Kim Hyun Joong
Encyclopedia
Kim Hyun Joong was born on 6 June 1986. He is a South Korean entertainer and the leader of boyband SS501. Kim is well-known for his role as Yoon Ji Hoo in the 2009 Korean drama
Korean drama
Korean drama refers to televised dramas, in a miniseries format, produced in the Korean language. Many of these dramas have become popular throughout Asia and have contributed to the general phenomenon of the Korean wave, known as "Hallyu", and also "Drama Fever" in some countries...

 Boys Over Flowers
Boys Over Flowers (TV series)
Boys Over Flowers is a South Korean television drama series starring Ku Hye Sun, Lee Min Ho, Kim Hyun Joong of SS501, Kim Bum, Kim Joon of T-Max and Kim So Eun. It premiered on January 5, 2009 on KBS2 and ended on March 31, 2009 after 25 episodes....

, winning Best Actor Award at the Seoul International Drama Awards 2009 and Popularity Award at the 45th PaekSang Arts Awards
PaekSang Arts Awards
PaekSang Arts Awards, also known as BaekSang Arts Awards, is an awards ceremony held annually by IS PLUS Corp, since 1965. It is to honour outstanding achievements in the South Korean entertainment industry and to garner public attention upon the best in Korean films and dramas...

. He is also a style icon in Korea, winning several icon awards.

Early life

Kim Hyun Joong grew up in a family of four with one older brother, making him the youngest. He dropped out of school when he decided to become a singer. During his school days, he played bass guitar as a member of a band. During the years of 2001-2 when he was 14-15, whilst working as a waiter in a family restaurant, located at Jamsil-dong
Jamsil-dong
Jamsil-dong is a neighbourhood, dong of Songpa-gu, Seoul, South Korea. Its name is strongly related to silkworm breeding during the Joseon dynasty and Jamsil literally means a room or place for sericulture...

, he was introduced to a new set up management company CEO. Initially he was to debut in a 5 member group. Han Yeon of B2Y (now disbanded) was to be the Leader and Kim the maknae. While the group underwent training together, they were asked by their company to debut in China
China
Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...

 as a Hallyu project group, but the group rejected the offer and disbanded. Kim proceeded to audition for DSP Media (formerly DSP Entertainment) and became a member and leader of SS501. Kim went back to school and graduated in 2006 after debuting as SS501. In 2011, he enrolled in Chungwoon University
Chungwoon University
Chungwoon University is a private university in western South Korea. The campus is located in Hongseong County in South Chungcheong province. The current president is Kim Hui-jung .-Academics:...

 to study stage production management.

2005: Debut

On 8 June 2005, Kim made his entertainment
Entertainment
Entertainment consists of any activity which provides a diversion or permits people to amuse themselves in their leisure time. Entertainment is generally passive, such as watching opera or a movie. Active forms of amusement, such as sports, are more often considered to be recreation...

 debut as the leader of SS501. The group appeared in the 2006 show, Thank You For Waking Me Up where he was proven to be a heavy sleeper, and the MNet show Idol World in 2007, in which SS501 did various activities in Japan.

In May 2008, Kim joined the cast of We Got Married
We Got Married
We Got Married is a popular reality South Korean variety show, one segment of the Sunday Sunday Night program. First broadcast in 2008, the show pairs up Korean celebrities to show what life would be like if they were married...

in episode nine. Known as the "Lettuce Couple", Hyun Joong and Hwang Bo went on to win MBC's Best Couple Award. The couple made their official exit from the show in episode 38, on 14 December 2008, due to scheduling conflicts with Boys Over Flowers
Boys Over Flowers (TV series)
Boys Over Flowers is a South Korean television drama series starring Ku Hye Sun, Lee Min Ho, Kim Hyun Joong of SS501, Kim Bum, Kim Joon of T-Max and Kim So Eun. It premiered on January 5, 2009 on KBS2 and ended on March 31, 2009 after 25 episodes....

.

2009: Acting, Boys Over Flowers and H1N1

Whilst in Japan, in 2008, Kim was casted as Yoon Ji Hoo in the Korean drama
Korean drama
Korean drama refers to televised dramas, in a miniseries format, produced in the Korean language. Many of these dramas have become popular throughout Asia and have contributed to the general phenomenon of the Korean wave, known as "Hallyu", and also "Drama Fever" in some countries...

