This is a list of currently active separatist

Separatism

Separatism is the advocacy of a state of cultural, ethnic, tribal, religious, racial, governmental or gender separation from the larger group. While it often refers to full political secession, separatist groups may seek nothing more than greater autonomy...

 movements in Africa

Africa

Africa is the world's second largest and second most populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km² including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area...

. Separatism includes autonomism

Autonomism

Autonomism refers to a set of left-wing political and social movements and theories close to the socialist movement. As an identifiable theoretical system it first emerged in Italy in the 1960s from workerist communism...

 and secessionism. What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet two criteria:

1. They are active movements with living, active members.
2. They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).

Under each region listed is one or more of the following:

• De facto state: for regions with de facto
  De facto
  De facto is a Latin expression that means "concerning fact." In law, it often means "in practice but not necessarily ordained by law" or "in practice or actuality, but not officially established." It is commonly used in contrast to de jure when referring to matters of law, governance, or...
  
  autonomy from the government
• Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state
  Sovereign state
  A sovereign state, or simply, state, is a state with a defined territory on which it exercises internal and external sovereignty, a permanent population, a government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other sovereign states. It is also normally understood to be a state which is neither...
  
  
• Proposed autonomous area: for movements toward greater autonomy for an area
  Autonomous area
  An autonomous area or autonomous entity is an area of a country that has a degree of autonomy, or freedom from an external authority. Typically it is either geographically distinct from the rest of the country or populated by a national minority. Countries that include autonomous areas are often...
  
   but not outright secession
  • De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region
  • Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question
    Government in exile
    A government in exile is a political group that claims to be a country's legitimate government, but for various reasons is unable to exercise its legal power, and instead resides in a foreign country. Governments in exile usually operate under the assumption that they will one day return to their...
    
    , with or without control
  • Political party (or parties): for political parties
    Political party
    A political party is a political organization that typically seeks to influence government policy, usually by nominating their own candidates and trying to seat them in political office. Parties participate in electoral campaigns, educational outreach or protest actions...
    
     involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession
  • Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations (sometimes called terrorist organisations
    Terrorism
    Terrorism is the systematic use of terror, especially as a means of coercion. In the international community, however, terrorism has no universally agreed, legally binding, criminal law definition...
    
    )
  • Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities
    Advocacy group
    Advocacy groups use various forms of advocacy to influence public opinion and/or policy; they have played and continue to play an important part in the development of political and social systems...
    
    

  Algeria

Algeria

Algeria , officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria , also formally referred to as the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of Northwest Africa with Algiers as its capital.In terms of land area, it is the largest country in Africa and the Arab...

• 
  Kabyle
  Kabyle people
  The Kabyle people are the largest homogeneous Algerian ethno-cultural and linguistical community and the largest nation in North Africa to be considered exclusively Berber. Their traditional homeland is Kabylie in the north of Algeria, one hundred miles east of Algiers...
  
  s
  • Proposed state: Kabylie
    Kabylie
    Kabylie or Kabylia , is a region in the north of Algeria.It is part of the Tell Atlas and is located at the edge of the Mediterranean Sea. Kabylia covers several provinces of Algeria: the whole of Tizi Ouzou and Bejaia , most of Bouira and parts of the wilayas of Bordj Bou Arreridj, Jijel,...
    
    
  • Political party: Mouvement pour l'Autonomie de la Kabylie
    Mouvement pour l'Autonomie de la Kabylie
    The Movement for the Autonomy of Kabylia is a non-violent autonomist group seeking self-government rule for the province of Kabylia within the State of Algeria...
    
    

  Angola

Angola

Angola, officially the Republic of Angola , is a country in south-central Africa bordered by Namibia on the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the north, and Zambia on the east; its west coast is on the Atlantic Ocean with Luanda as its capital city...

• Cabinda
  Cabinda (province)
  Cabinda is an exclave and province of Angola, a status that has been disputed by many political organizations in the territory. The capital city is also called Cabinda. The province is divided into four municipalities - Belize, Buco Zau, Cabinda and Cacongo.Modern Cabinda is the result of a fusion...
  
