearm guards are "tubular" or "gutter" defences for the forearm worn as part of a suit of plate armour. Vambraces may be worn with or without separate couters in a full suit of medieval armor. The term originates in the early 14th century...
s with 2 polder muttons (right elbow tilting armour); 2 pass guards (left elbow armour) and a collar; etc. Larger house; a parcel gilt tonlet with a basinet complete except a gauntlet; 1 hosting (field) armour lacking a gauntlet; 2 cuirasses for fighting on foot with basinets and breeches; etc.
- Greenwich Tiltyard, in the charge of Sir Thomas Paston.
- Hampton Court; delivered out of the store by John Lyndsay; 200 pairs of Almain rivets (front and back plates); 200 pairs of Almain rivets to the Earl of WarwickJohn Dudley, 1st Duke of NorthumberlandJohn Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland, KG was an English general, admiral, and politician, who led the government of the young King Edward VI from 1550 until 1553, and unsuccessfully tried to install Lady Jane Grey on the English throne after the King's death...
by the Lord's warrant at Sheen 20 July 1547, (for use in Scotland); 550 pairs of Almain rivets delivered for use in the 3 shires of Wales, 9 July 1547; 300 more pairs for use in Wales delivred to George Penriddock servant to Sir George Herbert for use in Wales, 9 July 1547; remaining at Hampton Court in John Lyndsey's hands, 27 pairs, breast and back. 20 pairs of vambraceVambraceVambraces or forearm guards are "tubular" or "gutter" defences for the forearm worn as part of a suit of plate armour. Vambraces may be worn with or without separate couters in a full suit of medieval armor. The term originates in the early 14th century...
s; 24 pairs of gauntlets; 58 maces; 328 old steel saddles; 494 new steel saddles received since Henry's death from William Damsell, King's Agent in Flanders; other armour and old horse and rider's armour. Delivered by John Lyndsey out of the store since the death of Henry VIII; 50 complete armour for demi-lances, "to my Lord Protectors grace against his voiage into Scotlande," with 100 maces and 40 steel saddles; 231 lances to be sold for the King by Sir Richard GreshamRichard GreshamSir Richard Gresham was an English merchant, Lord Mayor of London, and member of parliament. He was the father of Sir Thomas Gresham.-Family:...
. - Westminster Palace, in the charge of Sir Thomas Darcy and Hans Hunter, armourer; includes 8 wooden target shields painted with diverse histories, trimmed with velvet with five crimson satin girdles.
- Westminster, in the charge of Alan Bawdesonne; fine handguns including; 380 Italian pieces gilt without chambers with flasks and touch boxes , 16 flasks missing; 2 Italian pieces parcel gilt and varnished covered with velvet; a chamber piece in a stock of wood lined in the cheek with velvet; one long chamber piece with a fire-lock set in walnut; etc.
- Westminster, in the charge of Hans Hunter, armourer; a complete harness (armour) with a long 'bast' engraved all-over and parcel gilt with roses and pomegranites which belonged to Henry VII of EnglandHenry VII of EnglandHenry VII was King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizing the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death on 21 April 1509, as the first monarch of the House of Tudor....
; etc. - Westminster, in the charge of John Lyndsay, armourer; 564 Almain rivets with 560 back plates and 526 pairs of splints (greavesGreavesGreaves may refer to*Greave, armour that protects the leg *Greaves Greaves is also a surname, which may refer to:*Jimmy Greaves, English footballer*John Greaves, English mathematician and antiquary...
) with 454 matching salletSalletThe sallet was a war helmet that replaced the bascinet in northern Europe and Hungary during the mid-15th century. Some sallets were close fitting except at the back of the head where they extended and formed a pointed tail. Some Italian ones followed the shape of the neck, and had an additional...
s; 524 collars and gorgetGorgetA gorget originally was a steel or leather collar designed to protect the throat. It was a feature of older types of armour and intended to protect against swords and other non-projectile weapons...
s.
- Windsor CastleWindsor CastleWindsor Castle is a medieval castle and royal residence in Windsor in the English county of Berkshire, notable for its long association with the British royal family and its architecture. The original castle was built after the Norman invasion by William the Conqueror. Since the time of Henry I it...
, John Lyndsay; 384 Almain rivets with 382 back plates and 380 pairs of splints; 357 sallets and sculls; 377 gorgets; 369 steel codpieceCodpieceA codpiece is a covering flap or pouch that attaches to the front of the crotch of men's trousers and usually accentuates the genital area. It was held closed by string ties, buttons, or other methods...
s. - Tower of LondonTower of LondonHer Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, more commonly known as the Tower of London, is a historic castle on the north bank of the River Thames in central London, England. It lies within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, separated from the eastern edge of the City of London by the open space...
, in the charge of Sir Philip HobyPhilip HobySir Philip Hoby was a 16th century English Ambassador to the Holy Roman Empire and Flanders....
, Master of the OrdnanceMaster-General of the OrdnanceThe Master-General of the Ordnance was a very senior British military position before 1855, when the Board of Ordnance was abolished.-Responsibilities:...
, 20 February 1548.- Guns
- Brass guns; 4 cannons; 2 Venetian cannons; 2 cannons-perrier; 4 demi-cannons; 6 culverins; 6 sakers; 10 minions; 1 falcon; 1 broad falcon firing three shot; 5 culverins.
- French brass guns; 2 demi-cannon; 1 culverin; 1 saker; 2 falcons.
- Scottish brass guns; 1 demi-culverin; 2 culverins; 3 sakers; 1 falcon; 9 falconets; 1 robinet.
- Iron guns; 3 bombards; 30 port pieces; 5 slings; 10 demi-slings; 15 quarter slings; 2 fowlers; 8 double bases; 20 demi-bases; 13 top pieces great and small; 204 wagon bases; 41 hail shot pieces, 6500 complete handguns.
- Bows and arrows; 360 bows; 80 gross of bowstrings; 13050 livery arrows.
- Munitions; 6700 black bills; 306 halberds; 480 javelins; 100 holy water sprinklersMorning star (weapon)The term morning star is used to describe medieval club-like weapons which included one or more spikes. Each used, to varying degrees, a combination of blunt-force and puncture attack to kill or wound the enemy.- Design :...
; 2100 moorish pikes; 120 demi-lanes; 600 Northern staves; 60 top darts; 1500 shovels; 1000 pickaxes; 180 felling axes; 90 hedging bills; 120 scythes; 24 hooks. - Munitions conveyed to the Tower from Westminster Palace, 7 July 1547.
- First house; 129 demi-hacks or handguns, 214 flasks and touch boxes; 3 brass hagbuts a croke; 1 iron hagbut a croke; 2 hacks; 118 great holy water spinklers; 7 holy water sprinklers with guns in them; 1 holy water sprinkler with 3 guns; 392 little holy water sprinklers; 27 poleaxes with guns in the ends; 2 poleaxes without guns; 292 boar spears with ash staves trimmed with crimson velvet, fringed with red silk; 162 boar spears knotted and leathered; 97 boar spears with ash staves trimmed with leather; 2 boar spears graven and gilt; 126 white halberds with plain staves; 95 white halberds garnished with crimson velvet; 14 Almain bills; 209 javelins trimmed with white, green, black silk and fustian of apes; 35 target shields with guns; 7 plain target shields; 1 target with 20 little guns; 1 target with 4 guns; a long target 1 gun; 59 moorish pikes garnished with velvet and parcel gilt heads; 12 old targets; 117 poleaxes parted with crimson velvet; 7 broken iron demi-hacks; 3 broken little brass guns; 213 javelins with staves partly trimmed with crimson velvet.
