Omsk Oblast
Encyclopedia
Omsk Oblast is a federal subject
of Russia
(an oblast
), located in southwestern Siberia
. The oblast has an area of 139700 square kilometres (53,938.5 sq mi) and a population of with the majority, 1.15 million, living in Omsk
, the administrative center.
The oblast is borders with Tyumen Oblast
in the north and west, Novosibirsk
and Tomsk Oblast
s in the east, and with Kazakhstan
in the south.
societies in the area lived by fishing and hunting. About three thousand years ago, pastoralism
began to take hold.
states dominated the area through-out the Middle Ages. The most notable of these were the Western Turkic Khaganate
and the Siberian Khanate. Siberian Tatars
, Mongols
, Khanty
and Mansi tribes, along with others, inhabited the territory.
The Russian history of Omsk can be said to begin with the 1584 arrival of a Cossack force under the command of Yermak, who defeated local rulers and established nominal Russian control of the area.
directed the construction of fortified settlements and military installations in order to defend their subjects from raiding nomadic tribesmen and to exert authority over local populations, specifically over the tribute-paying Tatars of The Baraba Lands and the recently founded Tara
uyezd
(a local administrative unit of the Russian empire).
In 1716 a fortress was constructed at the confluence of the Om
and Irtysh
rivers on the orders of sublieutenant Ivan Bugholtz.The fortress would form the nucleus for the development of the future city of Omsk. By the second half of the 18th century, Omsk fortress was the largest building of any kind in the eastern part of Russia.
As Russian settlement of the Yenisei, Tobol
and Irtysh watersheds continued in the course of the 18th century, so did the development of the Omsk and the surrounding region. In 1753 a customs post was established to tax goods brought into the city by the ever increasing trade with Kazakh tribesmen. When, in 1764, The Siberian provinces were organized into two governorships, centered on Irkutsk
and Tobolsk
, the city of Tara and the fortress of Omsk were assigned to the latter. In 1780, on the orders of Catherine the Great the fortress was transferred to Kolyvan Oblast
. By this time Omsk had grown to the size of a small city, however, from 1797 to 1804 it did not possess its own uyezd.
In 1804, the territories surrounding Omsk were organized into the Omsk Okrug
. The city's rise to providence continued and, when Siberia was once again reorganized in 1822, Omsk became the administrative center of the General Governorship of Eastern Siberia, eclipsing the old center of Tobolsk. The new governorship was divided into settler populated oblasts around the cities of Omsk, Petropavlovsk, Semipalatinsk and Ust-Kamenogrsk
and okrugs, populated by Kazakh nomads. In subsequent reforms the name of the Oblast was changed repeatedly to The Oblast of The Siberian Kyrgyz (1854), Akmolinsk Oblast (1868), and Omsk Oblast (1917) before finally reverting to the Omsk Governorship in 1918. During the later periods the authority of the oblast was extended south, to include areas of present day Kazakhstan.
In the 19th century, Omsk gained the dubious distinction of being a premier destination for political exiles and prisoners from the European portion of the Empire. Decembrists, Polish rebels
, French prisoners of war and political activists of every stripe found their way to Siberia. Among them was Fyoodor Dostoyevsky, who spent four years (1850–1854) at the Omsk prison.
The early nineteenth century also saw the growth of industry in the city and in the rest of the Irtysh basin. The Siberian Cossack Army
was headquartered in Omsk after 1808 and contributed to the development of the city, by the beginning of the 20th century the Cossacks were a dominant component in the society of both the city of Omsk and the surrounding lands, having reached a population of 174 thousand and holding title to five million hectares of agricultural land. The 18th and 19th centuries also saw the influx of a significant number of German immigrants both from Russia's Volga Regions and from abroad.
on the 7th of December, 1934. Parts of the Obsko-Irtysh Oblast and the West Siberian Krai
as well as the southern part of Chelyabinsk Oblast
were given over to Omsk. In 1943, Kurgan Oblast
was created from a portion of the territory of Omsk. In 1944, several districts were transferred to the newly created Tyumen Oblast
.
The 1950s saw the creation of the petroleum processing industry, as well as the development of various high-technology facilities that came to define the economy of the Oblast for the remainder of the century.
the oblast became part of the newly independent Russian Federation. The independence of the Union Republic of Kazakhstan gave Omsk an international border to the south, while continued federal policy aiming to rectify the effects of Stalin Era population transfers
a national German district
created an area with a significant, although not a dominant, German population around the town of Azovo
.