   (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
  Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
  The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization , formed in 11 February 1991, in The Hague, is an international organization of political organisations and governments representing self-proclaimed "indigenous peoples, minorities, and unrecognised or occupied territories". The organization...
  
  )
  • Proposed state: Republic of Cabinda
    Republic of Cabinda
    The Republic of Cabinda also called Republique du Kabinda is the self-proclaimed, unrecognized government led by FLEC-FAC who claims sovereignty over the Angolan Cabinda Province as an independent country...
    
    
  • Government-in-exile: Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda (FLEC)
  • Political party: Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda (FLEC)
  • Militant organization: Forças Armadas de Cabinda (FAC)
    Forças Armadas de Cabinda
    The Forças Armadas de Cabinda or Armed Forces of Cabinda is the armed wing of the political Cabindan nationalist group the Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda ....
    
    
• United Kingdom of Lunda Tchokwe
  United Kingdom of Lunda Tchokwe
  The Lunda Tchokwe Territory borders where defined with the Treaty of the 25 of May 1891, rectified on the 24 of March 1894 and confirmed with the exchange of signatures on the 1 August 1894. The United Kingdom of Lunda Tchokwe is located in the Austro Equatorial Africa...
  
  
  • Independence Movement: United Kingdom of Lunda Tchokwe
    United Kingdom of Lunda Tchokwe
    The Lunda Tchokwe Territory borders where defined with the Treaty of the 25 of May 1891, rectified on the 24 of March 1894 and confirmed with the exchange of signatures on the 1 August 1894. The United Kingdom of Lunda Tchokwe is located in the Austro Equatorial Africa...
    
    
  • Proposed state: United Kingdom of Lunda Tchokwe
    United Kingdom of Lunda Tchokwe
    The Lunda Tchokwe Territory borders where defined with the Treaty of the 25 of May 1891, rectified on the 24 of March 1894 and confirmed with the exchange of signatures on the 1 August 1894. The United Kingdom of Lunda Tchokwe is located in the Austro Equatorial Africa...
    
    

  Cameroon

Cameroon

Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon , is a country in west Central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Cameroon's coastline lies on the...

• Bakassi Peninsula
  • Proposed state: Democratic Republic of Bakassi
• 
  Southern Cameroons
  Southern Cameroons
  Southern Cameroons was the southern part of the British Mandate territory of Cameroons in West Africa. Since 1961 it is part of the Republic of Cameroon, where it makes up the Northwest Province and Southwest Province...
  
   (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
  Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
  The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization , formed in 11 February 1991, in The Hague, is an international organization of political organisations and governments representing self-proclaimed "indigenous peoples, minorities, and unrecognised or occupied territories". The organization...
  
  )
  • Proposed state: Federal Republic of Southern Cameroon, Ambazonia
    Ambazonia
    The name Ambazonia or Ambazania refers to two separate entities. One pertains to an advocacy group struggling for the total restoration of the statehood of the Crown Colony formerly known as the British Southern Cameroons...
    
    
  • Political party: Southern Cameroons National Council
    Southern Cameroons National Council
    The Southern Cameroons National Council is a self determination organisation seeking the independence of the anglophone Southern Cameroons from the francophone Republic of Cameroon . It is a non-violent organisation, and its motto is "The force of argument, not the argument of force." The current...
    
    
  • Pressure group: Southern Cameroon Liberation Movement

  Comoros

Comoros

The Comoros , officially the Union of the Comoros is an archipelago island nation in the Indian Ocean, located off the eastern coast of Africa, on the northern end of the Mozambique Channel, between northeastern Mozambique and northwestern Madagascar...

Anjouan

Anjouan

Anjouan is an autonomous island, part of the Union of Comoros. The island is located in the Indian Ocean. Its capital is Mutsamudu and its population as of 2006 is about 277,500. The total area of the island is 424 sq. kilometers Anjouan (also known as Ndzuwani or Nzwani) is an autonomous island,...

• • Political parties: Anjouan People's Movement, Mouvement Populaire Anjouanais, Mawana
    Mawana
    Mawana is a town in Meerut district in the Uttar Pradesh state of India. In the northeast side of town is Mawana Sugar works. Many famous people have also been born here. It has taken its name from the word "Muhana" means Gateway. It is supposed to be the Muhana of Hastinapur kingdom...
    
