Olympic class ocean liner
Encyclopedia
The Olympic-class ocean liners were a trio of ocean liner
s built by the Harland & Wolff
shipyard for the White Star Line
in the early 20th century. Although the three were the largest and most luxurious of their time, two were lost early in their careers: sank on 15 April 1912 after hitting an iceberg in the North Atlantic, and HMHS Britannic
sank on 21 November 1916, after hitting a mine laid by the German minelayer, U-79, triggering one of the mines laid in a barrier off of Kea during World War I
. , the eldest sister and namesake of the class, continued in service until she was laid up and scrapped in 1935, alongside Cunard's .
Although two of the three vessels did not have successful careers, they are among the most famous ocean liners ever built. Decorative elements of Olympic were purchased to adorn many places (and even a cruise ship, Celebrity Millennium). Titanic story has been adapted into many films and books, and Britannic has also inspired a movie of the same name
.
and Germany
in the construction of the liners. The Norddeutscher Lloyd
and HAPAG
, the two largest German companies, were indeed involved in the race for speed and size in the late nineteenth century. The first in service for the Norddeutscher Lloyd was , which won the Blue Riband
in 1897 before being beaten by of HAPAG in 1900. Then followed the three sister ships of the Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse: , and all of whom were part of a "Kaiser class
". In response to this, the Cunard Line of the UK ordered two vessels whose speed earned them the nickname "greyhounds of the seas:" and . Mauretania kept the Blue Riband for more than twenty years, from 1907 to 1929.
The White Star Line knew that their Big Four
, a quartet of ships built for size and luxury but not speed, were no match for the Cunard's new liners. In 1907, J. Bruce Ismay, president of White Star and William J. Pirrie, director of the shipyard Harland & Wolff decided to build three vessels. And so, the Olympic-class ships were built to surpass rival Cunard
's largest ships, Lusitania and Mauretania, in size and luxury. Titanic, along with her sisters, Olympic and the soon to be built Britannic (provisionally named Gigantic), were intended to be the largest and most luxurious ships to operate on the North Atlantic, but not the fastest, as the White Star Line had already switched from high speed to size and luxury. The three vessels were designed by Thomas Andrews
and Alexander Carlisle
.
Construction of Olympic started in December 1908 and Titanic in March 1909. The two ships were built side by side. The construction of Gigantic began in 1911 after the commissioning of Olympic and Titanic launch. Following the sinking of Titanic, Gigantic was renamed Britannic, and the two remaining vessels underwent many changes in their safety provisions.
The vessels were 269 metres (882.5 ft) long, their tonnage surrounded 46,000 GRT. Olympic, originally the smallest of the three, became the biggest British ship ever constructed after her refit in 1912, until the commissioning of in 1936. All three vessels transported four funnels, with the fourth being a dummy which was used for ventilation purposes. On the one hand it was a decoration to establish a symmetry in the ships' profile, on the other hand it prevented the large amount of ventilation cowls on deck as on Cunard's Lusitania and Mauretania.
Sixty-four lifeboats were the number possible to be added to each ships. However, only 20 boats were installed on Olympic and Titanic to avoid cluttering the deck and provide more space for passengers. Shipbuilders of the era envisaged the ocean liner itself as the ultimate lifeboat and therefore envisaged that a lifeboat's purpose was that of a ferry between a foundering liner and a rescue ship. Despite the low number of lifeboats, both Olympic and Titanic exceeded Board of Trade regulations of the time. Following the sinking of Titanic, more lifeboats were added to Olympic (some lifeboats might even have been from the foundered Titanic). Britannic, meanwhile, was equipped with eight special large davits to be able to launch many lifeboats at the same time.
passengers enjoyed luxurious cabins, some were equipped with bathrooms. The two most luxurious even included a private promenade deck.This last provision was a novelty on board Titanic. There were also large dining rooms, a lavish Grand Staircase
built only for the Olympic-class ships, a Georgian-style
smoking room, a Cafe Veranda decorated with palm trees, and even a swimming pool, Turkish bath, gymnasium, and several other places for meals and entertainment.
The second class also had good accommodations. A smoking room, a library, a spacious dining room, and an elevator was available for the second class. It was also expected to propose a gym on board Britannic.
