List of airports in Antarctica
Encyclopedia
List
Location | ICAO ICAO airport code The ICAO airport code or location indicator is a four-character alphanumeric code designating each airport around the world. These codes are defined by the International Civil Aviation Organization, and published in ICAO Document 7910: Location Indicators.The ICAO codes are used by air traffic... |
IATA IATA airport code An IATA airport code, also known an IATA location identifier, IATA station code or simply a location identifier, is a three-letter code designating many airports around the world, defined by the International Air Transport Association... |
Airport name | Coordinates | Runway(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rothera Point, Adelaide Island Adelaide Island Adelaide Island or Isla Adelaida or Isla Belgrano is a large, mainly ice-covered island, long and wide, lying at the north side of Marguerite Bay off the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. The island lies within the Argentine, British and Chilean Antarctic claims, at .Adelaide Island was... |
N/A | Rothera Research Station Rothera Research Station Rothera research station is a British Antarctic Survey base on the Antarctic Peninsula, located at Rothera Point, Adelaide Island. Rothera also serves as the capital of the British Overseas Territory, the British Antarctic Territory.... - Aerodrome, Airfield |
67°34′4"S 68°07′38.6"W | 18/36: 3000 ft (914 m), Gravel | |
Anvers Island Anvers Island Anvers Island or Antwerp Island or Antwerpen Island or Isla Amberes is a high, mountainous island long, which is the largest feature in the Palmer Archipelago, lying southwest of Brabant Island at the southwestern end of the group. Anvers Island is located at... |
NZ12 | N/A | Palmer Station Palmer Station Palmer Station, on Anvers Island, is Antarctica's only US station north of the Antarctic Circle. Initial construction of the station finished in 1968. The station, like the other US Antarctic stations, is operated by the United States Antarctic Program.... - Heliport, Skiway |
64°45′4.3"S 64°03′11.2"W | 01/19: 2,500 ft (762 m), Snow |
Budd Coast Budd Coast Budd Coast , part of Wilkes Land, is that portion of the coast of Antarctica lying between the Hatch Islands, at 109°16'E, and Cape Waldron, at 115°33'E. It was discovered in February 1840 by the U.S. Exploring Expedition under the leadership of Lieutenant Charles Wilkes, and named by Wilkes for... Wilkes Land Wilkes Land Wilkes Land is a large district of land in eastern Antarctica, formally claimed by Australia as part of the Australian Antarctic Territory, though the validity of this claim has been placed for the period of the operation of the Antarctic Treaty, to which Australia is a signatory... |
N/A | N/A | Casey Station Skiway(serving Casey Station Casey Station Casey Station is a permanent base in Antarctica managed by the Australian Antarctic Division located on Vincennes Bay in the Australian Antarctic Territory.- History :... ) |
66°17′18.7"S 110°45′35.1"E | ??/??: 4,572 ft (1500 m), Ice |
Budd Coast Budd Coast Budd Coast , part of Wilkes Land, is that portion of the coast of Antarctica lying between the Hatch Islands, at 109°16'E, and Cape Waldron, at 115°33'E. It was discovered in February 1840 by the U.S. Exploring Expedition under the leadership of Lieutenant Charles Wilkes, and named by Wilkes for... Wilkes Land Wilkes Land Wilkes Land is a large district of land in eastern Antarctica, formally claimed by Australia as part of the Australian Antarctic Territory, though the validity of this claim has been placed for the period of the operation of the Antarctic Treaty, to which Australia is a signatory... (Upper Peterson Glacier) |
YWKS | N/A | Wilkins Runway Wilkins Runway Wilkins Runway is a single runway aerodrome operated by Australia, located on upper Peterson Glacier, Budd Coast, Wilkes Land on the continent of Antarctica, but 40 km southeast of the actual coast... (serving Casey Station Casey Station Casey Station is a permanent base in Antarctica managed by the Australian Antarctic Division located on Vincennes Bay in the Australian Antarctic Territory.- History :... ) - Aerodrome, Airfield |
