Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research
Encyclopedia
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , pronounced , like "noah", is a scientific agency within the United States Department of Commerce focused on the conditions of the oceans and the atmosphere...
(NOAA). OAR is also referred to as NOAA Research.
NOAA Research is the research and development arm of NOAA and is the driving force behind NOAA environmental
Natural environment
The natural environment encompasses all living and non-living things occurring naturally on Earth or some region thereof. It is an environment that encompasses the interaction of all living species....
products and services aimed at protecting life and property and promoting sustainable economic growth. Research
Research
Research can be defined as the scientific search for knowledge, or as any systematic investigation, to establish novel facts, solve new or existing problems, prove new ideas, or develop new theories, usually using a scientific method...
, conducted by programs within NOAA and through collaborations outside NOAA, focuses on enhancing the understanding of environmental phenomena such as tornadoes
Tornado
A tornado is a violent, dangerous, rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud. They are often referred to as a twister or a cyclone, although the word cyclone is used in meteorology in a wider...
, hurricanes, climate
Climate
Climate encompasses the statistics of temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological elemental measurements in a given region over long periods...
variability, changes in the ozone layer
Ozone layer
The ozone layer is a layer in Earth's atmosphere which contains relatively high concentrations of ozone . This layer absorbs 97–99% of the Sun's high frequency ultraviolet light, which is potentially damaging to the life forms on Earth...
, El Niño/La Niña
El Niño-Southern Oscillation
El Niño/La Niña-Southern Oscillation, or ENSO, is a quasiperiodic climate pattern that occurs across the tropical Pacific Ocean roughly every five years...
events, fisheries
Fishery
Generally, a fishery is an entity engaged in raising or harvesting fish which is determined by some authority to be a fishery. According to the FAO, a fishery is typically defined in terms of the "people involved, species or type of fish, area of water or seabed, method of fishing, class of boats,...
productivity, ocean currents
Ocean current
An ocean current is a continuous, directed movement of ocean water generated by the forces acting upon this mean flow, such as breaking waves, wind, Coriolis effect, cabbeling, temperature and salinity differences and tides caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun...
, deep sea thermal vents, and coastal ecosystem health.
What NOAA Research does
Working under the broad themes of Climate, AtmosphereAtmosphere
An atmosphere is a layer of gases that may surround a material body of sufficient mass, and that is held in place by the gravity of the body. An atmosphere may be retained for a longer duration, if the gravity is high and the atmosphere's temperature is low...
, and Oceans, NOAA scientists study the ocean's depths and the highest reaches of space
Outer space
Outer space is the void that exists between celestial bodies, including the Earth. It is not completely empty, but consists of a hard vacuum containing a low density of particles: predominantly a plasma of hydrogen and helium, as well as electromagnetic radiation, magnetic fields, and neutrinos....
. NOAA's long-term commitment to conducting preeminent research includes engaging in-house and external talent to:
- Continue to conduct experimentsExperimentAn experiment is a methodical procedure carried out with the goal of verifying, falsifying, or establishing the validity of a hypothesis. Experiments vary greatly in their goal and scale, but always rely on repeatable procedure and logical analysis of the results...
to understand natural processes (physical, geochemical, ecological) - Build predictive models for use in weatherWeatherWeather is the state of the atmosphere, to the degree that it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or cloudy. Most weather phenomena occur in the troposphere, just below the stratosphere. Weather refers, generally, to day-to-day temperature and precipitation activity, whereas climate...
, climate, solarSunThe Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System. It is almost perfectly spherical and consists of hot plasma interwoven with magnetic fields...
, ocean, and coastal assessments and predictionsPredictionA prediction or forecast is a statement about the way things will happen in the future, often but not always based on experience or knowledge...
. - Develop and deploy new observing technologies to provide data to support predictive models and to document natural variability.
- Develop new analytical and forecast tools to improve weather services and earlier warnings for natural disastersNatural disasterA natural disaster is the effect of a natural hazard . It leads to financial, environmental or human losses...
