Government in exile
Encyclopedia
A government in exile is a political group that claims to be a country's legitimate government, but for various reasons is unable to exercise its legal power, and instead resides in a foreign country. Governments in exile usually operate under the assumption that they will one day return to their native country and regain power. They are distinguished from rump state
s in the sense that a rump state still controls at least part of its previous territory (for example, during the First World War nearly all of Belgium
was German-occupied, but Belgium and its allies held on to a small slice in the country's west); a government in exile, conversely, has lost all its territory.
Governments in exile frequently occur during wartime occupation, and sometimes also in the aftermath of a civil war
, revolution
, military coup
, or widespread belief in the illegitimacy of a ruling government. For example, during the German expansion of the Second World War, some European governments sought refuge in the United Kingdom
rather than face destruction at the hands of Nazi Germany
. The effectiveness of a government in exile depends mainly on the support it can get from foreign governments on the one hand and from the population of its own country on the other. Some governments in exile can develop into a formidable force, posing a serious challenge to the rival in actual possession of the country, while others are mainly maintained as a symbolic gesture with little effect on the actual situation.
The phenomenon of a government in exile long predates the term. In periods of monarchial government, the usual reference was to an exile monarch or dynasty setting up an exile court - such as the House of Stuart
when driven from their throne by Cromwell
and again at the Glorious Revolution
, or the House of Bourbon
during the French Revolution
and the rule of Napoleon. With the spread of constitutional monarchy, monarchical governments in exile started to include a prime minister.
recognizes that governments in exile may undertake many types of actions in the conduct of their daily affairs. These actions include:
However, none of these actions can serve to legitimatize a government in exile to become the internationally recognized legal government of its current locality. By definition, a government in exile is spoken of in terms of its native country, hence it must return to its native country and regain power there in order to obtain legitimacy as the legal government of that geographic area.
Still, in cases where the host country holds a large expatriate population from a government-in-exile's home country, or a population ethnically originating from that country, the government-in-exile might come to exercise some governmental functions towards such a population. For example, the WWII Provisional Government of Free India
acted in this way towards the ethnically Indian population of British Malaya
, with the consent of the then Japanese military authorities.
s, and such disputed or partially in exile cases are colored accordingly. Governments in exile include:
governments/rulers who claim to still be the legitimate authority of the state they once controlled (or were elected as the legitimate government of).
or occupied
territories that have been created by governments who claim to be the legitimate authority of a territory they once controlled or claim to be the legitimate post-decolonization
authority (or were elected as the legitimate government of).
The UN
recognizes the right of self-determination for the population of these territories, including the possibility to establish an independent sovereign state
.
governments/rulers who claim to still be the legitimate authority of a territory they once controlled (or were elected as the legitimate government of) and do not claim independence as a separate state.
s and opposition parties that aspire to become the state actual governing authority or claim to be the legal successor to previously deposed government, and have been created as alternatives to the government currently in control of the territory.
s, opposition parties and separatist movements that: aspire the territory to achieve independence as a state and that they to become its governing authority; or claim to be the legal successor to previously deposed government of an independent state (subsumed into the current state controlling the territory); and have been created as alternatives to the administrative structures of the state currently in control of the territory.
in connection with World War II
:
Other exiled leaders in Britain included King Zog of Albania and Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia.
The Provisional Government of Free India
(1943–45) was established by Indian nationalists in exile during the war; unlike most other governments in exile in this war, it was allied to the Axis and claimed power over an Allied (specifically, British) territory.
(9 April 1940) was administered mainly by the German Foreign Office
, contrary to other occupied lands that were under military
or civilian administration
. Denmark
did not establish a government in exile, although there was an Association of Free Danes established in London
. King Christian X
and his government remained in Denmark
, and functioned comparatively independently for the first three years of German occupation. Meanwhile, Iceland
, Greenland
and the Faroe Islands
were occupied by the Allies, and effectively separated from the Danish crown. (See British occupation of the Faroe Islands, Iceland during World War II
, and History of Greenland during World War II
)
, Bengali nationalists and high ranking defectors from Pakistani armed and civil services formed the Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh
. The government in exile operated out of Kolkata
, India
and coordinated war efforts in East Pakistan
. Its components featured a national cabinet of political and military leaders, a secretariat composed of defecting civil servants and diplomats and a group of special envoys that included leading Bengali intellectuals.
The provisional government came to be popularly known as the Mujibnagar Government in reference to Mujibnagar
, the northwestern Bangladeshi town in which the government was established.
on August 2, 1990, Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah
and senior members of his government fled to Saudi Arabia
, where they set up a government-in-exile operating out of a luxury hotel in Dhahran
. The Kuwaiti government-in-exile was far more affluent than most other such governments, having full disposal of the very considerable Kuwaiti assets in western banks - of which it made use to conduct a massive propaganda campaign denouncing the Iraqi occupation and mobilising public opinion in the West in favor of war with Iraq. In March 1991, following the American victory in the Persian Gulf War
, the Sheikh and his government were able to return to Kuwait.
Rump state
A rump state is the remnant of a once-larger government, left with limited powers or authority after a disaster, invasion, military occupation, secession or partial overthrowing of a government. In the last case, a government stops short of going in exile because it still controls part of its...
s in the sense that a rump state still controls at least part of its previous territory (for example, during the First World War nearly all of Belgium
Belgium
Belgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO.Belgium is also a member of, or affiliated to, many...
was German-occupied, but Belgium and its allies held on to a small slice in the country's west); a government in exile, conversely, has lost all its territory.
Governments in exile frequently occur during wartime occupation, and sometimes also in the aftermath of a civil war
Civil war
A civil war is a war between organized groups within the same nation state or republic, or, less commonly, between two countries created from a formerly-united nation state....
, revolution
Revolution
A revolution is a fundamental change in power or organizational structures that takes place in a relatively short period of time.Aristotle described two types of political revolution:...
, military coup
Coup d'état
A coup d'état state, literally: strike/blow of state)—also known as a coup, putsch, and overthrow—is the sudden, extrajudicial deposition of a government, usually by a small group of the existing state establishment—typically the military—to replace the deposed government with another body; either...
, or widespread belief in the illegitimacy of a ruling government. For example, during the German expansion of the Second World War, some European governments sought refuge in the United Kingdom
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
rather than face destruction at the hands of Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany , also known as the Third Reich , but officially called German Reich from 1933 to 1943 and Greater German Reich from 26 June 1943 onward, is the name commonly used to refer to the state of Germany from 1933 to 1945, when it was a totalitarian dictatorship ruled by...
. The effectiveness of a government in exile depends mainly on the support it can get from foreign governments on the one hand and from the population of its own country on the other. Some governments in exile can develop into a formidable force, posing a serious challenge to the rival in actual possession of the country, while others are mainly maintained as a symbolic gesture with little effect on the actual situation.
The phenomenon of a government in exile long predates the term. In periods of monarchial government, the usual reference was to an exile monarch or dynasty setting up an exile court - such as the House of Stuart
House of Stuart
The House of Stuart is a European royal house. Founded by Robert II of Scotland, the Stewarts first became monarchs of the Kingdom of Scotland during the late 14th century, and subsequently held the position of the Kings of Great Britain and Ireland...
when driven from their throne by Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell was an English military and political leader who overthrew the English monarchy and temporarily turned England into a republican Commonwealth, and served as Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland....
and again at the Glorious Revolution
Glorious Revolution
The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, is the overthrow of King James II of England by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau...
, or the House of Bourbon
House of Bourbon
The House of Bourbon is a European royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty . Bourbon kings first ruled Navarre and France in the 16th century. By the 18th century, members of the Bourbon dynasty also held thrones in Spain, Naples, Sicily, and Parma...
during the French Revolution
French Revolution
The French Revolution , sometimes distinguished as the 'Great French Revolution' , was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France and Europe. The absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed in three years...
and the rule of Napoleon. With the spread of constitutional monarchy, monarchical governments in exile started to include a prime minister.
Actions of governments in exile
International lawInternational law
Public international law concerns the structure and conduct of sovereign states; analogous entities, such as the Holy See; and intergovernmental organizations. To a lesser degree, international law also may affect multinational corporations and individuals, an impact increasingly evolving beyond...
recognizes that governments in exile may undertake many types of actions in the conduct of their daily affairs. These actions include:
- becoming a party to a bilateral or international treaty
- amending or revising its own constitution
- maintaining military forces
- retaining (or "newly obtaining") diplomatic recognition by sovereign states
- issuing identity cards
- allowing the formation of new political parties
- instituting democratic reforms
- holding elections
- allowing for direct (or more broadly-based) elections of its government officers, etc.
However, none of these actions can serve to legitimatize a government in exile to become the internationally recognized legal government of its current locality. By definition, a government in exile is spoken of in terms of its native country, hence it must return to its native country and regain power there in order to obtain legitimacy as the legal government of that geographic area.
Still, in cases where the host country holds a large expatriate population from a government-in-exile's home country, or a population ethnically originating from that country, the government-in-exile might come to exercise some governmental functions towards such a population. For example, the WWII Provisional Government of Free India
Provisional Government of Free India
Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind , simply Free India or Azad Hind, was an Indian provisional government established in Singapore in 1943....
acted in this way towards the ethnically Indian population of British Malaya
British Malaya
British Malaya loosely described a set of states on the Malay Peninsula and the Island of Singapore that were brought under British control between the 18th and the 20th centuries...