66°41′22"S 111°29′09"E | 09/27: 13,123 ft (4000 m), Ice |
King George Island | SCRM | N/A | Teniente Rodolfo Marsh Martin (serving Base Presidente Eduardo Frei Montalva) - Aerodrome, Airfield |
62°11′27"S 58°59′12"W | 11/29: 4238 ft (1292 m) |
Ross Island Ross Island Ross Island is an island formed by four volcanoes in the Ross Sea near the continent of Antarctica, off the coast of Victoria Land in McMurdo Sound.-Geography:... |
NZIR | N/A | Ice Runway (serving McMurdo Station McMurdo Station McMurdo Station is a U.S. Antarctic research center located on the southern tip of Ross Island, which is in the New Zealand-claimed Ross Dependency on the shore of McMurdo Sound in Antarctica. It is operated by the United States through the United States Antarctic Program, a branch of the National... ) - Aerodrome, Airfield (serving Scott Base Scott Base Scott Base is a research facility located in Antarctica and is operated by New Zealand. It was named after Captain Robert Falcon Scott, Royal Navy, leader of two British expeditions to the Ross Sea area of Antarctica... ) |
77°51′14"S 166°28′07"E | 11/29: 10,000 ft (3048 m), Ice 16/34: 10,000 ft (3048 m), Ice |
Ross Island Ross Island Ross Island is an island formed by four volcanoes in the Ross Sea near the continent of Antarctica, off the coast of Victoria Land in McMurdo Sound.-Geography:... |
NZPG | N/A | Pegasus Field (serving McMurdo Station McMurdo Station McMurdo Station is a U.S. Antarctic research center located on the southern tip of Ross Island, which is in the New Zealand-claimed Ross Dependency on the shore of McMurdo Sound in Antarctica. It is operated by the United States through the United States Antarctic Program, a branch of the National... ) - Aerodrome, Airfield (serving Scott Base Scott Base Scott Base is a research facility located in Antarctica and is operated by New Zealand. It was named after Captain Robert Falcon Scott, Royal Navy, leader of two British expeditions to the Ross Sea area of Antarctica... ) |
77°58′28.3"S 166°31′40.3"E | 15/33: 10,000 ft (3048 m), Ice |
Ross Island Ross Island Ross Island is an island formed by four volcanoes in the Ross Sea near the continent of Antarctica, off the coast of Victoria Land in McMurdo Sound.-Geography:... |
NZWD | N/A | Williams Field Williams Field Williams Field or Willy Field is a United States Antarctic Program airfield in Antarctica. Williams Field consists of two snow runways located on approximately 8 meters of compacted snow, lying on top of 80 meters of ice, floating over 550 meters of water... (serving McMurdo Station McMurdo Station McMurdo Station is a U.S. Antarctic research center located on the southern tip of Ross Island, which is in the New Zealand-claimed Ross Dependency on the shore of McMurdo Sound in Antarctica. It is operated by the United States through the United States Antarctic Program, a branch of the National... ) - Aerodrome, Airfield (serving Scott Base Scott Base Scott Base is a research facility located in Antarctica and is operated by New Zealand. It was named after Captain Robert Falcon Scott, Royal Navy, leader of two British expeditions to the Ross Sea area of Antarctica... ) |
77°51′59.3"S 167°02′05"E | 07/25: 10,000 ft (3048 m), Snow 15/33: 10,000 ft (3048 m), Snow |
Seymour Island Seymour Island Seymour Island is an island in the chain of 16 major islands around the tip of the Graham Land on the Antarctic Peninsula. Graham Land is closer to continental land mass than any other part of that Antarctica. It lies within the section of the island chain that resides off the west side of the... |
SAWB | N/A | Base Marambio - Aerodrome, Airfield | 64°14′18"S 56°37′51"W | 06/24: 4134 ft (1260 m) |
South Pole South Pole The South Pole, also known as the Geographic South Pole or Terrestrial South Pole, is one of the two points where the Earth's axis of rotation intersects its surface. It is the southernmost point on the surface of the Earth and lies on the opposite side of the Earth from the North Pole... |
