Kluczbork
Encyclopedia
Kluczbork ' is a town
in southwestern Poland
with 26,670 inhabitants (2003), situated in the Opole Voivodeship
. It is the capital of Kluczbork County
and an important railroad junction. In Kluczbork the major rail line from Katowice
splits into two directions - westwards to Wroclaw
and northwards to Poznań
. It is also connected with Fosowskie
.
and Bastarnae
settled in the vicinity and were followed ca. 100 BC by Celts and Vandals
. The latter left Silesia
ca. 400 AD, allowing West Slavs
to settle the region.
In the 13th century the Knights of the Cross with the Red Star acquired the Kreuzburger Land and territory near Breslau (Wrocław), including the villages Ullrichsdorf (Młodoszów), Kuhnau (Kuniów)
, and Kotschanowitz (Chocianowice)
. The Knights began the settlement of Cruzeburg (Kreuzburg) on November 2, 1252. It received Magdeburg rights
on February 26, 1253, the official date of foundation for the town. The Knights adjudicated
in the town until 1274, when it was administered by a vogt
of local Silesian dukes and juries
were introduced. Dukes holding sway over Kreuzburg included Henryk IV Probus
(until 1290), Henry III of Glogau (Głogów) (until 1309), and Konrad I of Oels (Oleśnica)
.
With the Congress of Visegrád (1335)
, King Casimir III of Poland
renounced his rights to Silesia and Kreuzburg passed to King John I
of Bohemia
. The town was repeatedly pawned during this time period and received the privileges of a salt market in 1426. From 1480 the town was inhabited by a predominantly Polish
-speaking populace. After the death of King Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia
at the Battle of Mohács
in 1526, Silesia was inherited by the Habsburg Monarchy
of Austria
.
On January 25, 1588, the day after the Battle of Byczyna
, Polish troops under Jan Zamoyski
plundered Kreuzburg. The townspeople accepted the Protestant Reformation
in 1656 and converted the local Roman Catholic Church
into a Lutheran
one. The town passed to the direct control of the Catholic Habsburgs the following year. Kreuzburg had a population of approximately one thousand inhabitants in 1681.
Citing an obscure inheritance treaty, King Frederick II of Prussia
invaded Silesia in 1740 and began the Silesian Wars
. Kreuzburg was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia
in 1741 and became part of the Province of Silesia
. The town became part of the German Empire
upon the unification of Germany
in 1871. It had a predominantly German
-speaking population of 5,238 in 1875. The population grew to 8,750 by 1895 and 10,236 by 1900.
Following the Treaty of Versailles
after World War I
, Kreuzburg was involved in the Upper Silesia
n referendum
in 1921. 95.6% (37,957 votes out of 39,703 participants) voted to remain within Weimar Germany
instead of joining the Second Polish Republic
. It became part of the Province of Upper Silesia
; to differentiate between other places named Kreuzburg
, it was known as Kreuzburg O.S. (referring to Oberschlesien, or Upper Silesia). By 1939 the town was the seat of Landkreis Kreuzburg O.S. and had 11,693 inhabitants.
Kreuzburg was occupied by the Soviet Union
's Red Army
in January 1945 during World War II
. Following the war in 1945, the town was placed under Polish administration and renamed to the traditional Polish name of Kluczbork. The Germans
remaining in the town were largely expelled
and replaced with Poles
.
Over the centuries the town suffered repeatedly from conflagration
. The textile industry began to grow in importance in 1553, but suffered a fire in 1569. Another great fire destroyed many houses on December 8, 1562. Another fire on April 23, 1737 almost completely destroyed the town, leaving only a few houses and the castle unscathed. Several years of rebuilding passed before it reached its previous size. Yet another fire occurred in 1819, in which burned down an almshouse built by Carl Gotthard Langhans in 1778. Eight of the Twelve Apostles, a complex of Baroque
buildings in the town center, burned down in 1925.
with: Bad Dürkheim
(Germany
) Berezhany
(Ukraine
) Dzierżoniów
(Poland
)
Town
A town is a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city. The size a settlement must be in order to be called a "town" varies considerably in different parts of the world, so that, for example, many American "small towns" seem to British people to be no more than villages, while...
in southwestern Poland
Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
with 26,670 inhabitants (2003), situated in the Opole Voivodeship
Opole Voivodeship
- Administrative division :Opole Voivodeship is divided into 12 counties : 1 city county and 11 land counties. These are further divided into 71 gminas.The counties are listed in the following table .- Economy :...
