Liliales
Encyclopedia
Liliales is an order of monocotyledon
ous flowering plant
s. This order of necessity includes the family Liliaceae
, but both the family and the order have had a widely disputed history, with the circumscription varying greatly from one taxonomist to another. Well known plants from the order include Lilium
(lily), tulip
, the North American wildflower Trillium
, and greenbrier
.
The APG III system
(2009) places this order in the clade monocots. In APG III, the family Luzuriagaceae
is combined with the family Alstroemeriaceae
and the family Petermanniaceae
is recognized. APG III uses this circumscription:
Thus circumscribed, this order consists mostly of herbaceous
plants, but lianas and shrubs occur. They are mostly perennial plant
s, with food storage organs such as corm
s or rhizome
s. The family Corsiaceae is notable for being heterotrophs.
The order has worldwide distribution. The larger families (with more than 100 species) are roughly confined to the Northern Hemisphere
, or are distributed worldwide, centering on the north. On the other hand, the smaller families (with up to 10 species) are confined to the Southern Hemisphere
, or sometimes just to Australia
or South America
. The total number of species in the order is now about 1300.
As with any herb
aceous group, the fossil
record of the Liliales is rather scarce. There are several species from the Eocene
, such as Petermanniopsis anglesaensis or Smilax, but their identification is not definite. Another known fossil is Ripogonum scandens from the Miocene
. Due to the scarcity of data, it seems impossible to determine precisely the age and the initial distribution of the order. It is assumed that the Liliales originate from the Lower Cretaceous
, over 100 million years ago. The initial diversification to the families took place between 82 and 48 million years ago (Vinnersten and Bremer, 2001).
(2003) places this order in the clade monocots and uses this circumscription:
The APG system
(1998) also placed the order in the clade monocots, but with a slightly different circumscription (missing the family Corsiaceae):
The Cronquist system
(1981) placed the order in subclass Liliidae
in the class Liliopsida
[= monocotyledons] of division Magnoliophyta [= angiosperms]. It used a much wider circumscription (many of the plants here are assigned to Asparagales
and Dioscoreales
by APG II):
The Thorne system
(1992) placed the order in superorder Lilianae
in subclass Liliidae
[= monocotyledons ] of class Magnoliopsida
[= dicotyledons] and used this circumscription:
The Dahlgren system
placed the order in superorder Lilianae in subclass Liliidae [= monocotyledons] of class Magnoliopsida [= angiosperms] and used this circumscription:
In the Engler system
(1964 update) a similar order was named Liliiflorae
, placed in the class Monocotyledoneae of the subdivision Angiospermae.
The Wettstein system
, last revised in 1935, used names similar to those in the Engler system: the order was named Liliiflorae placed in the class Monocotyledones of the subdivision Angiospermae. In circumscription the order was fairly similar to that of Cronquist.
Earlier names for this order include the Coronarieae of the Bentham & Hooker system
.
Monocotyledon
Monocotyledons, also known as monocots, are one of two major groups of flowering plants that are traditionally recognized, the other being dicotyledons, or dicots. Monocot seedlings typically have one cotyledon , in contrast to the two cotyledons typical of dicots...
ous flowering plant
Flowering plant
The flowering plants , also known as Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta, are the most diverse group of land plants. Angiosperms are seed-producing plants like the gymnosperms and can be distinguished from the gymnosperms by a series of synapomorphies...
s. This order of necessity includes the family Liliaceae
Liliaceae
The Liliaceae, or the lily family, is a family of monocotyledons in the order Liliales. Plants in this family have linear leaves, mostly with parallel veins but with several having net venation , and flower arranged in threes. Several have bulbs, while others have rhizomes...
, but both the family and the order have had a widely disputed history, with the circumscription varying greatly from one taxonomist to another. Well known plants from the order include Lilium
Lilium
Lilium is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs. Most species are native to the temperate northern hemisphere, though the range extends into the northern subtropics...