NZSP | N/A | Jack F. Paulus Skiway Jack F. Paulus Skiway The Jack F. Paulus Skiway is an airport located at Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station at the South Pole.The station has a runway for aircraft , 3658 m / 12000 ft long. Between October and February, there are several flights per day of ski-equipped LC-130 Hercules aircraft from McMurdo to supply the... (serving Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station The Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station is the American scientific research station on the high plateau of Antarctica. This station is located at the southernmost place on the Earth, the Geographic South Pole, at an elevation of 2,835 meters above sea level.The original Amundsen-Scott Station was... ) - Aerodrome, Airfield |
89°59′51"S 139°16′22"E | 02/20: 12,000 ft (3658 m), Snow |
Terra Nova Bay Terra Nova Bay Terra Nova Bay is a bay which is often ice free, about long, lying between Cape Washington and the Drygalski Ice Tongue along the coast of Victoria Land, Antarctica.... , Antarctica |
N/A | N/A | Browning Pass - Skiway | 74°37′22.2"S 163°54′49.1"E | : 558 ft (915 m) |
Antarctic Plateau Antarctic Plateau The Antarctic Plateau is a large area of Central Antarctica, which extends over a diameter of about , and which includes the region of the South Pole and the Amundsen-Scott Station... , Antarctica |
N/A | N/A | Concordia Station Concordia Station Concordia Research Station, which opened in 2005, is a research facility that was built 3,233 m above sea level at a location called Dome C on the Antarctic Plateau, Antarctica... & - Skiway |
75°06′7.2"S 123°23′43.2"E | : 10,564 ft (1,500 m) |
Antarctica | N/A | N/A | D10 - Skiway | 66°40′4.8"S 139°49′10.8"E | : 333 ft (variable) |
Antarctica | N/A | N/A | D85 - Skiway | 70°25′30"S 134°08′45"E | : 9,350 ft (variable) |
Princess Elizabeth Land Princess Elizabeth Land Princess Elizabeth Land is the sector of the Australian Antarctic Territory between longitude 73° east and Cape Penck 87°43' east. Princess Elizabeth Land is located between 64°56'S and 90°00'S and between 73°35' E and 87°43'E... , Antarctica |
N/A | N/A | Davis sea ice (serving Davis Station Davis Station Davis Station is a permanent base in Antarctica managed by the Australian Antarctic Division . It is the busiest Australian scientific research station... ) - Skiway |
68°33′52.8"S 77°57′53.9"E | : 0 ft (variable) |
Princess Elizabeth Land Princess Elizabeth Land Princess Elizabeth Land is the sector of the Australian Antarctic Territory between longitude 73° east and Cape Penck 87°43' east. Princess Elizabeth Land is located between 64°56'S and 90°00'S and between 73°35' E and 87°43'E... , Antarctica |
N/A | N/A | Davis plateau (serving Davis Station Davis Station Davis Station is a permanent base in Antarctica managed by the Australian Antarctic Division . It is the busiest Australian scientific research station... ) - Skiway |
68°28′10.7"S 78°47′27.2"E | : 49 ft (variable) |
Princess Elizabeth Land Princess Elizabeth Land Princess Elizabeth Land is the sector of the Australian Antarctic Territory between longitude 73° east and Cape Penck 87°43' east. Princess Elizabeth Land is located between 64°56'S and 90°00'S and between 73°35' E and 87°43'E... , Antarctica |
N/A | N/A | Plough island (serving Davis Station Davis Station Davis Station is a permanent base in Antarctica managed by the Australian Antarctic Division . It is the busiest Australian scientific research station... ) - Skiway |
68°31′54"S 78°01′51"E | : 0 ft (variable) |
Terra Nova Bay Terra Nova Bay Terra Nova Bay is a bay which is often ice free, about long, lying between Cape Washington and the Drygalski Ice Tongue along the coast of Victoria Land, Antarctica.... , Antarctica |
N/A | N/A | Enigma Lake - Skiway | 74°42′48.6"S 164°02′29.4"E | : 558 ft (730 m) |
George VI Sound George VI Sound George VI Sound or Canal Jorge VI or Canal Presidente Sarmiento or Canal Seaver or King George VI Sound or King George the Sixth Sound is a major bay/fault depression, 300 miles long in the shape of the letter J, which skirts the east and south shores of Alexander Island, separating it from the... , Antarctica |