Finally, the third-class passengers enjoyed reasonable accommodation compared to other ships, if not up to the second and first classes. Instead of large dormitories offered by most ships of the time, the third-class passengers of the Olympic-class lived in cabins containing two to ten bunks. The class also had a smoking room, a common area, and a dining room. Britannic provided third-class passengers more comfort than its two sister ships.
During the First World War, the ship served as a troop transport. On May 12, 1918, she rammed and sank the German submarine U-103
. Once placed back in the commercial service during 1920, she crossed the Atlantic with two ships seized from Germany, and . In 1934, she again sank a ship by a collision with the Nantucket Lightship LV-117, causing the death of the four occupants, and three more died later.
Following the merger of White Star Line and Cunard Line in 1934, Olympic was taken out of service in 1935, and scrapped between 1935 & 1937.
, a ship moored in the port pulled by the propellers of Titanic. After a stopover at Cherbourg, France and another in Queenstown, Ireland, she sailed into the Atlantic with 2,200 passengers on board (a total capacity of 3,500), under the command of Captain Edward J. Smith headed for New York City. The crossing took place without major incident until Sunday, April 14 at 23:40.
Titanic struck an iceberg at 41°46′N 50°14′W. while sailing about 400 miles south of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland
shortly before midnight. The strike and the shock blew the rivets, thus opening a leak in the hull below the waterline. This caused the first five compartments to be flooded while the ship could only stay afloat with four compartments flooded. The ship sank 2 hours and 40 minutes after the collision and with not enough lifeboats for all of the passengers, 1,517 of the 2,223 people on board were killed, making it one of the deadliest peacetime maritime disasters in history.
shipyard in Belfast
and fitting out began. In August 1914, before Britannic could commence transatlantic service between New York and Southampton
, World War I
began. Immediately, all shipyard
s with Admiralty
contracts were given top priority to use available raw materials. All civil contracts (including the Britannic) were slowed down.
On 13 November 1915, Britannic was requisitioned as a hospital ship from her storage location at Belfast. Repainted white with large red crosses and a horizontal green stripe, she was renamed HMHS (His Majesty's Hospital Ship) Britannic.
08:12 AM on 21 November 1916, The HMHS Britannic struck a mineThe hypothesis of the sinking caused by a mine was the one that had been accepted by the inquiry following the sinking. However, it's possible that the sinking was caused by a torpedo http://www.hospitalshipbritannic.com/the_enigma.htm(Accessed March 21, 2009) at 37°42′05"N 24°17′02"E, and sank. 1,036 people were saved. Thirty men lost their lives in the disaster. One survivor, nurse Violet Jessop
was notable as having also survived the sinking of the RMS Titanic in 1912, and had also been on board RMS Olympic
, when it collided with the HMS Hawke
in 1911. The Britannic was the largest ship lost during World War I.
of Ifremer
and Robert Ballard
following a secret mission for the U.S. Navy. The discovery of the wreck occurred on 1 September 1985, at 25 kilometers from the position given of the sinking. The wreck lies about 4,000 meters deep, broken in two. The bow is relatively well preserved, but the stern imploded during the sinking.On the contrary to the bow, the stern of the ship was not filled with water when it sank, and imploded as a result of the air.
The wreck of Britannic was discovered in 1975 by Jacques-Yves Cousteau
. It has a large tear in the front caused by the bend of the bow when the ship rolled over. She has been, after the discovery, regularly seen as part of many other expeditions.
When decommissioned, Olympic was previously set to be converted into a floating hotel, but the project was canceled. However, its decorative elements were auctioned. The First Class Lounge and part of the Aft Grand Staircase, can be found in the White Swan Hotel
, in Alnwick
, Northumberland
, England. The à la carte restaurant of Olympic is now restored on the Celebrity Millennium.
