John Maunsell
Encyclopedia
Sir John Maunsell also Sir John Mansel, Provost of Beverley, was king's clerk, and a judge
. He served as chancellor
to King Henry III
and was England's
first secretary of state
.
under Baron
Gilbert de Lacy
in Palestine
. Robert led a small force of Welsh
and Aquitaines by night to put to rout a much larger force of Turks
under Sultan
Nur ad-Din Zangi, at his camp outside Damascus
during the reign of King Henry II. His father, Walter, a deacon
, was Napkin Bearer to the King. John Maunsell is first heard of when he was sent from Scotland
as orator from Alexander, King of Scotland in 1215 to the court
of John. As the son of a deacon under orders, his birth status periodically came into question eventually resulting in a letter from Pope Innocent IV
ratified by Pope Alexander IV
in 1259 stating "Approbation, addressed to John Mansel, Chancellor of London, the King's Clerk, of the dispensation given to him, at the King's request, by Pope Innocent, to be ordained and promoted, notwithstanding that his mother married his father, a man of noble birth, not knowing that he was a deacon, and was accounted for the time being his lawful wife; his father, after some time, repenting, resumed his orders, a divorce having been declared by their diocesan
. The dispensation is approved, even if his mother's plea of ignorance and the reputation of a lawful marriage cannot be sustained."
Maunsell became a favorite of the young King Henry III and was appointed to the vacant prebend
of Thames by Henry, but Robert Grosseteste
, a reforming bishop
with strong feelings about ecclesiastic rights and privilege, refused to admit him. Reportedly, Maunsell took the Thames church by force before giving up his claim to the prebend (a specific type of benefice
). Grosseteste, having thus vindicated his right, bestowed upon Maunsell the more lucrative benefice
of Maidstone
. Despite the loss of the Thames benefice
, Maunsell is considered to have obtained more benefices than any other clergyman as he amassed his plurality. Maunsell acquired additional benefices including: "the Provost of Beverly
" in 1247, "the living of Howden
," "Chancellorship of St. Paul's
, London," "the living of Bawburgh
," "Prebend of South Malling," "Living of Haughley," "Prebend of Tottenhall," "Prebend of Chinchester," "Dean of Wimborn
," "Rector of Wigan
," "Papal Chaplain," as well as "Chaplain of the King."
He fought with a contingent of English
under Henry de Turbeville in the aid of Frederick II
, King of Germany in the north of Italy
in 1238. Frederick II was married to Henry's sister Isabella
in 1235. He fought alongside Henry III in the Battle of Taillebourg
during the Saintonge War
(20–24 July 1242) and took Peter Orige, seneschal of the Count of Boulogne
, prisoner. He was reckoned not least among brave men in this unsuccessful venture against Louis IX of France
. He was seriously wounded while leading an assault in siege of the Verines
monastery.
During 1246 and 1247 he served as Lord Chancellor
of England.
John Maunsell established the Augustinian
priory
at Bilsington
, near Romney
in 1253 prudently reflecting that "the king's favour is not hereditary or worldly prosperity of lasting duration." He is however spoken of disparagingly by the chronicling monk Matthew Paris
, of St Albans Abbey, for unfairly denying legaljudgement in the Abbey's favour after a monk had been attacked and robbed by his protege Geoffrey of Childwick.
He enjoyed great secular power; the 1258 Provisions of Oxford
gave four men the power to elect a council of fifteen to govern the treasury
and the chancellery
. These four men were the Earl Marshal
(the Earl of Norfolk
), Hugh Bigod
, John Maunsell, and the Earl of Warwick
(John du Plessis). Not only did he arrange the marriage of Henry III daughter, Margaret of England
to Alexander III of Scotland
in 1249, but he entertained the courts of England and Scotland on King Alexander's visit to London
in 1256. Such a feat would not have been possible but for the income from his pluralities. He was named Seneschal of Gascony
in 1243 a post later held by Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester
and subsequently by Prince Edward
. Alfonso of Castile
had his eyes on Gascony and John Maunsell helped to defuse the situation by arranging the marriage of Edward to Alfonso's half-sister, Eleanor
in 1254. Sedgwick castle came into his hands in 1249. In 1261 he was named Constable of the Tower of London. He was mediator along with Simon de Montfort in arranging the marriage of Henry's daughter Beatrice
with John of Brittany
in 1259. John Maunsell was in France
with Queen Eleanor
and Edmund
when Simon de Montfort vanquished Henry III at the Battle of Lewes
, 14 May 1264. Shortly thereafter, Simon de Montfort took possession of Maunsell's estates in August of 1264. John Maunsell died 20 January 1265 in Florence
and was buried in York Minster
. Among his contemporaries were the better known Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester
and Roger Bacon
.