, with the consent of the then Japanese military authorities.
Current governments in exile
Governments in exile often have little or no recognition from other states. Some governments have partial control over small share of their claimed territories, such as rump stateRump state
A rump state is the remnant of a once-larger government, left with limited powers or authority after a disaster, invasion, military occupation, secession or partial overthrowing of a government. In the last case, a government stops short of going in exile because it still controls part of its...
s, and such disputed or partially in exile cases are colored accordingly. Governments in exile include:
Deposed governments of current states
The list below includes governments in exile that have been created by deposedDeposition (politics)
Deposition by political means concerns the removal of a politician or monarch. It may be done by coup, impeachment, invasion or forced abdication...
governments/rulers who claim to still be the legitimate authority of the state they once controlled (or were elected as the legitimate government of).
| Name | Exile since | State controlling its claimed territory (entirely or partially) | Information | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Belarusian National RepublicBelarusian National Republic The Belarusian People's Republic was a self-declared independent Belarusian state, which declared independence in 1918. It is also called the Belarusian Democratic Republic or the Belarusian National Republic, in order to distinguish it from Communist People's Republics... |
1920 | Currently led by Ivonka Survilla Ivonka Survilla Ivonka Survilla or Surviła is the current President of the Belarusian National Republic , the Belarusian government in exile.After emigration through East Prussia, she lived in Denmark, France and Spain before moving to Canada in 1969.... in Toronto Toronto Toronto is the provincial capital of Ontario and the largest city in Canada. It is located in Southern Ontario on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario. A relatively modern city, Toronto's history dates back to the late-18th century, when its land was first purchased by the British monarchy from... , Canada Canada Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean... in a council of 14 called the Rada. See History of Belarus History of Belarus This article describes the history of Belarus. The Belarusian ethnos is traced at least as far in time as other East Slavs.After an initial period of independent feudal consolidation, Belarusian lands were incorporated into the Kingdom of Lithuania, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and later in the... |
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 National Coalition Government of the Union of BurmaNational Coalition Government of the Union of Burma The National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma is an administration claimed to be the government in exile of Burma. It has its headquarters in Rockville, Maryland, United States... |
1990 | Currently led by Sein Win Sein Win Dr. Sein Win is Chairman of National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma, a "government in exile". And they made him Unofficial Prime Minister of the Union of Burma, elected by the 1990 People's Assembly known as the National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma – a... . It is composed of members of parliament elected in 1990 but not allowed by the military to take office. It is based in Rockville, Maryland Rockville, Maryland Rockville is the county seat of Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. It is a major incorporated city in the central part of Montgomery County and forms part of the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area. The 2010 U.S... , U.S.A. |
||
| Monarchy of Iran Pahlavi dynasty The Pahlavi dynasty consisted of two Iranian/Persian monarchs, father and son Reza Shah Pahlavi and Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi The Pahlavi dynasty consisted of two Iranian/Persian monarchs, father and son Reza Shah Pahlavi (reg. 1925–1941) and Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi The Pahlavi dynasty ... |
1979 | The Monarchy of Iran Pahlavi dynasty The Pahlavi dynasty consisted of two Iranian/Persian monarchs, father and son Reza Shah Pahlavi and Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi The Pahlavi dynasty consisted of two Iranian/Persian monarchs, father and son Reza Shah Pahlavi (reg. 1925–1941) and Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi The Pahlavi dynasty ... , led by Reza Pahlavi Reza Pahlavi Reza Pahlavi may refer to:*Reza Shah , aka Reza Shah Pahlavi, Shah of Persia from 1925 until 1935 and Shah of Iran from 1935 until 1941* Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , Shah of Iran from 1941 to 1979, son of Reza Shah... and living in Potomac, Maryland Potomac, Maryland Potomac is a census-designated place in Montgomery County, Maryland, United States, named for the nearby Potomac River. The population was 44,822 at the 2000 census. The Potomac area is known for its very affluent and highly-educated residents. In 2009 CNNMoney.com listed Potomac as the fourth... , U.S.A. |
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 Monarchy of LaosRoyal Lao Government in Exile The Royal Lao Government in Exile is a Lao Government in Exile in opposition to the Lao People's Democratic Republic. Its goal is to "institute in Laos a true democracy, one which will ensure freedom, justice, peace and prosperity for all Lao people." It is chaired by His Excellency Khamphoui... |
1975 | The Royal Lao Government in Exile Royal Lao Government in Exile The Royal Lao Government in Exile is a Lao Government in Exile in opposition to the Lao People's Democratic Republic. Its goal is to "institute in Laos a true democracy, one which will ensure freedom, justice, peace and prosperity for all Lao people." It is chaired by His Excellency Khamphoui... , the former government of the Kingdom of Laos Kingdom of Laos The Kingdom of Laos was a sovereign state from 1953 until December 1975, when Pathet Lao overthrew the government and created the Lao People's Democratic Republic. Given self-rule in 1949 as part of a federation with the rest of French Indochina, the 1953 Franco-Lao Treaty finally established a... . It is based in Paris, France. |
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 Republic of China(Disputed due mainly to the controversial political status of Taiwan Political status of Taiwan The controversy regarding the political status of Taiwan hinges on whether Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu should remain effectively independent as territory of the Republic of China , become unified with the territories now governed by the People's Republic of China , or formally declare... ) |
1949 |  People's Republic of China Republic of China itself Japan Mongolia Russia |
The Republic of China (ROC) is the state which governs Taiwan Taiwan Taiwan , also known, especially in the past, as Formosa , is the largest island of the same-named island group of East Asia in the western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. The island forms over 99% of the current territory of the Republic of China following... and some of its surrounding islands. Whether it is a government in exile or not is disputed. Proponents reason that because Taiwan Taiwan Taiwan , also known, especially in the past, as Formosa , is the largest island of the same-named island group of East Asia in the western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. The island forms over 99% of the current territory of the Republic of China following... is not a part of the ROC, the ROC is located in foreign territory therefore effectively a government-in-exile. Opponents claim the opposite, arguing that Taiwan is indeed a part of the ROC and the government is still located in its own territory, therefore it is not a government-in-exile but a rump state Rump state A rump state is the remnant of a once-larger government, left with limited powers or authority after a disaster, invasion, military occupation, secession or partial overthrowing of a government. In the last case, a government stops short of going in exile because it still controls part of its... . For further information, see political status of Taiwan Political status of Taiwan The controversy regarding the political status of Taiwan hinges on whether Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu should remain effectively independent as territory of the Republic of China , become unified with the territories now governed by the People's Republic of China , or formally declare... and Legal status of Taiwan Legal status of Taiwan The legal status of Republic of China is a controversial issue which stems from the complex post-Second World War history of Taiwan. Various claims have been made by the People's Republic of China , the Republic of China , and supporters of Taiwan independence over this question, with a variety of... . |
Exiled governments of non-self-governing or occupied territories
The list below includes governments in exile of non-self-governingSelf-governance
Self-governance is an abstract concept that refers to several scales of organization.It may refer to personal conduct or family units but more commonly refers to larger scale activities, i.e., professions, industry bodies, religions and political units , up to and including autonomous regions and...
or occupied
Military occupation
Military occupation occurs when the control and authority over a territory passes to a hostile army. The territory then becomes occupied territory.-Military occupation and the laws of war:...
territories that have been created by governments who claim to be the legitimate authority of a territory they once controlled or claim to be the legitimate post-decolonization
Decolonization
Decolonization refers to the undoing of colonialism, the unequal relation of polities whereby one people or nation establishes and maintains dependent Territory over another...
authority (or were elected as the legitimate government of).
The UN
United Nations
The United Nations is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace...
recognizes the right of self-determination for the population of these territories, including the possibility to establish an independent sovereign state
Sovereign state
A sovereign state, or simply, state, is a state with a defined territory on which it exercises internal and external sovereignty, a permanent population, a government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other sovereign states. It is also normally understood to be a state which is neither...