- Second house; 192 partisan heads without staves party gilt; 87 Moorish pike heads party gilt without staves; 16 dart heads party gilt; 66 grain stave heads party gilt; 52 halberd heads party gilt without staves; 110 javelin heads party gilt without staves; 23 rawcon heads (Italian bill heads) party gilt without staves; 8 Moorish pike heads without staves with damaskDamasceningDamascening is the art of inlaying different metals into one another—typically, gold or silver into a darkly oxidized steel background—to produce intricate patterns similar to niello...
work gilt; 3 short javelin heads without staves with damask work gilt; 2 hand axe heads without staves; 422 javelins with staves party gilt garnished with velvet; 293 javelins with staves ungilt garnished with crimson velvet; 272 javelins staved with short heads party gilt; 91 partisans party gilt garnished with velvet; 45 plain targets (targes) painted and gilt; 2 targets painted, gilt, an lined with black velvet; 2 targets, one black, one white; 24 Moorish pikes garnished with velvet and parcel gilt; 661 partisans staved and garnished with velvet pacel gilt; 60 targets painted and gilt fringed with silk; 24 short javelin heads party gilt without staves.
- Guns
-
-
- Third house; 71 demi-hacks and handguns; 275 short guns for horsemen with leather cases furnished with horns and purses; 5 guns with three hales each (triple barreled breech-loaders); an iron gun with 4 halles (quadruple barreled breech-loader); a gun with 2 halles (double barreled breech-loader); 188 three-grained staves trimmed with crimson velvet; 47 raucons (Italian bills); 2 little brass guns on carriages with shod wheels, being patterns for cannon; a little brass gun on a carriage, being a pattern for demi-cannon; 2 little brass guns on carriages, pattern for culverins; a little brass mortar stocked and garnished with iron; a little brass mortar gun mounted on a red stock.
- Gallery; 104 moorish pikes garnished with velvet and parcel gilt heads.
- Fifth house; 60 targeTargeTarge was a general word for shield in late Old English. Its diminutive, target, came to mean an object to be aimed at in the 18th century....
ts painted and gilt of sundry sorts; 100 short plain pollaxes; 3 two-hand pollaxes; 1 hand pollaxe with a gun and its case; 4 gilt pollaxes with crimson velvet covered staves fringed with gold silk; 2 gilt halberds with purple velvet covered staves fringed with gold and silk; 27 gilt halberds garnished with crimson velvet; 25 three-grained staves partly gilt garnished with crimson velvet; 66 'raucons' with staves garnished with velvet and fringed. - Sixth house; 133 plain targets without guns fringed with silk; 13 plain targets without silk; a steel target with a great boss fringed with silk & gold; 2 steel bucklerBucklerA buckler is a small shield, 15 to 45 cm in diameter, gripped in the fist; it was generally used as a companion weapon in hand-to-hand combat during the Medieval and Renaissance, as its size made it poor protection against missile weapons but useful in deflecting the blow of...
s; 2 steel targets lined with velvet; 2 steel targets with guns; a buff leather target; a buff gilt leather target; 652 Moorish pikes garnished with leather and parcel gilt heads.
- Received from the charge of Sir Anthony Denny; 6 forest bills, 2 with black staves, 4 white; 2 partisans. (staff-weapon for ceremonial use), party gilt with the King's arms graven on them, garnished with green passementeriePassementeriePassementerie or passementarie is the art of making elaborate trimmings or edgings of applied braid, gold or silver cord, embroidery, colored silk, or beads for clothing or furnishings....
, fringed with green and white silk; 3 partisans party gilt garnished with blue velvet and fringed with blue silk; 37 partisans party gilt garnished with green velvet and fringed with green and white silk; more partisans, pikes and targets; 7 crossbows of sundry making with 4 pairs of windlasses being broken; a rack to bend a crossbow; a crossbow for stone shot; a quiver for prick arrows for crossbows.
-
England
- CornwallCornwallCornwall is a unitary authority and ceremonial county of England, within the United Kingdom. It is bordered to the north and west by the Celtic Sea, to the south by the English Channel, and to the east by the county of Devon, over the River Tamar. Cornwall has a population of , and covers an area of...
;- Pendennis CastlePendennis CastlePendennis Castle is a Henrician castle, also known as one of Henry VIII's Device Forts, in the English county of Cornwall. It was built in 1539 for King Henry VIII to guard the entrance to the River Fal on its west bank, near Falmouth. St Mawes Castle is its opposite number on the east bank and...
, under John Killegrewe; 1 brass demi-culverinDemi-culverinThe demi-culverin was a medium cannon similar to but slightly larger than a saker and smaller than a regular culverin developed in the early 17th century. Barrels of demi-culverins were typically about long, had a calibre of and could weigh up to . It required of black powder to fire an round...
on old wheels; 1 brass culverinCulverinA culverin was a relatively simple ancestor of the musket, and later a medieval cannon, adapted for use by the French in the 15th century, and later adapted for naval use by the English in the late 16th century. The culverin was used to bombard targets from a distance. The weapon had a...
on wheels; 4 port-pieces on truckles; 1 iron sling well stocked & mounted on wheels; 4 iron slings (dangerous); 2 iron demi-slings (dangerous); 10 iron double basesBreech-loading swivel gunA breech-loading swivel gun was a particular type of swivel gun and a small breech-loading cannon invented in the 14th century. It was equipped with a swivel for easy rotation and was loaded by inserting a mug-shaped device called a chamber, pre-filled with gunpowder and projectiles...
well mounted, 12 hagbuts a crokeArquebusThe arquebus , or "hook tube", is an early muzzle-loaded firearm used in the 15th to 17th centuries. The word was originally modeled on the German hakenbüchse; this produced haquebute...
, 40 old yew bows; 30 billsBill (weapon)The bill is a polearm weapon used by infantry in medieval Europe.The bill is similar in size, function and appearance to the halberd, differing mainly in the hooked blade form...
; 26 Moorish pikesPike (weapon)A pike is a pole weapon, a very long thrusting spear used extensively by infantry both for attacks on enemy foot soldiers and as a counter-measure against cavalry assaults. Unlike many similar weapons, the pike is not intended to be thrown. Pikes were used regularly in European warfare from the...
. - St Mawes CastleSt Mawes CastleSt Mawes Castle and its larger sister castle, Pendennis, were built as part of a defensive chain of fortresses by Henry VIII to protect the south coast of Cornwall, England, United Kingdom...
; 1 demi-cannon; 1 demi-culverin; 4 mounted port-pieces; 5 slings; 1 demi-sling; 7 mounted bases; 12 hagbuts; 30 bows; 15 Moorish pikes; 18 bills; 2 crowbars; 4 pick and sledgehammers.
- Pendennis Castle
- DorsetDorsetDorset , is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast. The county town is Dorchester which is situated in the south. The Hampshire towns of Bournemouth and Christchurch joined the county with the reorganisation of local government in 1974...
;- Brounkesey FortresseBrownsea IslandBrownsea Island is the largest of the islands in Poole Harbour in the county of Dorset, England. The island is owned by the National Trust. Much of the island is open to the public and includes areas of woodland and heath with a wide variety of wildlife, together with cliff top views across Poole...
; 1 brass culverin on shod wheels, 9 ft length, 5.25 inch shot; 1 iron sakerSaker (cannon)The saker was a medium cannon slightly smaller than a culverin developed during the early 16th century and often used by the English. It was named after the Saker Falcon, a large falconry bird native to the Middle East....
on shod wheels, 9 ft length, 4.25 inch shot, another broken; 1 demi-culverin on carriage shod, 8 ft length, 4 inch shot; 1 iron saker unshod, 7 ft length, 3.25 inch shot. - Portland Castle and Island; 1 brass demi-cannon; 1 brass culverin newly mounted on unshod wheels; 2 brass demi-culverins newly mounted on unshod wheels; 4 iron port pieces 2 newly mounted with axles and truckles; 1 iron portruguese sling newly stocked on unshod wheels; 2 iron slings on unshod wheels; 1 sling lacking chamber on wheels; 3 chambered slings newly mounted on axles and truckles; 23 bows; 24 fighting bills; 14 Moorish pikes; an engine for mounting ordinance.
- Sandsfoot FortressSandsfoot CastleSandsfoot Castle is one of Henry VIII's Device Forts, also known as Henrician Castles, built in the 1530s to the west of Weymouth, Dorset, England, opposite its contemporary Portland Castle...
, under Captain Robert Coines; 4 culverins; 4 iron slings; 5 bases; 12 iron hagbuts; 50 yew bows; 300 bills; 30 Moorish pikes.