Judge
A judge is a person who presides over court proceedings, either alone or as part of a panel of judges. The powers, functions, method of appointment, discipline, and training of judges vary widely across different jurisdictions. The judge is supposed to conduct the trial impartially and in an open...
. He served as chancellor
Lord Chancellor
The Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, or Lord Chancellor, is a senior and important functionary in the government of the United Kingdom. He is the second highest ranking of the Great Officers of State, ranking only after the Lord High Steward. The Lord Chancellor is appointed by the Sovereign...
to King Henry III
Henry III of England
Henry III was the son and successor of John as King of England, reigning for 56 years from 1216 until his death. His contemporaries knew him as Henry of Winchester. He was the first child king in England since the reign of Æthelred the Unready...
and was England's
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
first secretary of state
Secretary of State (England)
In the Kingdom of England, the title of Secretary of State came into being near the end of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I , the usual title before that having been King's Clerk, King's Secretary, or Principal Secretary....
.
Life
His grandfather, Robert Mansel, was a TemplarKnights Templar
The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon , commonly known as the Knights Templar, the Order of the Temple or simply as Templars, were among the most famous of the Western Christian military orders...
under Baron
Baron
Baron is a title of nobility. The word baron comes from Old French baron, itself from Old High German and Latin baro meaning " man, warrior"; it merged with cognate Old English beorn meaning "nobleman"...
Gilbert de Lacy
Gilbert de Lacy
Gilbert de Lacy was a medieval Anglo-Norman baron in England, the grandson of Walter de Lacy a Norman soldier.-Background and family:...
in Palestine
Palestine
Palestine is a conventional name, among others, used to describe the geographic region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River, and various adjoining lands....
. Robert led a small force of Welsh
Welsh people
The Welsh people are an ethnic group and nation associated with Wales and the Welsh language.John Davies argues that the origin of the "Welsh nation" can be traced to the late 4th and early 5th centuries, following the Roman departure from Britain, although Brythonic Celtic languages seem to have...
and Aquitaines by night to put to rout a much larger force of Turks
Turkic peoples
The Turkic peoples are peoples residing in northern, central and western Asia, southern Siberia and northwestern China and parts of eastern Europe. They speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family. They share, to varying degrees, certain cultural traits and historical backgrounds...
under Sultan
Sultan
Sultan is a title with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic language abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", and "dictatorship", derived from the masdar سلطة , meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it came to be used as the title of certain rulers who...
Nur ad-Din Zangi, at his camp outside Damascus
Damascus
Damascus , commonly known in Syria as Al Sham , and as the City of Jasmine , is the capital and the second largest city of Syria after Aleppo, both are part of the country's 14 governorates. In addition to being one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, Damascus is a major...
during the reign of King Henry II. His father, Walter, a deacon
Deacon
Deacon is a ministry in the Christian Church that is generally associated with service of some kind, but which varies among theological and denominational traditions...
, was Napkin Bearer to the King. John Maunsell is first heard of when he was sent from Scotland
Scotland
Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the...
as orator from Alexander, King of Scotland in 1215 to the court
Court
A court is a form of tribunal, often a governmental institution, with the authority to adjudicate legal disputes between parties and carry out the administration of justice in civil, criminal, and administrative matters in accordance with the rule of law...
of John. As the son of a deacon under orders, his birth status periodically came into question eventually resulting in a letter from Pope Innocent IV
Pope Innocent IV
Pope Innocent IV , born Sinibaldo Fieschi, was pope from June 25, 1243 until his death in 1254.-Early life:...
ratified by Pope Alexander IV
Pope Alexander IV
Pope Alexander IV was Pope from 1254 until his death.Born as Rinaldo di Jenne, in Jenne , he was, on his mother's side, a member of the de' Conti di Segni family, the counts of Segni, like Pope Innocent III and Pope Gregory IX...
in 1259 stating "Approbation, addressed to John Mansel, Chancellor of London, the King's Clerk, of the dispensation given to him, at the King's request, by Pope Innocent, to be ordained and promoted, notwithstanding that his mother married his father, a man of noble birth, not knowing that he was a deacon, and was accounted for the time being his lawful wife; his father, after some time, repenting, resumed his orders, a divorce having been declared by their diocesan
Diocese
A diocese is the district or see under the supervision of a bishop. It is divided into parishes.An archdiocese is more significant than a diocese. An archdiocese is presided over by an archbishop whose see may have or had importance due to size or historical significance...