The economy of Omsk Oblast is heavily industrial, with well developed, and growing, service and financial sectors. Agriculture represents a smaller, but still significant, portion of the economy.
Economic activity is concentrated in Omsk, with over sixty-six thousand private enterprises registered, ranging from small-scale retailers to billion-dollar manufacturing.
Omsk was ranked by Forbes
as the 6th-best city in Russia for business in 2008, an improvement over its 20th-place ranking the previous year.
The oblast and city governments have made efforts to improve the business climate and foster small enterprise through various incentives and government programs designed to ease the bureaucratic red-tape, a notorious feature of Russian business life, and to generate cooperation within the business community.
The bulk of industrial output, as of 2009, is concentrated in food and tobacco processing ($900 million), hydrocarbon processing ($6.7 billion), chemical manufacturing ($500 m), plastics manufacturing ($200 m) and the manufacture of electrical components ($280 m). The remainder of the economy is dominated by the retail sector and agriculture.
The largest industrial enterprises include the aerospace manufacturer Polyot
, the Omsk Aggregate Plant, the agricultural manufacturer Sibzavod, Omsk Baranov Motorworks, and Omsktransmash
, which manufactures the T-80
main battle tank. Additionally, Omsk Rubber, the Technical Hydrocarbon Plant, Omsk-Polymer and Omsk Hydrocarbon Processing Plant, represent the petroleum and hydrocarbon industry. Omsk Hydrocarbon is one of the most important oil refineries in Russia.
The oblast operates four thermal power plants, which makes it largely self-sufficient from the standpoint of energy generation.
Agricultural production is concentrated in the Isil'rul'skii District and produces wheat, barley, flax, sunflower, potato, various fruits and vegetables as well as meat, poultry and dairy products.
The food processing sector includes several breweries, a distillery and numerous food packaging enterprises.
, Om
, Osha, and Tara
. The region is part of the West Siberian Plain
, and as such is fairly level. The south of the oblast consists predominantly of grassy plains, which gradually transition to wooded plains, forests and, eventually, marshy taiga forest in the north. The most fertile lands are concentrated about the Irtysh river, this area, is also more wooded, and more uneven than the rest of the Oblast. Numerous lakes can be found in the oblast, with the largest being the Saltaim, Tenis, Ik, Ebeity, Ul'jai and Tobol-Kushly.
The highest point in the oblast, is an elevation of 150 meters lying near the town of Nagornoye, while the lowest is a section of the Irtysh river lying near Malaya Bicha.
The southern plains have notably longer and warmers summers and a delayed onset of freezing temperatures. They are also significantly drier than the northern forests, receiving only 250–300 mm of precipitation annually. Winters, however, are as severe as on the plains as they are further north. Spring rains are rare, but late spring freezes are not. The early part of the summer is frequently dominated by hot, dry southern winds.
the ethnic composition was:
According to Russia's 2002 Census
, Omsk Oblast has one of the lowest birth rates in Siberia. However, birth rates remain higher than the average in heavily German districts - Azovsky Nemetsky National District (24% German), Moskalensky, Poltavsky (22% Ukrainian & 11% German) and Isilkulsky (8% German), even as significant emigration to Germany acts to reduce the overall birth rate. http://demograf.omskmintrud.ru/default.asp?objType=2&objValue=26307 In 2009, the lowest death rate was recorded for Azovsky German National Raion (9.4 per 1000) and the highest birth rate was recorded for Moskalenskom (17.0 per 1000), Isilkulskom (15.2), Maryanovsky (15.8), Pavlogradski (15.8), Tevrizskom (16.6), Ust-Ishim (15.4) and Sherbakulskom (16.2). Regions with the highest population growth were Moskalensky area (5.5 ppm), Azovsky German National Raion (4.8 ppm), Sherbakulsky (3.8 ppm) and Pavlogradskij (3.2 ppm).
Federal subjects of Russia
Russia is a federation which, since March 1, 2008, consists of 83 federal subjects . In 1993, when the Constitution was adopted, there were 89 federal subjects listed...
of Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
(an oblast
Oblast
Oblast is a type of administrative division in Slavic countries, including some countries of the former Soviet Union. The word "oblast" is a loanword in English, but it is nevertheless often translated as "area", "zone", "province", or "region"...
), located in southwestern Siberia
Siberia
Siberia is an extensive region constituting almost all of Northern Asia. Comprising the central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, it was part of the Soviet Union from its beginning, as its predecessor states, the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, conquered it during the 16th...