- Brounkesey Fortresse
- EssexEssexEssex is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in the East region of England, and one of the home counties. It is located to the northeast of Greater London. It borders with Cambridgeshire and Suffolk to the north, Hertfordshire to the west, Kent to the South and London to the south west...
;- East TilburyTilburyTilbury is a town in the borough of Thurrock, Essex, England. As a settlement it is of relatively recent existence, although it has important historical connections, being the location of a 16th century fort and an ancient cross-river ferry...
, under John Lawrence; 1 iron demi-culverin on unshod wheels; 1 'curtall' saker on shod wheels; 1 iron saker on unshod wheels; 1 iron bombard; 1 brass falcon with shod wheels; 1 falconet on unshod wheels; 3 iron double bases; 7 iron single bases; 1 sling on unshod wheels; 1 demi-sling unmounted; 4 iron slings on carriages; 4 iron fowlers on carriages; 3 iron fowlers on high wheels; 2 serpentines; 4 hagbuts; 30 handguns, 1 broken; 49 bows; 32 moorish pikes; 40 black bills. - West Tilbury BulwarkTilbury FortTilbury Fort is on the north, Essex, bank of the River Thames in England and was built to defend London from attack from the sea, particularly during the Spanish Armada and the Anglo-Dutch Wars...
; 1 brass demi-cannon; 1 brass falconet; 1 iron bombard; 3 iron sakers; 1 iron double sling with 2 broken chambers; 2 iron fowlers; 6 iron bases, 1 broken; 8 single bases; 6 hagbuts; 30 demi-hacks; a chest of bows, 16 more bows; 40 bills; 30 moorish pikes.
- East Tilbury
- HampshireHampshireHampshire is a county on the southern coast of England in the United Kingdom. The county town of Hampshire is Winchester, a historic cathedral city that was once the capital of England. Hampshire is notable for housing the original birthplaces of the Royal Navy, British Army, and Royal Air Force...
;- Calshot CastleCalshot CastleCalshot Castle is one of Henry VIII's device forts, built on Calshot Spit at the Solent near Fawley to guard the entrance to Southampton Water...
, under Walter Russell, gent; 24 cannon; 6 iron hagbuts; 60 bows, 170 bills, 100 pikes, these decayed. - Hurst CastleHurst CastleHurst Castle on the south coast of England is one of Henry VIII's Device Forts, built at the end of a long shingle barrier beach at the west end of the Solent to guard the approaches to Southampton. Hurst Castle was sited at the narrow entrance to the Solent where the ebb and flow of the tides...
, under Captain Thomas Barton, 24 cannon; 12 hagbuts of crock; 24 bows; 14 Moorish pikes; 27 bills. - PortsmouthPortsmouthPortsmouth is the second largest city in the ceremonial county of Hampshire on the south coast of England. Portsmouth is notable for being the United Kingdom's only island city; it is located mainly on Portsea Island...
, under Captain Edward Vaughan Esq.- Between the baskets at the Tower; 1 brass culverin, a 'furlocke' piece; 1 brass batard culverin made by Parson Levettes (William LevettWilliam Levett (vicar)William Levett was an English clergyman. An Oxford-educated country rector, he was a pivotal figure in the use of the blast furnace to manufacture iron...
gunfounder in the WealdWealdThe Weald is the name given to an area in South East England situated between the parallel chalk escarpments of the North and the South Downs. It should be regarded as three separate parts: the sandstone "High Weald" in the centre; the clay "Low Weald" periphery; and the Greensand Ridge which...
). - The Platform.
- Green bulwark.
- Baskets along the wall behind the brewhouse; 3 iron port pieces.
- East bulwark.
- The baskets at the gate; 1 iron port piece; 1 iron falcon.
- Mount at the gate within the door.
- Brays beneath the mount; 2 port pieces with 3 chambers each; 2 port pieces with 4 chambers.
- At the gate; an iron flanker with one chamber; a broken brass saker called a 'minion.'
- Guy's bulwark; 3 iron flankers; 1 iron half-sling; 1 brass falcon; 1 brass saker; iron lead and stone shot.
- Baskets at Guy's bulwark; 3 iron port pieces with five chambers.
- Upon the walls to the Dock Ward; 1 iron falcon; 2 cast iron sakers.
- Mount at the Bridge
- Store house on the Green, called the Chapel.
- Base court within God's House walls, (Domus Dei church, Royal Garrison Church)
- Block carriages in Base court.
- Powder house within.
- Munitions in the church at God's House; 120 iron saker shot 3 inch; 210 iron saker shot 3.25 inch; 160 iron falcon shot 2 inch; 290 brass minion shot 3 inch shot; 90 old iron saker shot 2.75 inch; etc.
- Chancel of God's House church.
- Vestry there; powder and 2 latten (pewter) ladles for culverins.
- Munitions for fire work in the church.
- Armoury; 526 pairs of Almain rivets with splints and sallets (light German armour, breast and back plates, arm pieces and helmets).
- Loft over the Armoury; 175 hagbuts; 140 broken hugbuts and demi-hacks; 180 Moorish pikes; etc.
- Hasillworth Castle; 1 cast-iron demi-culverin of Parson Levette's making; 1 cast-iron saker the same maker; shot & powder.
- Portsmouth Bridge; 2 iron serpentines; 2 iron falcons; shot & powder.
- Portsmouth Tower, under John Ridley, gent; 2 brass sakers; 1 brass falcon; 3 iron fowlers one broken; 60 three-inch iron saker shot; 300 two-inch falcon shot; 40 ready hewn stone shot; powder, bows, bills etc.
- South Castle at Portsmouth, John Chadderton; 1 brass cannon called a 'Bullen piece'; 1 brass demi-cannon of old make; 1 brass culverin; 1 brass minion; 1 French brass saker; 1 brass falconet; 1 brass culverin; 1 iron demi-culverin made by Peter Bonde (Pierre Baude); 2 iron sakers made by Parson Levetts; 1 iron falcon made by Parson Levetts; 2 iron slings; 2 iron port pieces; 1 irom mortar made by Paron Levetts; 1 worthless iron fowler; 1 worthless iron serpentine; shot, bows bills etc.
- Lymden's Bulwark by the West Haven, under Captain John Lymden.
- Between the baskets at the Tower; 1 brass culverin, a 'furlocke' piece; 1 brass batard culverin made by Parson Levettes (William Levett
- Calshot Castle
- Isle of WightIsle of WightThe Isle of Wight is a county and the largest island of England, located in the English Channel, on average about 2–4 miles off the south coast of the county of Hampshire, separated from the mainland by a strait called the Solent...
;- Yarmouth CastleYarmouth CastleYarmouth Castle is a small off-square blockhouse built by Henry VIII in 1547, to guard Yarmouth harbour on the Isle of Wight. It was built as part of Henry's second device programme to fortify the English coast with a chain of coastal defences known as Device Forts or Henrician Castles. These were...
, under Captain Richard Ewdall; 12 cannon, 19 hagbuts, 140 bows, 223 bills. - Sharpenode blockhouseFort Victoria (Isle of Wight)Fort Victoria was a single tier battery with defensible barracks west of Yarmouth, Isle of Wight, England, built in the 1850s, later used as a submarine mining centre and training area for military purposes....
, under Nicholas Cheke; 1 brass culverin; 1 brass saker; 21 demi-culverins. - Carisbrook Castle, under Richard Worsley, gent; 5 cannon; 140 hagbuts; 21 chests of bows; 500 Moorish pikes; 184 javelins; 750 bills.
- Sandhambay CastleSandown Castle, Isle of WightSandown Castle was built as one of Henry VIII's Device Forts at Sandown on the Isle of Wight from 1544 onwards. The Device Forts, also known as Henrician Castles, were built by Henry VIII as a network of coastal defences to defend against the threat of the French and Spanish after his break from...
, under Captain Peter Smythe; 11 cannon; a chest of bows; 150 pikes; 120 bills. - West Cowe CastleCowesCowes is an English seaport town and civil parish on the Isle of Wight. Cowes is located on the west bank of the estuary of the River Medina facing the smaller town of East Cowes on the east Bank...