. It is the capital of Kluczbork County
Kluczbork County
Kluczbork County is a unit of territorial administration and local government in Opole Voivodeship, south-western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Kluczbork, which lies ...
and an important railroad junction. In Kluczbork the major rail line from Katowice
Katowice
Katowice is a city in Silesia in southern Poland, on the Kłodnica and Rawa rivers . Katowice is located in the Silesian Highlands, about north of the Silesian Beskids and about southeast of the Sudetes Mountains.It is the central district of the Upper Silesian Metropolis, with a population of 2...
splits into two directions - westwards to Wroclaw
Wroclaw
Wrocław , situated on the River Oder , is the main city of southwestern Poland.Wrocław was the historical capital of Silesia and is today the capital of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. Over the centuries, the city has been part of either Poland, Bohemia, Austria, Prussia, or Germany, but since 1945...
and northwards to Poznań
Poznan
Poznań is a city on the Warta river in west-central Poland, with a population of 556,022 in June 2009. It is among the oldest cities in Poland, and was one of the most important centres in the early Polish state, whose first rulers were buried at Poznań's cathedral. It is sometimes claimed to be...
. It is also connected with Fosowskie
Fosowskie
Fosowskie , also caleed Wosowska between 1945 and 1948, is a district of the southern Polish town of Kolonowskie . Located at the Mała Panew river, Fosowskie was for most of its history a separate village...
.
History
Archaeologists have determined that settlement existed at the location of present-day Kluczbork by 1000-800 BC. The SciriiScirii
The Scirii were an East Germanic tribe of Eastern Europe, attested in historical works between the 2nd century BC and 5th century AD.The etymology of their name is unclear...
and Bastarnae
Bastarnae
The Bastarnae or Basternae were an ancient Germanic tribe,, who between 200 BC and 300 AD inhabited the region between the eastern Carpathian mountains and the Dnieper river...
settled in the vicinity and were followed ca. 100 BC by Celts and Vandals
Vandals
The Vandals were an East Germanic tribe that entered the late Roman Empire during the 5th century. The Vandals under king Genseric entered Africa in 429 and by 439 established a kingdom which included the Roman Africa province, besides the islands of Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia and the Balearics....
. The latter left Silesia
Silesia
Silesia is a historical region of Central Europe located mostly in Poland, with smaller parts also in the Czech Republic, and Germany.Silesia is rich in mineral and natural resources, and includes several important industrial areas. Silesia's largest city and historical capital is Wrocław...
ca. 400 AD, allowing West Slavs
West Slavs
The West Slavs are Slavic peoples speaking West Slavic languages. They include Poles , Czechs, Slovaks, Lusatian Sorbs and the historical Polabians. The northern or Lechitic group includes, along with Polish, the extinct Polabian and Pomeranian languages...
to settle the region.
In the 13th century the Knights of the Cross with the Red Star acquired the Kreuzburger Land and territory near Breslau (Wrocław), including the villages Ullrichsdorf (Młodoszów), Kuhnau (Kuniów)
Kuniów
Kuniów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kluczbork, within Kluczbork County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately south of Kluczbork and north-east of the regional capital Opole.-References:...
, and Kotschanowitz (Chocianowice)
Chocianowice
Chocianowice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lasowice Wielkie, within Kluczbork County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Kluczbork and north-east of the regional capital Opole.The village has a population of 1,170.-References:...
. The Knights began the settlement of Cruzeburg (Kreuzburg) on November 2, 1252. It received Magdeburg rights
Magdeburg rights
Magdeburg Rights or Magdeburg Law were a set of German town laws regulating the degree of internal autonomy within cities and villages granted by a local ruler. Modelled and named after the laws of the German city of Magdeburg and developed during many centuries of the Holy Roman Empire, it was...
on February 26, 1253, the official date of foundation for the town. The Knights adjudicated
Adjudication
Adjudication is the legal process by which an arbiter or judge reviews evidence and argumentation including legal reasoning set forth by opposing parties or litigants to come to a decision which determines rights and obligations between the parties involved....
in the town until 1274, when it was administered by a vogt
Vogt
A Vogt ; plural Vögte; Dutch voogd; Danish foged; ; ultimately from Latin [ad]vocatus) in the Holy Roman Empire was the German title of a reeve or advocate, an overlord exerting guardianship or military protection as well as secular justice...
of local Silesian dukes and juries
Jury
A jury is a sworn body of people convened to render an impartial verdict officially submitted to them by a court, or to set a penalty or judgment. Modern juries tend to be found in courts to ascertain the guilt, or lack thereof, in a crime. In Anglophone jurisdictions, the verdict may be guilty,...
were introduced. Dukes holding sway over Kreuzburg included Henryk IV Probus
Henryk IV Probus
Henryk IV Probus was a member of the Silesian branch of the royal Polish Piast dynasty...