. The dispensation is approved, even if his mother's plea of ignorance and the reputation of a lawful marriage cannot be sustained."
Maunsell became a favorite of the young King Henry III and was appointed to the vacant prebend
Prebendary
A prebendary is a post connected to an Anglican or Catholic cathedral or collegiate church and is a type of canon. Prebendaries have a role in the administration of the cathedral...
of Thames by Henry, but Robert Grosseteste
Robert Grosseteste
Robert Grosseteste or Grossetete was an English statesman, scholastic philosopher, theologian and Bishop of Lincoln. He was born of humble parents at Stradbroke in Suffolk. A.C...
, a reforming bishop
Bishop
A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight. Within the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox Churches, in the Assyrian Church of the East, in the Independent Catholic Churches, and in the...
with strong feelings about ecclesiastic rights and privilege, refused to admit him. Reportedly, Maunsell took the Thames church by force before giving up his claim to the prebend (a specific type of benefice
Benefice
A benefice is a reward received in exchange for services rendered and as a retainer for future services. The term is now almost obsolete.-Church of England:...
). Grosseteste, having thus vindicated his right, bestowed upon Maunsell the more lucrative benefice
Benefice
A benefice is a reward received in exchange for services rendered and as a retainer for future services. The term is now almost obsolete.-Church of England:...
of Maidstone
Maidstone
Maidstone is the county town of Kent, England, south-east of London. The River Medway runs through the centre of the town linking Maidstone to Rochester and the Thames Estuary. Historically, the river was a source and route for much of the town's trade. Maidstone was the centre of the agricultural...
. Despite the loss of the Thames benefice
Benefice
A benefice is a reward received in exchange for services rendered and as a retainer for future services. The term is now almost obsolete.-Church of England:...
, Maunsell is considered to have obtained more benefices than any other clergyman as he amassed his plurality. Maunsell acquired additional benefices including: "the Provost of Beverly
Beverley
Beverley is a market town, civil parish and the county town of the East Riding of Yorkshire, England, located between the River Hull and the Westwood. The town is noted for Beverley Minster and architecturally-significant religious buildings along New Walk and other areas, as well as the Beverley...
" in 1247, "the living of Howden
Howden
Howden is a small market town and civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It lies north of the M62, on the A614 road about north of Goole and south-west of York. William the Conqueror gave the town to the Bishops of Durham in 1080...
," "Chancellorship of St. Paul's
St Paul's Cathedral
St Paul's Cathedral, London, is a Church of England cathedral and seat of the Bishop of London. Its dedication to Paul the Apostle dates back to the original church on this site, founded in AD 604. St Paul's sits at the top of Ludgate Hill, the highest point in the City of London, and is the mother...
, London," "the living of Bawburgh
Bawburgh
Bawburgh is a village and civil parish in the South Norfolk district of Norfolk, England, lying in the valley of the River Yare about west of Norwich city centre. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 466...
," "Prebend of South Malling," "Living of Haughley," "Prebend of Tottenhall," "Prebend of Chinchester," "Dean of Wimborn
Wimborne Minster
Wimborne Minster is a market town in the East Dorset district of Dorset in South West England, and the name of the Church of England church in that town...
," "Rector of Wigan
Wigan
Wigan is a town in Greater Manchester, England. It stands on the River Douglas, south-west of Bolton, north of Warrington and west-northwest of Manchester. Wigan is the largest settlement in the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan and is its administrative centre. The town of Wigan had a total...
," "Papal Chaplain," as well as "Chaplain of the King."
He fought with a contingent of English
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
under Henry de Turbeville in the aid of Frederick II
Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
Frederick II , was one of the most powerful Holy Roman Emperors of the Middle Ages and head of the House of Hohenstaufen. His political and cultural ambitions, based in Sicily and stretching through Italy to Germany, and even to Jerusalem, were enormous...