, under Captain Robert Raymond; 19 cannon; 19 chests of bows; 22 pikes; 20 bills.
- Yarmouth Castle
- KentKentKent is a county in southeast England, and is one of the home counties. It borders East Sussex, Surrey and Greater London and has a defined boundary with Essex in the middle of the Thames Estuary. The ceremonial county boundaries of Kent include the shire county of Kent and the unitary borough of...
;- Deal CastleDeal CastleDeal Castle is located in Deal, Kent, England, between Walmer Castle and the now lost Sandown Castle .-Construction:It is one of the most impressive of the Device Forts or Henrician Castles built by Henry VIII between 1539 and 1540 as an artillery fortress to counter the threat of invasion from...
; 1 brass cannon; 3 brass demi-cannons; 1 brass culverin; 2 brass sakers; 1 brass falcon;10 iron bases; 7 port-pieces; 5 slings; 19 hagbuts a croke; 8 demi-hacks; 87 bows; 242 bills; 160 pikes; transferred to the Mary Hamborough at Dover, a port-piece, 1 sling and a barrel of powder. - Dover CastleDover CastleDover Castle is a medieval castle in the town of the same name in the English county of Kent. It was founded in the 12th century and has been described as the "Key to England" due to its defensive significance throughout history...
, John Monynges; 2 brass demi-culverins one unstocked; 1 brass demi-culverin; 6 sakers with old stocks; 15 hagbuts; 320 bows; 100 moorish pikes; 200 bills; 100 shovels and spades; a 'drie fatt' of 'Almain rivet', (a storage barrel with German light armour); 307 chainmail coats; 50 jacks (armoured coats).- The Black Bulwark in the cliff, under Robert Nethersole; iron slings; 4 hagbuts; 2 bows; 6 black bills.
- The Bulwark under the Castle; 1 brass demi-culverin; 2 brass sakers; 1 brass falcon; 1 iron port piece; 3 iron hagbuts a croke.
- Archcliff beside Dover Pier, (Moody's bulwark), Captain Edmund Mondye (Moody); 1 demi-culverin; 2 brass sakers; 1 brass falcon; 1 iron falcon; 3 single serpentines; 12 iron bases; 4 hagbuts; 20 moorish pikes; 50 black bills; archery accessories but no bows listed.
- Black Bulwark at Dover Pier, Captain Edmund Mondye; 1 iron basilisk; 1 brass culverin; 1 brass demi-culverin; 6 iron port pieces; 3 iron slings; 7 iron bases; 5 demi-slings.
- Gravesend BulwarkGravesend, KentGravesend is a town in northwest Kent, England, on the south bank of the Thames, opposite Tilbury in Essex. It is the administrative town of the Borough of Gravesham and, because of its geographical position, has always had an important role to play in the history and communications of this part of...
; 1 iron bombard; 2 demi-culverins on carriages; 3 iron sakers on carriages; 1 falcon of iron; 1 brass robinet; 6 double bases; 7 single bases; 4 iron hagbuts; 20 handguns; 12 iron 'flankers', 3 broken; 1 quarter sling with two blowing (backfiring) chambers; 1 port piece with 2 boken chambers; 25 bows; 18 black bills; 24 moorish pikes.- Milton Bulwark, Captain William Burston; 1 iron bombard; 2 iron demi-culverins on carriages; 2 iron sakers; 2 iron falcons one broken; 1 brass falcon; 6 iron fowlers, 5 chambers blown; 5 quarter slings; 5 double bases; 6 single bases; 6 iron hagbuts; 11 hailshot pieces; 16 handguns; 20 yew bows; 24 black bills; 16 moorish picks.
- Higham Bulwark, Captain John Yardley; 1 demi-cannon on trindles; 2 iron sakers on wheels; 1 iron saker on trindles; 1 brass falcon on wheels; 1 iron jerfalcon on wheels; 1 iron bombard on trindles, with 2 unfit chambers; 1 iron quarter sling with broken stock; 1 iron quarter sling all parts broken; 4 iron double bases; 5 iron sling bases, without any iron shot; 4 iron hagbuts; 20 handguns with their boxes and 4 bullet moulds each; 12 iron hail shot murderers; 20 yew bows; 20 black bills, hefts mostly rotten; 18 moorish pikes
- HarwichHarwichHarwich is a town in Essex, England and one of the Haven ports, located on the coast with the North Sea to the east. It is in the Tendring district. Nearby places include Felixstowe to the northeast, Ipswich to the northwest, Colchester to the southwest and Clacton-on-Sea to the south...
, 3 blockhouses;- Tower Blockhouse; 6 bases; 1 brass saker; 10 hacks; 8 hagbuts; 4 three-quarter slings; 1 fowler; 4 hedging bills; 1 sling; 4 port pieces; 26 bows; 16 bills; 18 Moorish pikes.
- Middle Blockhouse; 1 culverin mounted on a carriage; 1 saker on a little carriage; 2 whole slings, both stocks broken; 3 quarter slings; 1 demi-sling; 1 fowler; 8 hagbuts, 1 broken; 32 livery bows; 18 Moorish pikes; 18 bills.
- Harwich Hill Blockhouse; 1 brass demi-culverin; 2 brass sakers; 2 whole slings; 24 bows; 16 pikes; 17 bills; 4 hagbuts a croke; 2 whole hacks; 1 Portuguese base.
- Queenborough Castle and Sheerness BlockhouseSheernessSheerness is a town located beside the mouth of the River Medway on the northwest corner of the Isle of Sheppey in north Kent, England. With a population of 12,000 it is the largest town on the island....
, Isle of SheppeyIsle of SheppeyThe Isle of Sheppey is an island off the northern coast of Kent, England in the Thames Estuary, some to the east of London. It has an area of . The island forms part of the local government district of Swale...
; 3 demi-cannons; 2 whole (full length) culverins; 2 port pieces; 3 fowlers, one unstocked; 2 whole slings; 2 half slings; 4 quarter slings; 49 Italian pieces (handguns), with flasks and 46 touch boxes; 72 moorish pikes; 57 bows; 52 bills; 4 sledgehammers; 7 pick-hammers. - Sandgate CastleSandgate CastleSandgate Castle is a coastal castle at Sandgate near Folkestone in Kent. It was originally built as an artillery castle in 1539-1540 by Henry VIII of England as part of his chain of coastal defences in response to the threat of invasion. As these forts were devised by Henry VIII, they are known as...
, FolkestoneFolkestoneFolkestone is the principal town in the Shepway District of Kent, England. Its original site was in a valley in the sea cliffs and it developed through fishing and its closeness to the Continent as a landing place and trading port. The coming of the railways, the building of a ferry port, and its...
, Captain Thomas Keis; 1 brass culverin unstocked; 1 rent (burst) falcon; 2 sakers, one broken one unstocked; 6 port pieces, one broken and the others unstocked without wooling; 6 serpentines, 2 unstocked; 1 double base; 8 hagbuts; 8 half hacks; 40 bows; 99 bills; 75 pikes. - Sandown CastleSandown Castle, KentSandown Castle was one of Henry VIII's Device Forts or Henrician Castles built at Sandown, North Deal, Kent as part of Henry VIII's chain of coastal fortifications to defend England against the threat of foreign invasion. It made up a line of defences with Walmer Castle and Deal Castle to protect...
; 2 sakers; 1 falconet; 1 demi-culverin; 1 sling; 2 half slings; 7 serpentines; 2 port-pieces; 7 hagbuts; 6 half hacks; 100 pikes; a case of bows; 100 bills; 3 broken port pieces; 1 broken cannon with no stock. - Walmer CastleWalmer CastleWalmer Castle was built by Henry VIII in 1539–1540 as an artillery fortress to counter the threat of invasion from Catholic France and Spain. It was part of his programme to create a chain of coastal defences along England's coast known as the Device Forts or as Henrician Castles...