(until 1290), Henry III of Glogau (Głogów) (until 1309), and Konrad I of Oels (Oleśnica)
Olesnica
Oleśnica is a town in the Trzebnickie Hills in southwestern Poland with 36,951 inhabitants . It is situated in Lower Silesian Voivodeship...
.
With the Congress of Visegrád (1335)
Congress of Visegrád (1335)
The first Congress of Visegrád was a 1335 summit in Visegrád in which Casimir III of Poland, Charles I of Hungary, and John I of Bohemia formed an anti-Habsburg alliance...
, King Casimir III of Poland
Casimir III of Poland
Casimir III the Great , last King of Poland from the Piast dynasty , was the son of King Władysław I the Elbow-high and Hedwig of Kalisz.-Biography:...
renounced his rights to Silesia and Kreuzburg passed to King John I
John I of Bohemia
John the Blind was the Count of Luxembourg from 1309 and King of Bohemia from 1310 and titular King of Poland. He was the eldest son of the Holy Roman Emperor Henry VII and his wife Margaret of Brabant...
of Bohemia
Bohemia
Bohemia is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands. It is located in the contemporary Czech Republic with its capital in Prague...
. The town was repeatedly pawned during this time period and received the privileges of a salt market in 1426. From 1480 the town was inhabited by a predominantly Polish
Polish language
Polish is a language of the Lechitic subgroup of West Slavic languages, used throughout Poland and by Polish minorities in other countries...
-speaking populace. After the death of King Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia
Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia
Louis II was King of Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia from 1516 to 1526.- Early life :Louis was the son of Ladislaus II Jagiellon and his third wife, Anne de Foix....
at the Battle of Mohács
Battle of Mohács
The Battle of Mohács was fought on August 29, 1526 near Mohács, Hungary. In the battle, forces of the Kingdom of Hungary led by King Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia were defeated by forces of the Ottoman Empire led by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent....
in 1526, Silesia was inherited by the Habsburg Monarchy
Habsburg Monarchy
The Habsburg Monarchy covered the territories ruled by the junior Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg , and then by the successor House of Habsburg-Lorraine , between 1526 and 1867/1918. The Imperial capital was Vienna, except from 1583 to 1611, when it was moved to Prague...
of Austria
Archduchy of Austria
The Archduchy of Austria , one of the most important states within the Holy Roman Empire, was the nucleus of the Habsburg Monarchy and the predecessor of the Austrian Empire...
.
On January 25, 1588, the day after the Battle of Byczyna
Battle of Byczyna
The Battle of Byczyna or Battle of Pitschen was the deciding battle of the 1587–1588 War of the Polish Succession, which erupted after two rival candidates were elected to the Polish throne...
, Polish troops under Jan Zamoyski
Jan Zamoyski
Jan Zamoyski , was a Polish-Lithuanian nobleman, magnate, 1st duke/ordynat of Zamość. Royal Secretary since 1566, Lesser Kanclerz ) of the Crown since 1576, Lord Grand-Chancellor of the Crown since 1578, and Grand Hetman of the Crown since 1581...
plundered Kreuzburg. The townspeople accepted the Protestant Reformation
Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation was a 16th-century split within Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther, John Calvin and other early Protestants. The efforts of the self-described "reformers", who objected to the doctrines, rituals and ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Catholic Church, led...
in 1656 and converted the local Roman Catholic Church
Roman Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the world's largest Christian church, with over a billion members. Led by the Pope, it defines its mission as spreading the gospel of Jesus Christ, administering the sacraments and exercising charity...
into a Lutheran
Lutheranism
Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the theology of Martin Luther, a German reformer. Luther's efforts to reform the theology and practice of the church launched the Protestant Reformation...
one. The town passed to the direct control of the Catholic Habsburgs the following year. Kreuzburg had a population of approximately one thousand inhabitants in 1681.
Citing an obscure inheritance treaty, King Frederick II of Prussia
Frederick II of Prussia
Frederick II was a King in Prussia and a King of Prussia from the Hohenzollern dynasty. In his role as a prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire, he was also Elector of Brandenburg. He was in personal union the sovereign prince of the Principality of Neuchâtel...
invaded Silesia in 1740 and began the Silesian Wars
Silesian Wars
The Silesian Wars were a series of wars between Prussia and Austria for control of Silesia. They formed parts of the larger War of the Austrian Succession and Seven Years' War. They eventually ended with Silesia being incorporated into Prussia, and Austrian recognition of this...