, King of Germany in the north of Italy
Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
in 1238. Frederick II was married to Henry's sister Isabella
Isabella of England
For Isabella of England, the daughter of Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault, see Isabella de Coucy.Isabella of England, also called Elizabeth was an English princess and, by marriage, Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, and Queen consort of Sicily.-Biography:She was the fourth child but...
in 1235. He fought alongside Henry III in the Battle of Taillebourg
Battle of Taillebourg
There were three military confrontations called the Battle of Taillebourg, site of strategic importance on the route between Northern and Southern France, via the bridge built over the Charente River. The first one was that which saw the victory of Charlemagne, in 808, over the Saracens...
during the Saintonge War
Saintonge War
The Saintonge War was a feudal dynastic encounter that occurred in 1242 between forces of Louis IX of France and those of Henry III of England. Saintonge is the region around Saintes in the center-west of France. The conflict arose because some vassals of Louis were displeased with accession of his...
(20–24 July 1242) and took Peter Orige, seneschal of the Count of Boulogne
Count of Boulogne
The county of Boulogne was a historical region in the Low Countries. It consisted of a part of the present-day French département of the Pas-de-Calais , in parts of which there is still a Dutch-speaking minority....
, prisoner. He was reckoned not least among brave men in this unsuccessful venture against Louis IX of France
Louis IX of France
Louis IX , commonly Saint Louis, was King of France from 1226 until his death. He was also styled Louis II, Count of Artois from 1226 to 1237. Born at Poissy, near Paris, he was an eighth-generation descendant of Hugh Capet, and thus a member of the House of Capet, and the son of Louis VIII and...
. He was seriously wounded while leading an assault in siege of the Verines
Vérines
Vérines is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in the Poitou-Charentes region in southwestern France.-Geography:The commune compromises a town and two other settlements named Loiré and Fontpatour.-Population:-External links:* *...
monastery.
During 1246 and 1247 he served as Lord Chancellor
Lord Chancellor
The Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, or Lord Chancellor, is a senior and important functionary in the government of the United Kingdom. He is the second highest ranking of the Great Officers of State, ranking only after the Lord High Steward. The Lord Chancellor is appointed by the Sovereign...
of England.
John Maunsell established the Augustinian
Augustinians
The term Augustinians, named after Saint Augustine of Hippo , applies to two separate and unrelated types of Catholic religious orders:...
priory
Priory
A priory is a house of men or women under religious vows that is headed by a prior or prioress. Priories may be houses of mendicant friars or religious sisters , or monasteries of monks or nuns .The Benedictines and their offshoots , the Premonstratensians, and the...
at Bilsington
Bilsington
Bilsington is a village and civil parish in the Ashford district of Kent, England. The village is south of Ashford, on the B2067, Hamstreet to Hythe road just north of the Royal Military Canal...
, near Romney
New Romney
New Romney is a small town in Kent, England, on the edge of Romney Marsh, an area of flat, rich agricultural land reclaimed from the sea after the harbour began to be silted up. New Romney was once a sea port, with the harbour adjacent to the church, but is now more than a mile from the sea...
in 1253 prudently reflecting that "the king's favour is not hereditary or worldly prosperity of lasting duration." He is however spoken of disparagingly by the chronicling monk Matthew Paris
Matthew Paris
Matthew Paris was a Benedictine monk, English chronicler, artist in illuminated manuscripts and cartographer, based at St Albans Abbey in Hertfordshire...
, of St Albans Abbey, for unfairly denying legaljudgement in the Abbey's favour after a monk had been attacked and robbed by his protege Geoffrey of Childwick.
He enjoyed great secular power; the 1258 Provisions of Oxford
Provisions of Oxford
The Provisions of Oxford are often regarded as England's first written constitution ....
gave four men the power to elect a council of fifteen to govern the treasury
Treasury
A treasury is either*A government department related to finance and taxation.*A place where currency or precious items is/are kept....
and the chancellery
Chancellor
Chancellor is the title of various official positions in the governments of many nations. The original chancellors were the Cancellarii of Roman courts of justice—ushers who sat at the cancelli or lattice work screens of a basilica or law court, which separated the judge and counsel from the...
. These four men were the Earl Marshal
Earl Marshal
Earl Marshal is a hereditary royal officeholder and chivalric title under the sovereign of the United Kingdom used in England...