Ocean liner
An ocean liner is a ship designed to transport people from one seaport to another along regular long-distance maritime routes according to a schedule. Liners may also carry cargo or mail, and may sometimes be used for other purposes .Cargo vessels running to a schedule are sometimes referred to as...
s built by the Harland & Wolff
Harland and Wolff
Harland and Wolff Heavy Industries is a Northern Irish heavy industrial company, specialising in shipbuilding and offshore construction, located in Belfast, Northern Ireland....
shipyard for the White Star Line
White Star Line
The Oceanic Steam Navigation Company or White Star Line of Boston Packets, more commonly known as the White Star Line, was a prominent British shipping company, today most famous for its ill-fated vessel, the RMS Titanic, and the World War I loss of Titanics sister ship Britannic...
in the early 20th century. Although the three were the largest and most luxurious of their time, two were lost early in their careers: sank on 15 April 1912 after hitting an iceberg in the North Atlantic, and HMHS Britannic
HMHS Britannic
HMHS Britannic was the third and largest of the White Star Line. She was the sister ship of and , and was intended to enter service as a transatlantic passenger liner. She was launched just before the start of the First World War and was laid up at her builders in Belfast for many months before...
sank on 21 November 1916, after hitting a mine laid by the German minelayer, U-79, triggering one of the mines laid in a barrier off of Kea during World War I
World War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
. , the eldest sister and namesake of the class, continued in service until she was laid up and scrapped in 1935, alongside Cunard's .
Although two of the three vessels did not have successful careers, they are among the most famous ocean liners ever built. Decorative elements of Olympic were purchased to adorn many places (and even a cruise ship, Celebrity Millennium). Titanic story has been adapted into many films and books, and Britannic has also inspired a movie of the same name
Britannic (film)
Britannic is a romantic drama film directed by Brian Trenchard-Smith. It stars Edward Atterton and Amanda Ryan as star-crossed lovers on the forgotten sister ship of the , the HMHS Britannic...
.
Origin and construction
The Olympic-class had its origins in the intense competition between the United KingdomUnited Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
and Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
in the construction of the liners. The Norddeutscher Lloyd
Norddeutscher Lloyd
Norddeutsche Lloyd was a German shipping company. It was founded by Hermann Henrich Meier and Eduard Crüsemann in Bremen on February 20, 1857. It developed into one of the most important German shipping companies of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and was instrumental in the economic...
and HAPAG
Hamburg America Line
The Hamburg Amerikanische Packetfahrt Actien Gesellschaft was a transatlantic shipping enterprise established in Hamburg, Germany during...
, the two largest German companies, were indeed involved in the race for speed and size in the late nineteenth century. The first in service for the Norddeutscher Lloyd was , which won the Blue Riband
Blue Riband
The Blue Riband is an unofficial accolade given to the passenger liner crossing the Atlantic Ocean in regular service with the record highest speed. The term was borrowed from horse racing and was not widely used until after 1910. Under the unwritten rules, the record is based on average speed...
in 1897 before being beaten by of HAPAG in 1900. Then followed the three sister ships of the Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse: , and all of whom were part of a "Kaiser class
Kaiser class ocean liner
The Kaiser class ocean liners or Kaiserklasse refer to four transatlantic ocean liners of the Norddeutscher Lloyd, a German shipping company. Built by the AG Vulcan Stettin between 1897 and 1907, these ships were designed to be among the largest and best appointed liners of their day...
". In response to this, the Cunard Line of the UK ordered two vessels whose speed earned them the nickname "greyhounds of the seas:" and . Mauretania kept the Blue Riband for more than twenty years, from 1907 to 1929.
The White Star Line knew that their Big Four
Big Four (White Star Line)
The Big Four were a quartet of 20,000 tons ocean liners built by Harland & Wolff shipyard for the White Star Line in the early 20th century, completed in 1906: -Origin:...
, a quartet of ships built for size and luxury but not speed, were no match for the Cunard's new liners. In 1907, J. Bruce Ismay, president of White Star and William J. Pirrie, director of the shipyard Harland & Wolff decided to build three vessels. And so, the Olympic-class ships were built to surpass rival Cunard
Cunard Line
Cunard Line is a British-American owned shipping company based at Carnival House in Southampton, England and operated by Carnival UK. It has been a leading operator of passenger ships on the North Atlantic for over a century...
's largest ships, Lusitania and Mauretania, in size and luxury. Titanic, along with her sisters, Olympic and the soon to be built Britannic (provisionally named Gigantic), were intended to be the largest and most luxurious ships to operate on the North Atlantic, but not the fastest, as the White Star Line had already switched from high speed to size and luxury. The three vessels were designed by Thomas Andrews
Thomas Andrews (shipbuilder)
Thomas Andrews, Jr. was an Irish businessman and shipbuilder; managing director and head of the draughting department for the shipbuilding company Harland and Wolff in Belfast, Ireland. Andrews was the shipbuilder in charge of the plans for the ocean liner...
and Alexander Carlisle
Alexander Carlisle
Alexander Carlisle brother-in-law to Lord William J. Pirrie was one of the men involved with designing the Olympic class ocean liners...
