Magic
Encyclopedia
Magic may refer to:
  • Magic (illusion)
    Magic (illusion)
    Magic is a performing art that entertains audiences by staging tricks or creating illusions of seemingly impossible or supernatural feats using natural means...

    , the art of appearing to perform supernatural feats using sleight of hand or other methods
  • Magic (paranormal)
    Magic (paranormal)
    Magic is the claimed art of manipulating aspects of reality either by supernatural means or through knowledge of occult laws unknown to science. It is in contrast to science, in that science does not accept anything not subject to either direct or indirect observation, and subject to logical...

    , the use of paranormal methods to manipulate natural forces, such as witchcraft
    • Ceremonial magic
      Ceremonial magic
      Ceremonial magic, also referred to as high magic and as learned magic, is a broad term used in the context of Hermeticism or Western esotericism to encompass a wide variety of long, elaborate, and complex rituals of magic. It is named as such because the works included are characterized by...

      , a ritual system of esoteric spiritual development using occult techniques
    • Magick
      Magick
      Magick is an Early Modern English spelling for magic, used in works such as the 1651 translation of De Occulta Philosophia, Three Books of Occult Philosophy, or Of Magick...

      , a specific system of ritual magic deriving from the religious philosophy of Thelema
  • Magic and religion
    Magic and religion
    Magical thinking in various forms is a cultural universal and an important aspect of religion.In many cases it becomes difficult or impossible to draw any meaningful line between beliefs and practices that are magical versus those that are religious, but in general the term religion is reserved for...

    , which may involve the intercession of deities or other spirits, such as prayer
  • Magic in fiction, the treatment of magic in fictional works

Computing

  • Gibson MaGIC
    Gibson MaGIC
    Media-accelerated Global Information Carrier is an Audio over Ethernet protocol developed by Gibson Guitar Corporation in partnership with 3COM...

     a network audio protocol
  • Magic (programming)
    Magic (programming)
    In the context of computer programming, magic is an informal term for abstraction - it is used to describe code that handles complex tasks while hiding that complexity to present a simple interface. The term is somewhat tongue-in-cheek and carries good connotations, implying that the interface...

    , an informal term for the use of code that handles complex tasks while hiding that complexity to present a simple interface
  • Magic number (programming)
    Magic number (programming)
    In computer programming, the term magic number has multiple meanings. It could refer to one or more of the following:* A constant numerical or text value used to identify a file format or protocol; for files, see List of file signatures...

    , a number at a special position of a file that identifies its file type
  • Magic quotes
    Magic quotes
    Magic quotes is a controversial feature of the PHP scripting language, which was introduced to help newcomers write functioning SQL commands without requiring manual escaping. It was later described and widely misinterpreted as help to prevent inexperienced developers from writing code which is...

    , a PHP feature
  • Magic, a programming language developed by MEDITECH
    Meditech
    Medical Information Technology, Inc., commonly known as MEDITECH, is a Massachusetts-based software and service company selling information systems, which are installed in health care organizations throughout the world. The company was founded in 1969 by Chairman A. Neil Pappalardo.-Company...

  • Magic (software)
    Magic (software)
    Magic is a Very-large-scale integration layout tool originally written by John Ousterhout and his graduate students at UC Berkeley during the 1980s. Magic continues to be popular because it is free , easy to use, and easy to expand for specialized tasks...

    , a layout tool
  • Magic Software Enterprises
    Magic Software Enterprises
    Magic Software Enterprises is an international software company ranked in the Software 500 by Software Magazine. International headquarters are in Or Yehuda, Israel while the North American headquarters are in Laguna Hills, California and the European main office is located in Houten,...

    , a software company
  • MagiC
    MagiC
    MagiC is a third party multitasking-capable TOS-compatible operating system for the Atari ST range of computers, including some newer clone machines...

    , a commercial operating system for the Atari ST range of computers
  • MAJC
    MAJC
    MAJC was a Sun Microsystems multi-core, multithreaded, very long instruction word microprocessor design from the mid-to-late 1990s. Originally called the UltraJava processor, the MAJC processor was targeted at running Java programs, whose "late compiling" allowed Sun to make several favourable...