(the Earl of Norfolk
Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk
Roger Bigod was 4th Earl of Norfolk and Marshal of England.He was the son of Hugh Bigod, and Matilda, a daughter of William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke and Marshal of England. After the death of his father in 1225 Roger became the ward of William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury...
), Hugh Bigod
Hugh Bigod (Justiciar)
Hugh Bigod was Justiciar of England from 1258 to 1260. He was a younger son of Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk.In 1258 the Provisions of Oxford established a baronial government of which Hugh's elder brother Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk was a leading member, and Hugh was appointed Chief...
, John Maunsell, and the Earl of Warwick
Earl of Warwick
Earl of Warwick is a title that has been created four times in British history and is one of the most prestigious titles in the peerages of the British Isles.-1088 creation:...
(John du Plessis). Not only did he arrange the marriage of Henry III daughter, Margaret of England
Margaret of England
Margaret of England was a medieval English princess who became Queen of Scots. A daughter of the Plantagenet king Henry III of England and his queen, Eleanor of Provence, she was Queen consort to Alexander III "the Glorious", King of the Scots.- Family :She was the second child of Henry III of...
to Alexander III of Scotland
Alexander III of Scotland
Alexander III was King of Scots from 1249 to his death.-Life:...
in 1249, but he entertained the courts of England and Scotland on King Alexander's visit to London
London
London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...
in 1256. Such a feat would not have been possible but for the income from his pluralities. He was named Seneschal of Gascony
Gascony
Gascony is an area of southwest France that was part of the "Province of Guyenne and Gascony" prior to the French Revolution. The region is vaguely defined and the distinction between Guyenne and Gascony is unclear; sometimes they are considered to overlap, and sometimes Gascony is considered a...
in 1243 a post later held by Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester
Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester
Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, 1st Earl of Chester , sometimes referred to as Simon V de Montfort to distinguish him from other Simon de Montforts, was an Anglo-Norman nobleman. He led the barons' rebellion against King Henry III of England during the Second Barons' War of 1263-4, and...
and subsequently by Prince Edward
Edward I of England
Edward I , also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots, was King of England from 1272 to 1307. The first son of Henry III, Edward was involved early in the political intrigues of his father's reign, which included an outright rebellion by the English barons...
. Alfonso of Castile
Alfonso X of Castile
Alfonso X was a Castilian monarch who ruled as the King of Castile, León and Galicia from 1252 until his death...
had his eyes on Gascony and John Maunsell helped to defuse the situation by arranging the marriage of Edward to Alfonso's half-sister, Eleanor
Eleanor of Castile
Eleanor of Castile was the first queen consort of Edward I of England. She was also Countess of Ponthieu in her own right from 1279 until her death in 1290, succeeding her mother and ruling together with her husband.-Birth:...
in 1254. Sedgwick castle came into his hands in 1249. In 1261 he was named Constable of the Tower of London. He was mediator along with Simon de Montfort in arranging the marriage of Henry's daughter Beatrice
Beatrice of England
Beatrice of England , also known as Beatrice de Dreux, was a Princess of England as the daughter of King Henry III of England and Eleanor of Provence...
with John of Brittany
John II, Duke of Brittany
John II was Duke of Brittany and Earl of Richmond, from 1286 to his death. He was son of Duke John I and Blanche of Navarre...
in 1259. John Maunsell was in France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
with Queen Eleanor
Eleanor of Provence
Eleanor of Provence was Queen consort of England as the spouse of King Henry III of England from 1236 until his death in 1272....
and Edmund
Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Lancaster
Edmund of Crouchback, 1st Earl of Leicester and Lancaster , was the second surviving son of King Henry III of England and Eleanor of Provence. In his childhood he had a claim on the Kingdom of Sicily. His nickname refers to his participation in the Ninth Crusade.-Childhood:Edmund was born in London...
when Simon de Montfort vanquished Henry III at the Battle of Lewes
Battle of Lewes
The Battle of Lewes was one of two main battles of the conflict known as the Second Barons' War. It took place at Lewes in Sussex, on 14 May 1264...