.
| Name | Exile since | State controlling its claimed territory (entirely or partially) | Information | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic |
1976 | Sahrawi Republic itself |
Is headquartered in the Tindouf Tindouf Tindouf is the main town in Tindouf Province, Algeria, close to the Mauritanian and Moroccan borders. The region is considered of strategic significance, and it houses Algerian military bases. Since 1975, it also contains several Sahrawi refugee camps operated by the Polisario Front a guerrilla... region in Algeria Algeria Algeria , officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria , also formally referred to as the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of Northwest Africa with Algiers as its capital.In terms of land area, it is the largest country in Africa and the Arab... but controlling what it calls the "Free Zone" in the eastern part of Western Sahara. Claims de jure sovereignty over the entire territory of Western Sahara. |
|
 State of PalestineState of Palestine Palestine , officially declared as the State of Palestine , is a state that was proclaimed in exile in Algiers on 15 November 1988, when the Palestine Liberation Organization's National Council adopted the unilateral Palestinian Declaration of Independence... |
1988 | Unilaterally declared Palestinian Declaration of Independence The Palestinian Declaration of Independence is a statement written by Palestinian poet Mahmoud Darwish and proclaimed by Yasser Arafat on 15 November 1988. It had previously been adopted by the Palestinian National Council, the legislative body of the Palestine Liberation Organization , by a vote... in exile in Algiers Algiers ' is the capital and largest city of Algeria. According to the 1998 census, the population of the city proper was 1,519,570 and that of the urban agglomeration was 2,135,630. In 2009, the population was about 3,500,000... by the Palestine Liberation Organization Palestine Liberation Organization The Palestine Liberation Organization is a political and paramilitary organization which was created in 1964. It is recognized as the "sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people" by the United Nations and over 100 states with which it holds diplomatic relations, and has enjoyed... that later established the Palestinian National Authority Palestinian National Authority The Palestinian Authority is the administrative organization established to govern parts of the West Bank and Gaza Strip... interim territorial Palestinian territories The Palestinian territories comprise the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Since the Palestinian Declaration of Independence in 1988, the region is today recognized by three-quarters of the world's countries as the State of Palestine or simply Palestine, although this status is not recognized by the... administration as result of the Oslo Accords Oslo Accords The Oslo Accords, officially called the Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements or Declaration of Principles , was an attempt to resolve the ongoing Palestinian-Israeli conflict... signed by the PLO itself, Israel Israel The State of Israel is a parliamentary republic located in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea... , United States United States The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district... and Russia Russia Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects... . Currently ultimate control over all of the claimed territories is still exercised by Israel, but it allows the PNA to execute some functions there, depending on special area classification Administrative divisions of the Oslo Accords The Oslo Accords created three temporary distinct administrative divisions in the West Bank and Gaza Strip until a final status accord would be established... . The members of the institutions of the State of Palestine meet inside its claimed territory without having control over any part of it. |
Exiled governments with ambiguous claims
The list below consists of governments with some historical tie to the area they claim to represent, but whose claimed status and/or stated aims are sufficiently ambiguous that they could fit into multiple other categories.| Name | Exile | Current control of claimed territory | Information | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| by | as | ||||
 Central Tibetan AdministrationCentral Tibetan Administration The Central Tibetan Administration , is an organisation based in India with the stated goals of "rehabilitating Tibetan refugees and restoring freedom and happiness in Tibet". It was established by the 14th Dalai Lama in 1959 shortly after his exile from Tibet... |
1959 | People's Republic of China |
province-level region | Prior to 1951, the Tibetan government of the Dalai Lama Dalai Lama The Dalai Lama is a high lama in the Gelug or "Yellow Hat" branch of Tibetan Buddhism. The name is a combination of the Mongolian word далай meaning "Ocean" and the Tibetan word bla-ma meaning "teacher"... s considered itself to be an independent state, although this was not formally recognized by any other state. Following a short military confrontation with the recently-founded People's Republic of China People's Republic of China China , officially the People's Republic of China , is the most populous country in the world, with over 1.3 billion citizens. Located in East Asia, the country covers approximately 9.6 million square kilometres... , the 14th Dalai Lama 14th Dalai Lama The 14th Dalai Lama is the 14th and current Dalai Lama. Dalai Lamas are the most influential figures in the Gelugpa lineage of Tibetan Buddhism, although the 14th has consolidated control over the other lineages in recent years... and the Tibetan government accepted an agreement Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet The Agreement of the Central People's Government and the Local Government of Tibet on Measures for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet, or the Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet for short, is the document by which the delegates of the 14th Dalai Lama allegedly reached an... which made them a local government subordinate to the PRC. Complex political developments and public reactions during the 1950s culminated in an uprising in the Tibetan capital in 1959. The Dalai Lama fled into exile in India and the PRC declared the Tibetan government abolished. However, the Dalai Lama and a number of supporters announced that it would continue in exile. This organisation, known formally as the Central Tibetan Administration and based in Dharamsala Dharamsala Dharamshala or Dharamsala is a city in northern India. It was formerly known as Bhagsu; it is the winter seat of government of the state of Himachal Pradesh and the district headquarters of the Kangra district.... , India India India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world... , claims to represent the people of Tibet. They have repudiated the 1951 agreement that made them subordinate to China as illegal and invalid, but since at least 1987, they have advocated that Tibet become an autonomous democratic area within the People's Republic of China. The Dalai Lama has also stated that the Central Tibetan Administration will be disbanded prior to elections when a democratic Tibet is achieved, meaning that the CTA no longer has the goal of returning to govern Tibet itself. |
|
 Islamic Emirate of AfghanistanIslamic Emirate of Afghanistan The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan was founded in 1996 when the Taliban began their rule of Afghanistan and ended with their fall from power in 2001... |
2001 |  Islamic Republic of Afghanistan |
As part of the Afghan civil war the Taliban gained control over most of Afghanistan, but in 2001 were expelled from power. | http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/world/asia/21quetta.html?_r=1&pagewanted=print, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/mar/19/talibanization-spreads-to-southwest-pakistan/?page=2, http://www.understandingwar.org/files/The_Talibans_Campaign_For_Kandahar.pdf | |
Deposed governments of subnational territories
The list below includes subnational governments in exile (of autonomous territories of a state) that have been created by deposedDeposition (politics)
Deposition by political means concerns the removal of a politician or monarch. It may be done by coup, impeachment, invasion or forced abdication...
governments/rulers who claim to still be the legitimate authority of a territory they once controlled (or were elected as the legitimate government of) and do not claim independence as a separate state.
| Name | Exile | Current control of claimed territory | Information | References | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| since | as | by | as | |||
 Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia |
1993 | autonomous republic |  Republic of AbkhaziaGovernment of the Republic of Abkhazia The Government of the Republic of Abkhazia is the de facto political leadership of the partially recognised Republic of Abkhazia.-Executive branch:... |
independent state | A Georgia (country)n provincial government whose territory is under the control of Abkhaz separatists. It is led by Giorgi Baramia Giorgi Baramia Giorgi Baramia is a Georgian diplomat and the chairman of the Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia since June 2009.... . |
|
 Azerbaijani Community of Nagorno-KarabakhAzerbaijani Community of Nagorno-Karabakh The Azerbaijani Community of Nagorno-Karabakh , also known as the Azerbaijani Community of Nagorno-Karabakh Social Union, Azerbaijani Community of Nagorno-Karabakh in exile is a social union representing the Azerbaijani community of Nagorno Karabakh, in exile since May 1994.-History:The... |
1994 | social community NGO |  Nagorno-Karabakh RepublicNagorno-Karabakh Republic The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic , or Artsakh Republic is a de facto independent republic located in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia... |
independent state | A Azerbaijani provincial administration whose territory is under the occupation by Armenian separatists. It is led by Bayram Safarov Bayram Safarov Bayram Safarov is an Azerbaijani politician who is serving as the Head of the Executive Power of Shusha and the Chairman of the Azerbaijani Community of Nagorno-Karabakh in Exile.-Early life:... . |
|
 Provisional Administration of South Ossetia |
2008 | provisional administrative entity | Republic of South Ossetia Government of South Ossetia The Government of the Republic of South Ossetia is the political leadership of the only partially recognized, but de facto independent, Republic of South Ossetia.-Executive branch:... |
independent state | A Georgia (country)n provincial administration whose territory is under the control of South Ossetian separatists. It is led by Dmitry Sanakoyev Dmitry Sanakoyev Dmitry Ivanovich Sanakoyev is a South Ossetian and Georgian politician, a former official in the secessionist government of South Ossetia and currently Head of the Provisional Administration of South Ossetia, a rival entity established in 2007 in the Georgian-controlled territories of this... . |
|
Alternative governments of current states
The list below consists of governments that have been created in exile by political organisationPolitical organisation
A political organization is an organization that involves itself in the political process. In a broader sense, a political organization can also be viewed as a political system, as long as it includes the entire system and body of government...
s and opposition parties that aspire to become the state actual governing authority or claim to be the legal successor to previously deposed government, and have been created as alternatives to the government currently in control of the territory.
