Myd88
Encyclopedia
Myeloid differentiation primary response gene (88) (MYD88) is a protein
that, in humans, is encoded by the MYD88 gene
.
s (except TLR 3
) to activate the transcription factor
NF-κB. Mal (also known as TIRAP
) is necessary to recruit Myd88 to TLR 2
and TLR 4
, and MyD88 then signals through IRAK
. The human ortholog MYD88 seems to function similarly, since the immunological phenotype of human cells deficient in MYD88 is similar to cells from MyD88 deficient mice. However, available evidence suggests that MYD88 is dispensable for human resistance to common viral infections and to all but a few pyogenic bacterial infections, demonstrating a major difference between mouse and human immune responses.
with TLR 4
, Interleukin 1 receptor, type I
, RAC1
, IRAK2
and IRAK1
. It also interacts functionally with amyloid formation and behavior in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease
.
Protein
Proteins are biochemical compounds consisting of one or more polypeptides typically folded into a globular or fibrous form, facilitating a biological function. A polypeptide is a single linear polymer chain of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of...
that, in humans, is encoded by the MYD88 gene
Gene
A gene is a molecular unit of heredity of a living organism. It is a name given to some stretches of DNA and RNA that code for a type of protein or for an RNA chain that has a function in the organism. Living beings depend on genes, as they specify all proteins and functional RNA chains...
.
Function
In mice, MyD88 is a universal adapter protein as it is used by all TLRToll-like receptor
Toll-like receptors are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system. They are single, membrane-spanning, non-catalytic receptors that recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes...
s (except TLR 3
TLR 3
Toll-like receptor 3 also known as CD283 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR3 gene...
) to activate the transcription factor
Transcription factor
In molecular biology and genetics, a transcription factor is a protein that binds to specific DNA sequences, thereby controlling the flow of genetic information from DNA to mRNA...
NF-κB. Mal (also known as TIRAP
TIRAP
TIRAP is an adapter molecule associated with toll-like receptors....
) is necessary to recruit Myd88 to TLR 2
TLR 2
Toll-like receptor 2 also known as TLR-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR2 gene. TLR2 has also been designated as CD282 . TLR-2 plays a role in the immune system...
and TLR 4
TLR 4
Toll-like receptor 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR4 gene. TLR 4 is a toll-like receptor. It detects lipopolysaccharide from Gram-negative bacteria and is thus important in the activation of the innate immune system...
, and MyD88 then signals through IRAK
Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase
Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase is a family of kinases.Types include:* IRAK1* IRAK2* IRAK3* IRAK4...
. The human ortholog MYD88 seems to function similarly, since the immunological phenotype of human cells deficient in MYD88 is similar to cells from MyD88 deficient mice. However, available evidence suggests that MYD88 is dispensable for human resistance to common viral infections and to all but a few pyogenic bacterial infections, demonstrating a major difference between mouse and human immune responses.
Discovery
MyD88 was originally discovered and cloned by Drs Dan A Liebermann and Barbara Hoffman in mice.Interactions
Myd88 has been shown to interactProtein-protein interaction
Protein–protein interactions occur when two or more proteins bind together, often to carry out their biological function. Many of the most important molecular processes in the cell such as DNA replication are carried out by large molecular machines that are built from a large number of protein...
with TLR 4
TLR 4
Toll-like receptor 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR4 gene. TLR 4 is a toll-like receptor. It detects lipopolysaccharide from Gram-negative bacteria and is thus important in the activation of the innate immune system...
, Interleukin 1 receptor, type I
Interleukin 1 receptor, type I
Interleukin 1 receptor, type I also known as CD121a , is an interleukin receptor. IL1R1 also denotes its human gene.-Interactions:...
, RAC1
RAC1
Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 also known as Rac1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAC1 gene. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, but the full-length nature of some of these variants has not been determined.- Function :Rac1 is...
, IRAK2
IRAK2
Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-like 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the IRAK2 gene.-Interactions:IRAK2 has been shown to interact with TRAF6 and Myd88.-Further reading:...
and IRAK1
IRAK1
Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the IRAK1 gene.-Interactions:IRAK1 has been shown to interact with Myd88, IKBKG, IKK2, TRAF6, CHUK and Ubiquitin C.-Further reading:...
. It also interacts functionally with amyloid formation and behavior in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease also known in medical literature as Alzheimer disease is the most common form of dementia. There is no cure for the disease, which worsens as it progresses, and eventually leads to death...
.