.
Construction of Olympic started in December 1908 and Titanic in March 1909. The two ships were built side by side. The construction of Gigantic began in 1911 after the commissioning of Olympic and Titanic launch. Following the sinking of Titanic, Gigantic was renamed Britannic, and the two remaining vessels underwent many changes in their safety provisions.
Specification
Propulsion was achieved through three propellers: two lateral propellers had three blades, while the central propeller had four. The two lateral propellers were powered by reciprocating steam triple expansion, while the central shaft was driven by a steam turbine. All power on board was drived from a total of 29 coal-fired steam boilers in six compartments. However, Olympic boilers were adapted for firing by oil at the end of the First World War, which reduced significantly the number of engine crew required to operate the ship from 350 to 60.The vessels were 269 metres (882.5 ft) long, their tonnage surrounded 46,000 GRT. Olympic, originally the smallest of the three, became the biggest British ship ever constructed after her refit in 1912, until the commissioning of in 1936. All three vessels transported four funnels, with the fourth being a dummy which was used for ventilation purposes. On the one hand it was a decoration to establish a symmetry in the ships' profile, on the other hand it prevented the large amount of ventilation cowls on deck as on Cunard's Lusitania and Mauretania.
Sixty-four lifeboats were the number possible to be added to each ships. However, only 20 boats were installed on Olympic and Titanic to avoid cluttering the deck and provide more space for passengers. Shipbuilders of the era envisaged the ocean liner itself as the ultimate lifeboat and therefore envisaged that a lifeboat's purpose was that of a ferry between a foundering liner and a rescue ship. Despite the low number of lifeboats, both Olympic and Titanic exceeded Board of Trade regulations of the time. Following the sinking of Titanic, more lifeboats were added to Olympic (some lifeboats might even have been from the foundered Titanic). Britannic, meanwhile, was equipped with eight special large davits to be able to launch many lifeboats at the same time.
Features
The three vessels had similar but a little different level of passenger accommodation. However, no class was neglected. The first classFirst class travel
First class is the most luxurious class of accommodation on a train, passenger ship, airplane, or other conveyance. It is usually much more expensive than business class and economy class, and offers the best amenities.-Aviation:...
passengers enjoyed luxurious cabins, some were equipped with bathrooms. The two most luxurious even included a private promenade deck.This last provision was a novelty on board Titanic. There were also large dining rooms, a lavish Grand Staircase
Grand Staircase of the Titanic
The phrase Grand Staircase of the RMS Titanic has been used to refer to the first-class entrance aboard the Titanic which contained a large ornate staircase located in the first-class section of the famous White Star Line liner...
built only for the Olympic-class ships, a Georgian-style
Georgian architecture
Georgian architecture is the name given in most English-speaking countries to the set of architectural styles current between 1720 and 1840. It is eponymous for the first four British monarchs of the House of Hanover—George I of Great Britain, George II of Great Britain, George III of the United...
smoking room, a Cafe Veranda decorated with palm trees, and even a swimming pool, Turkish bath, gymnasium, and several other places for meals and entertainment.
Finally, the third-class passengers enjoyed reasonable accommodation compared to other ships, if not up to the second and first classes. Instead of large dormitories offered by most ships of the time, the third-class passengers of the Olympic-class lived in cabins containing two to ten bunks. The class also had a smoking room, a common area, and a dining room. Britannic provided third-class passengers more comfort than its two sister ships.
Olympic
Olympic was launched on October 20, 1910 and commissioned on June 14, 1911. She made her maiden voyage on June 14, 1911. On 20 September of the same year, under Edward J Smith, she collided with the cruiser in the port of Southampton, leading to her repair back at Harland and Wolff. After the sinking of Titanic, Olympic underwent a number of refinements to improve her safety. She then resumed her commercial service.During the First World War, the ship served as a troop transport. On May 12, 1918, she rammed and sank the German submarine U-103
Unterseeboot 103 (1917)
SM U-103 was an Imperial Germany Navy Type Mittel U U-boat during the First World War. U-103 was built on AG Weser in Bremen, launched on 9 June 1917 and commissioned 15 July 1917...