 Boys Over Flowers
Boys Over Flowers (TV series)
Boys Over Flowers is a South Korean television drama series starring Ku Hye Sun, Lee Min Ho, Kim Hyun Joong of SS501, Kim Bum, Kim Joon of T-Max and Kim So Eun. It premiered on January 5, 2009 on KBS2 and ended on March 31, 2009 after 25 episodes....

. Where he won Best Actor Award at the Seoul International Drama Awards 2009 and Popularity Award at the 45th PaekSang Arts Awards
PaekSang Arts Awards
PaekSang Arts Awards, also known as BaekSang Arts Awards, is an awards ceremony held annually by IS PLUS Corp, since 1965. It is to honour outstanding achievements in the South Korean entertainment industry and to garner public attention upon the best in Korean films and dramas...

.

In 2009, SS501 released the album SS501 Collection, in which they each sang a solo song, along with being featured in a mini drama music video. Their Asia Concert Tour began in mid-August 2009 in Seoul at the Olympic Park. They continued their tour in Shanghai, Taipei, Bangkok before returning to Seoul for a closing encore concert. They staged two concerts for the encore closure on the 27th Feb and 28th Feb 2010 respectively.

In September 2009, during promotions in in Yokohama
Yokohama
is the capital city of Kanagawa Prefecture and the second largest city in Japan by population after Tokyo and most populous municipality of Japan. It lies on Tokyo Bay, south of Tokyo, in the Kantō region of the main island of Honshu...

, Japan for Boys Over Flowers, Kim was diagnosed with H1N1
H1N1
'Influenza A virus is a subtype of influenza A virus and was the most common cause of human influenza in 2009. Some strains of H1N1 are endemic in humans and cause a small fraction of all influenza-like illness and a small fraction of all seasonal influenza. H1N1 strains caused a few percent of...

. He was treated in a Toyko hospital and was discharged on 15 September 2009. While recovering from H1N1, he could not attend the Seoul International Drama Awards. To accept the award on his behalf, his members of SS501: Heo Young Saeng
Heo Young Saeng
Heo Young Saeng was born on 3 November 1986. He is a South Korean entertainer and main/lead vocalist of boyband SS501. He debut as a solo artist in May 2011 with mini album Let It Go and made his musical debut in The Three Musketeers in November 2011 as D'Artagnan.-2005: Debut:Heo is a former...

, Kim Kyu Jong
Kim Kyu Jong
Kim Kyu Jong was born on 24 February 1987. He is a South Korean entertainer and member of boyband SS501. He made his musical debut in Goong: Musical, playing the lead role of 'Lee Shin' and debut as a solo artist in September 2011 with mini album Turn Me On.-2005: Debut:Kim debuted as a member of...

, and Kim Hyung Jun
Kim Hyung Jun
Kim Hyung Jun was born on 3 August 1987. He is a South Korean entertainer and youngest member of boyband SS501. He debut as a solo artist in March 2011 with mini album My Girl and musical debut in Caffeine.-2005: Debut:...

 were present for the award show.

He has also been the spokesperson for cosmetics brand, Tony Moly, an established company with numerous branches across Korea and Asia, including Taiwan and Hong Kong. He had since ended his contract with Tony Moly in End September 2010, and he had been chosen to be the Spokesperson for The Face Shop.

2010: SS501 comeback and leaving DSP Media

In April 2010, he appeared opposite Jung Ryeo Won in the music video for Korean Singer Gummy
Gummy (singer)
Park Ji Yeon , better known by her stage name Gummy , is a South Korean recording artist under YG Entertainment.-2003-2009: Debut and Breakthrough Success:...

's new song "As A Man" (남자라서).

In June 2010, SS501 released an album titled Destination, produced by Steven Lee
Steven Lee (music producer)
Steven Lee is a multi-platinum Korean-American music producer, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist. He studied music & theory in California State University, Los Angeles, and began a career in music songwriting and production after he won "Star Search 2002" as a music producer at Studio56 in...

. Their title song "Love Ya" was well received, rating high in record sales and online music stores, and it went on to top Music Bank
Music Bank (TV series)
Music Bank is a South Korean music television program broadcast by Korean Broadcasting System, KBS. It airs live every Friday at 6:10 PM KST. It is currently hosted by guest MCs...