, Captain William Blechenden; 1 brass cannon; 1 demi-culverin; 1 brass falconet; 1 brass saker; 5 port pieces; 6 iron-slings; 8 serpentines; 8 hagbuts; 6 half hacks; 65 Moorish pikes; 66 black bills; 54 bows, 6 broken; 4 port pieces broken at the salute for the coming of the French admiral; 1 brass saker. Memo., the earth bulwarks in the downs are defaced.
- Deal Castle
- Nottingham CastleNottingham CastleNottingham Castle is a castle in Nottingham, England. It is located in a commanding position on a natural promontory known as "'Castle Rock'", with cliffs high to the south and west. In the Middle Ages it was a major royal fortress and occasional royal residence...
, Sir John Byrton; 1 brass falconet with a rotten carriage; 1 brass falconet with a good carriage; 8 iron bases with carriages but worthless forestocks; 12 chambers for bases; 350 old bows needing repair; 190 bills. - NorthumbriaNorthumbriaNorthumbria was a medieval kingdom of the Angles, in what is now Northern England and South-East Scotland, becoming subsequently an earldom in a united Anglo-Saxon kingdom of England. The name reflects the approximate southern limit to the kingdom's territory, the Humber Estuary.Northumbria was...
;- Bamborough; Warkworth; Dunstanborough; blank left in manuscript.
- Alnwick CastleAlnwick CastleAlnwick Castle is a castle and stately home in the town of the same name in the English county of Northumberland. It is the residence of the Duke of Northumberland, built following the Norman conquest, and renovated and remodelled a number of times. It is a Grade I listed building.-History:Alnwick...
, under Robert BowesRobert Bowes (lawyer)Sir Robert Bowes was an English lawyer and military commander.-Life:He was son of Sir Ralph Bowes and Marjory Conyers of South Cowton, Yorkshire, and studied law in his early years; but his ancestral connection with the Border country marked him out for employment in border affairs, where he did...
; 5 brass falconsFalconet (cannon)The falconet or falcon was a light cannon developed in the late 15th century. During the Middle Ages guns were decorated with engravings of reptiles, birds or beasts depending on their size. For example, a culverin would often feature snakes, as the handles on the early cannons were often decorated...
; 2 iron hagbuts a croke; 20 unservicable hagbuts; 100 bills; 160 Moorish pikes; 60 sallets; 100 breast and backplates. - Berwick upon Tweed; fortified border town.
- Berwick CastleBerwick CastleBerwick Castle is a ruined castle in Berwick-Upon-Tweed, Northumberland, England.The castle was founded in the 12th century by the Scottish King David I. In 1296-8, the English King Edward I had the castle rebuilt and the town fortified, before it was returned to Scotland...
; 1 double cannon; 1 culverin; 2 sakers; 3 falcons; 3 falconets; 2 robinetsInfantry support gunInfantry support guns are artillery weapons designed and used to increase fire power of infantry units they are intrinsic to, offering immediate tactical response to the needs of the unit's commanding officer. The designs are typically with short low velocity barrels, and light construction...
; 2 bombards; 1 broken iron fowlerVeuglaireThe Veuglaire was a wrought iron cannon, and part of the artillery of France in the Middle Ages...
, 2 quarter slings; 2 double bases; 3 single bases; 26 hagbuts; 30 bills; 40 unservicable bows; 72 Moorish pikes. - Holy IslandLindisfarne CastleLindisfarne Castle is a 16th-century castle located on Holy Island, near Berwick-upon-Tweed, Northumberland, England, much altered by Sir Edwin Lutyens in 1901. The island is accessible from the mainland at low tide by means of a causeway.-History:...
, Ralph Cleisbye; a wheel mounted demi-culverin; 2 brass sakers; a fixed demi-culverin. - Newcastle upon TyneNewcastle upon TyneNewcastle upon Tyne is a city and metropolitan borough of Tyne and Wear, in North East England. Historically a part of Northumberland, it is situated on the north bank of the River Tyne...
; 1 brass saker; 6 brass falcons; 1 falconets; 200 stocked and unstocked hagbuts for repair; 4 Portuguese bases; 40 small bases; 400 pikes; 2000 black bills; 250 demi-lances; 100 Northern staves; 80 pickaxes; 50 miners tools; 40 hedging bills; 20 privy wagons; 50 new carts; 6 old carts. - Tynemouth Castle, Sir Thomas Hilton; 2 brass double cannon; 1 cannon of 7 inch bore; 3 brass culverins on shod carriage; 2 brass saker on shod carriage; 4 brass falcons; 2 iron half slings on truckles; an engine for mounting ordnance with a block; 10 pots for wild fire; 72 yew bows; 170 moorish pikes; and 2 iron shovels for a lime kiln.
- Wark CastleWark on TyneWark on Tyne is a small village and civil parish usually called Wark in Northumberland, England about north of Hexham.The name is derived from the Viking word for Earthworks, and refers to the mound at the south of the village, where a meeting hall once stood...
; Captain George Lawson; 1 brass culverin; 2 brass sakers; 6 iron falcon; 1 double base; 2 mounted bases; 1 single base; 1 sling; 1 port piece; 21 decayed hagbuts of croke; 24 bows; 22 bills; and remaining field cannon: 2 demi-cannon; 2 demi-culverin, with 40 shot each.
- SuffolkSuffolkSuffolk is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in East Anglia, England. It has borders with Norfolk to the north, Cambridgeshire to the west and Essex to the south. The North Sea lies to the east...
- Langar PointLandguard FortBuilt just outside Felixstowe, Suffolk, at the mouth of the River Orwell, Landguard Fort was designed to guard the entrance to Harwich. The first fortifications from 1540 were a few earthworks and blockhouse, but it was James I of England who ordered the construction of a square fort with bulwarks...
, FelixstoweFelixstoweFelixstowe is a seaside town on the North Sea coast of Suffolk, England. The town gives its name to the nearby Port of Felixstowe, which is the largest container port in the United Kingdom and is owned by Hutchinson Ports UK...
; 2 bombards; 2 slings; 2 demi-slings; 1 great fowler; 1 small fowler; 2 bases; 8 hagbuts; 4 hacks; 3 quarter slings; 40 bows; 20 bills; 20 moorish pikes - Langar Road; 1 demi-culverin; 3 slings; 2 demi-slings; 2 quarter slings; 1 fowler; 2 Portuguese bases; 4 hagbuts a croke; 8 small hagbuts a croke; 1 broken sling; 1 broken port piece; 1 small broken hagbut; 40 bows.
- LowestoftLowestoftLowestoft is a town in the English county of Suffolk. The town is on the North Sea coast and is the most easterly point of the United Kingdom. It is north-east of London, north-east of Ipswich and south-east of Norwich...
; 2 iron slings; 2 iron demi-slings; 2 port pieces; 6 double serpentines; memo., the stocks and 2 chambers of the slings of the port pieces are decayed and broken.
- Langar Point
- SussexSussexSussex , from the Old English Sūþsēaxe , is an historic county in South East England corresponding roughly in area to the ancient Kingdom of Sussex. It is bounded on the north by Surrey, east by Kent, south by the English Channel, and west by Hampshire, and is divided for local government into West...
- Camber CastleCamber CastleCamber Castle is one of Henry VIII's Device Forts, also known as Henrician Castles, built to protect the huge Rye anchorage .It is approximately 2 km south of Rye and 2 km northeast of Winchelsea....
, Philip Chowte, gentleman; 2 demi-cannon; 3 culverins; 1 demi-culverin; 1 saker; 1 falcon; 6 great mounted iron port pieces; 6 iron slings; 6 double bases; 300 yew bows; 460 bills; 180 pikes.
- Camber Castle
- Carlisle town and storehouse, WestmorlandWestmorlandWestmorland is an area of North West England and one of the 39 historic counties of England. It formed an administrative county from 1889 to 1974, after which the entirety of the county was absorbed into the new county of Cumbria.-Early history:...