    , a microprocessor design
  • Multi Autonomous Ground-robotic International Challenge
    Multi Autonomous Ground-robotic International Challenge
    The Multi Autonomous Ground-robotic International Challenge is a 1.6 million dollar prize competition for autonomous mobile robots funded by TARDEC and the DSTO the primary research organizations for Tank and Defense research in the United States and Australia respectively...

    , a robotics competition

Gaming

  • Magic (gaming)
    Magic (gaming)
    Some role-playing games or game systems can include a set of rules that are used to portray magic in the paranormal sense. These rules simulate the effects that magic would have within the game context, according to how the game designer intended the magic to be portrayed...

    , the portrayal of magic in roleplaying games
  • Magic: The Gathering
    Magic: The Gathering
    Magic: The Gathering , also known as Magic, is the first collectible trading card game created by mathematics professor Richard Garfield and introduced in 1993 by Wizards of the Coast. Magic continues to thrive, with approximately twelve million players as of 2011...

    , a collectible card game by Wizards of the Coast

Albums

  • Magic (B'z album)
    Magic (B'z album)
    -Charts:- Singles :- Singles :"Ichibu to Zenbu/Dive" is a Double A-Side single, but Japan Hot 100 includes only "Ichibu to Zenbu".-External links:*...

  • Magic (Gillan album)
    Magic (Gillan album)
    Magic is an album by British rock band Gillan, their final collaboration, released in 1982. It was reissued in 1989 with seven "bonus" tracks, including cover versions and B-sides. "South Africa" /"John" was a single Ian had written and recorded with guitarist Bernie Marsden.Although the album was...

  • Magic (The Jets album)
  • Magic, an album by Paul Mauriat
    Paul Mauriat
    Paul Mauriat was a French orchestra leader, specializing in light music. He is best known in the United States for his million selling remake of André Popp's "Love is Blue", which was #1 for 5 weeks in 1968...

  • Magic (Axel Rudi Pell album)
    Magic (Axel Rudi Pell album)
    Magic is the sixth studio album released by Axel Rudi Pell. It is also the last album released by Axel Rudi Pell which featured Jeff Scott Soto and Christian Wolff...

  • Magic (Shakatak album)
  • Magic (Bruce Springsteen album)
    Magic (Bruce Springsteen album)
    Magic is the 15th studio album by Bruce Springsteen, released in 2007 on Columbia Records. It is his first with the E Street Band since The Rising in 2002...

  • Magic (Amii Stewart album)
    Magic (Amii Stewart album)
    Magic is a studio album by Amii Stewart released in 1992. The album which includes singles "Don't Be So Shy" and "Don't Stop" was a collaboration with Narada Michael Walden and British songwriting duo Climie Fisher.-Track listing:...

  • Magic (Jolin Tsai album)
    Magic (Jolin Tsai album)
    Magic is Taiwanese Mandopop artist Jolin Tsai's fifth Mandarin studio album. It was released on 10 March 2003 by Sony Music Taiwan . This is Jolin's first album since moving from Universal Music Taiwan to Sony Music Taiwan...

    , 2003 studio album by Taiwanese Mandopop artist Jolin Tsai
  • Magic (T-Connection album)
    Magic (T-Connection album)
    Magic was the first album by the funk band T-Connection. The album was released in 1977.- Track listing :A1. Do What Ya Wanna Do A2. Disco Magic A3. Go Back Home B1. Got to See My Lady B2. Crazy Mixed Up World...

  • Magic (Twins album)

Songs

  • "Magic," a song by Ben Folds Five on the album The Unauthorized Biography of Reinhold Messner
    The Unauthorized Biography of Reinhold Messner
    The Unauthorized Biography of Reinhold Messner is the third and final studio album by Ben Folds Five, released April 27, 1999.-Origins of the album title:...

  • "Magic" (B.o.B song)
    Magic (B.o.B song)
    "Magic" is the third single from B.o.B's debut studio album, B.o.B Presents: The Adventures of Bobby Ray. The track features Weezer's lead singer, Rivers Cuomo, and was produced by Dr. Luke. In the UK the track made Radio 1's B-Playlist.-Reception:...