. The oblast has an area of 139700 square kilometres (53,938.5 sq mi) and a population of with the majority, 1.15 million, living in Omsk
Omsk
-History:The wooden fort of Omsk was erected in 1716 to protect the expanding Russian frontier along the Ishim and the Irtysh rivers against the Kyrgyz nomads of the Steppes...
, the administrative center.
The oblast is borders with Tyumen Oblast
Tyumen Oblast
Tyumen Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Tyumen. The oblast has administrative jurisdiction over two autonomous okrugs—Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Tyumen is the largest city, with over half a million inhabitants...
in the north and west, Novosibirsk
Novosibirsk Oblast
Novosibirsk Oblast is a federal subject of Russia located in southwestern Siberia. Its administrative and economic center is the city of Novosibirsk. Population: -Overview:...
and Tomsk Oblast
Tomsk Oblast
Tomsk Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . It lies in the southeastern West Siberian Plain, in the southwest of the Siberian Federal District. Its administrative center is the city of Tomsk. Population:...
s in the east, and with Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan , officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Ranked as the ninth largest country in the world, it is also the world's largest landlocked country; its territory of is greater than Western Europe...
in the south.
Prehistoric
Archeological finds have indicated that the present day territory of the oblast has been inhabited for the last 14,000 years. NeolithicNeolithic
The Neolithic Age, Era, or Period, or New Stone Age, was a period in the development of human technology, beginning about 9500 BC in some parts of the Middle East, and later in other parts of the world. It is traditionally considered as the last part of the Stone Age...
societies in the area lived by fishing and hunting. About three thousand years ago, pastoralism
Pastoralism
Pastoralism or pastoral farming is the branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock. It is animal husbandry: the care, tending and use of animals such as camels, goats, cattle, yaks, llamas, and sheep. It may have a mobile aspect, moving the herds in search of fresh pasture and...
began to take hold.
Medieval
Various TurkicTurkic peoples
The Turkic peoples are peoples residing in northern, central and western Asia, southern Siberia and northwestern China and parts of eastern Europe. They speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family. They share, to varying degrees, certain cultural traits and historical backgrounds...
states dominated the area through-out the Middle Ages. The most notable of these were the Western Turkic Khaganate
Western Turkic Khaganate
The Western Turkic Khaganate was formed as a result of the internecine wars in the beginning of the 7th century after the Göktürk Khaganate had splintered into two politiesEastern and Western.The Western Turks initially sought friendly relations with the Byzantine Empire in order to expand their...
and the Siberian Khanate. Siberian Tatars
Siberian Tatars
Siberian Tatars refers to the indigenous Siberian population of the forests and steppes of South Siberia stretching from somewhat east of the Ural Mountains to the Yenisey river...
, Mongols
Mongols
Mongols ) are a Central-East Asian ethnic group that lives mainly in the countries of Mongolia, China, and Russia. In China, ethnic Mongols can be found mainly in the central north region of China such as Inner Mongolia...
, Khanty
Khanty people
Khanty / Hanti are an indigenous people calling themselves Khanti, Khande, Kantek , living in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, a region historically known as "Yugra" in Russia, together with the Mansi. In the autonomous okrug, the Khanty and Mansi languages are given co-official status with Russian...
and Mansi tribes, along with others, inhabited the territory.
The Russian history of Omsk can be said to begin with the 1584 arrival of a Cossack force under the command of Yermak, who defeated local rulers and established nominal Russian control of the area.
The Russian State
In the century following Yermak's passage through the area, the settlement of the oblast, and of Siberia in general, began in earnest. Tsars Feodor and Boris GodunovBoris Godunov
Boris Fyodorovich Godunov was de facto regent of Russia from c. 1585 to 1598 and then the first non-Rurikid tsar from 1598 to 1605. The end of his reign saw Russia descend into the Time of Troubles.-Early years:...
directed the construction of fortified settlements and military installations in order to defend their subjects from raiding nomadic tribesmen and to exert authority over local populations, specifically over the tribute-paying Tatars of The Baraba Lands and the recently founded Tara
Tara, Russia
Tara is a town in Omsk Oblast, Russia, located about north of Omsk, at the confluence of the Tara and Irtysh Rivers at a point where the forested country merges into the steppe. It serves as the administrative center of Tarsky District, although it is not administratively a part of it...
uyezd
Uyezd
Uyezd or uezd was an administrative subdivision of Rus', Muscovy, Russian Empire, and the early Russian SFSR which was in use from the 13th century. Uyezds for most of the history in Russia were a secondary-level of administrative division...