    
• 
  Mohéli
  Mohéli
  Mohéli, also known as Mwali, is one of the three islands which make up the nation of Comoros. Mohéli is located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Africa. It is by far the smallest of the Comoros islands. Its population, as of 2006, is about 38,000. Its capital city is Fomboni...
  
  
  • Proposed state: Democratic Republic of Mwali

  Côte d'Ivoire

Côte d'Ivoire

The Republic of Côte d'Ivoire or Ivory Coast is a country in West Africa. It has an area of , and borders the countries Liberia, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso and Ghana; its southern boundary is along the Gulf of Guinea. The country's population was 15,366,672 in 1998 and was estimated to be...

• Northern Regions
  • Proposed state: Republique des les Regions Nordenses.
  • Pressure groups: Patriotic Movement of Côte d'Ivoire
    Patriotic Movement of Côte d'Ivoire
    The Patriotic Movement of Côte d'Ivoire was the major rebel group in the Ivorian Civil War, which since 2005, has transformed itself into a leading political party.-Background of the MPCI and the Civil War:...
    
    " (MPCI), Mouvement populaire ivoirien du Grand Ouest (MPIGO), Movement for Justice and Peace
    Movement for Justice and Peace
    The Movement for Justice and Peace is one of two rebel groups from the west of Côte d'Ivoire, which took part in the Ivorian Civil War. The MJP was estimated to have 250 men under arms, commanded by Gaspard Déli, when it signed a ceasefire on 8 January 2003...
    
     (MJP)

  Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo-Kinshasa)

Democratic Republic of the Congo

The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a state located in Central Africa. It is the second largest country in Africa by area and the eleventh largest in the world...

• 
  Bas-Congo
  Bas-Congo
  Bas-Congo is one of the eleven provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is the only province with a coastline and it borders Bandundu province to the east and Kinshasa to the northeast...
  
  
  • Pressure group: Bundu dia Kongo
    Bundu dia Kongo
    Bundu dia Kongo is a politico-cultural movement founded in June 1969 by Ne Mwanda Nsemi. The movement is mainly based in the Bas-Congo province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The movement focuses on defending, protecting, and promoting values, rights, and interests of Kongo people in the...
    
    
  • Proposed state: Kingdom of Kongo
    Kingdom of Kongo
    The Kingdom of Kongo was an African kingdom located in west central Africa in what are now northern Angola, Cabinda, the Republic of the Congo, and the western portion of the Democratic Republic of the Congo...
    
    
• 
  Katanga
  Katanga Province
  Katanga Province is one of the provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Between 1971 and 1997, its official name was Shaba Province. Under the new constitution, the province was to be replaced by four smaller provinces by February 2009; this did not actually take place.Katanga's regional...
  
  
  • Political parties: Confédération des Associations de Katanga Tribales, Union of Independent Federalists and Republicans
  • Militant organizations: Mai-Mai
    Mai-Mai
    The term Mai-Mai or Mayi-Mayi refers to any kind of community-based militia group active in the Second Congo War and its aftermath in the Democratic Republic of the Congo , formed to defend their local territory against other armed groups...
    
     community-based militia groups
  • Status: Sporadic violence
• Kwili, Kivu
  Kivu
  Kivu was the name for a large "Region" in the Democratic Republic of Congo under the rule of Mobutu Sese Seko that bordered Lake Kivu. It included three "Sub-Regions" : Nord-Kivu, Sud-Kivu and Maniema, corresponding to the three current provinces created in 1986...
  
  , Bukavu
  Bukavu
  Bukavu is a city in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo , lying at the extreme south-eastern extent of Lake Kivu, west of Cyangugu in Rwanda, and separated from it by the outlet of the Ruzizi River. It is the capital of the Sud-Kivu province and as of 2009 it had an estimated population of...
  
  
  • Status: Confused fighting in progress

  Egypt

Egypt

Egypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: , is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world...