. Kreuzburg was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia
Kingdom of Prussia
The Kingdom of Prussia was a German kingdom from 1701 to 1918. Until the defeat of Germany in World War I, it comprised almost two-thirds of the area of the German Empire...
in 1741 and became part of the Province of Silesia
Province of Silesia
The Province of Silesia was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1815 to 1919.-Geography:The territory comprised the bulk of the former Bohemian crown land of Silesia and the County of Kladsko, which King Frederick the Great had conquered from the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy in the 18th...
. The town became part of the German Empire
German Empire
The German Empire refers to Germany during the "Second Reich" period from the unification of Germany and proclamation of Wilhelm I as German Emperor on 18 January 1871, to 1918, when it became a federal republic after defeat in World War I and the abdication of the Emperor, Wilhelm II.The German...
upon the unification of Germany
Unification of Germany
The formal unification of Germany into a politically and administratively integrated nation state officially occurred on 18 January 1871 at the Versailles Palace's Hall of Mirrors in France. Princes of the German states gathered there to proclaim Wilhelm of Prussia as Emperor Wilhelm of the German...
in 1871. It had a predominantly German
German language
German is a West Germanic language, related to and classified alongside English and Dutch. With an estimated 90 – 98 million native speakers, German is one of the world's major languages and is the most widely-spoken first language in the European Union....
-speaking population of 5,238 in 1875. The population grew to 8,750 by 1895 and 10,236 by 1900.
Following the Treaty of Versailles
Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The other Central Powers on the German side of...
after World War I
World War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
, Kreuzburg was involved in the Upper Silesia
Upper Silesia
Upper Silesia is the southeastern part of the historical and geographical region of Silesia. Since the 9th century, Upper Silesia has been part of Greater Moravia, the Duchy of Bohemia, the Piast Kingdom of Poland, again of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown and the Holy Roman Empire, as well as of...
n referendum
Referendum
A referendum is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. This may result in the adoption of a new constitution, a constitutional amendment, a law, the recall of an elected official or simply a specific government policy. It is a form of...
in 1921. 95.6% (37,957 votes out of 39,703 participants) voted to remain within Weimar Germany
Weimar Republic
The Weimar Republic is the name given by historians to the parliamentary republic established in 1919 in Germany to replace the imperial form of government...
instead of joining the Second Polish Republic
Second Polish Republic
The Second Polish Republic, Second Commonwealth of Poland or interwar Poland refers to Poland between the two world wars; a period in Polish history in which Poland was restored as an independent state. Officially known as the Republic of Poland or the Commonwealth of Poland , the Polish state was...
. It became part of the Province of Upper Silesia
Province of Upper Silesia
The Province of Upper Silesia was a province of the Free State of Prussia created in the aftermath of World War I. It comprised much of the region of Upper Silesia and was eventually divided into two administrative regions , Kattowitz and Oppeln...
; to differentiate between other places named Kreuzburg
Kreuzburg
The German placename Kreuzburg may refer to:* Kluczbork , Poland * Slavskoye, Russia, a settlement in Russia; formerly part of the German Province of East Prussia...
, it was known as Kreuzburg O.S. (referring to Oberschlesien, or Upper Silesia). By 1939 the town was the seat of Landkreis Kreuzburg O.S. and had 11,693 inhabitants.
Kreuzburg was occupied by the Soviet Union
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
's Red Army
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army started out as the Soviet Union's revolutionary communist combat groups during the Russian Civil War of 1918-1922. It grew into the national army of the Soviet Union. By the 1930s the Red Army was among the largest armies in history.The "Red Army" name refers to...
in January 1945 during World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
. Following the war in 1945, the town was placed under Polish administration and renamed to the traditional Polish name of Kluczbork. The Germans
Germans
The Germans are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe. The English term Germans has referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages....
remaining in the town were largely expelled
Expulsion of Germans after World War II
The later stages of World War II, and the period after the end of that war, saw the forced migration of millions of German nationals and ethnic Germans from various European states and territories, mostly into the areas which would become post-war Germany and post-war Austria...
and replaced with Poles
Poles
thumb|right|180px|The state flag of [[Poland]] as used by Polish government and diplomatic authoritiesThe Polish people, or Poles , are a nation indigenous to Poland. They are united by the Polish language, which belongs to the historical Lechitic subgroup of West Slavic languages of Central Europe...