(a local administrative unit of the Russian empire).
In 1716 a fortress was constructed at the confluence of the Om
Om
Om is a sacred syllable of Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism.OM and similar may also refer to:-Music:* Om , a stoner metal band* Om , a 1965 album* OM , a 2006 album* Om...
and Irtysh
Irtysh
The Irtysh River is a river in Siberia and is the chief tributary of the Ob River. Its name means White River. Irtysh's main affluent is the Tobol River...
rivers on the orders of sublieutenant Ivan Bugholtz.The fortress would form the nucleus for the development of the future city of Omsk. By the second half of the 18th century, Omsk fortress was the largest building of any kind in the eastern part of Russia.
As Russian settlement of the Yenisei, Tobol
Tobol River
Tobol is a river in Kurgan and Tyumen Oblasts in Russia and Kazakhstan, left tributary of the Irtysh. The length of the Tobol River is 1591 km. The area of its drainage basin is 426,000 km². Average discharge at mouth is 805 m³/s. The lower reaches of the river freeze up in late October -...
and Irtysh watersheds continued in the course of the 18th century, so did the development of the Omsk and the surrounding region. In 1753 a customs post was established to tax goods brought into the city by the ever increasing trade with Kazakh tribesmen. When, in 1764, The Siberian provinces were organized into two governorships, centered on Irkutsk
Irkutsk
Irkutsk is a city and the administrative center of Irkutsk Oblast, Russia, one of the largest cities in Siberia. Population: .-History:In 1652, Ivan Pokhabov built a zimovye near the site of Irkutsk for gold trading and for the collection of fur taxes from the Buryats. In 1661, Yakov Pokhabov...
and Tobolsk
Tobolsk
Tobolsk is a town in Tyumen Oblast, Russia, located at the confluence of the Tobol and Irtysh Rivers. It is a historic capital of Siberia. Population: -History:...
, the city of Tara and the fortress of Omsk were assigned to the latter. In 1780, on the orders of Catherine the Great the fortress was transferred to Kolyvan Oblast
Kolyvan, Novosibirsk Oblast
Kolyvan is an urban locality and the administrative center of Kolyvansky District of Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Ob River to the north of Novosibirsk...
. By this time Omsk had grown to the size of a small city, however, from 1797 to 1804 it did not possess its own uyezd.
In 1804, the territories surrounding Omsk were organized into the Omsk Okrug
Okrug
Okrug is an administrative division of some Slavic states. The word "okrug" is a loanword in English, but it is nevertheless often translated as "area", "district", or "region"....
. The city's rise to providence continued and, when Siberia was once again reorganized in 1822, Omsk became the administrative center of the General Governorship of Eastern Siberia, eclipsing the old center of Tobolsk. The new governorship was divided into settler populated oblasts around the cities of Omsk, Petropavlovsk, Semipalatinsk and Ust-Kamenogrsk
Oskemen
Oskemen and Ust-Kamennaya , is the capital of the East Kazakhstan Province. It is served by the Ust-Kamenogorsk Airport.-History:...
and okrugs, populated by Kazakh nomads. In subsequent reforms the name of the Oblast was changed repeatedly to The Oblast of The Siberian Kyrgyz (1854), Akmolinsk Oblast (1868), and Omsk Oblast (1917) before finally reverting to the Omsk Governorship in 1918. During the later periods the authority of the oblast was extended south, to include areas of present day Kazakhstan.
In the 19th century, Omsk gained the dubious distinction of being a premier destination for political exiles and prisoners from the European portion of the Empire. Decembrists, Polish rebels
History of Poland
The History of Poland is rooted in the arrival of the Slavs, who gave rise to permanent settlement and historic development on Polish lands. During the Piast dynasty Christianity was adopted in 966 and medieval monarchy established...
, French prisoners of war and political activists of every stripe found their way to Siberia. Among them was Fyoodor Dostoyevsky, who spent four years (1850–1854) at the Omsk prison.
The early nineteenth century also saw the growth of industry in the city and in the rest of the Irtysh basin. The Siberian Cossack Army
Siberian Cossacks
Siberian Cossacks were Cossacks who settled in the Siberian region of Russia from the end of the 16th century, following the Yermak Timofeyevich's conquest of Siberia. In early Siberia practically the whole Russian population, especially the serving-men were called Cossacks, but only in the loose...
was headquartered in Omsk after 1808 and contributed to the development of the city, by the beginning of the 20th century the Cossacks were a dominant component in the society of both the city of Omsk and the surrounding lands, having reached a population of 174 thousand and holding title to five million hectares of agricultural land. The 18th and 19th centuries also saw the influx of a significant number of German immigrants both from Russia's Volga Regions and from abroad.