  • "Magic," a song by Colbie Caillat on the album Coco
    Coco (album)
    Coco is the debut album by Colbie Caillat. The album was released on July 17, 2007 in the United States, debuting at #5 on the Billboard 200 and selling 51,000 copies in the first week. The album was certified 2x Platinum by the RIAA with shipments to U.S. retailers of 2,000,000 units...

  • "Magic" (The Cars song)
    Magic (The Cars song)
    "Magic" is a song by The Cars from their fifth studio album, Heartbeat City, released in 1984. It was released as a single and reached No. 12 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and No. 1 on the Billboard Top Tracks chart. The track was written by Ric Ocasek and produced by Robert "Mutt" Lange and The Cars...

  • "Magic" (Disco Montego song)
  • "Magic," a song by Selena Gomez on the album Wizards of Waverly Place (soundtrack)
    Wizards of Waverly Place (soundtrack)
    - Bonus content :Bonus content for the physical CD for Wizards of Waverly Place includes exclusive behind-the-scenes interviews with Gomez and also the new music video for "Magic".-International Release:...

  • "Magic" (Ladyhawke song)
    Magic (Ladyhawke song)
    "Magic" is a song performed by New Zealand recording artist Ladyhawke, released as the fifth and final single from her debut album Ladyhawke . It was produced by Pascal Gabriel who co-wrote the song with Ladyhawke herself. The song was inspired to be a fantasy epic and love song...

  • "Magic" (Olivia Newton-John song)
    Magic (Olivia Newton-John song)
    "Magic" is a hit 1980 song performed by Olivia Newton-John, from the soundtrack to the film Xanadu. The song was #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 charts for four weeks beginning on 2 August 1980...

  • "Magic" (Pilot song)
    Magic (Pilot song)
    "Magic" is a popular song from 1974, and was the first hit single for the Scottish band Pilot. It was written by Pilot's Dave Paton.It charted most successfully in Canada, where it reached #1, topping the RPM national singles chart on July 19, 1975, and received a gold certification...

  • "Magic," a song by Pussycat Dolls on the album Doll Domination
    Doll Domination
    Doll Domination is the second studio album from United States American girlgroup Pussycat Dolls, released from September 19, 2008 by A&M Records. The album debuted at number four on the US album chart, selling 79,000 copies in its first week...

  • "Magic," a song by Aiuchi Rina
  • "Magic" (Bruce Springsteen song)
  • "Magic" (Robin Thicke song)
    Magic (Robin Thicke song)
    "Magic" is a song by American R&B singer Robin Thicke. The R&B jazz-inspired song was produced in 2008 for Robin Thicke's third studio album, Something Else. "Magic" is a R&B uptempo song, with its live instrumentation varied; including conga, horn, violin, and piano. The song's lyrics refer to a...

  • "Magick" (song)
    Magick (song)
    "Magick" is a song released by London new rave band Klaxons on October 30, 2006. It reached #29 in the UK singles chart, released on November 5...

    , by the Klaxons
  • "M.A.G.I.C, " a song by The Sound of Arrows
    The Sound of Arrows
    The Sound of Arrows is a Swedish electronic music group consisting of Oskar Gullstrand and Stefan Storm, both from Gävle, Sweden..The video to "Nova", their major label debut single, was premiered on influential music blog Popjustice on 21st February 2011...


Persons and organizations

  • Magic (rapper)
    Magic (rapper)
    Awood Johnson , better known by his stage name Magic, is a New Orleans hip hop artist, who first worked the city's underground circuit, before signing with Master P's No Limit Records label thanks to the mogul's brother, C-Murder. Magic met C-Murder at a party and impressed him with his rapping...

  • Magic, Inc. (organization)
    Magic, Inc. (organization)
    Magic, Inc. is an intentional community, "educational think tank," and non-profit organization in Palo Alto, California co-founded by David Schrom to explore and promote the application of scientific principles to questions of value, or Valuescience...

    , an educational think tank in Palo Alto, California
  • Magic Johnson
    Magic Johnson
    Earvin "Magic" Johnson Jr. is a retired American professional basketball player who played point guard for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association . After winning championships in high school and college, Johnson was selected first overall in the 1979 NBA Draft by the Lakers...

    , basketball player
  • Orlando Magic
    Orlando Magic
    The Orlando Magic is a professional basketball team based in Orlando, Florida. They play in the Southeast Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Basketball Association and are currently coached by Stan Van Gundy...