. - Use new information technologyInformation technologyInformation technology is the acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical information by a microelectronics-based combination of computing and telecommunications...
to share information with other federal and academic scientists. - Prepare scientific assessments and information products to enhance public educationPublic educationState schools, also known in the United States and Canada as public schools,In much of the Commonwealth, including Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United Kingdom, the terms 'public education', 'public school' and 'independent school' are used for private schools, that is, schools...
and guide governmentalGovernmentGovernment refers to the legislators, administrators, and arbitrators in the administrative bureaucracy who control a state at a given time, and to the system of government by which they are organized...
action.
Research plans and products are developed in partnership with academia
Academia
Academia is the community of students and scholars engaged in higher education and research.-Etymology:The word comes from the akademeia in ancient Greece. Outside the city walls of Athens, the gymnasium was made famous by Plato as a center of learning...
and other federal agencies, and are peer-reviewed and widely distributed. A high premium is placed on external collaboration both domestically and internationally.
The components and programs of NOAA Research are:
- 7 NOAA laboratoriesLaboratoryA laboratory is a facility that provides controlled conditions in which scientific research, experiments, and measurement may be performed. The title of laboratory is also used for certain other facilities where the processes or equipment used are similar to those in scientific laboratories...
- 14 Joint Institute research partners
- Office of Global ProgramsOffice of Global ProgramsThe Office of Global Programs is a division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration run under the auspices of the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research ....
- Climate Observations and Services
- Office of Weather and Air Quality
- Arctic Research OfficeArctic Research OfficeThe a division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration run under the auspices of the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research ....
- Office of Ocean ExplorationOffice of Ocean ExplorationIn the United States the Office of Ocean Exploration is a division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration run under the auspices of the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research ....
- National Undersea Research ProgramNational Undersea Research ProgramThe National Underwater Research Program is a U.S. government program that operates six facilities for undersea research, including the world's only permanent undersea research facility, Aquarius. The program is operated under the auspices of the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, a...
- National Sea Grant Program
NOAA Research has three primary research areas: climate, atmosphere and oceans.
Climate research
NOAA's research laboratories, the Climate Program Office, and research partners conduct research into complex climate systems and how they work. The aim of this research is to predict climate variation in the shorter term, for example, cold spells or periods of droughtDrought
A drought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply. Generally, this occurs when a region receives consistently below average precipitation. It can have a substantial impact on the ecosystem and agriculture of the affected region...
, and over longer terms, such as centuries and beyond.
NOAA scientists are at the forefront of studying climate change and modeling what the effects will be on the Earth. Researchers at NOAA’s Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL) have developed the Coupled Hydrosphere-Atmosphere Research Model (CHARM) to enable a valid assessment of the impact of how climate change
Climate change
Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It may be a change in average weather conditions or the distribution of events around that average...
might affect the climate and ecology
Ecology
Ecology is the scientific study of the relations that living organisms have with respect to each other and their natural environment. Variables of interest to ecologists include the composition, distribution, amount , number, and changing states of organisms within and among ecosystems...
of the Great Lakes
Great Lakes
The Great Lakes are a collection of freshwater lakes located in northeastern North America, on the Canada – United States border. Consisting of Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, they form the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth by total surface, coming in second by volume...
. The CHARM model provides a realistic surface-atmosphere feedback portrayal, and accounts for runoff from land surfaces. It allows researchers to predict that global warming
Global warming
Global warming refers to the rising average temperature of Earth's atmosphere and oceans and its projected continuation. In the last 100 years, Earth's average surface temperature increased by about with about two thirds of the increase occurring over just the last three decades...
likely will bring higher temperatures
Temperature
Temperature is a physical property of matter that quantitatively expresses the common notions of hot and cold. Objects of low temperature are cold, while various degrees of higher temperatures are referred to as warm or hot...
and increased precipitation
Precipitation (meteorology)
In meteorology, precipitation In meteorology, precipitation In meteorology, precipitation (also known as one of the classes of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravity. The main forms of precipitation...
to the Great Lakes. Development of a second generation of CHARM is underway to help answer questions about greenhouse warming effects on Great Lakes water quantity.
NOAA researchers closely monitor the Earth's atmosphere searching for clues about long-term changes in the global climate. The data collected worldwide by NOAA researchers contributes to the understanding of complex climatic systems and the ability to forecast changes.
