Maurienne
Encyclopedia
Maurienne is one of the province
Provinces of France
The Kingdom of France was organised into provinces until March 4, 1790, when the establishment of the département system superseded provinces. The provinces of France were roughly equivalent to the historic counties of England...

s of Savoy
Savoy
Savoy is a region of France. It comprises roughly the territory of the Western Alps situated between Lake Geneva in the north and Monaco and the Mediterranean coast in the south....

, corresponding to the arrondissement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
Arrondissement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
The arrondissement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne is an arrondissement of France, located in the Savoie department, in the Rhône-Alpes region. It has 6 cantons and 62 communes...

 in France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...

. It is also the original name of the capital of the province, now Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne is a commune in the Savoie department in the Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France. It is a sub-prefecture of the department....

.

Location

The Maurienne valley is one of the great transverse valleys of the Alps
Alps
The Alps is one of the great mountain range systems of Europe, stretching from Austria and Slovenia in the east through Italy, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Germany to France in the west....

. The river which has shaped the valley since the last glaciation is the Arc. The valley begins at the village of Écot (in the commune
Communes of France
The commune is the lowest level of administrative division in the French Republic. French communes are roughly equivalent to incorporated municipalities or villages in the United States or Gemeinden in Germany...

of Bonneval-sur-Arc
Bonneval-sur-Arc
Bonneval-sur-Arc is a commune in the Savoie department in the Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.-External links:*...

), at the foot of the Col de l'Iseran
Col de l'Iseran
Col de l'Iseran is the highest paved mountain pass in the Alps. A part of the Graian Alps, it is situated in the department of Savoie in France near the border with Italy. It is crossed by the D902....

, and ends at the confluence of the Arc and the Isère
Isère River
The Isère is a 286 km long river in southeastern France, in the Rhône-Alpes région. Its source is in the Alps on the border with Italy, near the ski resort Val d'Isère. It flows into the Rhône River in Pont-de-l'Isère, a few km north of Valence...

 in the commune of Aiton
Aiton, Savoie
Aiton is a commune in the Savoie department in the Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France....

. The mountains on the southern side are the Dauphiné Alps
Dauphiné Alps
The Dauphiné Alps are a group of mountain ranges in southeastern France, west of the main chain of the Alps. They are separated from the Cottian Alps in the east by the Col du Galibier and the upper Durance valley; from the western Graian Alps in the north-east by the river Arc; from the lower...

 and the Cottian Alps
Cottian Alps
The Cottian Alps are a mountain range in the southwestern part of the Alps. They form the border between France and Italy...

. On the northern side are the part of the Graian Alps
Graian Alps
The Graian Alps are a mountain range in the western part of the Alps. They are located in France , Italy , and Switzerland...

 known as the Vanoise
Vanoise
Vanoise may refer to:# Vanoise National Park in France# Vanoise Express, a cable car line# Vanoise Massif, a sub-group of the Graian Alps in France...

. The capital, Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne is a commune in the Savoie department in the Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France. It is a sub-prefecture of the department....

, lies at the confluence of the Arc and the Arvan River.

Roads and railways

Part of the main road and rail route between Lyon
Lyon
Lyon , is a city in east-central France in the Rhône-Alpes region, situated between Paris and Marseille. Lyon is located at from Paris, from Marseille, from Geneva, from Turin, and from Barcelona. The residents of the city are called Lyonnais....

 and Turin
Turin
Turin is a city and major business and cultural centre in northern Italy, capital of the Piedmont region, located mainly on the left bank of the Po River and surrounded by the Alpine arch. The population of the city proper is 909,193 while the population of the urban area is estimated by Eurostat...

 runs through the valley. The A43 autoroute
A43 autoroute
The A43 autoroute is a motorway in eastern France. Travelling through the western Alps it is also known as the Autoroute alpine or Autoroute de la Maurienne. It connects Lyon with Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne and Modane to Italy and Turin. It is operated by AREA and SFTRF...

 and a railway line enter at the western end from the Isère
Isère River
The Isère is a 286 km long river in southeastern France, in the Rhône-Alpes région. Its source is in the Alps on the border with Italy, near the ski resort Val d'Isère. It flows into the Rhône River in Pont-de-l'Isère, a few km north of Valence...