• 
  Copt
  Copt
  The Copts are the native Egyptian Christians , a major ethnoreligious group in Egypt....
  
  s
  • Proposed state: Coptic Pharaonic Republic
  • Pressure group: Coptic Christians living abroad

  Equatorial Guinea

Equatorial Guinea

Equatorial Guinea, officially the Republic of Equatorial Guinea where the capital Malabo is situated.Annobón is the southernmost island of Equatorial Guinea and is situated just south of the equator. Bioko island is the northernmost point of Equatorial Guinea. Between the two islands and to the...

• 
  Bioko
  Bioko
  Bioko is an island 32 km off the west coast of Africa, specifically Cameroon, in the Gulf of Guinea. It is the northernmost part of Equatorial Guinea with a population of 124,000 and an area of . It is volcanic with its highest peak the Pico Basile at .-Geography:Bioko has a total area of...
  
  
  • Pressure group: Movement for the Self-Determination of Bioko Island
    Movement for the Self-Determination of Bioko Island
    The Movement for the Self-Determination of Bioko Island is a proscribed political organization in Equatorial Guinea. It has its roots in the pre-independence Unión Bubi, which sought independence from the mainland half of Spanish Guinea...
    
    
  • Status: The indigenous Bubi people are now outnumbered by Fernandino
    Fernandino
    Named in reverence of the Portuguese explorer Fernão do Pó who is given credit for discovering their indigenous and adopted homelands, Fernandinos are creole, multi-ethnic or multi-race populations of Equatorial Guinea and former Spanish Guinea. Each population hails from a distinct ethnic, social,...
    
    s and Fang immigrants from the mainland.

  Ethiopia

Ethiopia

Ethiopia , officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is the second-most populous nation in Africa, with over 82 million inhabitants, and the tenth-largest by area, occupying 1,100,000 km2...

• Gambela Region
  Gambela Region
  Gambela is one of the nine ethnic divisions of Ethiopia. Previously known as "Region 12", its capital is Gambela. Lying between the Baro and Akobo Rivers, the western part of Gambela includes the Baro salient....
  
  
  • Militant organization: Gambella Peoples Liberation Front
• 
  Ogaden
  Ogaden
  Ogaden is the name of a territory comprising the southeastern portion of the Somali Regional State in Ethiopia. The inhabitants are predominantly ethnic Somali and Muslim. The title "Somali Galbeed", which means "Western Somalia," is often preferred by Somali irredentists.The region, which is...
  
   ( Somali Region
  Somali Region
  Somali Region ; is the eastern-most of the nine ethnic divisions of Ethiopia. It is often called Somalia, though it is not to be confused with the independent country of the same name. The capital of Somali State is Jijiga...
  
  )
  • Proposed state: Republic of Ogadenia (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
    Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
    The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization , formed in 11 February 1991, in The Hague, is an international organization of political organisations and governments representing self-proclaimed "indigenous peoples, minorities, and unrecognised or occupied territories". The organization...
    
    )
  • Political party: Ogaden National Liberation Front
    Ogaden National Liberation Front
    The Ogaden National Liberation Front , is a separatist rebel group fighting to make the region of Ogaden in eastern Ethiopia an independent state...
    
    , Western Somali Liberation Front
    Western Somali Liberation Front
    The Western Somali Liberation Front was a separatist rebel group fighting in eastern Ethiopia to create an independent state. It played a major role in the Ogaden War of 1977-78 assisting the invading Somali Army...
    
    , Ogaden Republican Army
  • Pressure group: Ogaden Youth Association
• Oromia Region
  Oromia Region
  Oromia is one of the nine ethnic divisions of Ethiopia...
  
  
  • Militant organizations: Oromo Independence Movement, Oromo Liberation Front
    Oromo Liberation Front
    The Oromo Liberation Front , or OLF, is an organization established in 1973 by Oromo nationalists to promote self-determination for the Oromo people against what they call "Abyssinian colonial rule". It has been outlawed and labeled as a terrorist organization by the Ethiopian government...
    