| Name | Claimed exile (deposition) | Exile proclamation | Note | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Progress Party of Equatorial GuineaProgress Party of Equatorial Guinea The Progress Party of Equatorial Guinea is a pro-market, pro-democracy political party in Equatorial Guinea. It was founded shortly after the legalization of political parties in the early 1990s after a long period of highly authoritarian military rule.... |
— | 2003 | The Progress Party of Equatorial Guinea Progress Party of Equatorial Guinea The Progress Party of Equatorial Guinea is a pro-market, pro-democracy political party in Equatorial Guinea. It was founded shortly after the legalization of political parties in the early 1990s after a long period of highly authoritarian military rule.... proclaimed Severo Moto Severo Moto Nsá Severo Matías Moto Nsá , known as Severo Moto, is the most notable opposition politician in Equatorial Guinea, and leader of the Progress Party of Equatorial Guinea. He lives in Spain where he has established a government in exile, to the annoyance of President Teodoro Obiang Nguema.Born at Acock... "President of Equatorial Guinea" in Madrid Madrid Madrid is the capital and largest city of Spain. The population of the city is roughly 3.3 million and the entire population of the Madrid metropolitan area is calculated to be 6.271 million. It is the third largest city in the European Union, after London and Berlin, and its metropolitan... , Spain Spain Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula... . |
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 Crown Council of EthiopiaCrown Council of Ethiopia The Crown Council of Ethiopia was the constitutional body which advised the reigning emperors of Ethiopia and acted on behalf of the Crown. The council’s members were appointed by the emperor.... |
1974 | 1993 | The Crown Council of Ethiopia Crown Council of Ethiopia The Crown Council of Ethiopia was the constitutional body which advised the reigning emperors of Ethiopia and acted on behalf of the Crown. The council’s members were appointed by the emperor.... , led by H.I.H Prince Ermias Sahle Selassie Ermias Sahle Selassie Prince Ermias Sahle Selassie is the only son of Prince Sahle Selassie of Ethiopia and Princess Mahisente Habte Mariam. He is the grandson of Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia, and also of Dejazmach Habte Mariam Gebre Igziabiher, the heir to the former Welega kingdom of Leqa Naqamte.Prince Ermias... and based in the Washington D.C. area, U.S.A., claims that the Emperor is still the legal head of Ethiopia Ethiopia Ethiopia , officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is the second-most populous nation in Africa, with over 82 million inhabitants, and the tenth-largest by area, occupying 1,100,000 km2... . |
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 National Council of Resistance of IranNational Council of Resistance of Iran The National Council of Resistance of Iran , founded in 1981 in France, is the parliament in exile of the "Iranian Resistance", and is a political umbrella coalition of five Iranian opposition political organizations, the largest organization being the People's Mujahedin of Iran.The President-elect... |
— | 1981 | Political umbrella coalition of five Iranian opposition political organizations, the largest organization being the People's Mujahedin of Iran People's Mujahedin of Iran The People's Mujahedin of Iran is a terrorist militant organization that advocates the overthrow of the Islamic Republic of Iran.... led by Maryam Maryam Rajavi Maryam Rajavi is an Iranian politician who is President elect of National Council of Resistance of Iran, a front group for People's Mujahedin of Iran, since 1993. She is the wife of Massoud Rajavi, a founder of the People's Mujahedin of Iran... and Massoud Rajavi Massoud Rajavi Massoud Rajavi , is the president of the National Council of Resistance of Iran and the leader of People's Mujahedin of Iran , an opposition organization active inside and outside of Iran. After leaving Iran in 1981, he resided in France and Iraq... . Based in Paris Paris Paris is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region... , France France The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France... . |
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 Government of Free VietnamGovernment of Free Vietnam Provisional Government of Free Vietnam is a paramilitary political organization headquartered in Garden Grove, California and Missouri City, Texas... |
1975 | 1995 | Based in Garden Grove, California Garden Grove, California Garden Grove is a city located in northern Orange County, California. The population was 170,883 at the 2010 census. State Route 22, also known as the Garden Grove Freeway, passes through the city running east-west. The city is known outside the Southern California area for being the home of Robert H... and Missouri City, Texas Missouri City, Texas Missouri City is a city located in the U.S. state of Texas within the metropolitan area. The city is mostly in Fort Bend County with a small portion within Harris County. As of the 2000 U.S... , USA. Since 1995, has claimed to be a continuation of the Republic of Vietnam South Vietnam South Vietnam was a state which governed southern Vietnam until 1975. It received international recognition in 1950 as the "State of Vietnam" and later as the "Republic of Vietnam" . Its capital was Saigon... |
Alternative separatist governments of current subnational territories
The list below consists of governments that have been created in exile by political organisationPolitical organisation
A political organization is an organization that involves itself in the political process. In a broader sense, a political organization can also be viewed as a political system, as long as it includes the entire system and body of government...
s, opposition parties and separatist movements that: aspire the territory to achieve independence as a state and that they to become its governing authority; or claim to be the legal successor to previously deposed government of an independent state (subsumed into the current state controlling the territory); and have been created as alternatives to the administrative structures of the state currently in control of the territory.
| Name | Claimed exile (deposition) | Exile proclamation | State controlling its claimed territory | Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
1950 | 1950 | The Republic of the South Moluccas, from the South Moluccas Maluku Islands The Maluku Islands are an archipelago that is part of Indonesia, and part of the larger Maritime Southeast Asia region. Tectonically they are located on the Halmahera Plate within the Molucca Sea Collision Zone... , Indonesia Indonesia Indonesia , officially the Republic of Indonesia , is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 13,000 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an... , have been exiled in the Netherlands Netherlands The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders... since 1950. |
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| West Papuan government in exile | 1963 | 1969 | Based in the Netherlands Netherlands The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders... and campaigns for an independent West Papua. |
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| 1970 | 2007 | Seeking to reestablish the Republic of Biafra Biafra Biafra, officially the Republic of Biafra, was a secessionist state in south-eastern Nigeria that existed from 30 May 1967 to 15 January 1970, taking its name from the Bight of Biafra . The inhabitants were mostly the Igbo people who led the secession due to economic, ethnic, cultural and religious... . Declared independence on August 28, 2007. It is based in Washington, DC, United States United States The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district... . An arm of the Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra The Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra is a secessionist movement with the aim of securing the resurgence of the defunct state of Biafra from Nigeria... {a second arm of the MASSOB is the Biafra Shadow Government} |
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 Republic of CabindaRepublic of Cabinda The Republic of Cabinda also called Republique du Kabinda is the self-proclaimed, unrecognized government led by FLEC-FAC who claims sovereignty over the Angolan Cabinda Province as an independent country... |
1975 | 1975 | Based in Kinshasa Kinshasa Kinshasa is the capital and largest city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The city is located on the Congo River.... , the Cabinda Cabinda (province) Cabinda is an exclave and province of Angola, a status that has been disputed by many political organizations in the territory. The capital city is also called Cabinda. The province is divided into four municipalities - Belize, Buco Zau, Cabinda and Cacongo.Modern Cabinda is the result of a fusion... was invaded by Angola Angola Angola, officially the Republic of Angola , is a country in south-central Africa bordered by Namibia on the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the north, and Zambia on the east; its west coast is on the Atlantic Ocean with Luanda as its capital city... in the year 1975. Cabinda had been a Portuguese protectorate, while Angola Angola Angola, officially the Republic of Angola , is a country in south-central Africa bordered by Namibia on the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the north, and Zambia on the east; its west coast is on the Atlantic Ocean with Luanda as its capital city... had been a colony. |
|
 Chechen Republic of Ichkeria |
2000 | 2000 | Russia |
The government is largely based in Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe is a loose term for the collection of countries in the western most region of the European continents, though this definition is context-dependent and carries cultural and political connotations. One definition describes Western Europe as a geographic entity—the region lying in the... and the United States United States The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district... . Its leaders are based in London London London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its... the United Kingdom United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages... . Some members are fighting in the rebel movement against the Russian Army Russian Ground Forces The Russian Ground Forces are the land forces of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, formed from parts of the collapsing Soviet Army in 1992. The formation of these forces posed economic challenges after the collapse of the Soviet Union, and required reforms to professionalize the force... . There is a contested claim that it has been succeeded by the Caucasus Emirate Caucasus Emirate The Caucasus Emirate also known as the Caucasian Emirate is a self-proclaimed virtual state entity, partially successor to the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and was officially announced on October 31, 2007 by former President of Ichkeria Dokka Umarov, who became the first Emir... . |
 Republic of Serbian Krajina |
1996 | 2005 | Reconstituted on 26 February 2005 in Belgrade Belgrade Belgrade is the capital and largest city of Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers, where the Pannonian Plain meets the Balkans. According to official results of Census 2011, the city has a population of 1,639,121. It is one of the 15 largest cities in Europe... , Serbia Serbia Serbia , officially the Republic of Serbia , is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, covering the southern part of the Carpathian basin and the central part of the Balkans... by the remains of the Government of the Republic of Serbian Krajina Republic of Serbian Krajina The Republic of Serbian Krajina was a self-proclaimed Serb entity within Croatia. Established in 1991, it was not recognized internationally. It formally existed from 1991 to 1995, having been initiated a year earlier via smaller separatist regions. The name Krajina means "frontier"... after Croatian forces pushed out the internationally unrecognized entity in 1995 during Operation Storm Operation Storm Operation Storm is the code name given to a large-scale military operation carried out by Croatian Armed Forces, in conjunction with the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, to gain back control of parts of Croatia which had been claimed by separatist ethnic Serbs, since early... at the end of the Croatian War of Independence Croatian War of Independence The Croatian War of Independence was fought from 1991 to 1995 between forces loyal to the government of Croatia—which had declared independence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia —and the Serb-controlled Yugoslav People's Army and local Serb forces, with the JNA ending its combat... . |