.
Over the centuries the town suffered repeatedly from conflagration
Fire
Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material in the chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products. Slower oxidative processes like rusting or digestion are not included by this definition....
. The textile industry began to grow in importance in 1553, but suffered a fire in 1569. Another great fire destroyed many houses on December 8, 1562. Another fire on April 23, 1737 almost completely destroyed the town, leaving only a few houses and the castle unscathed. Several years of rebuilding passed before it reached its previous size. Yet another fire occurred in 1819, in which burned down an almshouse built by Carl Gotthard Langhans in 1778. Eight of the Twelve Apostles, a complex of Baroque
Baroque architecture
Baroque architecture is a term used to describe the building style of the Baroque era, begun in late sixteenth century Italy, that took the Roman vocabulary of Renaissance architecture and used it in a new rhetorical and theatrical fashion, often to express the triumph of the Catholic Church and...
buildings in the town center, burned down in 1925.
Notable residents
- Adam GdacjuszAdam GdacjuszAdam Gdacjusz or Gdacius or Gdak, also called Rey of Silesia was a Polish-language writer and a Lutheran pastor at the Wilna church and since 1644 was a deacon and, later, a parish priest in the Silesian town of Kreuzburg , where he was born...
(1615–1688), parish priest in this city - Jan DzierżonJan DzierzonJohann Dzierzon, in Polish Jan Dzierżon or Dzierżoń , also John Dzierzon , was a pioneering apiarist who discovered the phenomenon of parthenogenesis in bees and designed the first successful movable-frame beehive.Dzierzon came from a Polish family in Silesia...
(1811–1906), apiarist - Gustav FreytagGustav FreytagGustav Freytag was a German novelist and playwright.-Life:Freytag was born in Kreuzburg in Silesia...
(1816–1895), dramatist and novelist - Moritz Cohn (1844, born here - ?), Jewish Austrian writer
- Walther von LüttwitzWalther von LüttwitzWalther von Lüttwitz was a German general known for his involvement in the Kapp-Lüttwitz Putsch.Lüttwitz was born in Bodland near Kreuzburg in Upper Silesia. During World War I, Lüttwitz held several high military ranks...
(1859, BogacicaBogacica, Opole VoivodeshipBogacica is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kluczbork, within Kluczbork County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately west of Kluczbork and north-east of the regional capital Opole....
, near this city - 1942) - Kurt DaluegeKurt DaluegeKurt Daluege was a German Nazi SS-Oberstgruppenführer and Generaloberst der Polizei as chief of the Ordnungspolizei and ruled the Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia as Deputy Protector after Reinhard Heydrich's assassination.-Early life and career:Kurt Daluege, a son of a Prussian state official,...
(1897–1946), SS leader - Joanna GleichJoanna GleichJoanna Gleich Joanna Gleich Joanna Gleich (born 28 September 1959 in Kluczbork (Poland) lives and works since 1989 as painter in Vienna, Austria. A student of Wolfgang Hollegha and Josef Mikl at the Vienna Akademie der bildenden Künste, she has exhibited in the United States, Austria, Germany and...
(born 1959), painter - Edyta GórniakEdyta GórniakEdyta Górniak is one of the most popular female singers from Poland.- Beginnings :At the age of 14 Górniak formed a band and was playing at private parties and evening dances. After taking singing lessons, in 1989, aged 16, she gave her first public appearance on a Polish television talent show...
(born 1972), singer - Tomasz GarbowskiTomasz GarbowskiTomasz Garbowski is a Polish politician. He was elected to Sejm on September 25, 2005 getting 7517 votes in 21 Opole district, candidating from Democratic Left Alliance list.-External links:...
(born 1979), politician
- Henry III, Duke of Silesia-GlogauHenry III, Duke of Silesia-GlogauHenry III of Głogów was a Duke of Głogów from 1274 to his death and also Duke of parts of Greater Poland during 1306–1309....
- Henry V, Duke of LegnicaHenry V, Duke of LegnicaHenry V the Fat was a Duke of Jawor from 1273, of Legnica from 1278 and also Duke of Wroclaw from 1290....
- Bolesław III the Generous
- Ludwik I the FairLudwik I the FairLudwik I the Fair or Louis I the Fair also known as the Wise, the Right or of Brzeg , was a Duke of Legnica two times: first during 1342-1345 and secondly during 1345-1346 , and Duke of Brzeg from 1358...