    , Islamic Front for the Liberation of Oromia
    Islamic Front for the Liberation of Oromia
    The Islamic Front for Liberation of Oromia was an Oromo based polito-military organization founded in 1985 by Commander in Chief Sheikh Abdulkarim Ibrahim Hamid otherwise known as Jaarra Abbaa Gadaa....
    
    , Conference of Oromiya Peoples Liberation Front

  France

France

The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...

• Réunion
  Réunion
  Réunion is a French island with a population of about 800,000 located in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar, about south west of Mauritius, the nearest island.Administratively, Réunion is one of the overseas departments of France...
  
  

Secessionist movements

• Political party:
  
  Lorganizasion Popilèr po Libèr nout Péi (Lplp) – Popular Front for National Liberation: composed of Nasion Rénioné, Mar, Drapo rouz, Patriot rénioné and Mir.
• Political party: Marxist–Leninist Communist Organisation of Réunion

• Mayotte
  Mayotte
  Mayotte is an overseas department and region of France consisting of a main island, Grande-Terre , a smaller island, Petite-Terre , and several islets around these two. The archipelago is located in the northern Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean, namely between northwestern Madagascar and...
  
   continues to have autonomist movements despite the island having voted to become France's 101st department in 2011.

  Mauritius

Mauritius

Mauritius , officially the Republic of Mauritius is an island nation off the southeast coast of the African continent in the southwest Indian Ocean, about east of Madagascar...

• 
  Rodrigues Island

  Morocco

Morocco

Morocco , officially the Kingdom of Morocco , is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of more than 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², and also primarily administers the disputed region of the Western Sahara...

• 
  Western Sahara
  Western Sahara
  Western Sahara is a disputed territory in North Africa, bordered by Morocco to the north, Algeria to the northeast, Mauritania to the east and south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Its surface area amounts to . It is one of the most sparsely populated territories in the world, mainly...
  
  
  • Proposed state: Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
    Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
    The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic is a partially recognised state that claims sovereignty over the entire territory of Western Sahara, a former Spanish colony. SADR was proclaimed by the Polisario Front on February 27, 1976, in Bir Lehlu, Western Sahara. The SADR government controls about...
    
    
  • Ethnic Group: Sahrawi people
  • De facto state: Free Zone
    Free Zone (region)
    The Free Zone or Liberated Territories is a term used by the Polisario Front to describe the part of Western Sahara that lies to the east of the Moroccan Berm and west and north of the borders with Algeria and Mauritania, respectively...
    
    
  • Government-in-exile: Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
    Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
    The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic is a partially recognised state that claims sovereignty over the entire territory of Western Sahara, a former Spanish colony. SADR was proclaimed by the Polisario Front on February 27, 1976, in Bir Lehlu, Western Sahara. The SADR government controls about...
    
     based in refugee camps in Tindouf Province, Algeria
    Refugee camps in Tindouf Province, Algeria
    The Sahrawi refugee camps in Tindouf, Algeria, are a collection of refugee camps, set up in the Tindouf Province, Algeria in 1975-76 for Sahrawi refugees fleeing from Moroccan forces, who advanced through Western Sahara during the Western Sahara War...
    
    
  • Political party: Polisario Front
    Polisario Front
    The POLISARIO, Polisario Front, or Frente Polisario, from the Spanish abbreviation of Frente Popular de Liberación de Saguía el Hamra y Río de Oro is a Sahrawi rebel national liberation movement working for the independence of Western Sahara from Morocco...
    
    
  • Militant organisation: Polisario Front
    Polisario Front
    The POLISARIO, Polisario Front, or Frente Polisario, from the Spanish abbreviation of Frente Popular de Liberación de Saguía el Hamra y Río de Oro is a Sahrawi rebel national liberation movement working for the independence of Western Sahara from Morocco...
    
    

  Namibia

Namibia

Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia , is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. It gained independence from South Africa on 21 March...

• 
  Caprivi
  Caprivi Strip
  Caprivi, sometimes called the Caprivi Strip , Caprivi Panhandle or the Okavango Strip and formally known as Itenge, is a narrow protrusion of Namibia eastwards about , between Botswana to the south, Angola and Zambia to the north, and Okavango Region to the west. Caprivi is bordered by the...
  