's K-Chart. However they ended promotions after two weeks, because SS501's contract with DSP Media ended.

On 19 June 2010, he then appeared at a concert in the Philippines along side BEAST.

On 28 June 2010, it was announced that Kim has officially left DSP Media and joined Bae Yong Joon
Bae Yong Joon
Bae Yong-joon , is a South Korean actor best known for his roles in numerous television dramas and one of the first kkonminam icons. He is known as Yon-sama to his Japanese fans.- Early and private life :...

's KeyEast Entertainment company. Although Kim has left DSP Media he stated that SS501's activities will be top priority in their contracts. and definitely has not disbanded. Kim explained in an interview that, at the time, there weren't a company that would accepted them as a whole, thus the group decided to take the chance to focus on their solo activities.

Kim played the lead role in the drama Playful Kiss
Playful Kiss
Playful Kiss is a South Korean drama that is based on the popular Japanese manga Itazura Na Kiss by Tada Kaoru. The show stars Jung So Min as Oh Ha Ni and Kim Hyun Joong as Baek Seung Jo. It aired from September 1, 2010 till October 21, 2010 and had a total of 16 episodes. On November 2, 2010, a 7...

, a Korean adaptation of Japanese shōjo manga Itazura na Kiss
Itazura na Kiss
is a popular shōjo manga series written and illustrated by Kaoru Tada. Itazura na Kiss began to be serialized and published in 1991 by Shueisha through Margaret Magazine. It became successful very quickly and became the manga series that Tada became known for in Japan...

as Baek Seung Jo, who has a stand-offish personality. On the 7 November, Kim was interviewed by CNN
CNN
Cable News Network is a U.S. cable news channel founded in 1980 by Ted Turner. Upon its launch, CNN was the first channel to provide 24-hour television news coverage, and the first all-news television channel in the United States...

's Anna Coren due to his success in Playful Kiss. Playful Kiss Special Edition is a big hit on Youtube
YouTube
YouTube is a video-sharing website, created by three former PayPal employees in February 2005, on which users can upload, view and share videos....

 as it is the first Korean drama to air on YouTube. Its first episode garners 1 million views just in 5 days and it proves so popular that there is a record channel view of 6.3 million and 17.5 million total upload views.

Kim was invited to perform at the 2010 Asian Games
2010 Asian Games
The 2010 Asian Games, also known as the XVI Asiad, was a multi-sport event celebrated in Guangzhou, China from November 12 to November 27, 2010. Guangzhou was the second Chinese city to host the Games, after Beijing in 1990...

 in Guangzhou as the representative of South Korea to sing "Sunshine Again" with other 3 other singers from Chinese-speaking countries. In the early of December 2010, Kim went to Singapore and Malaysia to promote The Face Shop.

2011: Solo artist

In May, Kim named his official solo fanclub 'Henecia', which is a combination of 'H' and the Latin term 'benecia', which means 'blessed'.

On 8 June 2011, Kim released his first solo debut mini album, Break Down
Break Down (EP)
Break Down is the debut Korean solo mini album of Kim Hyun Joong of South Korean boy band SS501. It was released on 7 June 2011 under KeyEast Entertainment. A Limited Edition was released on 23 June 2011, with a bonus DVD with music videos and behind-the-scene footages...

. It is produced by Steven Lee
Steven Lee (music producer)
Steven Lee is a multi-platinum Korean-American music producer, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist. He studied music & theory in California State University, Los Angeles, and began a career in music songwriting and production after he won "Star Search 2002" as a music producer at Studio56 in...

, who composed SS501's hits, "Love Like This" and "Love Ya". The title track "Break Down", featuring Double K., is a high energy dance track, with a R&B
Contemporary R&B
Contemporary R&B is a music genre that combines elements of hip hop, soul, R&B and funk.Although the abbreviation “R&B” originates from traditional rhythm and blues music, today the term R&B is most often used to describe a style of African American music originating after the demise of disco in...

 heavy "Please", as the second lead track. The album exceeded 70,000 pre-ordered copies in 10 days.
It peaked at number one on Gaon Weekly Album Chart for the week starting 5 June 2011 and was the best-selling album for June on Gaon Monthly Album Chart with 100,433 copies sold. It also top the Oricon chart in Japan in the International Imported Album category for the first week of July. The album's title track "Break Down" was the first place winner for two consecutive weeks on Mnet
Mnet (TV channel)
Mnet is a music television channel in South Korea owned by CJ Group.-Television programs:* Superstar K* M! Countdown* 2NE1 TV* MUST* Kara Bakery* Wonder Bakery* Girls' Generation Goes to School...