Atmospheric research
NOAA Research organizations conduct research on the upper and lower atmosphere as well as the space environment. Their findings form the basis for NOAA's contributions to major national and international environmental programs and agreements.For instance, improvements in forecast and warning services provided by the National Weather Service are a direct result of NOAA research. Improvements in numerical modeling, observations gathered by satellites and Doppler weather radars (NEXRAD), and sophisticated weather warning and information processing and communications systems, have collectively led to significantly improved severe weather forecasts and warnings.
Other research programs focus on observation and study of the chemical and physical processes of the atmosphere, detecting the effects of pollution on those processes and monitoring and forecasting the phenomena affecting the Sun-Earth environment.
Ocean and coastal research
NOAA Research, in cooperation with its research partners, explores and investigates ocean habitats and resources. The findings of NOAA researchers contribute to the management of fisheries, conservation of coastlines, and development of a stronger economy through marine products and businesses, such as biotechnology and sustainable aquaculture.NOAA’s Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) in Seattle, Washington
Seattle, Washington
Seattle is the county seat of King County, Washington. With 608,660 residents as of the 2010 Census, Seattle is the largest city in the Northwestern United States. The Seattle metropolitan area of about 3.4 million inhabitants is the 15th largest metropolitan area in the country...
, designed Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART-II) technology, which provides two-way communication capabilities, allowing engineers the ability to troubleshoot these systems from the lab and repair them remotely when possible. This capability minimizes system downtime, especially in the harsh winter conditions of the North Pacific
Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic in the north to the Southern Ocean in the south, bounded by Asia and Australia in the west, and the Americas in the east.At 165.2 million square kilometres in area, this largest division of the World...
, and reduces costs by not having to deploy a ship to make repairs.
Benefits of NOAA Research
Most environmental questions are not easily answered. NOAA is committed to tackling the complex issues that only advanced scientific knowledge can adequately address. NOAA Research seeks to:- Provide comprehensive knowledge to guide national environmental policy decisions, including better predictions of the climate response to emissions changes, choices for protection of the ozone layer, and alternatives for developing coastal communities;
- Improve environmental services to the nation, including reliable predictions and assessments; and
- Promote economic growth through science for decision-making, new technology, and partnerships with academia and industry.
NOAA Research laboratories
The 7 laboratories that are part of NOAA Research are located throughout the United States near their areas of focus.- Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological LaboratoryAtlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological LaboratoryThe Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory , a federal research laboratory, is part of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research , located in Miami, Florida...
(AOML) - MiamiMiami, FloridaMiami is a city located on the Atlantic coast in southeastern Florida and the county seat of Miami-Dade County, the most populous county in Florida and the eighth-most populous county in the United States with a population of 2,500,625...
, FLFloridaFlorida is a state in the southeastern United States, located on the nation's Atlantic and Gulf coasts. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean. With a population of 18,801,310 as measured by the 2010 census, it... - Air Resources LaboratoryAir Resources LaboratoryThe Air Resources Laboratory is an air quality and climate laboratory in the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research which is an operating unit within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in the UNited States...
(ARL) - Silver SpringSilver Spring, MarylandSilver Spring is an unincorporated area and census-designated place in Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. It had a population of 71,452 at the 2010 census, making it the fourth most populous place in Maryland, after Baltimore, Columbia, and Germantown.The urbanized, oldest, and...
, MDMarylandMaryland is a U.S. state located in the Mid Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware to its east... - Earth System Research LaboratoryEarth System Research LaboratoryThe Earth System Research Laboratory is a laboratory in National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration /Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research ....
(ESRL) - Boulder, CO - Geophysical Fluid Dynamics LaboratoryGeophysical Fluid Dynamics LaboratoryThe Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory is a laboratory in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration /Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research . The current director is Dr. V...
(GFDL) - PrincetonPrinceton, New JerseyPrinceton is a community located in Mercer County, New Jersey, United States. It is best known as the location of Princeton University, which has been sited in the community since 1756...
, NJNew JerseyNew Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. , its population was 8,791,894. It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania and on the southwest by Delaware... - Great Lakes Environmental Research LaboratoryGreat Lakes Environmental Research LaboratoryThe Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory is a laboratory in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration /Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research...