  
  • Ethnic Group: Lozi
    Lozi people
    The Lozi people are an ethnic group primarily of western Zambia, inhabiting the region of Barotseland. Lozi are also found in Namibia , Angola and Botswana.-Name:...
    
    
  • Proposed state: Free State of Caprivi Strip/Itenge
  • Political party: Caprivi African National Union
  • Militant organization: Caprivi Liberation Army
    Caprivi Liberation Army
    Caprivi Liberation Army is a Namibian rebel and separatist group which was established in 1994 to separate the Caprivi Strip, a region mainly inhabited by the Lozi people. It operates only in the Caprivi strip.-Background:...
    
    

  Niger

Niger

Niger , officially named the Republic of Niger, is a landlocked country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. It borders Nigeria and Benin to the south, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, Algeria and Libya to the north and Chad to the east...

• Agadez Department
  • Ethnic Group: Tuareg people
  • Militant organization: Revolutionary Armed Forces of the Sahara
    Revolutionary Armed Forces of the Sahara
    Revolutionary Armed Forces of the Sahara is a Toubou militant group in Niger, presumably of separatist intentions, who kidnapped two Italian tourists in August 2006. Boubakar Mohamed Sogoma, ethnically Toubou, is a commander of FARS in 2008.- External links :...
    
    
  • Political parties: Taniminnak Tidot N Tenere, Tidot Union of Tenere.
  • Proposed state: Akal N Tenere, Tenere Republic

  Nigeria

Nigeria

Nigeria , officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in...

• Bakassi Peninsula
  • Proposed state: Democratic Republic of Bakassi
• 
  Igbo
  • Proposed state: Biafra
    Biafra
    Biafra, officially the Republic of Biafra, was a secessionist state in south-eastern Nigeria that existed from 30 May 1967 to 15 January 1970, taking its name from the Bight of Biafra . The inhabitants were mostly the Igbo people who led the secession due to economic, ethnic, cultural and religious...
    
     (defunct)
  • Political party: Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra
    Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra
    The Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra is a secessionist movement with the aim of securing the resurgence of the defunct state of Biafra from Nigeria...
    
    
• Ijaw
  • Proposed state: Niger Delta Republic
  • Militant organization: Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta
    Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta
    The Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta is one of the largest militant groups in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The organization claims to expose exploitation and oppression of the people of the Niger Delta and devastation of the natural environment by public-private partnerships...
    
    , Niger Delta People's Volunteer Force
    Niger Delta People's Volunteer Force
    The Niger Delta People's Volunteer Force is one of the largest armed groups in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria and is composed primarily of members of the region's largest ethnic group, the Ijaw. The group was founded in 2004 in an attempt to gain more control over the region's vast petroleum...
    
    
• 
  Ogoni
  • Political party: Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People
    Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People
    The Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People is a campaigning organization representing the Ogoni people. Ogoniland is situated north-east of Niger Delta...
    
    
• Yoruba
  Yoruba people
  The Yoruba people are one of the largest ethnic groups in West Africa. The majority of the Yoruba speak the Yoruba language...
  
  
  • Proposed state: Oduduwa Republic of the Yorubas
  • Political party: Oodua Republic Front

  Rwanda

Rwanda

Rwanda or , officially the Republic of Rwanda , is a country in central and eastern Africa with a population of approximately 11.4 million . Rwanda is located a few degrees south of the Equator, and is bordered by Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo...

• 
  Batwa
  Great Lakes Twa
  The Great Lakes Twa, also known as Abatwa or Ge-Sera, or in English Batwa, are a pygmy people who are generally assumed to be the oldest surviving population of the Great Lakes region of central Africa, though currently they live as a Bantu caste...
  
   (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
  Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
  The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization , formed in 11 February 1991, in The Hague, is an international organization of political organisations and governments representing self-proclaimed "indigenous peoples, minorities, and unrecognised or occupied territories". The organization...
  
  )
  • Political party: Association for the Promotion of Batwa

  Senegal

Senegal

Senegal , officially the Republic of Senegal , is a country in western Africa. It owes its name to the Sénégal River that borders it to the east and north...