's M! Countdown
M! Countdown
M! Countdown is a South Korean music television program broadcast by M.net. It airs live every Thursday at 6:00PM KST. The show features some of the latest and most popular artists who perform live on stage. It is hosted by Tony An and Girls' Generation's Sooyoung...

 music show, for 16 and 23 June 2011; and also won for two consecutive weeks on KBS's Music Bank. Break Down
Break Down (EP)
Break Down is the debut Korean solo mini album of Kim Hyun Joong of South Korean boy band SS501. It was released on 7 June 2011 under KeyEast Entertainment. A Limited Edition was released on 23 June 2011, with a bonus DVD with music videos and behind-the-scene footages...

is certified platinum in Taiwan and Kim was presented with a platinum record by Warner Music Taiwan CEO Chen Ze Shan in a press conference held in Taiwan.

Kim was also the first Korean to appear on Taiwanese TV show The Person. In July 2011, he also held the first of his nationwide concert in Japan. The tour continued from November in seven cities across Japan: Sapporo, Sendai, Hiroshima, Yokohama, Nagoya, Tokyo and Fukuoka.

On 11 October 2011, Kim released his second mini album Lucky
Lucky (EP)
Lucky is the second Korean solo mini album of Kim Hyun Joong of South Korean boy band SS501. It was released on 11 October 2011 under KeyEast Entertainment. A Limited Edition was released on 14 November 2011...

. It debut at number 5 on Billboard
Billboard charts
The Billboard charts tabulate the relative weekly popularity of songs or albums in the United States. The results are published in Billboard magazine...

's World Chart. It topped the Gaon Chart
Gaon Chart
The Gaon Chart is a national record chart of South Korea. It is complied by the Korea Music Content Industry Association and sponsored by South Korea's Ministry of Culture, Sports, and Tourism; with an aim to create a national chart for Korea similar to the Billboard charts and Oricon charts...

 again for the third week of October, 2011 and was the highest selling album in Hanteo Album Sales Chart for the month of October, 2011. On 25 October 2011, Kim released a digital single together with Seohyun
Seohyun
Seo Joo-Hyun , more commonly known as Seohyun , is a South Korean idol singer , dancer, actress, and spokesmodel. She is a member of the Korean girl group Girls' Generation and is the youngest member and one of the lead vocalists of the group....

 entitled "The Magic of Yellow Ribbon", which is the theme song of a commercial for The Face Shop
The Face Shop
The Face Shop is a South Korea-based retailer of body, bath, skin care and make-up products aimed at both women and men. It was founded in 1962 as a wholesale manufacturer of cosmetics. In 2003 the first retail stores opened, and spread rapidly. As of December 2005, there were 400 Face Shop...

. On 28 October, He along with Ha Ji Won acted as emcee at the 2011 K-Pop Super Concert held at Gwangalli Beach
Gwangalli Beach
Gwangalli Beach is a beach in Busan, South Korea. It is located at Gwangan 2-dong, Suyeong-gu, Busan Metropolitan City, west of Haeundae Beach. It sits inside a cove spanned by the Gwangan Bridge and covers 82,000 square meters over a length of 1.4km and a width of 25 to 110 metres, in a curved in...

 in Busan
Busan
Busan , formerly spelled Pusan is South Korea's second largest metropolis after Seoul, with a population of around 3.6 million. The Metropolitan area population is 4,399,515 as of 2010. It is the largest port city in South Korea and the fifth largest port in the world...

, which was broadcast on SBS on 6 November.

In November 2011, Kim won the 2011 KIA Soul People’s Choice award "Style Icon Award" for the third consecutive year. On 9 November Kim announced at a press conference for his Japan Tour that he has signed a deal with Universal Music Japan for his Japan-based music activities.