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| Republic of Ambazonia Ambazonia The name Ambazonia or Ambazania refers to two separate entities. One pertains to an advocacy group struggling for the total restoration of the statehood of the Crown Colony formerly known as the British Southern Cameroons... |
— | 1999/2004 | Former British Mandate territory of Southern Cameroons. Declared independence on December 31, 1999. | |
 Western Kurdistan Government in ExileKurds in Syria Kurds are the largest ethnic minority in Syria making up 10% of the country's population. Most of them are Sunni Muslims; there are also Yazidi and Yarsan Kurds in Syria and small numbers of Christians and Alawis. They face routine discrimination and harassment by the Syrian... |
— | 2004 | Aims to create a Kurdish state in Syria; based in London London London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its... , UK. |
|
 Government in Exile of the East Turkestan Republic |
— | 2004 | People's Republic of China |
Seeking independence for Xinjiang Xinjiang Xinjiang is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. It is the largest Chinese administrative division and spans over 1.6 million km2... , as "East Turkestan" East Turkestan independence movement The East Turkestan independence movement is a broad term that refers to advocates of an independent, self-governing East Turkestan in the region now known as Xinjiang, an autonomous region in the People's Republic of China.-Historical background:... from the People's Republic of China People's Republic of China China , officially the People's Republic of China , is the most populous country in the world, with over 1.3 billion citizens. Located in East Asia, the country covers approximately 9.6 million square kilometres... . It is based in Washington D.C. in the United States United States The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district... |
 |
— | 2005 | Aims to set up an independent state for the Shan ethnic group in territory controlled by Myanmar. |
Past governments in exile
| Name | Exiled/ Created(*) since |
Defunct/ Reestablished(*)/ Integrated(°) since |
State controlling its claimed territory | Information | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Privy Council of England |
1649 | 1660* |  Commonwealth of EnglandCommonwealth of England The Commonwealth of England was the republic which ruled first England, and then Ireland and Scotland from 1649 to 1660. Between 1653–1659 it was known as the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland... (1649—1653) .svg.png) Commonwealth of England, Scotland and IrelandThe Protectorate In British history, the Protectorate was the period 1653–1659 during which the Commonwealth of England was governed by a Lord Protector.-Background:... (1653—1659) Commonwealth of EnglandCommonwealth of England The Commonwealth of England was the republic which ruled first England, and then Ireland and Scotland from 1649 to 1660. Between 1653–1659 it was known as the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland... (1659—1660) |
Between 1649 and 1660, the Privy Council of England, which was based for most of the Interregnum in the Spanish Netherlands and headed by Charles II Charles II of England Charles II was monarch of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland.Charles II's father, King Charles I, was executed at Whitehall on 30 January 1649, at the climax of the English Civil War... , actively supported Charles' claim the thrones of England Kingdom of England The Kingdom of England was, from 927 to 1707, a sovereign state to the northwest of continental Europe. At its height, the Kingdom of England spanned the southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain and several smaller outlying islands; what today comprises the legal jurisdiction of England... , Scotland Kingdom of Scotland The Kingdom of Scotland was a Sovereign state in North-West Europe that existed from 843 until 1707. It occupied the northern third of the island of Great Britain and shared a land border to the south with the Kingdom of England... and Ireland Kingdom of Ireland The Kingdom of Ireland refers to the country of Ireland in the period between the proclamation of Henry VIII as King of Ireland by the Crown of Ireland Act 1542 and the Act of Union in 1800. It replaced the Lordship of Ireland, which had been created in 1171... . The Privy Council of Scotland Privy Council of Scotland The Privy Council of Scotland was a body that advised the King.In the range of its functions the council was often more important than the Estates in the running the country. Its registers include a wide range of material on the political, administrative, economic and social affairs of Scotland... and Privy Council of Ireland Privy Council of Ireland The Privy Council of Ireland was an institution of the Kingdom of Ireland until 31 December 1800 and of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 1801-1922... were not active during this period. In 1660, Charles relocated to the Dutch Republic Dutch Republic The Dutch Republic — officially known as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands , the Republic of the United Netherlands, or the Republic of the Seven United Provinces — was a republic in Europe existing from 1581 to 1795, preceding the Batavian Republic and ultimately... to issue the Declaration of Breda Declaration of Breda The Declaration of Breda was a proclamation by Charles II of England in which he promised a general pardon for crimes committed during the English Civil War and the Interregnum for all those who recognised Charles as the lawful king; the retention by the current owners of property purchased during... , as it was not felt fitting that a prospective King of England should address his subjects from enemy territory. Later that same year, Charles was restored as monarch. |
|
 Bangladesh |
1971* | 1972° |  Pakistan |
The Bangladesh Government in exile was based in Kolkata Kolkata Kolkata , formerly known as Calcutta, is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. Located on the east bank of the Hooghly River, it was the commercial capital of East India... , India India India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world... , led by the arrested Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was a Bengali nationalist politician and the founder of Bangladesh. He headed the Awami League, served as the first President of Bangladesh and later became its Prime Minister. He headed the Awami League, served as the first President of Bangladesh and later became its... as the President, after Pakistan attacked its eastern wing (then East Pakistan East Pakistan East Pakistan was a provincial state of Pakistan established in 14 August 1947. The provincial state existed until its declaration of independence on 26 March 1971 as the independent nation of Bangladesh. Pakistan recognized the new nation on 16 December 1971. East Pakistan was created from Bengal... ) on March 25, 1971, following a popular uprising. The East reacted by declaring independence and a full-scale war against Pakistan on March 26, 1971, and formed the said government on April 10, 1971. The East subsequently won the war on December 16, 1971, formed a sovereign state of Bangladesh, and the government dissolved on January 12, 1972, following Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was a Bengali nationalist politician and the founder of Bangladesh. He headed the Awami League, served as the first President of Bangladesh and later became its Prime Minister. He headed the Awami League, served as the first President of Bangladesh and later became its... 's return from Pakistani prison, who then became President of the Government of Bangladesh. |
|
 Belgium |
1940 | 1944* | The Government of Belgium in Exile Pierlot IV Government The Pierlot IV Government, also known as the Pierlot Government in London, was the government in exile of Belgium from May 1940 until 1944, during the Nazi occupation of Belgium. The government was led by Hubert Pierlot.... was based in London London London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its... led by Hubert Pierlot Hubert Pierlot Hubert Marie Eugène, Count Pierlot was a Belgian Walloon politician and jurist, the 32nd Prime Minister of Belgium between 1939 and 1945 .-Biography:He was a representative of the Catholic Party Hubert Marie Eugène, Count Pierlot (23 December 1883, Cugnon (Bertrix) – 13 December 1963, Uccle)... following a serious conflict with the Belgian King Leopold III Leopold III of Belgium Leopold III reigned as King of the Belgians from 1934 until 1951, when he abdicated in favour of the Heir Apparent,... . |
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 Dutch Republic |
1795 | 1814° |  Batavian Republic |
The Government of the Dutch Republic in Exile Government of the Dutch Republic in exile The Government of the Dutch Republic spent nearly twenty years in exile in London between 1795 and 1814 in opposition successively to the French-backed governments of the Netherlands, initially the Batavian Republic up to 1806 and from then on the Kingdom of Holland. It was led first by the... was based in London London London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its... led by William V, Prince of Orange William V, Prince of Orange William V , Prince of Orange-Nassau was the last Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic, and between 1795 and 1806 he led the Government of the Dutch Republic in Exile in London. He was succeeded by his son William I... following a French Invasion. Ultimately they returned to create the Kingdom of the Netherlands Kingdom of the Netherlands The Kingdom of the Netherlands is a sovereign state and constitutional monarchy with territory in Western Europe and in the Caribbean. The four parts of the Kingdom—Aruba, Curaçao, the Netherlands, and Sint Maarten—are referred to as "countries", and participate on a basis of equality... in 1815. |
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 Provisional Government of the Republic of KoreaProvisional Government of the Republic of Korea The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was the partially recognised government in exile of Korea, based in Shanghai, China, and later in Chongqing, during the Colonial Korea.-History:... |
1919* | 1948° |  Empire of Japan |
The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was the partially recognised government in exile of Korea, based in Shanghai, China, and later in Chongqing, during the Colonial Korea.-History:... , based in Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai is the largest city by population in China and the largest city proper in the world. It is one of the four province-level municipalities in the People's Republic of China, with a total population of over 23 million as of 2010... , China and later in Chongqing Chongqing Chongqing is a major city in Southwest China and one of the five national central cities of China. Administratively, it is one of the PRC's four direct-controlled municipalities , and the only such municipality in inland China.The municipality was created on 14 March 1997, succeeding the... . It was created in 1919 after March 1st Movement March 1st Movement The March 1st Movement, or Samil Movement, was one of the earliest public displays of Korean resistance during the occupation of the Korean Empire by Japan. The name refers to an event that occurred on March 1, 1919, hence the movement's name, literally meaning "Three-One Movement" or "March First... . After Japan’s defeat in World War II World War II World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis... President Syngman Rhee Syngman Rhee Syngman Rhee or Yi Seungman was the first president of South Korea. His presidency, from August 1948 to April 1960, remains controversial, affected by Cold War tensions on the Korean peninsula and elsewhere. Rhee was regarded as an anti-Communist and a strongman, and he led South Korea through the... became the first president of the First Republic of South Korea First Republic of South Korea The First Republic of South Korea was South Korea's first independent government, ruling the country from 1948 to 1960. It succeeded USAMGIK, the United States military government, which ruled the area from 1945 to 1948. The First Republic was established on August 15, 1948, with Syngman Rhee as... |