    , professional NBA basketball team
  • Waikato Bay of Plenty Magic, a netball team

Publications

  • Magic (Asimov)
    Magic (Asimov)
    Magic is a collection of short stories and essays by Isaac Asimov, all within the fantasy genre, collected and released after his death...

    , a 1996 story collection by Isaac Asimov
  • Magic (magazine)
    Magic (magazine)
    MAGIC, also known as The Magazine for Magicians, is an independent magazine for magicians that is based in Las Vegas, Nevada. A creation of Stan Allen, magician, it debuted in September 1991, with its first issue featuring Lance Burton on the cover, and over the years it has also featured David...

    , a magazine for magicians
  • Magic (music magazine)
    Magic (music magazine)
    Magic is a French music magazine which is released on a monthly basis. It was formed out of the ashes of a small fanzine produced by music aficionados from France in 1995. The magazine's target readership is composed of young adults, students and young professionals who are keen to pursue the...

  • Magic (novel)
    Magic (novel)
    Magic: A Novel is a psychological horror novel written by William Goldman. It was released in the United States in August 1976 by Delacorte Press...

    , a 1976 novel by William Goldman
  • Magyk
    Magyk
    Magyk is a fantasy novel by Angie Sage. It is the first book in the projected seven-book Septimus Heap series. The sequel, Flyte was released in March 2006, Physik in March 2007, Queste in 2008, Syren in September 2009, and Darke in July 2011...

    , a 2005 fantasy novel by Angie Sage
  • The Magic Comic
    The Magic Comic
    The Magic Comic was the ill fated third comic to The Beano and The Dandy. It was aimed at a younger audience, with more emphasis on picture stories. The first issue was published on 22 July 1939. The comic ran for only 80 issues until 25 January 1941...

    , a short lived comic first published by DC Thomson in 1939

Science and mathematics

  • Magic (cryptography)
    Magic (cryptography)
    Magic was an Allied cryptanalysis project during World War II. It involved the United States Army's Signals Intelligence Section and the United States Navy's Communication Special Unit. -Codebreaking:...

    , a World War II Allied effort to break Japanese codes
  • "Magic", Magnesium injection cycle
    Magnesium injection cycle
    Magnesium Injection Cycle is an engine design currently under development by Mitsubishi Corporation and the Tokyo Institute of Technology which uses magnesium and water to generate power...

    , an engine design
  • MAGIC (postgraduate mathematics)
    MAGIC (postgraduate mathematics)
    The MAGIC group is a consortium of mathematics departments in the United Kingdom which runs a range of postgraduate-level lecture courses using Access Grid videoconferencing technology...

  • MAGIC (telescope)
    MAGIC (telescope)
    MAGIC is a system of two Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes situated at the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on La Palma, one of the Canary Islands, at about 2200 m above sea level...

  • Magic number (chemistry)
    Magic number (chemistry)
    In case a gas condenses into clusters of atoms, the number of atoms in these clusters varies between a few and hundreds. However, there are peaks at specific sizes, usually one at lower and one at larger numbers. Often, specific numbers dominate...

  • Magic number (physics)
    Magic number (physics)
    In nuclear physics, a magic number is a number of nucleons such that they are arranged into complete shells within the atomic nucleus...

  • R.550 Magic, a missile

Radio stations

Ordered by "Magic" name, then by city:

In the United States
  • WMGS
    WMGS
    WMGS is an adult contemporary station in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania called "Magic 93 - Continuous Soft Rock". The station broadcasts on 92.9 FM and is fully owned by Cumulus Media.-History:...

     (Magic 93), in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
  • KTIK-FM (Magic 93.1), in Boise, Idaho, formerly KZMG
  • WTHZ
    WTHZ
    WWLV is a radio station licensed to Lexington, North Carolina, and serving the Piedmont Triad metropolitan area. The station is an affiliate of K-LOVE.-History:...

     (Majic 94.1), in Greensboro, North Carolina
  • WAJI
    WAJI
    WAJI is a radio station broadcasting a Hot Adult Contemporary format. Licensed to Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA, the station is currently owned by Sarkes Tarzian, Inc...