 valley, and leave at Modane
Modane
Modane is a commune in the Savoie department in the Rhône-Alpes region in southeastern France.It was part of the Kingdom of Sardinia until 1860.-Transportation:...

 using the Fréjus Road
Fréjus Road Tunnel
The Fréjus Road Tunnel is a tunnel that connects France and Italy. It runs under Col du Fréjus in the Cottian Alps between Modane in France and Bardonecchia in Italy...

 and Rail
Fréjus Rail Tunnel
The Fréjus Rail Tunnel is a rail tunnel of length in the European Alps, carrying the Turin–Modane railway through Mount Cenis to an end on connection with the Culoz–Modane railway and linking Modane, France and Bardonecchia, Italy...

 Tunnels respectively which both emerge at Bardonecchia
Bardonecchia
Bardonecchia is an Italian town and comune located in the Province of Turin, in the Piedmont region, in the western part of Susa Valley....

 in Italy
Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...

.

The other roads out of the valley use the following mountain cols:
  • The Col de l'Iseran
    Col de l'Iseran
    Col de l'Iseran is the highest paved mountain pass in the Alps. A part of the Graian Alps, it is situated in the department of Savoie in France near the border with Italy. It is crossed by the D902....

     toward the Tarentaise Valley
    Tarentaise Valley
    The Tarentaise Valley is a valley of the Isère River in the heart of the French Alps, located in the Savoy region of France. The valley is named for the ancient town of Darantasia, the capital of the pre-Roman Centrones tribe.-Description:...

  • The Col du Mont-Cenis toward Italy
    Italy
    Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...

  • The Col du Télégraphe
    Col du Télégraphe
    Col du Télégraphe is a mountain pass in the French Alps situated above the Maurienne valley between the eastern end of the massif d'Arvan-Villards and the massif des Cerces....

     and the Col du Galibier
    Col du Galibier
    Col du Galibier is a mountain pass in the southern region of the French Dauphiné Alps near Grenoble. It is the ninth highest paved road in the Alps and the sixth highest mountain pass. It is often the highest point of the Tour de France....

     toward Briançon
    Briançon
    Briançon a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. It is a sub-prefecture of the department....

  • The Col de la Crois-de-Fer and the Col du Glandon
    Col du Glandon
    Col du Glandon is a high mountain pass in the Dauphiné Alps in Savoie, France, linking Bourg d'Oisans to La Chambre. It is situated between the Belledonne, Grandes Rousses and Arvan-Villards mountain ranges, west of the Col de la Croix de Fer...

     toward Grenoble
    Grenoble
    Grenoble is a city in southeastern France, at the foot of the French Alps where the river Drac joins the Isère. Located in the Rhône-Alpes region, Grenoble is the capital of the department of Isère...

  • The Col de la Madeleine
    Col de la Madeleine
    Col de la Madeleine is a high mountain pass in the Alps in the department of Savoie in France.It connects La Chambre in Maurienne with Aigueblanche and Feissons-sur-Isère in Tarentaise. The southern approach from La Chambre is 19.3 km with an average grade of 8 percent. The northern approach...

     toward the Tarentaise
    Tarentaise
    Tarentaise can refer to the following:Places* Moûtiers, historically known as Tarentaise, in Savoy* Tarentaise Valley* Tarentaise, LoirePeople* Peter of TarentaiseOther*Tarentaise cattle...


Other cols such as the Col d'Etache, Col du Carro and the Col de Vallée Etroite are only passable on foot.

Districts

The province contains the following cantons:
  • canton d'Aiguebelle
  • canton de La Chambre
  • canton de Lanslebourg-Mont-Cenis
  • canton de Modane
  • canton de Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
  • canton de Saint-Michel-de-Maurienne

Economy

The abundance of hydro-electric power (there are twenty-four hydroelectric stations in the valley) created heavy industry such as electrochemical plants and aluminum refining, but now the emphasis in the area is on tourism, especially winter sports. Numerous ski resort
Ski resort
A ski resort is a resort developed for skiing and other winter sports. In Europe a ski resort is a town or village in a ski area - a mountainous area, where there are ski trails and supporting services such as hotels and other accommodation, restaurants, equipment rental and a ski lift system...

s line the valley, from the small villages like Albiez-Montrond
Albiez-Montrond
Albiez-Montrond is a commune in the Savoie department in the Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.-References:*...

 to the purpose-built resorts, dating from the 1970s like Le Corbier
Le Corbier
Le Corbier is a ski resort located in the Les Sybelles region of the French Alps, it is the fourth largest ski area in France with 310 km linked by lifts and pistes. The longest run is 2.9 km. It has a mixture of all the coloured slopes and is 1550 metres above sea-level. There are 26 chair lifts...

 and Les Karellis.