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 Provisional Government of the Algerian RepublicProvisional Government of the Algerian Republic The Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic was the government-in-exile of the Algerian Front de Libération Nationale during the latter part of the Algerian War of Independence .- Creation and purpose :The GPRA was set up in Cairo, Egypt, by the FLN on September 19, 1958, four years... |
1958* | 1962* |  French AlgeriaFrench Algeria French Algeria lasted from 1830 to 1962, under a variety of governmental systems. From 1848 until independence, the whole Mediterranean region of Algeria was administered as an integral part of France, much like Corsica and Réunion are to this day. The vast arid interior of Algeria, like the rest... (France France The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France... ) |
The Gouvernement Provisoire de la République Algérienne (GPRA) was the government-in-exile of the Algerian Front de Libération Nationale National Liberation Front (Algeria) The National Liberation Front is a socialist political party in Algeria. It was set up on November 1, 1954 as a merger of other smaller groups, to obtain independence for Algeria from France.- Anticolonial struggle :... (FLN) during the latter part of the Algerian War of Independence Algerian War of Independence The Algerian War was a conflict between France and Algerian independence movements from 1954 to 1962, which led to Algeria's gaining its independence from France... (1954–62). After the war the government in exile clashed with forces loyal to the FLN's Armée de Libération Nationale Armée de Libération Nationale The Armée de Libération Nationale or ALN was the armed wing of the nationalist Front de Libération National during the Algerian War of Independence... , which ended in a compromise agreement to dissolve the GPRA but to allow most of its members to enter the post-independence government. |
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 Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile The Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile was a government-in-exile led by the National Liberation Front of Angola , based in Kinshasa, Congo-Kinshasa. Holden Roberto was the president of GRAE. GRAE was founded in April 1962... |
1962* | 1992° |  Republic of Angola |
The Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile The Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile was a government-in-exile led by the National Liberation Front of Angola , based in Kinshasa, Congo-Kinshasa. Holden Roberto was the president of GRAE. GRAE was founded in April 1962... , was founded in 1962 and based in Kinshasa Kinshasa Kinshasa is the capital and largest city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The city is located on the Congo River.... , Congo-Kinshasa. The military branch known as the National Liberation Front of Angola National Liberation Front of Angola The National Front for the Liberation of Angola was a militant organization that fought for Angolan independence from Portugal in the war of independence under the leadership of Holden Roberto. The FNLA became a political party in 1992.... was recognized as a political party in 1992 and holds three seats in Angola’s parliament National Assembly of Angola The National Assembly is the legislative branch of the government of Angola.The National Assembly is a unicameral body, with 220 members: 130 members elected by proportional representation and 90 members elected by provincial districts. Theoretically, the Assembly sits for a four-year term... . |
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| Namibian Government in Exile | 1966* | 1989° |  South Africa |
The SWAPO rebellion Namibian War of Independence See also South African Border War.The Namibian War of Independence, also known as the South African Border War, which lasted from 1966 to 1988, was a guerrilla war, which the nationalist South-West Africa People's Organization and others, fought against the apartheid government in South... , was based in exile in Tanzania Tanzania The United Republic of Tanzania is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north, Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west, and Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south. The country's eastern borders lie on the Indian Ocean.Tanzania is a state... and then Zambia Zambia Zambia , officially the Republic of Zambia, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. The neighbouring countries are the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Tanzania to the north-east, Malawi to the east, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana and Namibia to the south, and Angola to the west.... . It was formed after opposition to the apartheid South Africa South Africa The Republic of South Africa is a country in southern Africa. Located at the southern tip of Africa, it is divided into nine provinces, with of coastline on the Atlantic and Indian oceans... n administration over South-West Africa, which had been ruled as illegal by the United Nations in Security Council Resolution 264 United Nations Security Council Resolution 264 United Nations Security Council Resolution 264 was adopted on March 20, 1969, after a General Assembly resolution terminated the mandate of South West Africa .... . In 1990 Namibia achieved independence, with SWAPO having won the pre-independence 1989 election Namibian parliamentary election, 1989 Parliamentary elections were held in Namibia between 7 and 11 November 1989. These elections were for the Constituent Assembly of Namibia, which, upon independence in March 1990, became the National Assembly of Namibia.-Background:... . |
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| Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea The Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea was a coalition government in exile composed of three Cambodian political factions: Prince Norodom Sihanouk's Funcinpec party, the Party of Democratic Kampuchea and the Khmer People's National Liberation Front formed in 1982, broadening the de... |
1982* | 1993° | People's Republic of Kampuchea People's Republic of Kampuchea The People's Republic of Kampuchea , , was founded in Cambodia by the Salvation Front, a group of Cambodian leftists dissatisfied with the Khmer Rouge, after the overthrow of Democratic Kampuchea, Pol Pot's government... |
Established with United Nations United Nations The United Nations is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace... recognition in opposition to the Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam – sometimes spelled Viet Nam , officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam – is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea –... ese-backed government. Elections in 1993 brought the reintegration of the exiled government into the newly reconstituted Kingdom of Cambodia. |
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 Greek government in exileGreek government in exile The Greek government in exile was the official government of Greece, headed by King George II, which evacuated from Athens in April 1941, after the German invasion of the country, first to the island of Crete and then to Cairo in Egypt. Hence it is also referred to as the "Cairo Government"... |
1941* | 1944 | Hellenic State Hellenic State Hellenic State was used as the official name of the modern Greek state two times in its history:* the period of governance by Ioannis Kapodistrias in 1828–1832, when Greece was first constituted as a regular state after the Greek War of Independence * the period of Axis occupation of the country... |
Established following the Battle of Greece Battle of Greece The Battle of Greece is the common name for the invasion and conquest of Greece by Nazi Germany in April 1941. Greece was supported by British Commonwealth forces, while the Germans' Axis allies Italy and Bulgaria played secondary roles... it was the first established in Crete Crete Crete is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, and one of the thirteen administrative regions of Greece. It forms a significant part of the economy and cultural heritage of Greece while retaining its own local cultural traits... until the Battle of Crete Battle of Crete The Battle of Crete was a battle during World War II on the Greek island of Crete. It began on the morning of 20 May 1941, when Nazi Germany launched an airborne invasion of Crete under the code-name Unternehmen Merkur... when it moved to Cairo, Egypt and in opposition to the Hellenic State (1941-1944) which was Nazi puppet regime. Ended with the liberation of Greece in 1944. |
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 Estonian Government in ExileEstonian Government in Exile The Estonian Government in Exile refers to the formally declared governmental authority of the Republic of Estonia in exile, existing from 1953 until the reestablishment of Estonian sovereignty over Estonian territory in 1992... |
1953* | 1992° |  Estonian Soviet Socialist RepublicEstonian Soviet Socialist Republic The Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic , often abbreviated as Estonian SSR or ESSR, was a republic of the Soviet Union, administered by and subordinated to the Government of the Soviet Union... |
The Estonian Government in Exile Estonian Government in Exile The Estonian Government in Exile refers to the formally declared governmental authority of the Republic of Estonia in exile, existing from 1953 until the reestablishment of Estonian sovereignty over Estonian territory in 1992... was established in Sweden by several members of Otto Tief's government National Committee of the Republic of Estonia The National Committee of the Republic of Estonia was formed by the underground resistance movements in German-occupied Estonia in March 1944. By April 1944 a large number of the committee members were arrested by the German security agencies.... . No state had recognized this government. Also, it was not recognized by Estonian diplomatic legations that were seen by western countries as legal representatives of the annexed state. Alternative government was created by another group of Estonian exiled politics in the same year in Munich but soon it ceased to exist. |
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| 1939 | 1977 | The Spanish Republican government in Exile Spanish Republican government in Exile The Spanish Republican government in exile was a continuation of the government of the Second Spanish Republic, which was established in exile after the victory of Francisco Franco's forces in the Spanish Civil War in April 1939... was created after Francisco Franco Francisco Franco Francisco Franco y Bahamonde was a Spanish general, dictator and head of state of Spain from October 1936 , and de facto regent of the nominally restored Kingdom of Spain from 1947 until his death in November, 1975... 's coup d'état. Based in Mexico City Mexico City Mexico City is the Federal District , capital of Mexico and seat of the federal powers of the Mexican Union. It is a federal entity within Mexico which is not part of any one of the 31 Mexican states but belongs to the federation as a whole... from 1939 to 1946 when it was moved to Paris Paris Paris is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region... where it lasted until Franco's death. |
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.svg.png) Democratic Republic of Georgia The Democratic Republic of Georgia , 1918–1921, was the first modern establishment of a Republic of Georgia.The DRG was created after the collapse of the Russian Empire that began with the Russian Revolution of 1917... |