Albums

  • 2008 - Digital Single Thank You
  • 2011 - 1st mini album Break Down
    Break Down (EP)
    Break Down is the debut Korean solo mini album of Kim Hyun Joong of South Korean boy band SS501. It was released on 7 June 2011 under KeyEast Entertainment. A Limited Edition was released on 23 June 2011, with a bonus DVD with music videos and behind-the-scene footages...

  • 2011 - 2nd mini album Lucky
    Lucky (EP)
    Lucky is the second Korean solo mini album of Kim Hyun Joong of South Korean boy band SS501. It was released on 11 October 2011 under KeyEast Entertainment. A Limited Edition was released on 14 November 2011...


DVDs

  • 2010 - Ready,Action! Spain Photo Book
  • 2010 - Kim Hyun Joong's "First Love Story DVD"

Filmography

  • 2005: Nonstop
    Nonstop (TV series)
    Nonstop is a South Korean sitcom that broadcast its first season in 2000 on MBC. It continued with 5 more seasons. The series was popular for its cast of teen idols, many who debuted through the show gaining vast popularity.-Synopsis:...

    - ep 208 (MBC)
  • 2005: Can Love Be Refilled? - (KBS2 sitcom)
  • 2006: Pi Story - (voice)
  • 2007: Hotelier - with SS501 cameo ep 7 (TV Arashi)
  • 2008: Spotlight - with SS501 cameo (MBC)
  • 2008: We Got Married
    We Got Married
    We Got Married is a popular reality South Korean variety show, one segment of the Sunday Sunday Night program. First broadcast in 2008, the show pairs up Korean celebrities to show what life would be like if they were married...

    - ep 9 to 38 (MBC)
  • 2009: Boys Over Flowers
    Boys Over Flowers
    is a Japanese shōjo manga series written by Yoko Kamio. It was serialized in the bi-weekly anthology magazine Margaret, which is aimed at high-school-age girls. The manga series ran continuously from October 1992 to September 2003, and was collected into 37 tankōbon volumes. In 1996, it received...

    - as Yoon Ji Hoo (KBS2)
  • 2009: Samsung Anycall Haptic Mission with F4 and Som Dam-Bi
  • 2009: Family Outing - guest ep 64-65 (SBS)
  • 2010: Playful Kiss
    Playful Kiss
    Playful Kiss is a South Korean drama that is based on the popular Japanese manga Itazura Na Kiss by Tada Kaoru. The show stars Jung So Min as Oh Ha Ni and Kim Hyun Joong as Baek Seung Jo. It aired from September 1, 2010 till October 21, 2010 and had a total of 16 episodes. On November 2, 2010, a 7...

    - as Baek Seung Jo (MBC)
  • 2011: Running Man - guest ep 46-47 (SBS)
  • 2011: Dream High - cameo ep 1 (KBS2)

Music videos

  • 2005 2Shai - "She Laughed"
  • 2006 Eru
    Eru (singer)
    ERU is the stage name of K-Pop singer-songwriter Jo Sung Hyun.-Biography:Eru was born on July 5, 1983 in New York, USA to Korean parents...

     - "Black Glasses"
  • 2009 Kim Joon
    Kim Joon
    Kim Joon , is a South Korean rapper, actor, and model who rose to stardom with his portrayal of Song Woo Bin, one of the famous F4 in KBS2's 2009 hit drama Boys Over Flowers....

     - "Jun Be O.K"
  • 2010 Gummy - "As A Man"
  • 2011 Kim Hyun Joong - "제발" (Please)
  • 2011 Kim Hyun Joong - "Break Down"
  • 2011 Kim Hyun Joong - "Kiss Kiss"
  • 2011 Kim Hyun Joong - "Lucky Guy"

MC

  • 2005 - M! Countdown
    M! Countdown
    M! Countdown is a South Korean music television program broadcast by M.net. It airs live every Thursday at 6:00PM KST. The show features some of the latest and most popular artists who perform live on stage. It is hosted by Tony An and Girls' Generation's Sooyoung...

    - Mnet
    Mnet (TV channel)
    Mnet is a music television channel in South Korea owned by CJ Group.-Television programs:* Superstar K* M! Countdown* 2NE1 TV* MUST* Kara Bakery* Wonder Bakery* Girls' Generation Goes to School...