The Soviet Union
In 1925 the Omsk governorship was dissolved into the newly formed Siberian Krai and again reorganized, this time as an Oblast by order of the All-Russian Central Executive CommitteeAll-Russian Central Executive Committee
All-Russian Central Executive Committee , was the highest legislative, administrative, and revising body of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Although the All-Russian Congress of Soviets had supreme authority, in periods between its sessions its powers were passed to VTsIK...
on the 7th of December, 1934. Parts of the Obsko-Irtysh Oblast and the West Siberian Krai
West Siberian Krai
West Siberian Krai was an early krai of Russian SFSR. By the 1937 All-Union Census, it had population of 6,433,527....
as well as the southern part of Chelyabinsk Oblast
Chelyabinsk Oblast
-External links:*...
were given over to Omsk. In 1943, Kurgan Oblast
Kurgan Oblast
Kurgan Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Kurgan. Population: -History:The oblast was formed on February 6, 1943, just when the Soviet Army decisively defeated Hitler's forces near Stalingrad...
was created from a portion of the territory of Omsk. In 1944, several districts were transferred to the newly created Tyumen Oblast
Tyumen Oblast
Tyumen Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Tyumen. The oblast has administrative jurisdiction over two autonomous okrugs—Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Tyumen is the largest city, with over half a million inhabitants...
.
The 1950s saw the creation of the petroleum processing industry, as well as the development of various high-technology facilities that came to define the economy of the Oblast for the remainder of the century.
Post-Soviet era
With the dissolution of the Soviet UnionDissolution of the Soviet Union
The dissolution of the Soviet Union was the disintegration of the federal political structures and central government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , resulting in the independence of all fifteen republics of the Soviet Union between March 11, 1990 and December 25, 1991...
the oblast became part of the newly independent Russian Federation. The independence of the Union Republic of Kazakhstan gave Omsk an international border to the south, while continued federal policy aiming to rectify the effects of Stalin Era population transfers
Population transfer in the Soviet Union
Population transfer in the Soviet Union may be classified into the following broad categories: deportations of "anti-Soviet" categories of population, often classified as "enemies of workers," deportations of entire nationalities, labor force transfer, and organized migrations in opposite...
a national German district
Azovsky Nemetsky National District
Azovsky Nemetsky National District is an administrative and a municipal district , one of the thirty-two in Omsk Oblast, Russia. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the rural locality of Azovo. District population: -Geography:The administrative center of the district,...
created an area with a significant, although not a dominant, German population around the town of Azovo
Azovo
Azovo is the name of several rural localities in Russia:*Azovo, Omsk Oblast, a selo in Azovsky Nemetsky National District of Omsk Oblast*Azovo, Perm Krai, a village in Karagaysky District of Perm Krai*Azovo, name of several other rural localities...
.
Economy
As of 2008, Omsk Oblast is the 23rd largest economy in Russia, with a gross regional product of 10.2 billion dollars.The economy of Omsk Oblast is heavily industrial, with well developed, and growing, service and financial sectors. Agriculture represents a smaller, but still significant, portion of the economy.
Economic activity is concentrated in Omsk, with over sixty-six thousand private enterprises registered, ranging from small-scale retailers to billion-dollar manufacturing.
Omsk was ranked by Forbes
Forbes
Forbes is an American publishing and media company. Its flagship publication, the Forbes magazine, is published biweekly. Its primary competitors in the national business magazine category are Fortune, which is also published biweekly, and Business Week...
as the 6th-best city in Russia for business in 2008, an improvement over its 20th-place ranking the previous year.
The oblast and city governments have made efforts to improve the business climate and foster small enterprise through various incentives and government programs designed to ease the bureaucratic red-tape, a notorious feature of Russian business life, and to generate cooperation within the business community.
The bulk of industrial output, as of 2009, is concentrated in food and tobacco processing ($900 million), hydrocarbon processing ($6.7 billion), chemical manufacturing ($500 m), plastics manufacturing ($200 m) and the manufacture of electrical components ($280 m). The remainder of the economy is dominated by the retail sector and agriculture.
The largest industrial enterprises include the aerospace manufacturer Polyot
Polyot
Polyot is a transliteration of the Russian term Полёт and can be transliterated as Polyot, Poljot or Polet. Polyot can refer to the following:*Polet Airlines, an airline based in Voronezh, Russia...