History

The region has numerous traces of human habitation since the Paleolithic
Paleolithic
The Paleolithic Age, Era or Period, is a prehistoric period of human history distinguished by the development of the most primitive stone tools discovered , and covers roughly 99% of human technological prehistory...

. In 1032 Humbert I of Savoy
Humbert I of Savoy
Umberto I was the first Count of Savoy from 1032, when the County of Vienne, which had been sold to the Archdiocese of Vienne, was divided between the County of Albon and the Maurienne...

 received the Maurienne, his native land, from Conrad II
Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor
Conrad II was Holy Roman Emperor from 1027 until his death.The son of a mid-level nobleman in Franconia, Count Henry of Speyer and Adelaide of Alsace, he inherited the titles of count of Speyer and of Worms as an infant when Henry died at age twenty...

 the Salian whom he had helped in his Italian campaigns against Aribert, Archbishop of Milan
Aribert, Archbishop of Milan
Aribert was the archbishop of Milan from 1018, a quarrelsome warrior-bishop in an age in which such figures were not uncommon....

. The House of Savoy
House of Savoy
The House of Savoy was formed in the early 11th century in the historical Savoy region. Through gradual expansion, it grew from ruling a small county in that region to eventually rule the Kingdom of Italy from 1861 until the end of World War II, king of Croatia and King of Armenia...

 maintained their independence as counts and then dukes until Savoy
Savoy
Savoy is a region of France. It comprises roughly the territory of the Western Alps situated between Lake Geneva in the north and Monaco and the Mediterranean coast in the south....

 was linked with the Kingdom of Sardinia
Kingdom of Sardinia
The Kingdom of Sardinia consisted of the island of Sardinia first as a part of the Crown of Aragon and subsequently the Spanish Empire , and second as a part of the composite state of the House of Savoy . Its capital was originally Cagliari, in the south of the island, and later Turin, on the...

, which included Piedmont in north-western Italy. In the Maurienne are a series of five forts, La Barrière de l'Esseillon, that were created by the Sardinians in the early 19th century to protect Piedmont
Piedmont
Piedmont is one of the 20 regions of Italy. It has an area of 25,402 square kilometres and a population of about 4.4 million. The capital of Piedmont is Turin. The main local language is Piedmontese. Occitan is also spoken by a minority in the Occitan Valleys situated in the Provinces of...

 from a French invasion. The Maurienne was not incorporated into France until 1860, as part of the political agreement with Napoleon III that brought about the unification of Italy
Italian unification
Italian unification was the political and social movement that agglomerated different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of Italy in the 19th century...

.
Despite this, the Maurienne and the Tarantaise
Tarentaise Valley
The Tarentaise Valley is a valley of the Isère River in the heart of the French Alps, located in the Savoy region of France. The valley is named for the ancient town of Darantasia, the capital of the pre-Roman Centrones tribe.-Description:...

 valleys are classified as French towns and lands of Art and History
French towns and lands of Art and History
Since 1985, the French Ministry of Culture and Communication has pursued a policy of preserving and promoting France's heritage. Historic towns and districts have been designated Villes et Pays d'Art et d'Histoire ....

.

The Basse-Maurienne

In the lower part of the valley, the three significant towns are:
  • Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
  • Saint-Michel-de-Maurienne
  • Aiguebelle

The Haute-Maurienne

The upper valley of the Arc is known as the Haute-Maurienne. It lies along the Italian border around 45 km near Mont Cenis
Mont Cenis
Mont Cenis is a massif and pass in Savoie in France which forms the limit between the Cottian and Graian Alps.A road over the pass was built between 1803 and 1810 by Napoleon...

. The principal town is Modane
Modane
Modane is a commune in the Savoie department in the Rhône-Alpes region in southeastern France.It was part of the Kingdom of Sardinia until 1860.-Transportation:...