(lily), tulip
Tulip
The tulip is a perennial, bulbous plant with showy flowers in the genus Tulipa, which comprises 109 species and belongs to the family Liliaceae. The genus's native range extends from as far west as Southern Europe, North Africa, Anatolia, and Iran to the Northwest of China. The tulip's centre of...
, the North American wildflower Trillium
Trillium
Trillium is a genus of about 40–50 species of spring ephemeral perennials, native to temperate regions of North America and Asia....
, and greenbrier
Smilax
Smilax is a genus of about 300-350 species, found in temperate zones, tropics and subtropics worldwide. In China for example about 80 are found , while there are 20 in North America north of Mexico...
.
The APG III system
APG III system
The APG III system of flowering plant classification is the third version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy...
(2009) places this order in the clade monocots. In APG III, the family Luzuriagaceae
Luzuriagaceae
Luzuriagaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by relatively few taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 , did recognize such a family and placed it in the order Liliales, in the clade monocots. The APG III system merged this small family...
is combined with the family Alstroemeriaceae
Alstroemeriaceae
The Alstroemeriaceae is a family of flowering plants, with 200 species in three or four genera, native to the Americas, from Central America to southern South America....
and the family Petermanniaceae
Petermannia
Petermannia is the sole genus of plants in the family Petermanniaceae. Petermannia cirrosa, the only species in the genus, is endemic to the states of New South Wales and Queensland in Australia. it is a prickly, wiry stemmed vine which grows to 6 metres in height and has lancelote, ovate or...
is recognized. APG III uses this circumscription:
- order Liliales
- family AlstroemeriaceaeAlstroemeriaceaeThe Alstroemeriaceae is a family of flowering plants, with 200 species in three or four genera, native to the Americas, from Central America to southern South America....
- family CampynemataceaeCampynemataceaeCampynemataceae is a botanical name of a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by relatively few taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 , does recognize such a family and places it in the order Liliales, in the clade monocots...
- family ColchicaceaeColchicaceaeColchicaceae is a botanical name of a family of flowering plants.The APG III system, of 2009 , does recognize such a family and places it in the order Liliales, in the clade monocots, and regards the family as including some two hundred species of herbaceous perennials with rhizomes or corms.The...
- family CorsiaceaeCorsiaceaeCorsiaceae is a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants. The APG II system treats the family in the order Liliales, in the clade monocots...
- family LiliaceaeLiliaceaeThe Liliaceae, or the lily family, is a family of monocotyledons in the order Liliales. Plants in this family have linear leaves, mostly with parallel veins but with several having net venation , and flower arranged in threes. Several have bulbs, while others have rhizomes...
- family MelanthiaceaeMelanthiaceaeMelanthiaceae is a family of flowering perennial herbs in the Northern Hemisphere. The family has been recognized by relatively few taxonomists, and the circumscription has varied...
- family PetermanniaceaePetermanniaPetermannia is the sole genus of plants in the family Petermanniaceae. Petermannia cirrosa, the only species in the genus, is endemic to the states of New South Wales and Queensland in Australia. it is a prickly, wiry stemmed vine which grows to 6 metres in height and has lancelote, ovate or...
- family PhilesiaceaePhilesiaceaePhilesiaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by relatively few taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 , does recognize such a family and places it in the order Liliales, in the clade monocots...
- family RhipogonaceaeRhipogonaceaeRhipogonaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. The family is confined to eastern Australia, New Zealand, and New Guinea. Rhipogonaceae is composed entirely of woody vines in the genus Rhipogonum...
- family SmilacaceaeSmilacaceaeSmilacaceae, the greenbrier family, is a family of flowering plants. Up to some decades ago the genera now included in family Smilacaceae were often assigned to a more broadly defined family Liliaceae, but for the past twenty to thirty years most botanists have accepted Smilacaceae as a distinct...