. Once placed back in the commercial service during 1920, she crossed the Atlantic with two ships seized from Germany, and . In 1934, she again sank a ship by a collision with the Nantucket Lightship LV-117, causing the death of the four occupants, and three more died later.
Following the merger of White Star Line and Cunard Line in 1934, Olympic was taken out of service in 1935, and scrapped between 1935 & 1937.
Titanic
Titanic was launched on May 31, 1911, and her commissioning was slightly delayed due to ongoing repairs of Olympic. The ship left the port of Southampton April 10, 1912 for her maiden voyage, narrowly avoiding a collision with SS New YorkSS City of New York
City of New York was a British built passenger liner of the Inman Line that was designed to be the largest and fastest liner on the Atlantic. When she entered service in August 1888, she was the first twin screw express liner and while she did not achieve the westbound Blue Riband, she ultimately...
, a ship moored in the port pulled by the propellers of Titanic. After a stopover at Cherbourg, France and another in Queenstown, Ireland, she sailed into the Atlantic with 2,200 passengers on board (a total capacity of 3,500), under the command of Captain Edward J. Smith headed for New York City. The crossing took place without major incident until Sunday, April 14 at 23:40.
Titanic struck an iceberg at 41°46′N 50°14′W. while sailing about 400 miles south of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland
Grand Banks
The Grand Banks of Newfoundland are a group of underwater plateaus southeast of Newfoundland on the North American continental shelf. These areas are relatively shallow, ranging from in depth. The cold Labrador Current mixes with the warm waters of the Gulf Stream here.The mixing of these waters...
shortly before midnight. The strike and the shock blew the rivets, thus opening a leak in the hull below the waterline. This caused the first five compartments to be flooded while the ship could only stay afloat with four compartments flooded. The ship sank 2 hours and 40 minutes after the collision and with not enough lifeboats for all of the passengers, 1,517 of the 2,223 people on board were killed, making it one of the deadliest peacetime maritime disasters in history.
Britannic
Britannic was launched on 26 February 1914 at the Harland and WolffHarland and Wolff
Harland and Wolff Heavy Industries is a Northern Irish heavy industrial company, specialising in shipbuilding and offshore construction, located in Belfast, Northern Ireland....
shipyard in Belfast
Belfast
Belfast is the capital of and largest city in Northern Ireland. By population, it is the 14th biggest city in the United Kingdom and second biggest on the island of Ireland . It is the seat of the devolved government and legislative Northern Ireland Assembly...
and fitting out began. In August 1914, before Britannic could commence transatlantic service between New York and Southampton
Southampton
Southampton is the largest city in the county of Hampshire on the south coast of England, and is situated south-west of London and north-west of Portsmouth. Southampton is a major port and the closest city to the New Forest...
, World War I
World War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
began. Immediately, all shipyard
Shipyard
Shipyards and dockyards are places which repair and build ships. These can be yachts, military vessels, cruise liners or other cargo or passenger ships. Dockyards are sometimes more associated with maintenance and basing activities than shipyards, which are sometimes associated more with initial...
s with Admiralty
Admiralty
The Admiralty was formerly the authority in the Kingdom of England, and later in the United Kingdom, responsible for the command of the Royal Navy...
contracts were given top priority to use available raw materials. All civil contracts (including the Britannic) were slowed down.
On 13 November 1915, Britannic was requisitioned as a hospital ship from her storage location at Belfast. Repainted white with large red crosses and a horizontal green stripe, she was renamed HMHS (His Majesty's Hospital Ship) Britannic.
08:12 AM on 21 November 1916, The HMHS Britannic struck a mineThe hypothesis of the sinking caused by a mine was the one that had been accepted by the inquiry following the sinking. However, it's possible that the sinking was caused by a torpedo http://www.hospitalshipbritannic.com/the_enigma.htm(Accessed March 21, 2009) at 37°42′05"N 24°17′02"E, and sank. 1,036 people were saved. Thirty men lost their lives in the disaster. One survivor, nurse Violet Jessop
Violet Jessop
Violet Constance Jessop was an ocean liner stewardess and nurse who achieved fame by surviving the disastrous sinkings of sister ships RMS Titanic and HMHS Britannic in 1912 and 1916 respectively...
was notable as having also survived the sinking of the RMS Titanic in 1912, and had also been on board RMS Olympic
RMS Olympic
RMS Olympic was the lead ship of the Olympic-class ocean liners built for the White Star Line, which also included Titanic and Britannic...