1921 | 1954 |  |
The Government of the Democratic Republic of Georgia in Exile Government of the Democratic Republic of Georgia in Exile The Government of the Democratic Republic of Georgia continued to function as the government in exile after the Soviet Russian Red Army invaded Georgia and the Bolsheviks took over the country early in 1921.... was formed after the Soviet invasion of Georgia of 1921 and based in Leuville-sur-Orge Leuville-sur-Orge Leuville-sur-Orge is a commune south of Paris, France. It is situated in the Essonne department in the Île-de-France region.Inhabitants of Leuville-sur-Orge are known as Leuvillois.-Geography:... , France. |
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1920 | 1992 |  Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic Second Polish RepublicSecond Polish Republic The Second Polish Republic, Second Commonwealth of Poland or interwar Poland refers to Poland between the two world wars; a period in Polish history in which Poland was restored as an independent state. Officially known as the Republic of Poland or the Commonwealth of Poland , the Polish state was...  Czechoslovak RepublicCzechoslovak Republic (1918–1938) The First Czechoslovak Republic , refers to the first Czechoslovak state that existed from 1918 to 1938. The state was commonly called Czechoslovakia . It was composed of Bohemia, Moravia, Czech Silesia, Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia...  Kingdom of Romania |
The Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic in Exile Directorate of Ukraine The Directorate, or Directory was a provisional revolutionary state committee of the Ukrainian National Republic, formed in 1918 by the Ukrainian National Union in rebellion against Skoropadsky's regime.... was organized after the Soviet occupation of Ukraine in 1920. |
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 Aceh Sumatra National Liberation FrontFree Aceh Movement The Free Aceh Movement , also known as the Aceh Sumatra National Liberation Front , was a separatist group seeking independence for the Aceh region of Sumatra from Indonesia. GAM fought against Indonesian government forces in the Aceh Insurgency from 1976 to 2005, costing over 15,000 lives... |
1976* | 2005 |  Republic of Indonesia |
The Free Aceh Movement Free Aceh Movement The Free Aceh Movement , also known as the Aceh Sumatra National Liberation Front , was a separatist group seeking independence for the Aceh region of Sumatra from Indonesia. GAM fought against Indonesian government forces in the Aceh Insurgency from 1976 to 2005, costing over 15,000 lives... , a government in exile for the Aceh Aceh Aceh is a special region of Indonesia, located on the northern tip of the island of Sumatra. Its full name is Daerah Istimewa Aceh , Nanggroë Aceh Darussalam and Aceh . Past spellings of its name include Acheh, Atjeh and Achin... special territory Provinces of Indonesia The province is the highest tier of local government subnational entity in Indonesia. Each province has its own local government, headed by a governor, and has its own legislative body... of Indonesia Indonesia Indonesia , officially the Republic of Indonesia , is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 13,000 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an... , is headquartered in Sweden Sweden Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund.... , which had surrendered its separatist intentions and dissolved its armed wing following the 2005 peace agreement with the Indonesian Government. |
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 Bongo Doit Partir |
1998 | 2009 | Gabon |
Translated name: "Bongo must go". Founded by Daniel Mengara, this organization proclaimed itself the legitimate government of Gabon in opposition to president Omar Bongo Omar Bongo El Hadj Omar Bongo Ondimba , born as Albert-Bernard Bongo, was a Gabonese politician who was President of Gabon for 42 years from 1967 until his death in office in 2009.... . After Bongo's death in June 2009, Mengara returned to Gabon in order to participate in the country's elections Gabonese presidential election, 2009 A presidential election was held in Gabon on 30 August 2009 after the incumbent President Omar Bongo Ondimba died on 8 June 2009. While the constitution stated that Interim President Rose Francine Rogombé should organise elections within 30 to 45 days, the Constitutional Court accepted the... . |
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 Confederate government of MissouriConfederate government of Missouri The Confederate government of Missouri was a shadow government established for the state of Missouri by Governor Claiborne Fox Jackson and other Southern sympathizers during the American Civil War.... |
1861 | 1865 | (Union Union (American Civil War) During the American Civil War, the Union was a name used to refer to the federal government of the United States, which was supported by the twenty free states and five border slave states. It was opposed by 11 southern slave states that had declared a secession to join together to form the... ) |
Missouri had both Union and Confederate Governments, but the Confederate government of Missouri was an exiled government, eventually governing out of Marshall, Texas Marshall, Texas Marshall is a city in Harrison County in the northeastern corner of Texas. Marshall is a major cultural and educational center in East Texas and the tri-state area. As of the 2010 U.S. Census, the population of Marshall was about 23,523... . |
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 Kingdom of HawaiiKingdom of Hawaii The Kingdom of Hawaii was established during the years 1795 to 1810 with the subjugation of the smaller independent chiefdoms of Oahu, Maui, Molokai, Lānai, Kauai and Niihau by the chiefdom of Hawaii into one unified government... |
1893 | 1895 | Republic of Hawaii Republic of Hawaii The Republic of Hawaii was the formal name of the government that controlled Hawaii from 1894 to 1898 when it was run as a republic. The republic period occurred between the administration of the Provisional Government of Hawaii which ended on July 4, 1894 and the adoption of the Newlands... |
The queen of Hawaii, Liliuokalani, was overthrown in 1893 by descendents of Christian missionaries who established the Republic of Hawaii Republic of Hawaii The Republic of Hawaii was the formal name of the government that controlled Hawaii from 1894 to 1898 when it was run as a republic. The republic period occurred between the administration of the Provisional Government of Hawaii which ended on July 4, 1894 and the adoption of the Newlands... after failing to annex Hawaii to the United States United States The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district... . During this time members of the former government reassembled, after a failed insurgency in 1895 1895 Counter-Revolution in Hawaii The 1895 Counter-revolution in Hawaii was a brief war from January 6 to January 9, 1895, that consisted of three battles on the island of Oahu, Hawaii... and forcing the queen to formally disband the kingdom. |
Sovereign Military Order of Malta
The Sovereign Military Order of Malta may be considered a case of a government-in-exile, since it is without territory but recognised as a sovereign government by numerous sovereign countries. However, it does not claim to be a sovereign state, rather a "sovereign subject" of international law. In addition, it no longer claims jurisdiction over Malta, and recognises and maintains diplomatic relations with the Republic of Malta.World War II
Many countries established a government in exile after loss of sovereigntySovereignty
Sovereignty is the quality of having supreme, independent authority over a geographic area, such as a territory. It can be found in a power to rule and make law that rests on a political fact for which no purely legal explanation can be provided...
in connection with World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
:
- BelgiumBelgiumBelgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO.Belgium is also a member of, or affiliated to, many...
(invaded 10 May 1940) - Czechoslovak Government-in-ExileCzechoslovak government-in-exileThe Czechoslovak government-in-exile was an informal title conferred upon the Czechoslovak National Liberation Committee, initially by British diplomatic recognition. The name came to be used by other World War II Allies as they subsequently recognized it...
(established in 1940 by BenešEdvard BenešEdvard Beneš was a leader of the Czechoslovak independence movement, Minister of Foreign Affairs and the second President of Czechoslovakia. He was known to be a skilled diplomat.- Youth :...
and recognised by the British and other United Nations governments) - Estonian Government in ExileEstonian Government in ExileThe Estonian Government in Exile refers to the formally declared governmental authority of the Republic of Estonia in exile, existing from 1953 until the reestablishment of Estonian sovereignty over Estonian territory in 1992...
(1953–92), in SwedenSwedenSweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....
after incorporation of EstoniaEstoniaEstonia , officially the Republic of Estonia , is a state in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia , and to the east by Lake Peipsi and the Russian Federation . Across the Baltic Sea lies...
into the USSR; however had not received recognition by any state. - Free FranceFree French ForcesThe Free French Forces were French partisans in World War II who decided to continue fighting against the forces of the Axis powers after the surrender of France and subsequent German occupation and, in the case of Vichy France, collaboration with the Germans.-Definition:In many sources, Free...
, based in London (from June 1940 to 1944) - Vichy FranceVichy FranceVichy France, Vichy Regime, or Vichy Government, are common terms used to describe the government of France that collaborated with the Axis powers from July 1940 to August 1944. This government succeeded the Third Republic and preceded the Provisional Government of the French Republic...
, exiled to SigmaringenSigmaringenSigmaringen is a town in southern Germany, in the state of Baden-Württemberg. Situated on the upper Danube, it is the capital of the Sigmaringen district....
, Germany on 7 September 1944 till 22 April 1945. - GreeceGreeceGreece , officially the Hellenic Republic , and historically Hellas or the Republic of Greece in English, is a country in southeastern Europe....
(invaded 28 October 1940) - LuxembourgLuxembourgLuxembourg , officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg , is a landlocked country in western Europe, bordered by Belgium, France, and Germany. It has two principal regions: the Oesling in the North as part of the Ardennes massif, and the Gutland in the south...
(invaded 10 May 1940) - NetherlandsNetherlandsThe Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders...
(invaded 10 May 1940, see Dutch government in exileDutch government in exileThe Dutch government in exile was the government of the Netherlands, headed by Queen Wilhelmina, that evacuated to London after the German invasion of the country at the outset of World War II....
) - NorwayNorwayNorway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and Bouvet Island. Norway has a total area of and a population of about 4.9 million...
(invaded 9 April 1940) - PolandPolandPoland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
(invaded 1 September 1939) After WWII, the Polish government-in-exile remained in exile as a result of the Soviet occupation. Ireland, Spain and the Vatican were the last nations that ceased to recognize the government by 1979. The government dissolved itself after formally recognising the newly elected Polish president Lech WałęsaLech WałęsaLech Wałęsa is a Polish politician, trade-union organizer, and human-rights activist. A charismatic leader, he co-founded Solidarity , the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as President of Poland between 1990 and 95.Wałęsa was an electrician...
and Poland's government in 1990. - Kingdom of YugoslaviaKingdom of YugoslaviaThe Kingdom of Yugoslavia was a state stretching from the Western Balkans to Central Europe which existed during the often-tumultuous interwar era of 1918–1941...