(GLERL) - Ann ArborAnn Arbor, MichiganAnn Arbor is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan and the county seat of Washtenaw County. The 2010 census places the population at 113,934, making it the sixth largest city in Michigan. The Ann Arbor Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 344,791 as of 2010...
, MIMichiganMichigan is a U.S. state located in the Great Lakes Region of the United States of America. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, meaning "large water" or "large lake".... - National Severe Storms LaboratoryNational Severe Storms LaboratoryThe National Severe Storms Laboratory is a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration weather research laboratory located at the National Weather Center in Norman, Oklahoma....
(NSSL) - NormanNorman, OklahomaNorman is a city in Cleveland County, Oklahoma, United States, and is located south of downtown Oklahoma City. It is part of the Oklahoma City metropolitan area. As of the 2010 census, Norman was to have 110,925 full-time residents, making it the third-largest city in Oklahoma and the...
, OKOklahomaOklahoma is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. With an estimated 3,751,351 residents as of the 2010 census and a land area of 68,667 square miles , Oklahoma is the 28th most populous and 20th-largest state... - Pacific Marine Environmental LaboratoryPacific Marine Environmental LaboratoryThe Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory is a laboratory in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration /Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research ....
(PMEL) - SeattleSeattle, WashingtonSeattle is the county seat of King County, Washington. With 608,660 residents as of the 2010 Census, Seattle is the largest city in the Northwestern United States. The Seattle metropolitan area of about 3.4 million inhabitants is the 15th largest metropolitan area in the country...
, WA and NewportNewport, OregonNewport is a city in Lincoln County, Oregon, United States. It was incorporated in 1882, though the name dates back to the establishment of a post office in 1868...
, OROregonOregon is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is located on the Pacific coast, with Washington to the north, California to the south, Nevada on the southeast and Idaho to the east. The Columbia and Snake rivers delineate much of Oregon's northern and eastern...
Joint Institute research partners
NOAA Research partners with research-oriented universities and institutions to share data and resources to advance the goals of NOAA.- Cooperative Institute for Arctic ResearchCooperative Institute for Arctic ResearchThe Cooperative Institute for Arctic Research is designed to be a focal point for interactions between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration /Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research and the Arctic research community through the University of Alaska for research related to the...
(CIFAR) - FairbanksFairbanks, AlaskaFairbanks is a home rule city in and the borough seat of the Fairbanks North Star Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska.Fairbanks is the largest city in the Interior region of Alaska, and second largest in the state behind Anchorage...
, AKAlaskaAlaska is the largest state in the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait... - Cooperative Institute for Atmospheric Sciences and Terrestrial ApplicationsCooperative Institute for Atmospheric Sciences and Terrestrial ApplicationsThe Cooperative Institute for Atmospheric Sciences and Terrestrial Applications formalizes a major collaborative relationship between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research and the Desert Research Institute...
(CIASTA) - Las VegasLas Vegas metropolitan areaThe Las Vegas Valley is the heart of the Las Vegas-Paradise, NV MSA also known as the Las Vegas–Paradise–Henderson MSA which includes all of Clark County, Nevada, and is a metropolitan area in the southern part of the U.S. state of Nevada. The Valley is defined by the Las Vegas Valley landform, a ...
/RenoReno, NevadaReno is the county seat of Washoe County, Nevada, United States. The city has a population of about 220,500 and is the most populous Nevada city outside of the Las Vegas metropolitan area...
, NVNevadaNevada is a state in the western, mountain west, and southwestern regions of the United States. With an area of and a population of about 2.7 million, it is the 7th-largest and 35th-most populous state. Over two-thirds of Nevada's people live in the Las Vegas metropolitan area, which contains its... - Cooperative Institute for Climate Applications and ResearchCooperative Institute for Climate Applications and ResearchThe Cooperative Institute for Climate Applications and Research formalizes a major collaborative relationship between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research and Columbia University....
(CICAR) - PalisadesPalisades, New YorkPalisades, formerly known as Sneden's Landing, is a hamlet in the Town of Orangetown in Rockland County, New York, United States, located north of Rockleigh and Alpine, New Jersey; east of Tappan; south of Sparkill; and west of the Hudson River....