- Henryk IX of LubinHenryk IX of LubinHenry IX of Lubin , was a Duke of Brzeg during 1399–1400 with his brother and since 1400, Duke of Lubin , Chojnów and Oława ....
- Ludwik II of Brzeg
- Fryderyk I of LegnicaFryderyk I of LegnicaFrederick I of Liegnitz , was a Duke of Chojnów and Strzelin from 1453, of Oława and Legnica from 1454, of Brzeg from 1481 and of Lubin from 1482....
- George II the PiousGeorge II the PiousGeorge II of Brieg , was a Duke of Brzeg since 1547 until his death.He was the second son of Frederick II, Duke of Legnica-Brzeg, by his second wife Sophie, daughter of Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach.-Life:After the death of his father in 1547, George II inherited the Duchy of Brzeg...
- John Christian of BriegJohn Christian of BriegJohn Christian of Brieg , 25 December 1639), was a Duke of Brzeg–Legnica–Wołów ....
- George Rudolf of Legnica
- Barbara of Brandenburg, Duchess of BriegBarbara of Brandenburg, Duchess of BriegBarbara of Brandenburg , was a German princess member of the House of Hohenzollern and by marriage Duchess of Brzeg.She was the second child but eldest daughter of Joachim II Hector, Elector of Brandenburg, by his first wife Magdalena, daughter of George, Duke of Saxony.-Life:In 1537 Barbara was...
- Henry IV the FaithfulHenry IV the FaithfulHenry IV the Faithful was a Duke of Żagań and parts of Greater Poland from 1309 until 1317 , Duke of Głogów from 1318 until 1321 and sole ruler over Żagań from 1321 until his death.He was the oldest son of Henry III , Duke of Głogów, by...
- Konrad I of OleśnicaKonrad I of OlesnicaKonrad I of Oleśnica was a Duke of Żagań, Ścinawa, etc., during 1309–1312 , Duke of Oleśnica, Namysłów, Gniezno and Kalisz during 1312–1313 , Duke of Kalisz during 1313–1314 , Duke of Namysłów since 1313 and Duke of Oleśnica since 1321 until his death .He was the second son...
- Opole Main StationOpole Main StationOpole Main Station is a major rail station of the southern Polish city of Opole. It also is the biggest station of the Opole Voivodeship, with connections to all major Polish cities, several local towns of the area, as well as international locations, such as Berlin and Hamburg.First station...
- Bolko II of OpoleBolko II of OpoleBolko II of Opole , was a Duke of Opole since 1313 .He was the second son of Duke Bolko I of Opole by his wife Agnes, probably a daughter of Margrave Otto III of Brandenburg.-Life:...
- Bernard of NiemodlinBernard of NiemodlinBernard of Niemodlin , was a Duke of Strzelce and Niemodlin during 1382-1400 , Duke of Opole during 1396-1400 , from 1400 until 1450 sole ruler over Strzelce and Niemodlin, from 1401 ruler over Olesno and Lubliniec, from 1420 ruler over Prudnik and in 1424 ruler over Głogówek, during 1434-1450...
- Bolko V the HussiteBolko V the HussiteBolko V the Hussite was a Duke of Opole between 1422–1424 , ruler over Głogówek and Prudnik since 1424, Duke of Strzelce and Niemodlin from 1450 and ruler over Olesno since 1455....
- Nicholas I of OpoleNicholas I of OpoleNicholas I of Opole was a Duke of Opole since 1437 , Duke of Brzeg from 1450, ruler over Kluczbork since 1451 and Duke of Strzelce, Niemodlin and Olesno from 1460....
Twin towns — Sister cities
Kluczbork is twinnedTown twinning
Twin towns and sister cities are two of many terms used to describe the cooperative agreements between towns, cities, and even counties in geographically and politically distinct areas to promote cultural and commercial ties.- Terminology :...
with: Bad Dürkheim
Bad Dürkheim
Bad Dürkheim is a spa town in the Rhine-Neckar urban agglomeration, and is the seat of the Bad Dürkheim district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.- Location :...
(Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
) Berezhany
Berezhany
Berezhany is a city located in the Ternopil Oblast of western Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Berezhanskyi Raion , and rests about 100 km from Lviv and 50 km from the oblast capital, Ternopil. The city has a population of about 20,000, and is about 400 m above sea level...
(Ukraine
Ukraine
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after Russia...
) Dzierżoniów
Dzierzoniów
Dzierżoniów is a town in southwestern Poland. It is situated in Lower Silesian Voivodeship...
(Poland
Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
)