(invaded 6 April 1941) - Philippine CommonwealthCommonwealth of the PhilippinesThe Commonwealth of the Philippines was a designation of the Philippines from 1935 to 1946 when the country was a commonwealth of the United States. The Commonwealth was created by the Tydings-McDuffie Act, which was passed by the U.S. Congress in 1934. When Manuel L...
(invaded 9 December 1941)
Other exiled leaders in Britain included King Zog of Albania and Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia.
The Provisional Government of Free India
Provisional Government of Free India
Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind , simply Free India or Azad Hind, was an Indian provisional government established in Singapore in 1943....
(1943–45) was established by Indian nationalists in exile during the war; unlike most other governments in exile in this war, it was allied to the Axis and claimed power over an Allied (specifically, British) territory.
The Danish exception
The Occupation of DenmarkOccupation of Denmark
Nazi Germany's occupation of Denmark began with Operation Weserübung on 9 April 1940, and lasted until German forces withdrew at the end of World War II following their surrender to the Allies on 5 May 1945. Contrary to the situation in other countries under German occupation, most Danish...
(9 April 1940) was administered mainly by the German Foreign Office
Foreign Office (Germany)
The Foreign Office is the foreign ministry of Germany, a federal agency responsible for both the country's foreign politics and its relationship with the European Union. From 1871 to 1919, it was led by a Foreign Secretary, and since 1919, it has been led by the Foreign Minister of Germany...
, contrary to other occupied lands that were under military
Military Administration (Nazi Germany)
During World War II, Nazi Germany created military-led regimes in occupied territories which were known as a Military Administration . These differed from Reichskommissariats which were led by Nazi Party officials...
or civilian administration
Reichskommissariat
Reichskommissariat is the German designation for a type of administrative office headed by a government official known as a Reichskommissar...
. Denmark
Denmark
Denmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. The countries of Denmark and Greenland, as well as the Faroe Islands, constitute the Kingdom of Denmark . It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark...
did not establish a government in exile, although there was an Association of Free Danes established in London
London
London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...
. King Christian X
Christian X of Denmark
Christian X was King of Denmark from 1912 to 1947 and the only King of Iceland between 1918 and 1944....
and his government remained in Denmark
Denmark
Denmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. The countries of Denmark and Greenland, as well as the Faroe Islands, constitute the Kingdom of Denmark . It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark...
, and functioned comparatively independently for the first three years of German occupation. Meanwhile, Iceland
Iceland
Iceland , described as the Republic of Iceland, is a Nordic and European island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Iceland also refers to the main island of the country, which contains almost all the population and almost all the land area. The country has a population...
, Greenland
Greenland
Greenland is an autonomous country within the Kingdom of Denmark, located between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Though physiographically a part of the continent of North America, Greenland has been politically and culturally associated with Europe for...
and the Faroe Islands
Faroe Islands
The Faroe Islands are an island group situated between the Norwegian Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, approximately halfway between Scotland and Iceland. The Faroe Islands are a self-governing territory within the Kingdom of Denmark, along with Denmark proper and Greenland...
were occupied by the Allies, and effectively separated from the Danish crown. (See British occupation of the Faroe Islands, Iceland during World War II
Iceland during World War II
The state of Iceland during World War II was that of a sovereign kingdom in personal union with Denmark, with King Christian X as head of state....
, and History of Greenland during World War II
History of Greenland during World War II
The History of Greenland during World War II reflected the fate of the Danish motherland. After the Invasion of Denmark in 9 April 1940, its colony Greenland was left on its own. Britain and Canada had plans to occupy the island, but the United States, even though still neutral, disagreed...
)
Mujibnagar Government (Bangladesh)
During the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation WarBangladesh Liberation War
The Bangladesh Liberation War was an armed conflict pitting East Pakistan and India against West Pakistan. The war resulted in the secession of East Pakistan, which became the independent nation of Bangladesh....
, Bengali nationalists and high ranking defectors from Pakistani armed and civil services formed the Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh
Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh
The Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh , popularly known as the Mujibnagar Government, was the government in exile of Bangladesh based in Kolkata, India during the Bangladesh Liberation War...
. The government in exile operated out of Kolkata
Kolkata
Kolkata , formerly known as Calcutta, is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. Located on the east bank of the Hooghly River, it was the commercial capital of East India...
, India
India
India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...
and coordinated war efforts in East Pakistan
East Pakistan
East Pakistan was a provincial state of Pakistan established in 14 August 1947. The provincial state existed until its declaration of independence on 26 March 1971 as the independent nation of Bangladesh. Pakistan recognized the new nation on 16 December 1971. East Pakistan was created from Bengal...
. Its components featured a national cabinet of political and military leaders, a secretariat composed of defecting civil servants and diplomats and a group of special envoys that included leading Bengali intellectuals.
The provisional government came to be popularly known as the Mujibnagar Government in reference to Mujibnagar
Mujibnagar
Also See: Provisional Government of the People's Republic of BangladeshMujibnagar , formerly known as Baidyanathtala is a town in the Meherpur District of Bangladesh...
, the northwestern Bangladeshi town in which the government was established.
Persian Gulf War
Following the Iraqi invasion and occupation of KuwaitKuwait
The State of Kuwait is a sovereign Arab state situated in the north-east of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south at Khafji, and Iraq to the north at Basra. It lies on the north-western shore of the Persian Gulf. The name Kuwait is derived from the...
on August 2, 1990, Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah
Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah
Jaber III al-Ahmad al-Jaber al-Sabah, GCB , GCMG of the al-Sabah dynasty, was the Emir and thirteenth Sheikh of Kuwait, serving from December 31, 1977 until his death on January 15, 2006...
and senior members of his government fled to Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , commonly known in British English as Saudi Arabia and in Arabic as as-Sa‘ūdiyyah , is the largest state in Western Asia by land area, constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula, and the second-largest in the Arab World...
, where they set up a government-in-exile operating out of a luxury hotel in Dhahran
Dhahran
Dhahran is a city located in Saudi Arabia's Eastern Province, and is a major administrative center for the Saudi oil industry. Large oil reserves were first identified in the Dhahran area in 1931, and in 1935 Standard Oil of California drilled the first commercially viable oil well...
. The Kuwaiti government-in-exile was far more affluent than most other such governments, having full disposal of the very considerable Kuwaiti assets in western banks - of which it made use to conduct a massive propaganda campaign denouncing the Iraqi occupation and mobilising public opinion in the West in favor of war with Iraq. In March 1991, following the American victory in the Persian Gulf War
Gulf War
The Persian Gulf War , commonly referred to as simply the Gulf War, was a war waged by a U.N.-authorized coalition force from 34 nations led by the United States, against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait.The war is also known under other names, such as the First Gulf...
, the Sheikh and his government were able to return to Kuwait.
Lists
- List of active autonomist and secessionist movements
- List of historical autonomist and secessionist movements
- List of historical unrecognized countries
- List of territorial disputes
- List of unrecognized countries
- United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing TerritoriesUnited Nations list of Non-Self-Governing TerritoriesThe United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories is a list of countries that, according to the United Nations, are non-decolonized. The list was initially prepared in 1946 pursuant to Chapter XI of the United Nations Charter, and has been updated by the General Assembly on recommendation...
See also
- Continuity of governmentContinuity of governmentContinuity of government is the principle of establishing defined procedures that allow a government to continue its essential operations in case of nuclear war or other catastrophic event....
- Exclusive mandateExclusive MandateAn exclusive mandate is a government's assertion of its legitimate authority over a certain territory, part of which another government controls with stable, de facto sovereignty...
- ExilarchyExilarchyAn exilarchy is a description of the form of government of the exilarchs or Reish Galuta or Aechmalotarcha, of the Babylonian captives from the Kingdom of Judah. It was a theocratic monarchy that was established and constituted for rule over its ethnic or religious diaspora rather than over the...
- MicronationMicronationMicronations, sometimes also referred to as model countries and new country projects, are entities that claim to be independent nations or states but which are not recognized by world governments or major international organizations...
- Provisional governmentProvisional governmentA provisional government is an emergency or interim government set up when a political void has been created by the collapse of a very large government. The early provisional governments were created to prepare for the return of royal rule...
- Puppet statePuppet stateA puppet state is a nominal sovereign of a state who is de facto controlled by a foreign power. The term refers to a government controlled by the government of another country like a puppeteer controls the strings of a marionette...
- Shadow governmentShadow governmentShadow government may refer to:*An opposition government in a parliamentary system, see Shadow Cabinet*A term for plans for an emergency government that takes over in the event of a disaster, see continuity of government...
- Unrepresented Nations and Peoples OrganizationUnrepresented Nations and Peoples OrganizationThe Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization , formed in 11 February 1991, in The Hague, is an international organization of political organisations and governments representing self-proclaimed "indigenous peoples, minorities, and unrecognised or occupied territories". The organization...