, 14 May 1264. Shortly thereafter, Simon de Montfort took possession of Maunsell's estates in August of 1264. John Maunsell died 20 January 1265 in Florence
Florence
Florence is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany and of the province of Florence. It is the most populous city in Tuscany, with approximately 370,000 inhabitants, expanding to over 1.5 million in the metropolitan area....
and was buried in York Minster
York Minster
York Minster is a Gothic cathedral in York, England and is one of the largest of its kind in Northern Europe alongside Cologne Cathedral. The minster is the seat of the Archbishop of York, the second-highest office of the Church of England, and is the cathedral for the Diocese of York; it is run by...
. Among his contemporaries were the better known Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester
Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester
Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, 1st Earl of Chester , sometimes referred to as Simon V de Montfort to distinguish him from other Simon de Montforts, was an Anglo-Norman nobleman. He led the barons' rebellion against King Henry III of England during the Second Barons' War of 1263-4, and...
and Roger Bacon
Roger Bacon
Roger Bacon, O.F.M. , also known as Doctor Mirabilis , was an English philosopher and Franciscan friar who placed considerable emphasis on the study of nature through empirical methods...
.
Books
- Charles Greenstreet AddisonCharles Greenstreet AddisonCharles Greenstreet Addison was an English barrister and historical, travel and legal writer.-Life:He was the son of W. Dering Addison, of Maidstone. He was elected to the bar in 1842, joined the home circuit, and was a revising barrister for Kent...
, The History of the Knights Templars, The Temple Church, and the Temple. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, London 1842 p. 46 - Maunsell, Charles A. and Statham, Edward Phillips (1917–20). History of the Family of Maunsell, (Mansell, Mansel) Anchor Press LTD, Tiptree Essex.
- Nicholas Harris NicolasNicholas Harris NicolasSir Harris Nicolas, KCMG, KH was an English antiquary.-Life:The fourth son of John Harris Nicolas , he was born at Dartmouth. Having served in the navy from 1812 to 1816, he studied law and was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1825...
, Testamenta Vetusta, Being Illustrations from Wills, of Manners, Customs, &c., vol. 1, pp. 5–7. London: Nichols & Son, 1826. - http://home.earthlink.net/~plantagenet60/plantagenet06.htm
- British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/
- Houses of the Austin Canons http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=38204
- Calendar Patent Rolls, Henry III
- Papal Letters Vol i., pp. 218, 262–3, 269, 362. (Pope Innocent IV & Pope Alexander IV)
- Foedera, Rymer, Vol i., pp. 48, 67, 135, 408, 415.
- History of the Exchequer, Thomas MadoxThomas MadoxThomas Madox was a legal antiquary and historian, known for his publication and discussion of medieval records and charters; and in particular for his History of the Exchequer, tracing the administration and records of that branch of the state from the Norman Conquest to the time of Edward II...
; Vol. ii. p. 51 - Henry II and the Church, F. A. Gasquet; p. 196 et seq.
- England Under the Normans and Angevins, H. W. C. Davis
- Chronica Majora, Matthew ParisMatthew ParisMatthew Paris was a Benedictine monk, English chronicler, artist in illuminated manuscripts and cartographer, based at St Albans Abbey in Hertfordshire...
; Vol i. pp. 440,422. - Chronica Majora, Matthew Paris; Vol iii. p. 153.
- Chronica Majora, Matthew Paris; Vol iv. pp. 294, 375, 601, 623–4.
- Chronica Majora, Matthew Paris; Vol v. pp. 101, 129, 179, 223, 238–9, 268–9, 355, 450, 505, 507, 690, 719.
- The Court of a Saint, Winifred F. Knox; p 105
- Royal and Other Historical Letters, Shirley, Vol i., pp. 145–6.
- Royal and Other Historical Letters, Shirley, Vol ii., pp. 175, 206.
- Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I and Edward II, Vol i., pp. 60, 64, 66
- The history of the life of King Henry the Second, and of the age in which he lived, in five books: to which is prefixed a history of the revolutions of England from the death of Edward the Confessor to the birth of Henry the Second, George Lyttelton Lyttelton, Baron, London, Printed for W. Sandby and J. Dodsley, 1767–1771, Vol iii., pp. 280–282
- Powicke, F. Maurice and E. B. Fryde Handbook of British Chronology 2nd. ed. London:Royal Historical Society 1961
External links
- The History of the Knights Templars
- http://home.earthlink.net/~plantagenet60/plantagenet06.htm
- http://www.biodatabase.de/Secretary%20of%20State
- http://www.british-history.ac.uk/