- family Alstroemeriaceae
Thus circumscribed, this order consists mostly of herbaceous
Herbaceous
A herbaceous plant is a plant that has leaves and stems that die down at the end of the growing season to the soil level. They have no persistent woody stem above ground...
plants, but lianas and shrubs occur. They are mostly perennial plant
Perennial plant
A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives for more than two years. The term is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter lived annuals and biennials. The term is sometimes misused by commercial gardeners or horticulturalists to describe only herbaceous perennials...
s, with food storage organs such as corm
Corm
A corm is a short, vertical, swollen underground plant stem that serves as a storage organ used by some plants to survive winter or other adverse conditions such as summer drought and heat ....
s or rhizome
Rhizome
In botany and dendrology, a rhizome is a characteristically horizontal stem of a plant that is usually found underground, often sending out roots and shoots from its nodes...
s. The family Corsiaceae is notable for being heterotrophs.
The order has worldwide distribution. The larger families (with more than 100 species) are roughly confined to the Northern Hemisphere
Northern Hemisphere
The Northern Hemisphere is the half of a planet that is north of its equator—the word hemisphere literally means “half sphere”. It is also that half of the celestial sphere north of the celestial equator...
, or are distributed worldwide, centering on the north. On the other hand, the smaller families (with up to 10 species) are confined to the Southern Hemisphere
Southern Hemisphere
The Southern Hemisphere is the part of Earth that lies south of the equator. The word hemisphere literally means 'half ball' or "half sphere"...
, or sometimes just to Australia
Australia
Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...
or South America
South America
South America is a continent situated in the Western Hemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere. The continent is also considered a subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east...
. The total number of species in the order is now about 1300.
As with any herb
Herb
Except in botanical usage, an herb is "any plant with leaves, seeds, or flowers used for flavoring, food, medicine, or perfume" or "a part of such a plant as used in cooking"...
aceous group, the fossil
Fossil
Fossils are the preserved remains or traces of animals , plants, and other organisms from the remote past...
record of the Liliales is rather scarce. There are several species from the Eocene
Eocene
The Eocene Epoch, lasting from about 56 to 34 million years ago , is a major division of the geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the Cenozoic Era. The Eocene spans the time from the end of the Palaeocene Epoch to the beginning of the Oligocene Epoch. The start of the...
, such as Petermanniopsis anglesaensis or Smilax, but their identification is not definite. Another known fossil is Ripogonum scandens from the Miocene
Miocene
The Miocene is a geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about . The Miocene was named by Sir Charles Lyell. Its name comes from the Greek words and and means "less recent" because it has 18% fewer modern sea invertebrates than the Pliocene. The Miocene follows the Oligocene...
. Due to the scarcity of data, it seems impossible to determine precisely the age and the initial distribution of the order. It is assumed that the Liliales originate from the Lower Cretaceous
Cretaceous
The Cretaceous , derived from the Latin "creta" , usually abbreviated K for its German translation Kreide , is a geologic period and system from circa to million years ago. In the geologic timescale, the Cretaceous follows the Jurassic period and is followed by the Paleogene period of the...
, over 100 million years ago. The initial diversification to the families took place between 82 and 48 million years ago (Vinnersten and Bremer, 2001).
Older classifications
The APG II systemAPG II system
The APG II system of plant classification is the second, now obsolete, version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy that was published in April 2003 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. It was a revision of the first APG system, published in 1998, and was superseded in 2009...
(2003) places this order in the clade monocots and uses this circumscription:
- order Liliales
- family AlstroemeriaceaeAlstroemeriaceaeThe Alstroemeriaceae is a family of flowering plants, with 200 species in three or four genera, native to the Americas, from Central America to southern South America....
- family CampynemataceaeCampynemataceaeCampynemataceae is a botanical name of a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by relatively few taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 , does recognize such a family and places it in the order Liliales, in the clade monocots...