; 3 falcons; 1 pot gunn; 2 small port pieces; 5 fowlers; 21 bases; 1 hagbut on trindles; 14 hagbuts a croke; 41 hagbuts or handguns of which 26 need restocked and the rest repaired; 200 bows; 50 bills or halberds; 140 picks, mattocks and masons axes; 65 hammers; 9 crowbars; 70 servicable spades; 1 old broken brass falcon; 2 broken hagbuts; 1 broken single base; 16 broken hagbuts or handguns; with items listed in the three places in the West March of Scotland.- Carlisle CitadelCity of CarlisleThe City of Carlisle is a local government district of Cumbria, England, with the status of a city and non-metropolitan district. It is named after its largest settlement, Carlisle, but covers a far larger area which includes the towns of Brampton and Longtown, as well as outlying villages...
, Edward Aglionby, Esq; 2 mounted brass sakers which cannot be carried; 4 mounted brass falcons which cannot be carried; 2 iron fowlers on truckles; 2 pot guns on truckles, one not able; 2 single serpentines; 3 iron double bases; 8 single bases; 20 half hacks; 99 bills; 50 moorish pikes; 92 worthless yew bows. - Carlisle CastleCarlisle CastleCarlisle Castle is situated in Carlisle, in the English county of Cumbria, near the ruins of Hadrian's Wall. The castle is over 900 years old and has been the scene of many historical episodes in British history. Given the proximity of Carlisle to the border between England and Scotland, it...
, Sir John Lowther; 2 mounted sakers which cannot be carried; 4 falcons, 3 cannot be carried; 2 demi-bombards lacking truckles; 5 double bases; 3 single bases; 3 Portuguese bases; 93 worthless yew bows; 98 bills; 50 moorish pikes; 100 pots of wild fire; 39 half hacks; 2 mounted falconets which cannot be carried.
- Carlisle Citadel
- YorkshireYorkshireYorkshire is a historic county of northern England and the largest in the United Kingdom. Because of its great size in comparison to other English counties, functions have been increasingly undertaken over time by its subdivisions, which have also been subject to periodic reform...
;- BridlingtonBridlingtonBridlington is a seaside resort, minor sea fishing port and civil parish on the Holderness Coast of the North Sea, in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It has a static population of over 33,000, which rises considerably during the tourist season...
; 'nullus' (no return), no guns. - Flamborough HeadFlamborough HeadFlamborough Head is a promontory of on the Yorkshire coast of England, between the Filey and Bridlington bays of the North Sea. It is a chalk headland, and the resistance it offers to coastal erosion may be contrasted with the low coast of Holderness to the south...
; 1 brass falcon; 1 brass fowler; 1 demi-sling; 1 quarter-sling; 4 black bills. - Kingston-upon-Hull;
- Kingston Castle; 1 brass demi-culverin; 1 brass falcon; 1 brass falconet; 2 iron slings; 2 fowlers; 5 double bases; 2 single bases; 700 bows; 700 black bills; 20 Almain rivetAlmain rivetAn Almain rivet is a type of plate armour created in Germany around the end of the 15th and early 16th centuries. It was designed to be manufactured easily yet afforded considerable protection to the wearer...
s with splints (arm protection) and salletSalletThe sallet was a war helmet that replaced the bascinet in northern Europe and Hungary during the mid-15th century. Some sallets were close fitting except at the back of the head where they extended and formed a pointed tail. Some Italian ones followed the shape of the neck, and had an additional...
s; 3 engines for mounting ordnance. - North blockhouse; 1 brass cannon; 1 brass falcon; 1 falconet; 2 iron port pieces; 2 fowlers; 4 double bases; 3 single bases; 9 bows; 20 bills.
- South blockhouse; 1 basiliscoBasilisk (cannon)The basilisk was a very heavy bronze cannon employed during the Middle Ages. The barrel of a basilisk could weigh up to 4,000 lb and could have a calibre of up to 5 inches...
; 1 demi-culverin; 1 cannon perrier; 1 falconet; 3 port pieces; 1 iron fowler; 3 double bases; 3 single bases; 3 bows; Memo., remains a brass falcon at Flamborough Head.
- Kingston Castle; 1 brass demi-culverin; 1 brass falcon; 1 brass falconet; 2 iron slings; 2 fowlers; 5 double bases; 2 single bases; 700 bows; 700 black bills; 20 Almain rivet
- Pontefract CastlePontefract CastlePontefract Castle is a castle in the town of Pontefract, in the City of Wakefield, West Yorkshire, England. It was the site of the demise of Richard II of England, and later the place of a series of famous sieges during the English Civil War-History:...
; 5 iron serpentines; 1 small brass falcon; 4 iron guns; 124 Almain rivets with 'tassets', (light German armour); 69 Almain rivets without tassets; 80 standards of mail; more armour, mail and weaponry; 13 bundles of archer's stakes; 90 field pails shod with iron. - Scarborough CastleScarborough CastleScarborough Castle is a former medieval Royal fortress situated on a rocky promontory overlooking the North Sea and Scarborough, North Yorkshire, England...
; 1 broken brass saker; 1 port piece; 4 single bases; 3 bills; 3 bows.
- Bridlington
France, Pale of Calais
- CalaisCalaisCalais is a town in Northern France in the department of Pas-de-Calais, of which it is a sub-prefecture. Although Calais is by far the largest city in Pas-de-Calais, the department's capital is its third-largest city of Arras....
, under Richard Blount, Master of the Ordnance in Calais.- Beauchamp quarter and Beauchamp bulwark, under John Fleming, quartermaster.
- Devylin (or Dublin) quarter
- New Bulwark in the Braies, George Falconer, quartermaster, (designed by Henry VIII in person in 1532)
- Vault beneath the New Bulwark, 25 iron fowlers; 2 brass fowlers.
- outside the New Bulwark; 2 brass cannon; 1 brass culverin; 3 brass sakers; 1 robinet; 1 iron fowler; 1 brass fowler; 29 iron hagbuts.
- Prince's Inn quarter and Bulwark, under John London, quartermaster; 1 brass falcon; 3 iron fowlers; 14 iron hagbuts; 2 lanterns.
- Bulleyn Well quarter, under William Ashton, quartermaster;
- Bulleyn Brayes; 2 iron fowlers
- The tower over Boulogne Gate (Bollengate).
- Castle Hill quarter, under Piers Edge
- Lanterngate quarter, under Thomas Hall.
- West Brayes, under Bernard Burrow.
- The Ordnance House; 220 great stone shot for bombards, whole and broken; 350 iron shot for cannon shot; 4000 great shot of diverse sorts, serving no piece.
- Long Court; 3200 stone shot for port pieces.
- Little court; 300 iron shot cannon shot; 200 iron demi-cannon shot.
- Court within the gate; 70 iron serpentine cannon shot; 80 iron shot for Scottish cannon; 1200 iron culverin shot, many of nought; 440 iron shot for Nuremburg demi-culverin; lead, iron, 180 demi-cannon shot of the lowest sort, ends of Spanish, English and Flanders iron.
- Great green yard; 1 great iron bombard; 2000 iron demi-cannon shot serving no piece; 1500 iron demi-culverin shot serving no piece; 400 iron saker shot serving no piece; a broken culverin, 7 great iron chambers serving no piece, etc.
- Under the High Tower stair; 1100 demi-culverin shot.
- Long gun House
- Great gun House; 6 great iron port pieces; 6 black boottes; 2 great pillows of lead; 180 horse harness (armour) of English making, more tack etc; 26 ton of elm timber for gun stocks; 20 pair of spare traces with collars of English make.
- Shot house;
- Casting vault; pair of tongs; pair of shears to cut shot.
- Shot house Forge;
- Wildfire House; 30 empty trunks; 30 Wild fireGreek fireGreek fire was an incendiary weapon used by the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantines typically used it in naval battles to great effect as it could continue burning while floating on water....
trunks; 100 wild fire hoops; 10 great wild fire casting pots of both sorts; 6 small wild fire casting pots; 7 balls with short staves; 2550 empty wild fire pots of both sorts; 40 wild fire pikes. - House above the stairhead
- Cresset Loft
- Coller Loft
- Little Chamber next the Coller Loft
- Spear Loft
- Arrow Loft
- Armoury; 6 helmets; 22 cuirasses without rests; 14 sallets with bavers; 100 sallets with visors and bavors; a sallet with 2 bullions of silver; 2 steel bonnets; 12 pairs of gauntlets; 32 pairs of leg harness; 36 pairs of splints (arm protection); 19 pairs of brigandines; etc.