, the Omsk Aggregate Plant, the agricultural manufacturer Sibzavod, Omsk Baranov Motorworks, and Omsktransmash
Omsktransmash
Omsktransmash - also known as "Омский завод транспортного машиностроения" - is a wholly state-owned engineering company based in the city of Omsk, Russia. The company was best known in the West during the Cold War period for its production of armoured vehicles such as the T-80 tank...
, which manufactures the T-80
T-80
The T-80 is a main battle tank designed and manufactured in the former Soviet Union. A development of the T-64, it entered service in 1976 and was the first production tank to be equipped with a gas turbine engine for main propulsion.the Swedish Stridsvagn 103 of 1971 used a gas turbine alongside...
main battle tank. Additionally, Omsk Rubber, the Technical Hydrocarbon Plant, Omsk-Polymer and Omsk Hydrocarbon Processing Plant, represent the petroleum and hydrocarbon industry. Omsk Hydrocarbon is one of the most important oil refineries in Russia.
The oblast operates four thermal power plants, which makes it largely self-sufficient from the standpoint of energy generation.
Agricultural production is concentrated in the Isil'rul'skii District and produces wheat, barley, flax, sunflower, potato, various fruits and vegetables as well as meat, poultry and dairy products.
The food processing sector includes several breweries, a distillery and numerous food packaging enterprises.
Geography
Omsk Oblast spans 600 km north to south and 300 km west to east. The geography of the oblast is dominated by the Irtysh River and its larger tributaries, the IshimIshim River
Ishim River is a river running through Kazakhstan and Russia. Its length is 2,450 km , average discharge is 56,3 m³/s . It is a left tributary of the Irtysh River. The Ishim River is partly navigable in its lower reaches. The upper course of the Ishim passes through Astana, the capital of Kazakhstan...
, Om
Om River
Om is a river in the south of Western Siberian plains in Russia. It is ~724 km long, flowing into the major Irtysh River. It rises in the Vasyugan Swamp at the border of Novosibirsk and Omsk oblasts....
, Osha, and Tara
Tara River (Russia)
Tara River is a river in the Novosibirsk and Omsk Oblasts in Russia. It is a right tributary of the Irtysh River of the Ob basin. The length of the river is 806 km. The area of its basin 18,300 km². The Tara River freezes up in late October - November and stays under the ice until late April -...
. The region is part of the West Siberian Plain
West Siberian Plain
The West Siberian Plain is a large plain that occupies the western portion of Siberia, between the Ural Mountains in the west and the Yenisei River in the east, and by the Altay Mountains on the South-East. Much of the plain is poorly drained and consists of some of the world's largest swamps and...
, and as such is fairly level. The south of the oblast consists predominantly of grassy plains, which gradually transition to wooded plains, forests and, eventually, marshy taiga forest in the north. The most fertile lands are concentrated about the Irtysh river, this area, is also more wooded, and more uneven than the rest of the Oblast. Numerous lakes can be found in the oblast, with the largest being the Saltaim, Tenis, Ik, Ebeity, Ul'jai and Tobol-Kushly.
The highest point in the oblast, is an elevation of 150 meters lying near the town of Nagornoye, while the lowest is a section of the Irtysh river lying near Malaya Bicha.
Climate
The oblast has a classic continental climate, with cold, snowy winters and hot, dry summers. Average January temperatures range from -42° to -30°C. Average July temperatures range from +28° to +25°C, and can reach up to +35° and even +40°C. Annual rainfall averages 300-400mm. Sunny days predominate.The southern plains have notably longer and warmers summers and a delayed onset of freezing temperatures. They are also significantly drier than the northern forests, receiving only 250–300 mm of precipitation annually. Winters, however, are as severe as on the plains as they are further north. Spring rains are rare, but late spring freezes are not. The early part of the summer is frequently dominated by hot, dry southern winds.
Demographics
According to the 2002 CensusRussian Census (2002)
Russian Census of 2002 was the first census of the Russian Federation carried out on October 9 through October 16, 2002. It was carried out by the Russian Federal Service of State Statistics .-Resident population:...
the ethnic composition was:
- 83.47% RussianRussiansThe Russian people are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Russia, speaking the Russian language and primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries....
- 3.93% KazakhKazakhsThe Kazakhs are a Turkic people of the northern parts of Central Asia ....
- 3.74% UkrainianUkrainiansUkrainians are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Ukraine, which is the sixth-largest nation in Europe. The Constitution of Ukraine applies the term 'Ukrainians' to all its citizens...
