• Phenol-chloroform extraction
• minicolumn purification
• RNA extraction
  RNA extraction
  RNA extraction is the purification of RNA from biological samples. This procedure is complicated by the ubiquitous presence of ribonuclease enzymes in cells and tissues, which can rapidly degrade RNA...
  
  

• Abundance in weight: spectroscopic quantification
  Quantification of nucleic acids
  In molecular biology, quantitation of nucleic acids is commonly performed to determine the average concentrations of DNA or RNA present in a mixture, as well as their purity. Reactions that use nucleic acids often require particular amounts and purity for optimum performance...
  
  
• Absolute abundance in number: Q-PCR
  Real-time polymerase chain reaction
  In molecular biology, real-time polymerase chain reaction, also called quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction or kinetic polymerase chain reaction , is a laboratory technique based on the PCR, which is used to amplify and simultaneously quantify a targeted DNA molecule...
  
  
• high-throughput relative abundance DNA microarray
  DNA microarray
  A DNA microarray is a collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface. Scientists use DNA microarrays to measure the expression levels of large numbers of genes simultaneously or to genotype multiple regions of a genome...
  
  
• high-throughput absolute abundance SAGE
  Serial Analysis of Gene Expression
  Serial analysis of gene expression is a technique used by molecular biologists to produce a snapshot of the messenger RNA population in a sample of interest in the form of small tags that correspond to fragments of those transcripts. The original technique was developed by Dr. Victor Velculescu...
  
  
• Size: Gel electrophoresis
  Gel electrophoresis
  Gel electrophoresis is a method used in clinical chemistry to separate proteins by charge and or size and in biochemistry and molecular biology to separate a mixed population of DNA and RNA fragments by length, to estimate the size of DNA and RNA fragments or to separate proteins by charge...
  
  

• De novo: Oligonucleotide synthesis
  Oligonucleotide synthesis
  Oligonucleotide synthesis is the chemical synthesis of relatively short fragments of nucleic acids with defined chemical structure . The technique is extremely useful in current laboratory practice because it provides a rapid and inexpensive access to custom-made oligonucleotides of the desired...
  
  
• Amplification: PCR
  Polymerase chain reaction
  The polymerase chain reaction is a scientific technique in molecular biology to amplify a single or a few copies of a piece of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence....
  
  

• Dual polarization interferometry
• QCM-D
  QCM-D
  The Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring is a special type of QCM based on the ring-down technique,. The term QCM-D is a trademark owned by Q-sense AB, Gothenburg, Sweden. The active component of a QCM is a thin quartz crystal disk sandwiched between a pair of electrodes...
  
  

• Nucleic acid simulations
• DNA sequencing
  DNA sequencing
  DNA sequencing includes several methods and technologies that are used for determining the order of the nucleotide bases—adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine—in a molecule of DNA....
  
  
• Bisulfite sequencing
  Bisulfite sequencing
  Bisulfite sequencing is the use of bisulfite treatment of DNA to determine its pattern of methylation. DNA methylation was the first discovered epigenetic mark, and remains the most studied...
  
  
• Expression cloning
  Expression cloning
  Expression cloning is a technique in DNA cloning that uses expression vectors to generate a library of clones, with each clone expressing one protein. This expression library is then screened for the property of interest and clones of interest recovered for further analysis...
  
  
• Southern blot
  Southern blot
  A Southern blot is a method routinely used in molecular biology for detection of a specific DNA sequence in DNA samples. Southern blotting combines transfer of electrophoresis-separated DNA fragments to a filter membrane and subsequent fragment detection by probe hybridization. The method is named...
  
  
• Northern blot
  Northern blot
  The northern blot is a technique used in molecular biology research to study gene expression by detection of RNA in a sample. With northern blotting it is possible to observe cellular control over structure and function by determining the particular gene expression levels during differentiation,...
  
  
• Sucrose gradient centrifugation
  Sucrose gradient centrifugation
  Sucrose gradient centrifugation is a type of centrifugation often used to purify enveloped viruses and ribosomes, and also to separate cell organelles from crude cellular extracts...
  
  
• Radioactivity in biological research
  Radioactivity in biological research
  Radioactivity can be used in life sciences as a radiolabel to visualise components or target molecules in a biological system. Some radionuclei are synthesised in particle accelerators and have short half-lives, giving them high maximum theoretical specific activities. This lowers the detection...
  
  
• Lab-on-a-chip
  Lab-on-a-chip
  A lab-on-a-chip is a device that integrates one or several laboratory functions on a single chip of only millimeters to a few square centimeters in size. LOCs deal with the handling of extremely small fluid volumes down to less than pico liters. Lab-on-a-chip devices are a subset of MEMS devices...
  
  
• Nuclear run-on assay
  Nuclear run-on
  A nuclear run-on assay is conducted to identify the genes that are being transcribed at a certain time. Cell nuclei are isolated rapidly, and incubated with labelled nucleotides and the results are hybridized to a slot blot, which is then exposed to film. It was originally developed by Gariglio et...
  
  
• Fluorescent in situ hybridization
  Fluorescent in situ hybridization
  FISH is a cytogenetic technique developed by biomedical researchers in the early 1980s that is used to detect and localize the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes. FISH uses fluorescent probes that bind to only those parts of the chromosome with which they show a high...
  
  
• several Bioinformatics
  Bioinformatics
  Bioinformatics is the application of computer science and information technology to the field of biology and medicine. Bioinformatics deals with algorithms, databases and information systems, web technologies, artificial intelligence and soft computing, information and computation theory, software...
  
   methods, such as RNA structure prediction

External links

• PROTOCOLS FOR RECOMBINANT DNA ISOLATION, CLONING, and SEQUENCING