N/A | N/A | Fossil Bluff Fossil Bluff Fossil Bluff is a British Antarctic Survey forward operating station. The bluff is a collection of buildings and facilities, at the centre of which lies the hut.... - Skiway |
71°19′45.6"S 68°16′1.2"E | : 302 ft (1,200 m) |
Brunt Ice Shelf Brunt Ice Shelf The Brunt Ice Shelf borders the Antarctic coast of Coats Land between Dawson-Lambton Glacier and Stancomb-Wills Glacier Tongue. It was the location of the base of the Royal Society Expedition, 1955–59 which was taken over as the British Halley Research Station... , Antarctica |
N/A | N/A | Halley Station - Skiway | 75.581667°N 26.541167°E | : 121 ft (1,200 m) |
Queen Maud Land Queen Maud Land Queen Maud Land is a c. 2.7 million-square-kilometre region of Antarctica claimed as a dependent territory by Norway. The territory lies between 20° west and 45° east, between the British Antarctic Territory to the west and the Australian Antarctic Territory to the east. The latitudinal... , Antarctica |
N/A | N/A | Kohnen Station Kohnen Station Kohnen-Station is a German summer-only polar research station in the Antarctic, able to accommodate up to 20 people. It is named after the geophysicist Heinz Kohnen , who was for a long time the head of logistics at the Alfred Wegener Institute.... - Skiway |
75°00′00"S 00°04′00"E | : 9,514 ft (900 m) |
Terra Nova Bay Terra Nova Bay Terra Nova Bay is a bay which is often ice free, about long, lying between Cape Washington and the Drygalski Ice Tongue along the coast of Victoria Land, Antarctica.... , Antarctica |
N/A | N/A | Mario Zucchelli Station - Aerodrome, Airfield | 74°41′57.2"S 164°04′48.2"E | : 49 ft (3,000 m) |
Mac. Robertson Land Mac. Robertson Land Mac. Robertson Land is the portion of Antarctica lying southward of the coast between William Scoresby Bay and Cape Darnley. Mac. Robertson Land is located at . In the east, Mac. Robertson Land includes the Prince Charles Mountains. Mac... , Antarctica |
N/A | N/A | Mawson Station Mawson Station Mawson Station is one of three permanent Australian bases in the Australian Antarctic Territory of East Antarctica. Named after Antarctic explorer Sir Douglas Mawson, the base is managed by the Australian Antarctic Division... - Skiway |
67°36′50.8"S 62°51′35"E | : 16 ft (variable) |
Antarctica | N/A | N/A | Mid point - Skiway | 75°32′26.4"S 145°49′7.2"E | : 8,268 ft (1,200 m) |
Thala Hills Thala Hills Thala Hills is a low, rounded coastal hills between Freeth and Spooner Bays in Enderby Land. The hills were plotted from air photos taken by Antarctic Names Committee of Australia in 1956. Named by ANCA for the ship Thala Dan in which ANARE visited the hills in February 1961.... , Antarctica |
N/A | N/A | Molodezhnaya Station Molodezhnaya Station Molodyozhnaya , , was a Soviet research station in East Antarctica at 67°40′S 45°50′E.-Location:Molodyozhnaya Station is located in the Thala Hills, 500-600 meters inland from the coast on the southern shore of Alasheyev Bight in the Cosmonaut Sea, at 42 meters above sea level... - Aerodrome, Airfield |
67°40′58.2"S 46°08′4.8"E | : 738 ft (2,560 m) |
Ekstrom Ice Shelf Ekstrom Ice Shelf Ekström Ice Shelf is the ice shelf lying between Sorasen Ridge and Halvfarryggen Ridge, on Princess Martha Coast of Queen Maud Land. It occupies an area of 8,700 km²... , Antarctica |
N/A | N/A | Neumayer Station Neumayer Station Neumayer-Station was a permanent German Antarctic research base located on Atka Bay. It opened in 1992 replacing the old Georg-von-Neumayer-Station.... - Skiway |
70°38′00"S 08°15′48"E | : 131 ft (1,000 m) |
Queen Maud Land Queen Maud Land Queen Maud Land is a c. 2.7 million-square-kilometre region of Antarctica claimed as a dependent territory by Norway. The territory lies between 20° west and 45° east, between the British Antarctic Territory to the west and the Australian Antarctic Territory to the east. The latitudinal... , Antarctica |
