Ortega
Encyclopedia
Ortega is a Spanish surname. In the 9th century a Saint Raymundo Ortega of Bejar was recorded to be in Salamanca, Spain. A baptismal record in 1570 records a de Ortega "from the village of Ortega". There were several villages of this name in Spain. The toponym derives from Latin urtica, meaning "nettle".
Some of the Ortega spelling variants are: Ortega, de Ortega, Ortegada, Ortegal, Hortega, Ortiga, Ortigueda, Ortigueira, Ortigosa, Orreaga, etc. A cognate surname in Italian is Ortica, in Romanian
Urzică
, in French Ortie, all from Latin urtica.
ortiga "nettle
". The name of the plant is found as a toponym in various places in Spain, such as Ortega (Burgos
), Ortega (Jaén
) or Ortega (Monfero
, La Coruña). Mexican author Gutierre Tibón
advanced the alternative theory that the name derives from Ortún, earlier Fortún, from the Latin name Fortunius
with an added suffix "-eca". The Dictionary of American Surnames additionally states that the name may derive from ortega: "black grouse."
The first Bishop of Almería
, Juan de Ortega, died in the early 16th century, while another early occurrence is found in the baptismal record of Phelpa de Ortega, dated 2 March 1570 at Santa Maria Magdalena, Valladolid
, Spain, during the reign of King Philip II of Spain
. Other early records are found in Carrión de los Condes
, Palencia
. The name subsequently appears throughout Spain, especially in Castile
, Andalusia
and Murcia
, as well as México
and Latin America
.
According to the Diccionario de Heráldica Aragonesa by Bizén d'O Río Martínez, there were two Aragon
ese lines using the surname, one of which was infanzon
. Both lines originated in Cinco Villas and bore coats of arms that were variants of each other. One line is in Gallur
in the 18th century, and in Tauste
in the 19th century. The other is attested from 1626 in various locations in Aragón
.
There were two arms-bearing families called Ortega. Their coat of arms were as follows:
Some of the Ortega spelling variants are: Ortega, de Ortega, Ortegada, Ortegal, Hortega, Ortiga, Ortigueda, Ortigueira, Ortigosa, Orreaga, etc. A cognate surname in Italian is Ortica, in Romanian
Romanian language
Romanian Romanian Romanian (or Daco-Romanian; obsolete spellings Rumanian, Roumanian; self-designation: română, limba română ("the Romanian language") or românește (lit. "in Romanian") is a Romance language spoken by around 24 to 28 million people, primarily in Romania and Moldova...
Urzică
Marius Urzica
Marius Daniel Urzică is a Romanian gymnast. Urzică is an Olympic champion, a three-time world champion and a three-time European champion on pommel horse. He competed at three Olympic games, medaling each time on pommel horse and contributed to the team bronze in Athens 2004...
, in French Ortie, all from Latin urtica.
Origin
Roberto Faure, coauthor of the Diccionario de Apellidos Españoles, states that Ortega is derived from the noun ortega, a spelling variant of the modern Castilian SpanishCastilian Spanish
Castilian Spanish is a term related to the Spanish language, but its exact meaning can vary even in that language. In English Castilian Spanish usually refers to the variety of European Spanish spoken in north and central Spain or as the language standard for radio and TV speakers...
ortiga "nettle
Nettle
Nettles constitute between 24 and 39 species of flowering plants of the genus Urtica in the family Urticaceae, with a cosmopolitan though mainly temperate distribution. They are mostly herbaceous perennial plants, but some are annual and a few are shrubby...
". The name of the plant is found as a toponym in various places in Spain, such as Ortega (Burgos
Burgos
Burgos is a city of northern Spain, historic capital of Castile. It is situated at the edge of the central plateau, with about 178,966 inhabitants in the city proper and another 20,000 in its suburbs. It is the capital of the province of Burgos, in the autonomous community of Castile and León...
), Ortega (Jaén
Jaén, Spain
Jaén is a city in south-central Spain, the name is derived from the Arabic word Jayyan, . It is the capital of the province of Jaén. It is located in the autonomous community of Andalusia....