• 
  Casamance
  Casamance
  Casamance is the area of Senegal south of The Gambia including the Casamance River. It consists of Basse Casamance and Haute Casamance...
  
  
  • Militant organization: Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance
    Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance
    The Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance is the main separatist movement in the Casamance region of Senegal, founded in 1982. It was supported by Guinea-Bissau President João Bernardo Vieira until he was overthrown in 1999. It relies mainly on the Diola ethnic group...
    
    

  Somalia

Somalia

Somalia , officially the Somali Republic and formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic under Socialist rule, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. Since the outbreak of the Somali Civil War in 1991 there has been no central government control over most of the country's territory...

• 
  Jubaland
  Jubaland
  Jubaland , also known as Azania or the Juba Valley and formerly as Trans-Juba , is an autonomous region in southern Somalia. Its eastern border lies 40–60 km east of the Jubba River, stretching from Gedo to the Indian Ocean, while its western side flanks the North Eastern Province in...
  
  
  • Proposed state: Republic of Jubaland
  • Militant organization: Somali Patriotic Movement
    Somali Patriotic Movement
    The Somali Patriotic Movement is a political party and paramilitary organization in Somalia, and a key faction in the Somali Civil War. Commanded by Aden Abdullahi Nur Gabyow, it was based in the southwestern area of the country, and had considerable influence in the leaderless country...
    
    
• 
  Maakhir
  Maakhir
  Maakhir , officially the Maakhir State of Somalia was an autonomous region in northern Somalia in an area disputed by the Somaliland and Puntland macro-regions. In January 2009, it was incorporated into Puntland.-Autonomy:...
  
  
  • Autonomous region: Puntland State of Somalia
  • Political party: Somali Salvation Democratic Front
    Somali Salvation Democratic Front
    Somali Salvation Democratic Front , initially known as the Democratic Front for Salvation of Somalia was a political and paramilitary umbrella organization in Somalia. Founded in 1978 by several army officers, it was the first of several opposition groups dedicated to ousting the authoritarian...
    
    
  • De facto state: Republic of Somaliland
  • Political party: Somali National Movement
    Somali National Movement
    The Somali National Movement was a 1980s-1990s Somali rebel group. Founded and led by Isaaq members to protect the clan's interests, it was key in the formation of Somaliland, a self-declared sovereign state that is internationally recognised as an autonomous region of Somalia.-Formation:In April...
    
    
• 
  Southwestern Somalia
  Southwestern Somalia
  Southwestern Somalia was an ostensibly autonomous self-proclaimed state in Somalia founded by Hasan Muhammad Nur Shatigadud, leader of the Rahanweyn Resistance Army on April 1, 2002...
  
  
  • Proposed autonomous region: State of Southwestern Somalia
    Southwestern Somalia
    Southwestern Somalia was an ostensibly autonomous self-proclaimed state in Somalia founded by Hasan Muhammad Nur Shatigadud, leader of the Rahanweyn Resistance Army on April 1, 2002...
    
    
  • Militant organization: Rahanwein Resistance Army

  South Africa

South Africa

The Republic of South Africa is a country in southern Africa. Located at the southern tip of Africa, it is divided into nine provinces, with of coastline on the Atlantic and Indian oceans...

• 
  Boere-Afrikaners
  • Proposed state: Volkstaat
    Volkstaat
    Volkstaat is a proposal for the establishment of self determination for the Boer and Afrikaners minority in South Africa according to federal principles, alluding to full independence in the form of a homeland for Boer and Afrikaners....
    
    
  • Political Party: Freedom Front Plus
  • Pressure group: Orania Movement
  • Militant organization: Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging
    Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging
    The Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging is a South African far right separatist political and former paramilitary organization, since its creation dedicated to secessionist Afrikaner nationalism and the creation of an independent Boer-Afrikaner republic or "" in part of South Africa...
    
    , Boeremag
    Boeremag
    The Boeremag is a South African right-wing activism group with white separatist aims and is accused of planning to overthrow the ruling African National Congress government and to reinstate a new Boer administered republic reminiscent of the era when Boers administered independent republics...
    