N/A | N/A | Novolazarevskaya (serving Novolazarevskaya Station Novolazarevskaya Station Novolazarevskaya Station is a Russian, formerly Soviet, Antarctic research station. The station is located at Schirmacher Oasis, Queen Maud Land, 75 km from the Antarctic coast, from which it is separated by Lazarev Ice Shelf. It was opened on January 18, 1961 by the 6th Soviet Antarctic... ) - Aerodrome, Airfield (serving Maitri Maitri Maitri is India's second permanent research station in Antarctica. It was built and finished in 1989, shortly before the first station Dakshin Gangotri was buried in ice and abandoned in 1990-91... station) |
70°49′34.3"S 11°38′22.1"E | : 335 ft (3,000 m) |
Antarctica | N/A | N/A | Odell Glacier Odell Glacier Odell Glacier is a glacier draining northeast between Allan Hills and Coombs Hills into the upper Mawson Glacier in Oates Land. Named by the New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee for Professor N.E. Odell, formerly of Otago University, New Zealand.... - Aerodrome, Airfield |
76°39′00"S 159°58′00"E | : 5,249 ft (1,800 m) |
Prime Head Prime Head Prime Head is a prominent snow-covered headland which forms the Northern extremity of Antarctic Peninsula. The name Siffrey was given to a cape in this vicinity by the French Antarctic Expedition under Capt. Jules Dumont d'Urville, 1837-40, and was previously approved for the feature here described... , Antarctica |
N/A | N/A | O'Higgins (serving Base General Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme Base General Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme Base General Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme, also Base Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme, or shortly Bernardo O'Higgins, named after Bernardo O'Higgins is a permanently staffed Chilean base in Antarctica. It is located at , at an elevation of 13 m, about 30 km southwest of Prime... ) - Skiway |
63°19′12.9"S 57°53′28.7"E | : 39 ft (800 m) |
Queen Maud Land Queen Maud Land Queen Maud Land is a c. 2.7 million-square-kilometre region of Antarctica claimed as a dependent territory by Norway. The territory lies between 20° west and 45° east, between the British Antarctic Territory to the west and the Australian Antarctic Territory to the east. The latitudinal... , Antarctica |
N/A | N/A | Plateau Station - Skiway | 79°15′2.9"S 40°33′37.5"E | : 11,890 ft (3,500 m) |
Mac. Robertson Land Mac. Robertson Land Mac. Robertson Land is the portion of Antarctica lying southward of the coast between William Scoresby Bay and Cape Darnley. Mac. Robertson Land is located at . In the east, Mac. Robertson Land includes the Prince Charles Mountains. Mac... , Antarctica |
N/A | N/A | Rumdoodle (serving Mawson Station Mawson Station Mawson Station is one of three permanent Australian bases in the Australian Antarctic Territory of East Antarctica. Named after Antarctic explorer Sir Douglas Mawson, the base is managed by the Australian Antarctic Division... ) - Skiway |
67°45′12.9"S 62°45′58"E | : |
Queen Maud Land Queen Maud Land Queen Maud Land is a c. 2.7 million-square-kilometre region of Antarctica claimed as a dependent territory by Norway. The territory lies between 20° west and 45° east, between the British Antarctic Territory to the west and the Australian Antarctic Territory to the east. The latitudinal... , Antarctica |
N/A | N/A | SANAE IV SANAE IV SANAE IV is the current research base of the South African National Antarctic Expedition and is part of the South African National Antarctic Program... Station - Skiway |
71°40′25.2"S 2°49′43.8"E | : 2,789 ft (1,000 m) |
Antarctica | N/A | N/A | Sitry - Skiway | 71°39′19.2"S 148°39′09"E | : 5,249 ft (1,000 m) |
Ellsworth Land Ellsworth Land Ellsworth Land is that portion of the Antarctic continent bounded on the west by Marie Byrd Land, on the north by Bellingshausen Sea, on the northeast by the base of Antarctic Peninsula, and on the east by the western margin of Ronne Ice Shelf. It extends between 103°24'W and 79°45'W... , Antarctica |
N/A | N/A | Sky Blu Sky Blu Sky Blu is a forward operating station for the British Antarctic Survey in southern Palmer Land, Antarctica. It is in an area of Blue Ice... - Aerodrome, Airfield |
74°51′22.8"S 71°34′09.6"E | : 4,495 ft (1,200 m) |
East Ongul Island East Ongul Island East Ongul Island is an island, 1 mile long, lying immediately east of the north part of Ongul Island at the east side of the entrance of Lutzow-Holm Bay. This island was originally mapped as a part of Ongul Island by Norwegian cartographers who worked from air photos taken by the Lars Christensen... , Antarctica |