- Handgun Chamber
- Malle chamber
- Longbow chamber; 1500 long bows of all sorts.
- Crossbow Chamber; 98 crossbows called 'rods'; 12 crossbows called 'lathes'; 120 windlasses for them; 14 benders for small crossbows; archery accessories, sal ammoniac, asafoetida, quick silver, green copperas, rosalgere, camphor, etc.
- Saltpetre House; 63 barrels of powdered sulphur mostly of no value; 4 hogsheads of rock sulphur; 120 firkins of powdered sulphur, faulty; a barrel of powdered sulphur; 7 pipes of rock saltpetre; 40 barrels of old coal powder; 40 lbs of oakum or tow, rotten; 14 cartouches (cartridges) with powder for demi-culverins; 60 empty cartouche bags; 20 funnels to load chambers; etc.
- Iron House; 180 iron hagbuts with tails; 39 brass hagbuts; 60 stocked Bohemian hagbuts; 17 small bases; 1200 great spikes or long nails; more nails, chains, tools, and iron and lead weights up to 150 lb with scales, etc.
- Great Vault; 1 firkin of train oil; 3 hogsheads of vinegar; 1 firkin of olive oil; etc.
- Great storehouse by the Ordnance House; 3 brass mortar guns with rotten stocks; 1 brass mortar for grinding powder.
- Powder House at the Great Storehouse; 8 long trays for drying powder; 8 small trays.
- Moorish pike House; 1600 Moorish pikes; 60 chests with locks for bows and arrows.
- Long house beneath the Pike House
- The other House there
- Mill House; horse-mill to grind powder; 2 brass bottoms with elm mortars; 2 hand mills for corn.
- Foundry; 3 port pieces; 7 unstocked iron mortar guns; 2 single serpentines; 2 whole iron pieces mounted on wheels; 4 iron fowlers; 2 broken brass robinets; 1 iron demi-sling; 1 broken great bombard.
- Work House; 6 pairs of cannon wheels; 3 pairs of shod culverin wheels; etc.
- Forge
- Iron House; 7000 horseshoes; 48000 horse nails; etc.
- Ruysbank Castle, (Fort Risban), Sir George Somerset; 2 brass culverins on wheels; 2 demi-culverins complete; 3 brass sakers complete; 1 brass falconet complete; 1 iron culverin; 1 iron falcon; 10 iron fowlers; 4 iron quarter slings; 6 iron bases; 12 iron Bohemian hagbuts; 16 iron hagbuts with tails; 1 brass hagbut; 28 demi-hacks, many with broken accessories; 7 handguns of which two have been unready; 20 bows; 50 moorish pikes; 40 bills.
- Calais Castle, under Sir Edward Braye.
- Bullingham bulwarkBalinghemBalinghem is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France.-Population:-Places of interest:* The sixteenth century church of the Nativité-de-Notre-Dame....
, Calais marshes. - Bootes bulwark, Calais marshes
- Harway (Harraway's) bulwark, in the Calais marshes
- Bullingham bulwark
- BoulogneBoulogne-sur-Mer-Road:* Metropolitan bus services are operated by the TCRB* Coach services to Calais and Dunkerque* A16 motorway-Rail:* The main railway station is Gare de Boulogne-Ville and located in the south of the city....
, recently besieged; totals: 4 cannons; 5 demi-cannons; 10 culverins; 14 demi:-culverins; 18 sakers; 21 falcons, falconets, and chamber falcons; 25 great brass mortars; 19 small brass mortars; 9 iron mortars; 3 iron bombards; 3 iron cannon-perrier; 16 port-pieces; 24 fowlers; 7 slings; 12 double bases; 54 shrimp bases; 114 privy bases; 2 robinets; 73 brass hagbuts. Memo., most of the wheels and stocks are rotten and decayed.- High Boulogne
- East part; a cannon; 2 culverins; 2 demi-culverins; 2 sakers; 1 falconet; 7 small brass mortars; 5 brass hagbuts; 1 port piece; 2 privy bases; 1 bombard; 2 cannon-perrier.
- West part; 2 cannons; 1 demi-cannon; 2 sakers; 1 falcon; 3 great brass mortars; 4 small mortars; 6 brass hagbuts; 13 privy bases; 4 double bases; 4 shrimp bases; 1 great iron mortar; 1 cannon-perrier.
- South part; a cannon; 1 demi-cannon; 1 culverin; 2 demi-culverins; 2 sakers; 2 great brass mortars; 6 brass hagbuts; 4 double bases; 2 shrimp bases; 6 privy bases; 1 bombard.
- North part; a culverin; 2 demi-culverins; 1 chambered falcon; 3 great brass mortars; 6 brass hagbuts; 1 fowler; 3 shrimp bases; 1 privy base.
- Boulogne Castle; a demi-cannon; 2 culverins; 3 demi-culverins; 4 sakers; 2 chambered falcons; 1 falconet; 2 small brass mortars; 2 robinets; 25 brass hagbuts; 2 port pieces; 2 fowlers; 2 demi-slings; 5 shrimp bases.
- Platform on Our Lady Church; a saker; 1 falcon.
- Palace; 14 great brass mortars.
- High Boulogne store house; 80 handguns; 900 longbows; 3500 Moorish pikes; 400 demi-lances; 450 Northern staves; 1200 black bills; 300 Northern stave heads; 2000 horseshoes; 200 reap-hooks alias sickles; 205 hedging bills; 200 Almain rivets (light German armours); 4 double bases; 4 new Bohemian hacks; etc.
- Base Boulogne
- The Old Man of Boulogne, (originally a Roman lighthouse); a demi-cannon; 3 brass culverins; 3 brass demi-culverins; 3 brass sakers; 6 brass falcons; 6 brass chamber falcons; 3 great brass mortars; 1 iron bombard; 2 iron slings; 5 iron port pieces; 2 fowlers; 5 iron port pieces; 2 fowlers; 48 iron privy bases; 12 shrimp bases; 30 handguns; 68 longbows; 388 Moorish pikes; 59 black bills; 4 great balls of wildfire; 50 small balls of firework; 3 pikes for firework; 6 trunks of firework; 100 Almain rivets (light German armours).
- Boulogne Barghe, or Boulemberg, (Mount Lambert); 1 demi-cannon; 2 demi-culverins; 1 brass saker; 4 brass whole falcons; 18 brass hagbuts; 5 brass mortars; 1 iron cannon-perrier; 6 iron port pieces; 8 iron fowlers; 2 iron slings; 18 iron privy bases; 16 shrimp bases; 3 Bohemian hacks; 80 furnished handguns; 30 longbows; 100 Almain rivets; a smith's forge, complete; shot etc.
- High Boulogne
- Guines TownGuînesGuînes is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in northern France.-Geography:Guînes is located on the border of the two territories of the Boulonnais and Calaisis, at the edge of the now-drained marshes, which extend from here to the coast. The Guînes canal connects with...
- Guines Castle
- Newhaven, AmbleteuseAmbleteuseAmbleteuse is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in northern France.-History:Ambleteuse began as a hamlet of a few huts in the middle of the dunes, from which the derisory name of “carcahuttes" was once given to its inhabitants by their neighbors at Audresselles...
, a five bastioned star fortStar fortA star fort, or trace italienne, is a fortification in the style that evolved during the age of gunpowder, when cannon came to dominate the battlefield, and was first seen in the mid-15th century in Italy....
with an outpost at Blackness. StourtonWilliam Stourton, 7th Baron StourtonWilliam Stourton, 7th Baron Stourton was the son of Edward Stourton.He succeeded his father in 1535, and upon his death was succeeded by his son Charles.-References:...
was its commander.- Bourcher's mount; a small port piece with 2 chambers; 1 iron fowler with 2 chambers.
- The mount; a demi-culverin of brass, wheels rotten; 1 brass saker; 1 brass falcon; 1 brass falconet; 1 iron saker; 1 iron sling mounted on wheels; 1 fowler; 4 single bases.