, an old frontier town, at the mouth of the Fréjus Road Tunnel
Fréjus Road Tunnel
The Fréjus Road Tunnel is a tunnel that connects France and Italy. It runs under Col du Fréjus in the Cottian Alps between Modane in France and Bardonecchia in Italy...

 and dominated by the resort of Val Fréjus. The other villages, rising up from the valley, are:
  • le Bourget
  • Avrieux
    Avrieux
    Avrieux is a commune in the Savoie department in the Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.-External links:*...

  • Villarodin
  • Aussois
    Aussois
    Aussois is a commune in the Savoie department in the Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France. Although not as well known as other resorts right on the other side of the mountain like Val Thorens, it is popular with the French as ski resort in winter and as mountain destination in summer.It...

     (ski resort)
  • Bramans
    Bramans
    Bramans is a commune in the Savoie department in the Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France....

     (authentic town)
  • Sollières-Sardières
    Sollières-Sardières
    Sollières-Sardières is a commune in the Savoie department in the Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.It has a small airstrip ICAO code: LFKD-References:*...

     (has a useful small airstrip)
  • Termignon
    Termignon
    Termignon is a commune in the Savoie department in the Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France....

  • Lanslebourg-Mont-Cenis
    Lanslebourg-Mont-Cenis
    Lanslebourg-Mont-Cenis is a commune in the Savoie department in the Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.-External links:*...

    , Lanslevillard
    Lanslevillard
    Lanslevillard is a commune in the Savoie department in the Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.-References:*...

     (the two villages form the resort Val Cenis
    Val Cenis
    Val Cenis is a ski resort situated in the Haute-Maurienne region of the French Alps, close to the Italian border. It is composed of two villages; Lanslebourg and Lanslevillard. The villages sit at 1400m and 1500m, respectively, and lifts climb to a maximum altitude of 2800m. The resort is fairly...

    )
  • Bessans
    Bessans
    Bessans is a commune in the Savoie department in the Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.-Geography:Located on the Haute-Maurienne plateau, at an altitude of 1750 meters, the area is known for its sporting activities. Bessans is located in a valley, ideal for Nordic skiing...

     (popular area for cross-country skiing
    Cross-country skiing
    Cross-country skiing is a winter sport in which participants propel themselves across snow-covered terrain using skis and poles...

     and international biathlon
    Biathlon
    Biathlon is a term used to describe any sporting event made up of two disciplines. However, biathlon usually refers specifically to the winter sport that combines cross-country skiing and rifle shooting...

     stadium, unique in France)
  • Bonneval-sur-Arc
    Bonneval-sur-Arc
    Bonneval-sur-Arc is a commune in the Savoie department in the Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.-External links:*...

     (area for Alpine skiing
    Alpine skiing
    Alpine skiing is the sport of sliding down snow-covered hills on skis with fixed-heel bindings. Alpine skiing can be contrasted with skiing using free-heel bindings: Ski mountaineering and nordic skiing – such as cross-country; ski jumping; and Telemark. In competitive alpine skiing races four...

    )


About 5,000 inhabitants live there permanently, but the population reaches about 15,000 in the winter.

Much of the Haute-Maurienne is included in the Vanoise National Park
Vanoise National Park
Vanoise National Park , is a French national park in the Tarentaise Valley in the French Alps, created in 1963 after mobilization from the environmentalist movement against a touristic project. It was the first French national park. This park is in the département of Savoie...

, which became the first national park in France in 1973. This borders the Gran Paradiso National Park
Gran Paradiso National Park
Gran Paradiso National Park is an Italian national park in the Graian Alps, between the Aosta Valley and Piedmont regions. The park is named after Gran Paradiso mountain, which is located in the park...

 of Italy. The two parks are important areas for ibexes, chamois
Chamois
The chamois, Rupicapra rupicapra, is a goat-antelope species native to mountains in Europe, including the Carpathian Mountains of Romania, the European Alps, the Tatra Mountains, the Balkans, parts of Turkey, and the Caucasus. The chamois has also been introduced to the South Island of New Zealand...