- 3.67% GermanEthnic GermanEthnic Germans historically also ), also collectively referred to as the German diaspora, refers to people who are of German ethnicity. Many are not born in Europe or in the modern-day state of Germany or hold German citizenship...
- 2.30% TatarTatarsTatars are a Turkic speaking ethnic group , numbering roughly 7 million.The majority of Tatars live in the Russian Federation, with a population of around 5.5 million, about 2 million of which in the republic of Tatarstan.Significant minority populations are found in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan,...
- 0.44% BelarusiansBelarusiansBelarusians ; are an East Slavic ethnic group who populate the majority of the Republic of Belarus. Introduced to the world as a new state in the early 1990s, the Republic of Belarus brought with it the notion of a re-emerging Belarusian ethnicity, drawn upon the lines of the Old Belarusian...
- 0.32% ArmenianArmeniansArmenian people or Armenians are a nation and ethnic group native to the Armenian Highland.The largest concentration is in Armenia having a nearly-homogeneous population with 97.9% or 3,145,354 being ethnic Armenian....
- 0.20% AzeriAzeris in RussiaAside from the large Azeri community native to Russia's Dagestan Republic, the majority of Azeris in Russia are fairly recent immigrants. Azeris started settling in Russia around the late 19th century, but their migration became intensive after World War II. It rapidly increased with the collapse...
- 0.20% ChuvashChuvash peopleThe Chuvash people are a Turkic ethnic group, native to an area stretching from the Volga Region to Siberia. Most of them live in Republic of Chuvashia and surrounding areas, although Chuvash communities may be found throughout all Russia.- Etymology :...
- 0.15% EstonianEstoniansEstonians are a Finnic people closely related to the Finns and inhabiting, primarily, the country of Estonia. They speak a Finnic language known as Estonian...
- 0.14% PolishPolesthumb|right|180px|The state flag of [[Poland]] as used by Polish government and diplomatic authoritiesThe Polish people, or Poles , are a nation indigenous to Poland. They are united by the Polish language, which belongs to the historical Lechitic subgroup of West Slavic languages of Central Europe...
- 0.12% JewishJewsThe Jews , also known as the Jewish people, are a nation and ethnoreligious group originating in the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East. The Jewish ethnicity, nationality, and religion are strongly interrelated, as Judaism is the traditional faith of the Jewish nation...
- 0.11% Roma
- 0.11% LatvianLatviansLatvians or Letts are the indigenous Baltic people of Latvia.-History:Latvians occasionally refer to themselves by the ancient name of Latvji, which may have originated from the word Latve which is a name of the river that presumably flowed through what is now eastern Latvia...
- many other groups of less than two thousand persons each.
- an additional 0.16% of residents declined to state their ethnicity on the census questionnaire.
According to Russia's 2002 Census
Russian Census (2002)
Russian Census of 2002 was the first census of the Russian Federation carried out on October 9 through October 16, 2002. It was carried out by the Russian Federal Service of State Statistics .-Resident population:...
, Omsk Oblast has one of the lowest birth rates in Siberia. However, birth rates remain higher than the average in heavily German districts - Azovsky Nemetsky National District (24% German), Moskalensky, Poltavsky (22% Ukrainian & 11% German) and Isilkulsky (8% German), even as significant emigration to Germany acts to reduce the overall birth rate. http://demograf.omskmintrud.ru/default.asp?objType=2&objValue=26307 In 2009, the lowest death rate was recorded for Azovsky German National Raion (9.4 per 1000) and the highest birth rate was recorded for Moskalenskom (17.0 per 1000), Isilkulskom (15.2), Maryanovsky (15.8), Pavlogradski (15.8), Tevrizskom (16.6), Ust-Ishim (15.4) and Sherbakulskom (16.2). Regions with the highest population growth were Moskalensky area (5.5 ppm), Azovsky German National Raion (4.8 ppm), Sherbakulsky (3.8 ppm) and Pavlogradskij (3.2 ppm).