) or Ortega (Monfero
Monfero
Monfero is a municipality in the comarca of Eume, province of A Coruña, Galicia, in north-western Spain.- Main sights :* The "Fragas" of the River Eume Natural Park with its typical Atlantic Forest, and unique ecosystem and biodiversity, offers the visitor one of the most beautiful Galician...
, La Coruña). Mexican author Gutierre Tibón
Gutierre Tibón
Gutierre Tibón was an Italian-Mexican author. He wrote widely on issues of cultural identity, mixing ideas from anthropology, linguistics, psychology, philosophy, ethnology, sociology, and political science.-Early career:...
advanced the alternative theory that the name derives from Ortún, earlier Fortún, from the Latin name Fortunius
Fortunius
Fortunius may be*a Latin patronymic**Cassius Fortunius, son of Fortunato count of Borja *a given name**Fortunius Licetus **a character in Philodoxus by Leon Battista Alberti*other...
with an added suffix "-eca". The Dictionary of American Surnames additionally states that the name may derive from ortega: "black grouse."
The first Bishop of Almería
Almería
Almería is a city in Andalusia, Spain, on the Mediterranean Sea. It is the capital of the province of the same name.-Toponym:Tradition says that the name Almería stems from the Arabic المرية Al-Mariyya: "The Mirror", comparing it to "The Mirror of the Sea"...
, Juan de Ortega, died in the early 16th century, while another early occurrence is found in the baptismal record of Phelpa de Ortega, dated 2 March 1570 at Santa Maria Magdalena, Valladolid
Valladolid
Valladolid is a historic city and municipality in north-central Spain, situated at the confluence of the Pisuerga and Esgueva rivers, and located within three wine-making regions: Ribera del Duero, Rueda and Cigales...
, Spain, during the reign of King Philip II of Spain
Philip II of Spain
Philip II was King of Spain, Portugal, Naples, Sicily, and, while married to Mary I, King of England and Ireland. He was lord of the Seventeen Provinces from 1556 until 1581, holding various titles for the individual territories such as duke or count....
. Other early records are found in Carrión de los Condes
Carrión de los Condes
Carrión de los Condes is a municipality in the province of Palencia, part of the Autonomous Community of Castile and León, Spain.It is 40 kilometers from Palencia, on the Way of Saint James.-History:...
, Palencia
Palencia
Palencia is a city south of Tierra de Campos, in north-northwest Spain, the capital of the province of Palencia in the autonomous community of Castile-Leon...
. The name subsequently appears throughout Spain, especially in Castile
Castile (historical region)
A former kingdom, Castile gradually merged with its neighbours to become the Crown of Castile and later the Kingdom of Spain when united with the Crown of Aragon and the Kingdom of Navarre...
, Andalusia
Andalusia
Andalusia is the most populous and the second largest in area of the autonomous communities of Spain. The Andalusian autonomous community is officially recognised as a nationality of Spain. The territory is divided into eight provinces: Huelva, Seville, Cádiz, Córdoba, Málaga, Jaén, Granada and...
and Murcia
Murcia
-History:It is widely believed that Murcia's name is derived from the Latin words of Myrtea or Murtea, meaning land of Myrtle , although it may also be a derivation of the word Murtia, which would mean Murtius Village...
, as well as México
Mexico
The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...
and Latin America
Latin America
Latin America is a region of the Americas where Romance languages – particularly Spanish and Portuguese, and variably French – are primarily spoken. Latin America has an area of approximately 21,069,500 km² , almost 3.9% of the Earth's surface or 14.1% of its land surface area...
.
According to the Diccionario de Heráldica Aragonesa by Bizén d'O Río Martínez, there were two Aragon
Aragon
Aragon is a modern autonomous community in Spain, coextensive with the medieval Kingdom of Aragon. Located in northeastern Spain, the Aragonese autonomous community comprises three provinces : Huesca, Zaragoza, and Teruel. Its capital is Zaragoza...
ese lines using the surname, one of which was infanzon
Infanzón
Infanzón is a village and municipality in Catamarca Province in northwestern Argentina.-References:...