  • 2006 - Music Core
  • 2011 - Super K-pop Busan Concert

Endorsements

  • Samsung Anycall Blue
  • Mighty Mac
  • Elite Uniform
  • Lotte Milkshake
  • Converse
  • Samsung Anycall Haptic Pop
  • T.I For Men
  • NongShim
  • Le Coq Sportif
    Le Coq Sportif
    Le Coq Sportif is a French company producing sports equipment such as shoes, shorts, and T-shirts. It was founded in 1882 by Émile Camuset, but the first clothing items branded with the rooster appeared in 1948...

  • Samsung Anycall Jet
  • Dinamic Kin
  • Hotsun Chicken
  • Samsung Card
    Samsung Card
    Samsung Card Co, Ltd. is Korea's biggest credit card company. Headquartered in Seoul, Korea, the Samsung Card merged with Samsung Capital in 2005. The company is owned by Samsung Electronics and Samsung Life Insurance . Samsung Card was established in 1988 as a technical and business company...

  • MVIO
  • Basic House
  • I'm David
  • Tony Moly
  • The Face Shop
    The Face Shop
    The Face Shop is a South Korea-based retailer of body, bath, skin care and make-up products aimed at both women and men. It was founded in 1962 as a wholesale manufacturer of cosmetics. In 2003 the first retail stores opened, and spread rapidly. As of December 2005, there were 400 Face Shop...

  • Hang Ten
    Hang Ten
    Hanging Ten is a surfing maneuver and is considered one of the most impressive and iconic stunts one can perform with a surfboard. Hanging ten is when the surfer positions the surfboard in such a way that the back of it is covered by the wave and the wave rider is free to walk to the front of the...

  • Coupang Spring Campaign
  • Lotte Duty Free
  • Aeon's Heatfact

Awards

Years Awards
2008
  • MBC Entertainment Award: Best Couple Award on MBC's We Got Married
    We Got Married
    We Got Married is a popular reality South Korean variety show, one segment of the Sunday Sunday Night program. First broadcast in 2008, the show pairs up Korean celebrities to show what life would be like if they were married...

    with Hwang Bo
  • MBC Entertainment Award: Best Brand of The Year Special Award on MBC's We Got Married
    We Got Married
    We Got Married is a popular reality South Korean variety show, one segment of the Sunday Sunday Night program. First broadcast in 2008, the show pairs up Korean celebrities to show what life would be like if they were married...

    with other WGM Cast
2009
  • 45th PaekSang Arts Awards
    PaekSang Arts Awards
    PaekSang Arts Awards, also known as BaekSang Arts Awards, is an awards ceremony held annually by IS PLUS Corp, since 1965. It is to honour outstanding achievements in the South Korean entertainment industry and to garner public attention upon the best in Korean films and dramas...

     Male Popularity Award for Television on KBS2's Boys Over Flowers
    Boys Over Flowers (TV series)
    Boys Over Flowers is a South Korean television drama series starring Ku Hye Sun, Lee Min Ho, Kim Hyun Joong of SS501, Kim Bum, Kim Joon of T-Max and Kim So Eun. It premiered on January 5, 2009 on KBS2 and ended on March 31, 2009 after 25 episodes....

  • Best Actor for Seoul's International Drama Awards
  • Most Popular Icon for Style Icon Awards 2009
  • Yahoo Asia Buzz Award: Koreans Top Buzz Male Artist
  • Yahoo Asia Buzz Award: Taiwan's Top Buzz Korean Artist
  • Yahoo Asia Buzz Award: Asia Top Buzz Male Artist
  • 2010
  • Mnet 20's Choice Award: Most Influential Star
  • 2010 Sky Perfect TV Awards - Best Dresser Award
  • 2010 Style Icon Awards - Popularity Award
  • Yahoo Asia Buzz Award: Hong Kong's Top Buzz Korean Artist
  • Yahoo Asia Buzz Award: Taiwan's Top Buzz Korean Artist
  • Yahoo Asia Buzz Award: The Best Search Asia Buzz Award 2010
  • MBC Drama Award - Male Popularity Award
  • 2011
  • 2011 Best CF Model given by MTN (Bloomberg TV)
  • 2011 Style Icon Awards - People's Choice Award
  • 2011 Mnet Asian Music Awards - Best Male Solo Artist

  • External links

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