- family ColchicaceaeColchicaceaeColchicaceae is a botanical name of a family of flowering plants.The APG III system, of 2009 , does recognize such a family and places it in the order Liliales, in the clade monocots, and regards the family as including some two hundred species of herbaceous perennials with rhizomes or corms.The...
- family CorsiaceaeCorsiaceaeCorsiaceae is a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants. The APG II system treats the family in the order Liliales, in the clade monocots...
- family LiliaceaeLiliaceaeThe Liliaceae, or the lily family, is a family of monocotyledons in the order Liliales. Plants in this family have linear leaves, mostly with parallel veins but with several having net venation , and flower arranged in threes. Several have bulbs, while others have rhizomes...
- family LuzuriagaceaeLuzuriagaceaeLuzuriagaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by relatively few taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 , did recognize such a family and placed it in the order Liliales, in the clade monocots. The APG III system merged this small family...
- family MelanthiaceaeMelanthiaceaeMelanthiaceae is a family of flowering perennial herbs in the Northern Hemisphere. The family has been recognized by relatively few taxonomists, and the circumscription has varied...
- family PhilesiaceaePhilesiaceaePhilesiaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by relatively few taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 , does recognize such a family and places it in the order Liliales, in the clade monocots...
- family RhipogonaceaeRhipogonaceaeRhipogonaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. The family is confined to eastern Australia, New Zealand, and New Guinea. Rhipogonaceae is composed entirely of woody vines in the genus Rhipogonum...
- family SmilacaceaeSmilacaceaeSmilacaceae, the greenbrier family, is a family of flowering plants. Up to some decades ago the genera now included in family Smilacaceae were often assigned to a more broadly defined family Liliaceae, but for the past twenty to thirty years most botanists have accepted Smilacaceae as a distinct...
- family Alstroemeriaceae
The APG system
APG system
The APG system of plant classification is the first, now obsolete, version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy that was published in 1998 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. It was superseded in 2003 by a revision, the APG II system, and then in 2009 by a further...
(1998) also placed the order in the clade monocots, but with a slightly different circumscription (missing the family Corsiaceae):
- order Liliales
- family AlstroemeriaceaeAlstroemeriaceaeThe Alstroemeriaceae is a family of flowering plants, with 200 species in three or four genera, native to the Americas, from Central America to southern South America....
- family CampynemataceaeCampynemataceaeCampynemataceae is a botanical name of a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by relatively few taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 , does recognize such a family and places it in the order Liliales, in the clade monocots...
- family ColchicaceaeColchicaceaeColchicaceae is a botanical name of a family of flowering plants.The APG III system, of 2009 , does recognize such a family and places it in the order Liliales, in the clade monocots, and regards the family as including some two hundred species of herbaceous perennials with rhizomes or corms.The...
- family LiliaceaeLiliaceaeThe Liliaceae, or the lily family, is a family of monocotyledons in the order Liliales. Plants in this family have linear leaves, mostly with parallel veins but with several having net venation , and flower arranged in threes. Several have bulbs, while others have rhizomes...
- family LuzuriagaceaeLuzuriagaceaeLuzuriagaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by relatively few taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 , did recognize such a family and placed it in the order Liliales, in the clade monocots. The APG III system merged this small family...
- family MelanthiaceaeMelanthiaceaeMelanthiaceae is a family of flowering perennial herbs in the Northern Hemisphere. The family has been recognized by relatively few taxonomists, and the circumscription has varied...
- family PhilesiaceaePhilesiaceaePhilesiaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by relatively few taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 , does recognize such a family and places it in the order Liliales, in the clade monocots...
- family Ripogonaceae [sic]
- family SmilacaceaeSmilacaceaeSmilacaceae, the greenbrier family, is a family of flowering plants. Up to some decades ago the genera now included in family Smilacaceae were often assigned to a more broadly defined family Liliaceae, but for the past twenty to thirty years most botanists have accepted Smilacaceae as a distinct...