    

• Cape Party
  Cape Party
  The Cape Party is a political party in South Africa which seeks to use all constitutional and legal means to bring about independence for the Western Cape, Northern Cape , six municipalities in the Eastern Cape, and one municipality in the Free State...
  
  

• Thembu people
  • Proposed state:Thembuland.

  Spain

Spain

Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...

 (Africa)

• 
  Canary Islands
  Canary Islands
  The Canary Islands , also known as the Canaries , is a Spanish archipelago located just off the northwest coast of mainland Africa, 100 km west of the border between Morocco and the Western Sahara. The Canaries are a Spanish autonomous community and an outermost region of the European Union...
  
  
  • Political party: Congreso Nacional de Canarias (MPAIAC party), Alternativa Nacionalista Canaria, Unidad del Pueblo
  • Revolutionary Organizations: Inekaren
  • Youth movement: Azarug
  • Trade union: Intersindical Canaria, Frente Sindical Obrero de Canarias
  • Militant organization: MPAIAC (defunct)

  Sudan

Sudan

Sudan , officially the Republic of the Sudan , is a country in North Africa, sometimes considered part of the Middle East politically. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the...

• Beja
  Beja people
  The Beja people are an ethnic group dwelling in parts of North Africa and the Horn of Africa.-Geography:The Beja are found mostly in Sudan, but also in parts of Eritrea, and Egypt...
  
  
  • Militant organization: Beja Congress
    Beja Congress
    The Beja Congress is a political group comprising several ethnic entities, most prominently the Beja, of the eastern region of Sudan. It was founded in 1957 by Dr. Taha Osman Bileya together with a group of Beja intellectuals, as a political platform for the politically and economically...
    
    
• 
  Darfur
  Darfur
  Darfur is a region in western Sudan. An independent sultanate for several hundred years, it was incorporated into Sudan by Anglo-Egyptian forces in 1916. The region is divided into three federal states: West Darfur, South Darfur, and North Darfur...
  
  
  • Militant organization: Darfur Liberation Front
• Eastern Sudan
  • Militant organization: Eastern Front
    Eastern Front (Sudan)
    The Eastern Front is a coalition of rebel groups operating in eastern Sudan along the border with Eritrea, particularly the states of Red Sea and Kassala. The Eastern Front's Chairman is Musa Mohamed Ahmed...
    
    

  Tanzania

Tanzania

The United Republic of Tanzania is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north, Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west, and Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south. The country's eastern borders lie on the Indian Ocean.Tanzania is a state...

• 
  Zanzibar
  Zanzibar
  Zanzibar ,Persian: زنگبار, from suffix bār: "coast" and Zangi: "bruin" ; is a semi-autonomous part of Tanzania, in East Africa. It comprises the Zanzibar Archipelago in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of the mainland, and consists of numerous small islands and two large ones: Unguja , and Pemba...
  
   (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
  Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
  The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization , formed in 11 February 1991, in The Hague, is an international organization of political organisations and governments representing self-proclaimed "indigenous peoples, minorities, and unrecognised or occupied territories". The organization...
  
  )
  • Political party: Civic United Front
    Civic United Front
    The Civic United Front is a liberal party in Tanzania. Although nationally-based, most of the CUF's support comes from the Zanzibar islands of Unguja and Pemba...
    
    

  Zambia

Zambia

Zambia , officially the Republic of Zambia, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. The neighbouring countries are the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Tanzania to the north-east, Malawi to the east, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana and Namibia to the south, and Angola to the west....

• 
  Barotse
  • Ethnic Group: Lozi
    Lozi people
    The Lozi people are an ethnic group primarily of western Zambia, inhabiting the region of Barotseland. Lozi are also found in Namibia , Angola and Botswana.-Name:...
    
    
  • Proposed state: Barotseland
    Barotseland
    Barotseland is a region in the western part of Zambia, and is the homeland of the Lozi people or Barotse who were previously known as Luyi or Aluyi. Its heartland is the Barotse Floodplain on the upper Zambezi River, also known as Bulozi or Lyondo, but it includes the surrounding higher ground of...
    
    
  • Militant organization: Barotse Patriotic Front