, NYNew YorkNew York is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east... - Cooperative Institute for Climate and Ocean ResearchCooperative Institute for Climate and Ocean ResearchThe Cooperative Institute for Climate and Ocean Research formalizes a major collaborative relationship between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution .CICOR provides a framework at WHOI for...
(CICOR) - Woods HoleWoods Hole, MassachusettsWoods Hole is a census-designated place in the town of Falmouth in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, United States. It lies at the extreme southwest corner of Cape Cod, near Martha's Vineyard and the Elizabeth Islands...
, MAMassachusettsThe Commonwealth of Massachusetts is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. As of the 2010... - Cooperative Institute for Climate ScienceCooperative Institute for Climate ScienceThe Cooperative Institute for Climate Science fosters research collaborations between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration /Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory and the Princeton University.The CICS research themes are:* Earth System...
(CICS) - Princeton, NJ - Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems ResearchCooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems ResearchThe Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research fosters research collaborations between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration /Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory , Michigan State University and the University of...
(CILER) - Ann Arbor, MI - Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric StudiesCooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric StudiesThe Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies is a research institute of the University of Miami located in the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science...
(CIMAS) - Miami, FL - Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological StudiesCooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological StudiesThe Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies provides a mechanism to link the scientific and technical resources of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration / Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research and the University of Oklahoma to create a center of research...
(CIMMS) - Norman, OK - Cooperative Institute for Research in the AtmosphereCooperative Institute for Research in the AtmosphereThe Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere provides a mechanism to link the scientific and technical resources of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration /Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research and Colorado State University.The CIRA research themes are:* Global and...
(CIRA) - Fort CollinsFort Collins, ColoradoFort Collins is a Home Rule Municipality situated on the Cache La Poudre River along the Colorado Front Range, and is the county seat and most populous city of Larimer County, Colorado, United States. Fort Collins is located north of the Colorado State Capitol in Denver. With a 2010 census...
, COColoradoColorado is a U.S. state that encompasses much of the Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains... - Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental SciencesCooperative Institute for Research in Environmental SciencesThe Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences is a research institute that is sponsored jointly by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration /Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research and the University of Colorado at Boulder.- Quick facts :* Established in 1967 as...
(CIRES) - Boulder, CO - Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric ResearchJoint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric ResearchThe Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research is an oceanic, atmospheric, and geophysical research institute that is sponsored jointly National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration /Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research and the University of Hawaii .The JIMAR research themes...
(JIMAR) - HonoluluHonolulu, HawaiiHonolulu is the capital and the most populous city of the U.S. state of Hawaii. Honolulu is the southernmost major U.S. city. Although the name "Honolulu" refers to the urban area on the southeastern shore of the island of Oahu, the city and county government are consolidated as the City and...
, HIHawaiiHawaii is the newest of the 50 U.S. states , and is the only U.S. state made up entirely of islands. It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean, southwest of the continental United States, southeast of Japan, and northeast of... - Joint Institute for Marine ObservationsJoint Institute for Marine ObservationsThe Joint Institute for Marine Observations is a research institute that is sponsored jointly National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration /Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research and University of California's Scripps Institution of Oceanography.The JIMO research themes are:* Climate and...
(JIMO) - La Jolla, CACaliforniaCalifornia is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third-largest by land area... - Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and OceanJoint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and OceanThe Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean has existed since 1977 for the purpose of fostering research collaboration between National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration /Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research and the University of Washington. Dr...
(JISAO) - Seattle, Washington - Northern Gulf InstituteNorthern Gulf InstituteThe is a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Cooperative Institute started in October 2006. The NGI is a partnership of five academic institutions and NOAA...
(NGI) - Stennis Space CenterJohn C. Stennis Space CenterThe John C. Stennis Space Center , located in Hancock County, Mississippi, at the Mississippi-Louisiana border, is NASA's largest rocket engine test facility.- History :...
, MSMississippiMississippi is a U.S. state located in the Southern United States. Jackson is the state capital and largest city. The name of the state derives from the Mississippi River, which flows along its western boundary, whose name comes from the Ojibwe word misi-ziibi...