- family Alstroemeriaceae
The Cronquist system
Cronquist system
The Cronquist system is a taxonomic classification system of flowering plants. It was developed by Arthur Cronquist in his texts An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants and The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants .Cronquist's system places flowering plants into two...
(1981) placed the order in subclass Liliidae
Liliidae
Liliidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used ; the only requirement being that it includes the family Liliaceae....
in the class Liliopsida
Liliopsida
Liliopsida is a botanical name for the class containing the family Liliaceae . It is considered synonymous with the name monocotyledon. Publication of the name is credited to Scopoli : see author citation...
[= monocotyledons] of division Magnoliophyta [= angiosperms]. It used a much wider circumscription (many of the plants here are assigned to Asparagales
Asparagales
Asparagales is the name of an order of plants, used in modern classification systems such as the APG III system . The order takes its name from the family Asparagaceae and is placed in the monocots. The order has only recently been recognized in classification systems...
and Dioscoreales
Dioscoreales
Dioscoreales is a botanical name for an order of flowering plants. Of necessity it contains the family Dioscoreaceae.In the APG II system, of 2003, this order was placed in the clade monocots and comprised the families Burmanniaceae, Dioscoreaceae and Nartheciaceae.Under the APG system of 1998,...
by APG II):
- order Liliales
- family AgavaceaeAgavaceaeAgavoideae is a subfamily of monocot flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, order Asparagales. It has previously been treated as a separate family, Agavaceae. The group includes many well-known desert and dry zone types such as the agave, yucca, and Joshua tree...
- family Aloaceae
- family Cyanastraceae
- family DioscoreaceaeDioscoreaceaeDioscoreaceae is a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants, with about 750 species in eight or nine genera. The best-known member of the family is the Yam ....
- family HaemodoraceaeHaemodoraceaeHaemodoraceae is a family of flowering plants. It is sometimes known as the "Bloodwort family". Primarily a Southern Hemisphere family, they are found in South Africa, Australia and New Guinea, and in the Americas Haemodoraceae is a family of flowering plants. It is sometimes known as the...
- family HanguanaceaeHanguanaceaeHanguanaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. Such a family has not been recognized by many taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 does recognize such a family and places it in the order Commelinales, in the clade commelinids, in the monocots...
- family IridaceaeIridaceaeThe Iris family or Iridaceae is a family of perennial, herbaceous and bulbous plants included in the monocot order Asparagales, taking its name from the genus Iris. Almost worldwide in distribution and one of the most important families in horticulture, it includes more than 2000 species...
- family Liliaceae
- family PhilydraceaePhilydraceaePhilydraceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. Such a family has not been recognized by many taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 , does recognize such a family and places it in the order Commelinales, in the clade commelinids, in the monocots...
- family PontederiaceaePontederiaceaePontederiaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants.The APG II system, of 2003 places the family in the order Commelinales, in the commelinid clade, in the monocots. It is a small family of heterostylous aquatic plants, occurring in tropical and subtropical waters...
- family SmilacaceaeSmilacaceaeSmilacaceae, the greenbrier family, is a family of flowering plants. Up to some decades ago the genera now included in family Smilacaceae were often assigned to a more broadly defined family Liliaceae, but for the past twenty to thirty years most botanists have accepted Smilacaceae as a distinct...
- family StemonaceaeStemonaceaeStemonaceae is a family of flowering plants, consisting of three or four genera with between 25-35 species. The APG II system places it in the order Pandanales, in the monocots...
- family Taccaceae
- family VelloziaceaeVelloziaceaeVelloziaceae is a botanical name for a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by many taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 , also recognizes this family, and assigns it to the order Pandanales in the clade monocots...
- family XanthorrhoeaceaeXanthorrhoeaceaeXanthorrhoeaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants in the order Asparagales. Such a family has been recognized by most taxonomists, but the circumscription of the family has varied wildly....