, and golden eagle
Golden Eagle
The Golden Eagle is one of the best known birds of prey in the Northern Hemisphere. Like all eagles, it belongs to the family Accipitridae. Once widespread across the Holarctic, it has disappeared from many of the more heavily populated areas...

s; the lammergeier
Lammergeier
The Lammergeier, Lammergeyer, or Bearded Vulture, Gypaetus barbatus , is the only member of the genus Gypaetus. Traditionally considered an Old World vulture, it actually forms a minor lineage of Accipitridae together with the Egyptian Vulture , its closest living relative...

 was recently reintroduced into the area. It appears that wolves have reached the region within the past five years.

Alpine / Downhill

In rough order heading up the valley:
  • Saint-François-Longchamp
    Saint-François-Longchamp
    Saint-François-Longchamp is a commune in the Savoie department in the Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.-References:*...

     (linked to Valmorel)
  • Les Sybelles
    Les sybelles
    Les Sybelles is a French linked ski area, located in the Savoie department in the Alps. It is one of the largest skiable domains in France. The resort has become very known because of Jean-Pierre Vidal, winner of the gold medal in slalom at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City and originating...

     comprising Le Corbier
    Le Corbier
    Le Corbier is a ski resort located in the Les Sybelles region of the French Alps, it is the fourth largest ski area in France with 310 km linked by lifts and pistes. The longest run is 2.9 km. It has a mixture of all the coloured slopes and is 1550 metres above sea-level. There are 26 chair lifts...

    , La Toussuire, Saint-Jean-d'Arves
    Saint-Jean-d'Arves
    Saint-Jean-d'Arves is a commune in the Savoie department in the Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.It is a ski resort, part of the larger Les Sybelles ski area.-External links:*...

    , Saint-Sorlin-d'Arves
    Saint-Sorlin-d'Arves
    Saint-Sorlin-d'Arves is a commune in the Savoie department in the Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.St Sorlin is a traditional Maurienne mountain village with some 350 permanent inhabitants. It is positioned in a mountain setting, with its slopes facing the 3000 metre Aiguilles d’Arves and...

    , Les Bottières, Saint-Colomban-des-Villards
    Saint-Colomban-des-Villards
    Saint-Colomban-des-Villards is a commune in the Savoie department in the Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.It is a small ski resort, part of the larger Les Sybelles ski area.-References:*...

  • Albiez-Montrond
    Albiez-Montrond
    Albiez-Montrond is a commune in the Savoie department in the Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.-References:*...

  • Les Karellis
  • Valloire
    Valloire
    Valloire is a commune in the Savoie department in the Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.The ski resort Valloire-Galibier is located in the commune, at the foot of the Col du Galibier and next to the ski resort of Valmeinier, France....

     and Valmeinier
    Valmeinier
    Valmeinier is a commune in the Savoie department in the Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.Valmeinier, located at the foot of the Mont Thabor, 3207 meters, is a medium size ski resort ....

  • Valfréjus
  • La Norma
  • Aussois
    Aussois
    Aussois is a commune in the Savoie department in the Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France. Although not as well known as other resorts right on the other side of the mountain like Val Thorens, it is popular with the French as ski resort in winter and as mountain destination in summer.It...

  • Bramans
    Bramans
    Bramans is a commune in the Savoie department in the Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France....

  • Termignon
    Termignon
    Termignon is a commune in the Savoie department in the Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France....

  • Val Cenis
    Val Cenis
    Val Cenis is a ski resort situated in the Haute-Maurienne region of the French Alps, close to the Italian border. It is composed of two villages; Lanslebourg and Lanslevillard. The villages sit at 1400m and 1500m, respectively, and lifts climb to a maximum altitude of 2800m. The resort is fairly...

  • Bonneval-sur-Arc
    Bonneval-sur-Arc
    Bonneval-sur-Arc is a commune in the Savoie department in the Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.-External links:*...


Cross Country

  • Bessans
    Bessans
    Bessans is a commune in the Savoie department in the Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.-Geography:Located on the Haute-Maurienne plateau, at an altitude of 1750 meters, the area is known for its sporting activities. Bessans is located in a valley, ideal for Nordic skiing...

  • Sollières-Sardières
    Sollières-Sardières
    Sollières-Sardières is a commune in the Savoie department in the Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.It has a small airstrip ICAO code: LFKD-References:*...



There is also access to The Three Valleys via the Orelle
Orelle
Orelle is a commune in the Savoie department in the Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.It is connected by the longest télécabine in the world to ski slopes that are part of the 3 vallées the largest linked ski domain in the world. From there one can access the Val Thorens ski...

gondola.

External links

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