| Raion Raion A raion is a type of administrative unit of several post-Soviet countries. The term, which is from French rayon 'honeycomb, department,' describes both a type of a subnational entity and a division of a city, and is commonly translated in English as "district"... (2007) |
Pop | Births | Deaths | NG | BR | DR | NGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Omsk Oblast | 2,020,000 | 23,627 | 29,578 | -5,951 | 11.7 | 14.6 | -0.29% |
| Omsk Omsk -History:The wooden fort of Omsk was erected in 1716 to protect the expanding Russian frontier along the Ishim and the Irtysh rivers against the Kyrgyz nomads of the Steppes... |
1,130,000 | 11,857 | 15,599 | -3,742 | 10.5 | 13.8 | -0.33% |
| Azovsky Nemetsky National District Azovsky Nemetsky National District Azovsky Nemetsky National District is an administrative and a municipal district , one of the thirty-two in Omsk Oblast, Russia. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the rural locality of Azovo. District population: -Geography:The administrative center of the district,... |
22,500 | 327 | 245 | 82 | 14.5 | 10.9 | 0.36% |
| Bolsherechensky District Bolsherechensky District Bolsherechensky District is an administrative and municipal district , one of the 32 in Omsk Oblast, Russia.... |
32,400 | 393 | 519 | -126 | 12.1 | 16 | -0.39% |
| Bolsheukovsky District Bolsheukovsky District Bolsheukovsky District is an administrative and municipal district , one of the 32 in Omsk Oblast, Russia.... |
8,800 | 125 | 160 | -35 | 14.2 | 18.1 | -0.39% |
| Gorkovsky | 23,400 | 295 | 366 | -71 | 12.6 | 15.7 | -0.31% |
| Znamensky | 13,400 | 195 | 213 | -18 | 14.6 | 15.9 | -0.13% |
| Isilkulsky | 46,700 | 681 | 715 | -34 | 14.6 | 15.3 | -0.07% |
| Kalachinsky | 44,700 | 506 | 754 | -248 | 11.3 | 16.9 | -0.56% |
| Kolosovsky | 14,900 | 184 | 240 | -56 | 12.4 | 16.1 | -0.37% |
| Kormilovsky | 25,800 | 352 | 447 | -95 | 13.6 | 17.3 | -0.37% |
| Krutinsky | 20,000 | 248 | 343 | -95 | 12.4 | 17.1 | -0.47% |
| Lyubinsky | 41,900 | 590 | 750 | -160 | 14.1 | 17.9 | -0.38% |
| Maryanovsky | 27,300 | 423 | 444 | -21 | 15.5 | 16.3 | -0.08% |
| Moskalensky | 32,200 | 505 | 460 | 45 | 15.7 | 14.3 | 0.14% |
| Muromtsevsky | 26,100 | 271 | 542 | -271 | 10.4 | 20.8 | -1.04% |
| Nazyvayevsky | 28,500 | 350 | 465 | -115 | 12.3 | 16.3 | -0.40% |
| Nizhneomsky | 18,600 | 247 | 277 | -30 | 13.3 | 14.9 | -0.16% |
| Novovarshavsky | 26,700 | 336 | 325 | 11 | 12.6 | 12.2 | 0.04% |
| Odessky | 18,200 | 260 | 231 | 29 | 14.3 | 12.7 | 0.16% |
| Okoneshnikovsky | 16,700 | 194 | 247 | -53 | 11.6 | 14.8 | -0.32% |
| Omsky | 91,800 | 1,146 | 1,326 | -180 | 12.5 | 14.4 | -0.19% |
| Pavlogradsky | 20,600 | 292 | 292 | 0 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 0.00% |
| Poltavsky | 24,000 | 328 | 320 | 8 | 13.7 | 13.3 | 0.04% |
| Russko-Polyansky | 22,800 | 314 | 344 | -30 | 13.7 | 15.1 | -0.14% |
| Sargatsky | 21,800 | 279 | 364 | -85 | 12.8 | 16.7 | -0.39% |
| Sedelnikovsky | 11,900 | 153 | 205 | -52 | 12.9 | 17.3 | -0.44% |
| Tavrichesky | 39,200 | 519 | 579 | -60 | 13.2 | 14.8 | -0.16% |
| Tarsky | 48,000 | 585 | 839 | -254 | 12.2 | 17.5 | -0.53% |
| Tevrizsky | 17,200 | 270 | 305 | -35 | 15.6 | 17.7 | -0.21% |
| Tyukalinsky | 29,500 | 357 | 472 | -115 | 12.1 | 16 | -0.39% |
| Ust-Ishimsky | 15,200 | 192 | 289 | -97 | 12.6 | 18.9 | -0.63% |
| Cherlaksky | 34,700 | 506 | 562 | -56 | 14.6 | 16.2 | -0.16% |
| Sherbakulsky | 24,500 | 347 | 339 | 8 | 14.2 | 13.8 | 0.04% |