- family Agavaceae
The Thorne system
Thorne system (1992)
A modern system of plant taxonomy, the Thorne system of plant classification was drawn up by the botanist Robert F. Thorne . He replaced it in 2000 with a new system. These two systems were published in:...
(1992) placed the order in superorder Lilianae
Lilianae
Lilianae is a botanical name, in use for a superorder . Such a superorder will of necessity include the family Liliaceae...
in subclass Liliidae
Liliidae
Liliidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used ; the only requirement being that it includes the family Liliaceae....
[= monocotyledons ] of class Magnoliopsida
Magnoliopsida
Magnoliopsida is a valid botanical name for a class of flowering plants. By definition the class will include the family Magnoliaceae, but its circumscription can otherwise vary, being more inclusive or less inclusive depending upon the classification system being discussed.-Cronquist and...
[= dicotyledons] and used this circumscription:
- order Liliales
- family Alstroemeriaceae
- family Campynemataceae
- family Colchicaceae
- family Iridaceae
- family Liliaceae
- family Melanthiaceae
- family TrilliaceaeTrilliaceaeTrilliaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. The family has been recognised as distinct since 1846 when it was recognized; this table for a summarizes the placement of these taxa...
The Dahlgren system
Dahlgren system
One of the modern systems of plant taxonomy, the Dahlgren system was published by monocot specialist Rolf Dahlgren. His wife Gertrud Dahlgren carried on after his death.According to the extensive listing by Professor Reveal One of the modern systems of plant taxonomy, the Dahlgren system was...
placed the order in superorder Lilianae in subclass Liliidae [= monocotyledons] of class Magnoliopsida [= angiosperms] and used this circumscription:
- order Liliales
- family Alstroemeriaceae
- family CalochortaceaeCalochortaceaeCalochortaceae is a family of flowering plants. It is recognised by only a few systems of plant taxonomy, including the Dahlgren system, which placed it in the order Liliales in superorder Lilianae in subclass Liliidae [=monocotyledons] of class Magnoliopsida [=angiosperms].The APG II system places...
- family Colchicaceae
- family Iridaceae
- family Liliaceae
- family UvulariaceaeUvulariaceaeUvulariaceae is a botanical name of a family of flowering plants. While seldom recognised, the family is accepted by the Dahlgren system, which places it in order Liliales, superorder Lilianae, and the subclass Liliidae [=monocotyledons] of class Magnoliopsida [=angiosperms].The APG II system...
In the Engler system
Engler system
One of the prime systems of plant taxonomy, the Engler system was devised by Adolf Engler.According to Engler, Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien the main groups of plants are:* I. divisio Schizophyta* II. divisio Phytosarcodina...
(1964 update) a similar order was named Liliiflorae
Liliiflorae
Liliiflorae is a botanical name, which may be used for a taxon at a rank above that of family, but not for a rank where Art. 16 or 17 of the ICBN prescribes a standardised ending....
, placed in the class Monocotyledoneae of the subdivision Angiospermae.
The Wettstein system
Wettstein system
A system of plant taxonomy, the Wettstein system recognised the following main groups, according to* I. phylum Schizophyta*::: 1. classis Schizophyceae*::: 2. classis Schizomycetes* II. phylum Monadophyta* III. phylum Myxophyta...
, last revised in 1935, used names similar to those in the Engler system: the order was named Liliiflorae placed in the class Monocotyledones of the subdivision Angiospermae. In circumscription the order was fairly similar to that of Cronquist.
Earlier names for this order include the Coronarieae of the Bentham & Hooker system
Bentham & Hooker system
An early taxonomic system, the Bentham & Hooker system for seed plants was published in :The system recognises the following main groups:*DICOTYLEDONUM POLYPETALARUM*: Series 1. THALAMIFLORÆ*: Series 2. DISCIFLORÆ*: Series 3. CALYCIFLORÆ...
.