     (Majic 95.1), in Fort Wayne, Indiana
  • KKMJ-FM (Majic 95.5), in Austin, Texas
  • KNEV
    KNEV
    KNEV is a commercial radio station located in Reno, Nevada, broadcasting on 95.5 FM. KNEV airs an Adult Contemporary music format branded as "Magic 95.5"...

     (Magic 95.5), in Reno, Nevada
  • WMJJ
    WMJJ
    WMJJ , "Magic 96.5") is a Clear Channel-owned Adult contemporary radio station that broadcasts from Birmingham, Alabama. Other stations in the Birmingham market owned by Clear Channel include WDXB-FM , WQEN-FM , WERC-FM , and WERC...

     (Magic 96.5), in Birmingham, Alabama
  • WMGN
    WMGN
    WMGN is a radio station licensed to and serving the Madison, Wisconsin area. The station has been known on air as "Magic 98" and had its adult contemporary format since 1983. Prior to that, it had been automated Adult Contemporary music as "98 FM", with the call letters WISM-FM...

     (Magic 98.1), in Madison, Wisconsin
  • WMGQ
    WMGQ
    WMGQ, known on-air as Magic 98.3, is a radio station broadcasting from Somerset, New Jersey and licensed in New Brunswick . It is located at 98.3 FM. The station can be heard in Monmouth, Middlesex, Somerset, Mercer, Union, and Hunterdon counties...

     (Magic 98.3), in New Brunswick, New Jersey
  • KKMG
    KKMG
    KKMG , known as "98.9 Magic FM", is a heritage CHR/Top 40 radio station in Colorado Springs-Pueblo radio market. The Cumulus Media outlet is licensed to Pueblo.Magic FM is one of the most popular and recognized radio stations in southern Colorado....

     (Magic 98.9), in Colorado Springs, Colorado
  • WDYK
    WDYK
    WDYK is an Adult Contemporary formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Ridgeley, West Virginia, serving the Cumberland/Frostburg/Keyser area. WDYK is owned and operated by West Virginia Radio Corporation.-History:...

     (Magic 100.5), in Cumberland, Maryland
  • WLTB
    WLTB
    WLTB is the callsign of an Adult Contemporary radio station licensed to Johnson City, New York and serves the Greater Binghamton Market . The station is owned by GM Broadcasting and broadcasts on 101.7 MHz from Ingraham Hill in Binghamton. It also has a translator @ 102.5 on Bornt Hill in Endicott,...

     (Magic 101.7), in Binghamton, New York
  • WMGC-FM (Magic 105.1), in Detroit, Michigan
  • WMJI
    WMJI
    WMJI — branded Majic 105.7 — is a commercial radio station licensed to Cleveland, Ohio broadcasting a classic hits format. The station serves Cleveland, Akron and much of surrounding Northeast Ohio....

     (Majic 105.7), in Cleveland, Ohio
  • WMJX
    WMJX
    WMJX is a radio station licensed to Boston, Massachusetts. It has an Adult Contemporary format. The station's transmitter is located atop the Prudential Tower in Downtown Boston...

     (Magic 106.7), in Boston, Massachusetts
  • WMGF
    WMGF
    WMGF is the callsign of Magic 107.7, an adult contemporary FM radio station serving the Orlando, Florida, market. Licensed to Mount Dora, it is owned by Clear Channel Communications, and operates out of Clear Channel's Orlando offices in Maitland. It is broadcast at the FM frequency of 107.7 MHz,...

     (Magic 107.7), in Orlando, Florida
  • KMAJ-FM
    KMAJ-FM
    KMAJ-FM is a radio station serving Topeka, Kansas and vicinity with an adult contemporary format. It operates on FM frequency 107.7 MHz and is under ownership of Cumulus Media.-External links:*...

     (Majic 107.7), in Topeka, Kansas
  • WROW
    WROW
    WROW is a radio station broadcasting to Albany, New York, with its towers in Glenmont, New York. The station is owned by Pamal Broadcasting and runs a Adult Standards/Oldies format under the branding Magic 590...