N/A | N/A | Showa station Showa Station Showa Station , also sometimes spelled Syowa, is a Japanese research station located on East Ongul Island in Antarctica. The station was built in 1957. It is named for the era in the Japanese calendar during which it was established, the Showa period.-See also:*Asuka Station*Mizuho Station*Dome... - Skiway |
69°00′22.2"S 39°35′24"E | : 95 ft (1,000 m) |
Thiel Mountains Thiel Mountains The Thiel Mountains are an isolated, mainly snow-capped mountain range in Antarctica which are long. The mountains are located roughly between the Horlick Mountains and the Pensacola Mountains, and extend from Moulton Escarpment on the west to Nolan Pillar on the east. Major components include... , Antarctica |
N/A | N/A | Thiel Mountains Thiel Mountains The Thiel Mountains are an isolated, mainly snow-capped mountain range in Antarctica which are long. The mountains are located roughly between the Horlick Mountains and the Pensacola Mountains, and extend from Moulton Escarpment on the west to Nolan Pillar on the east. Major components include... - Skiway |
85°11.9′S 87°52.7′W | 5,200 ft (1580 m)http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~gernot/Antarctica09/patriothills.shtml |
Queen Maud Land Queen Maud Land Queen Maud Land is a c. 2.7 million-square-kilometre region of Antarctica claimed as a dependent territory by Norway. The territory lies between 20° west and 45° east, between the British Antarctic Territory to the west and the Australian Antarctic Territory to the east. The latitudinal... , Antarctica |
N/A | N/A | Troll Airfield Troll airfield Troll Airfield is an airstrip located from the research station Troll in Princess Martha Coast in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. Owned and operated by the Norwegian Polar Institute, it consists of a runway on glacial blue ice on the Antarctic ice sheet... (serving Troll Troll (research station) Troll is a research station located at Jutulsessen, from the coast in the eastern part of Princess Martha Coast in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. It is Norway's only all-year research station in Antarctica, and is supplemented by the summer-only station Tor... ) - Aerodrome, Airfield) |
71°57′19.4"S 02°28′2.63"E | 11/29 : 4,042 ft (3,300 m) |
Pole of Cold Pole of Cold The Poles of Cold are the places in the Northern and Southern hemispheres where the lowest air temperatures have been recorded.- Northern hemisphere :... , Antarctica |
N/A | N/A | Vostok Station Vostok Station Vostok Station was a Russian Antarctic research station. It was at the southern Pole of Cold, with the lowest reliably measured natural temperature on Earth of −89.2 °C . Research includes ice core drilling and magnetometry... - Skiway |
78°27′58.1"S 106°50′53.7"E | : 11,483 ft (3,000 m) |
See also
- Transport in AntarcticaTransport in AntarcticaTransport in Antarctica has transformed from explorers crossing the isolated remote area of Antarctica by foot to a more open area due to human technologies enabling more convenient and faster transport, predominantly by air and water, as well as land....
- Teniente R. Marsh AirportTeniente R. Marsh AirportThe Teniente R. Marsh Airport is the northernmost airport in the continent of Antarctica. It mainly serves the nearby village, Villa Las Estrellas and the Teniente R. Marsh Martin Base...
on King George Island - Ushuaia - Malvinas Argentinas International Airport in the Tierra del Fuego ProvinceTierra del Fuego Province (Argentina)Tierra del Fuego is an Argentine province entirely separated from mainland Argentina by the Strait of Magellan. It includes:* The eastern part of the Isla Grande of Tierra del Fuego archipelago and the Staten Island.* Argentina's claims to the Falkland Islands and to...
of ArgentinaArgentinaArgentina , officially the Argentine Republic , is the second largest country in South America by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires... - List of research stations in Antarctica