, when it collided with the HMS Hawke
HMS Hawke (1891)
HMS Hawke, launched in 1891, was the sixth British warship to be named Hawke. She was an Edgar-class protected cruiser.-Service:...
in 1911. The Britannic was the largest ship lost during World War I.
Wrecks and expeditions
The sinkings of Titanic and Britannic did not receive the same attention. Because the exact position of the sinking of the Britannic is known and the location is shallow, the wreck was discovered relatively easily in 1975. Titanic, however, drew everyone's attention in 1912. After several attempts, more or less serious, but equally unsuccessful, the wreck was finally located by Jean-Louis MichelJean-Louis Michel (oceanographer)
Jean-Louis Michel is a French oceanographer and engineer.He discovered subsea intervention in 1969 with the French Navy as an officer at the Groupe des Bathyscaphes headed by Captain Georges Houot. In 1985, Jean-Louis Michel led a team of French and American explorers who found the wreckage of the...
of Ifremer
Ifremer
Ifremer, standing for French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea is an oceanographic institution in France.- Scope of works :...
and Robert Ballard
Robert Ballard
Robert Duane Ballard is a former United States Navy officer and a professor of oceanography at the University of Rhode Island who is most noted for his work in underwater archaeology. He is most famous for the discoveries of the wrecks of the RMS Titanic in 1985, the battleship Bismarck in 1989,...
following a secret mission for the U.S. Navy. The discovery of the wreck occurred on 1 September 1985, at 25 kilometers from the position given of the sinking. The wreck lies about 4,000 meters deep, broken in two. The bow is relatively well preserved, but the stern imploded during the sinking.On the contrary to the bow, the stern of the ship was not filled with water when it sank, and imploded as a result of the air.
The wreck of Britannic was discovered in 1975 by Jacques-Yves Cousteau
Jacques-Yves Cousteau
Jacques-Yves Cousteau was a French naval officer, explorer, ecologist, filmmaker, innovator, scientist, photographer, author and researcher who studied the sea and all forms of life in water...
. It has a large tear in the front caused by the bend of the bow when the ship rolled over. She has been, after the discovery, regularly seen as part of many other expeditions.
Cultural heritage
Museums and exhibitions pay tribute to the ships, and the two tragedies have inspired many movies, novels, and even musicals and video games.When decommissioned, Olympic was previously set to be converted into a floating hotel, but the project was canceled. However, its decorative elements were auctioned. The First Class Lounge and part of the Aft Grand Staircase, can be found in the White Swan Hotel
The White Swan Hotel, Alnwick
The White Swan Hotel is a Grade II listed building, hotel and pub in Alnwick, Northumberland, England. Near the Hotel is Alnwick Castle.- RMS Olympic fittings :Hotel is located in the 300 year old coaching inn, in the middle of the historic market of Alnwick...
, in Alnwick
Alnwick
Alnwick is a small market town in north Northumberland, England. The town's population was just over 8000 at the time of the 2001 census and Alnwick's district population was 31,029....
, Northumberland
Northumberland
Northumberland is the northernmost ceremonial county and a unitary district in North East England. For Eurostat purposes Northumberland is a NUTS 3 region and is one of three boroughs or unitary districts that comprise the "Northumberland and Tyne and Wear" NUTS 2 region...
, England. The à la carte restaurant of Olympic is now restored on the Celebrity Millennium.
Further reading
- Chirnside, Mark: The Olympic-class ships. Tempus, 2004 (ISBN 0-7524-2868-3) Le Goff, Olivier: Les Plus Beaux Paquebots du Monde. Solar, 1998 (ISBN 9782035841964) Piouffre, Gérard: Le Titanic ne répond plus. Larousse, 2009 (ISBN 2-263-02799-8)
- Titanic & Her Sisters / Tom McCluskie, Michael Sharpe, Leo Marriott (1998) ISBN 1571451757