     (Magic 590), in Albany, New York


Rest of world
  • DWTM (Magic 89.9), in Manila, Philippines
  • CIMJ-FM
    CIMJ-FM
    CIMJ-FM, or Magic 106.1, is a Canadian radio station based in Guelph, Ontario. Its sister station is CJOY.-History:* 16 May 1968: CRTC approves an application by CJOY Ltd. to operate a new FM station in Guelph. The initial studio and office address is 50 Wyndham Street.* 1 July 1969: CJOY-FM begins...

     (Majic 106.1), in Guelph, Canada
  • CJMK-FM
    CJMK-FM
    CJMK-FM, branded as Magic 98.3, is a Canadian radio station. The station broadcasts an adult contemporary format on 98.3 FM in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. The station is part of the Saskatoon Media Group, and has studios with sister stations CKBL-FM and CJWW...

     (Magic 98.3), in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
  • CJUK-FM
    CJUK-FM
    CJUK-FM is a Canadian radio station, broadcasting at 99.9 FM in Thunder Bay, Ontario. The station broadcasts a hot adult contemporary/adult CHR format with the brand name Magic 99.9...

     (Magic 99.9), in Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
  • Magic 1278 (3EE), in Melbourne, Australia
  • Magic Radio
    Magic Radio
    Magic is a music radio and a TV brand in the United Kingdom, run by the German publishing company Bauer.-Magic Radio in United Kingdom:...

    , a radio network in the United Kingdom

Ships

  • Disney Magic
    Disney Magic
    The Disney Magic is a cruise ship operated by the Disney Cruise Line, a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company. Its sister, the Disney Wonder, was launched in 1999....

    , a cruise ship
  • HMS Magic
    HMS Magic
    Two ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Magic. A third was planned, but renamed before being launched:*HMS Magic was to have been a Laforey class destroyer. She was renamed before being launched in 1915. was an M class destroyer, ordered as HMS Marigold, but renamed before being...

    , the name of several Royal Navy ships
  • Carnival Magic
    Carnival Magic
    Carnival Magic is a Dream-class cruise ship, and is one of the latest of the Carnival Cruise Lines ships to enter the fleet. Her sister ship, the Carnival Dream entered service on September 21, 2009, and a second sister Carnival Breeze will enter service in June 2012. She is the Carnival flagship...

    , the second of three members of the Dream class, operated by Carnival Cruise Lines

Other uses

  • HTC Magic
    HTC Magic
    The HTC Magic is a smartphone designed and manufactured by HTC Corporation. It is the second HTC device to run the Android software stack, after the HTC Dream. Vodafone unveiled the Magic on February 17, 2009 at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona...

    , a mobile phone
  • Magic (trade show)
    Magic (trade show)
    The Magic Marketplace is a Las Vegas biannual men's apparel and accessory tradeshow, founded in 1933, by the Men's Apparel Guild in California. Exhibitor categories include: designer, contemporary, casual, streetwear, active sporting wear, accessories, young men's, and kids.-External links:*...

    , an annual show hosted by the Men's Apparel Guild in California
  • Multi-Agency Geographic Information for the Countryside, a mapping service offered by the UK government

See also

  • List of magical terms and traditions
  • Magic in the Greco-Roman world
    Magic in the Greco-Roman world
    The study of magic in the Greco-Roman world is a branch of the disciplines of classics, ancient history and religious studies. In the ancient post-hellenistic world of the Greeks and Romans , the public and private rituals associated with religion are accepted by historians and archaeologists to...

  • Magician (disambiguation)
  • Magik (disambiguation)
    Magik (disambiguation)
    Magik is an alternative spelling of "magic", and can refer to:* Magik * Magik , an alias also used by Marvel Comics character Illyana Rasputin * Magik , a Polish rapper...

  • Magix
    MAGIX
    MAGIX AG is an international provider of software, online services and digital contents for multimedia communications based in Berlin, Germany. The Company also operates from branches in the USA, Canada, the UK, France, Italy, Spain and the Netherlands...

  • Disney Mickey's Magix
    Disney Mickey's Magix
    Disney Mickey's Magix was a breakfast cereal made by Kellogg's & Disney in the United States, described by the company as a "naturally sweetened toasted oat cereal with marshmallows." Its box noted a unique feature of the cereal: "Wow! The milk turns blue!"...

  • The Realm of Magix
The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
x
OK