- Flankers by the gate
- Water mount
- Flanker towards the gate
- Stourton's Mount
- Flanker towards Berkeley's mount; a port piece; 1 fowler.
- Flanker towards Bell mount; 3 fowlers with 6 chambers.
- Bell mount or Town Mount.
- Flanker towards Water Mount; 3 fowlers with 2 chambers.
- Flanker towards Berkeley's Mount; 2 iron fowlers with 4 chambers.
- Berkeley's Mount; a brass demi-cannon; 1 brass culverin; 1 brass saker; 1 brass falconet; 1 iron saker; 3 single bases with 7 chambers.
- Flanker towards Bell Mount; a small port with 2 chambers; 2 fowlers with 2 chambers.
- Mount and Flanker towards Stourton's Mount; 3 fowlers with 2 chambers each.
- Flanker towards Bourcher's Mount; 4 fowlers with 7 chambers.
- Market place; a brass demi-cannon.
- Newhaven Ordnance House
- Bourcher's mount; a small port piece with 2 chambers; 1 iron fowler with 2 chambers.
- Blackness bulwark, Cap Gris NezCap Gris NezCap Gris Nez is a cape on the Côte d'Opale in the Pas-de-Calais département in northern France....
near Ambleteuse; 1 demi-culverin sling; 6 iron sakers; 2 brass minions; 3 iron falconets; 7 port pieces; 9 fowlers; 12 double bases; 4 single bases; 2 hagbuts; 19 hagbuts a croke; 80 complete arquebuses; 4 chests of bows; 300 pikes; 9 horseman's staves. - Newneham Bridge, (Fort Nieulay); 1 brass demi-culverin; 1 whole culverin of brass; 4 brass sakers; 1 brass falconet; 1 brass organ pipe; 1 whole iron sling; 5 iron demi-slings, 2 at Calais for restocking; 6 iron fowlers; 4 iron double bases; 6 demi-cart bases of iron; 20 croke bases; 30 iron tailed hagbuts; 5 Bohemian hagbut on stocks; 6 tunks of wild fire; 6 pikes of wild fire; 20 handguns all furnished; 40 bows; 40 Moorish pikes; 100 black bills.
- Hammes CastleHames-BoucresHames-Boucres is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France.-Geography:A village located 6 miles southwest of Calais, at the junction of the D215 and D231E2.-History:...
; 1 brass demi-culverin; 1 brass saker; 4 brass falcons, 1 broken; 3 brass falconets; 2 brass fowlers, not good; 12 iron fowlers; 1 iron demi-sling; 2 iron port pieces; 4 Portuguese bases; 11 stocked Bohemian hagbuts; 18 iron hagbuts with tails, 4 broken; 23 demi-hacks of little worth; 2 broken brass robinets; 25 wild fire pikes; 6 wild fire trunks; 28 wild fire garlands; 20 wild fire balls; 22 wild fire faggots; 30 wild fire casting pots; 100 empty pots for unslaked lime or wild fire; 25 good bows; 30 worthless bows; 1 steel crossbow weighing 9-lb; 21 chasing staves; 2 Northern gads; 30 spades; 10 mattocks; 25 Moorish pikes; 60 black bills; 150 field stakes; etc.
Scotland
- West MarchScottish MarchesScottish Marches was the term used for the Anglo-Scottish border during the late medieval and early modern eras—from the late 13th century, with the creation by Edward I of England of the first Lord Warden of the Marches to the early 17th century and the creation of the Middle Shires, promulgated...
, in Dumfrieshire;- Laird of Johnston's house at Lochwood Tower; 3 double bases, one broken; 1 iron sling. Items from Carlisle armoury; 3 single bases, 1 broken; 1 iron double sling; 9 hagbuts or handguns.
- CastlemilkCastlemilkCastlemilk is a district of Glasgow, Scotland. It lies to the south of the city adjacent to Rutherglen, Croftfoot, Simshill and the separate village of Carmunnock...
; 2 half hacks; 8 handguns. Items from the Carlisle armoury; 2 half hacks; 8 hagbuts or handguns. - Cockpool, 5 hagbuts upon crock; 8 handguns; 1 half hack. Items from the Carlisle armoury; 5 hagbuts a croke; 8 handguns; 1 half hack.
- EyemouthEyemouthEyemouth , historically spelt Aymouth, is a small town and civil parish in Berwickshire, in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland. It is east of the main north-south A1 road and just north of Berwick-upon-Tweed. It has a population of circa 3,420 people .The town's name comes from its location at...
, BerwickshireBerwickshireBerwickshire or the County of Berwick is a registration county, a committee area of the Scottish Borders Council, and a lieutenancy area of Scotland, on the border with England. The town after which it is named—Berwick-upon-Tweed—was lost by Scotland to England in 1482...
, Scotland; Captain Thomas Gower; 1 brass saker; 1 brass falcon; 4 iron fowlers; 16 yew bows; 30 Moorish pikes; 20 black bills. - Hume CastleHume CastleHume Castle is the heavily modified remnants of a late 12th or early 13th century "Castle of enceinte".The village of Hume is located between Greenlaw and Kelso, two miles north of the village of Stichill, in Berwickshire, Scotland....
, BerwickshireBerwickshireBerwickshire or the County of Berwick is a registration county, a committee area of the Scottish Borders Council, and a lieutenancy area of Scotland, on the border with England. The town after which it is named—Berwick-upon-Tweed—was lost by Scotland to England in 1482...
; 2 demi-culverins; 1 batard-saker; 2 falconets; 2 fowlers; 8 single bases; 6 hagbuts a croke; 40 hagbuts; a chest of bows; 19 pikes; 20 bills; 2 crow-barsCrowbar (tool)A crowbar, a wrecking bar, pry bar, or prybar, or sometimes a prise bar or prisebar, and more informally a jimmy, jimmy bar, jemmy or gooseneck is a tool consisting of a metal bar with a single curved end and flattened points, often with a small fissure on one or both ends for removing nails...
; 46 shovels; 4 pick-axes. - RoxburghRoxburghRoxburgh , also known as Rosbroch, is a village, civil parish and now-destroyed royal burgh. It was an important trading burgh in High Medieval to early modern Scotland...
, RoxburghshireRoxburghshireRoxburghshire or the County of Roxburgh is a registration county of Scotland. It borders Dumfries to the west, Selkirk to the north-west, and Berwick to the north. To the south-east it borders Cumbria and Northumberland in England.It was named after the Royal Burgh of Roxburgh...
, Scotland; 2 iron demi-culverins; 3 iron sakers; 1 iron falcon; 3 port pieces; 1 fowler; 6 bases; 6 small bases; 24 bows. - InchcolmInchcolmInchcolm is an island in the Firth of Forth in Scotland. Repeatedly attacked by English raiders during the Wars of Scottish Independence, it was fortified during both World Wars to defend nearby Edinburgh...
Island; Firth of ForthFirth of ForthThe Firth of Forth is the estuary or firth of Scotland's River Forth, where it flows into the North Sea, between Fife to the north, and West Lothian, the City of Edinburgh and East Lothian to the south...
, one culverin; one demi-culverin; 3 iron sakers; a brass saker; 2 iron falcons; 3 brass falcons; 4 fowlers; 2 port pieces; 14 bases; 90 arquebuses, 2 chests of bows; 3 chests of arrows whereof many spent; 50 pikes; and 40 bills.
External links
- The Inventory of Henry VIII at the British Library
- Harrison, John G., ed., Kirkdale Archaeology / Historic Scotland (2008)
- Labanoff, Alexandre, ed., Lettres, instructions et mémoires de Marie Stuart, reine d'Écosse, vol. 7 London (1844); Inventory of Mary, Queen of Scots in England, pp. 229–274.
- Robertson Joseph, ed., , Bannatyne Club, Edinburgh (1863)
- Thomson, Thomas, ed., , Edinburgh (1815)
- A port piece gun from Henry's fortification at Hull, Hull City Museums
- How a port piece gun was loaded, Hull City Museums
- Portsmouth, Royal Garrison Ghurch, Portsmouth Guide