. Both lines originated in Cinco Villas and bore coats of arms that were variants of each other. One line is in Gallur
Gallur
Gallur is a small town and municipality in the Spanish Autonomical Region of Aragón, province of Zaragoza.The town of Gallur is located on a plain which stretches from the West Bank until the Moncayo High River Ebro, in the so-called Somontano Moncayo, seated on the right bank....
in the 18th century, and in Tauste
Tauste
Tauste is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain.Sights include the Mudéjar church of Santa María, begun in the late 13th century and finished in the 14th century. It has an octagonal tower, a Baroque retable and a Renaissance retable of the Coronation of Mary.-Twin...
in the 19th century. The other is attested from 1626 in various locations in Aragón
Aragon
Aragon is a modern autonomous community in Spain, coextensive with the medieval Kingdom of Aragon. Located in northeastern Spain, the Aragonese autonomous community comprises three provinces : Huesca, Zaragoza, and Teruel. Its capital is Zaragoza...
.
Coats of arms
- Divided horizontally, a goldOr (heraldry)In heraldry, Or is the tincture of gold and, together with argent , belongs to the class of light tinctures called "metals". In engravings and line drawings, it may be represented using a field of evenly spaced dots...
fleur de lis on a blueAzureIn heraldry, azure is the tincture with the colour blue, and belongs to the class of tinctures called "colours". In engraving, it is sometimes depicted as a region of horizontal lines or else marked with either az. or b. as an abbreviation....
background on the left side, and a blackSable (heraldry)In heraldry, sable is the tincture black, and belongs to the class of dark tinctures, called "colours". In engravings and line drawings, it is sometimes depicted as a region of crossed horizontal and vertical lines or else marked with sa. as an abbreviation.The name derives from the black fur of...
wheel on a gold background on the right. The entire shield has a silverArgentIn heraldry, argent is the tincture of silver, and belongs to the class of light tinctures, called "metals". It is very frequently depicted as white and usually considered interchangeable with it...
border decorated with black ermineErmine (heraldry)Ermine is a heraldic fur representing the winter coat of the stoat . Many skins would be sewn together to make a luxurious garment, producing a pattern of small black spots on a white field...
marks. These Ortegas were found primarily in Aragón at Gallur, Tauste, and originating in the Cinco Villas. - Divided in quartersQuartering (heraldry)Quartering in heraldry is a method of joining several different coats of arms together in one shield by dividing the shield into equal parts and placing different coats of arms in each division....
, with the gold fleur de lis on blue in the upper left and lower right, and the black wheel on gold in upper right and lower left. This shield also has the silver ermine border. The full coat of arms includes a helmetHelmet (heraldry)In heraldic achievements, the helmet or helm is situated above the shield and bears the torse and crest. The style of helmet displayed varies according to rank and social status, and these styles developed over time, in step with the development of actual military helmets...
with three ostrichOstrichThe Ostrich is one or two species of large flightless birds native to Africa, the only living member of the genus Struthio. Some analyses indicate that the Somali Ostrich may be better considered a full species apart from the Common Ostrich, but most taxonomists consider it to be a...
feathers and an armored arm holding a sword, above a crown of the Count. These Ortegas came from the Carrión de los Condes in the province of Palencia, moving to Castresana de Losa in the province of Burgos, all in the autonomous community of Castile-Leon, later branching to other autonomous communities in Spain before settling in Aragón, at Cinco Villas. This coat of arms can be found among the Ortegas in the New World, brought by Caballero Don Alonso Ortega in 1536. A native of PortilloPortilloPortillo may refer to:*Portillo *Portillo de Toledo, Spain*Portillo, Valladolid, Spain*Portillo, Chile*Portillo's Restaurants...
, Valladolid, and member of the Order of CalatravaOrder of CalatravaThe Order of Calatrava was the first military order founded in Castile, but the second to receive papal approval. The papal bull confirming the Order of Calatrava as a Militia was given by Pope Alexander III on September 26, 1164.-Origins and Foundation:...
, he came to take part in the conquest of México. After the pacification of JaliscoJaliscoJalisco officially Estado Libre y Soberano de Jalisco is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is located in Western Mexico and divided in 125 municipalities and its capital city is Guadalajara.It is one of the more important states...
, he founded a house in México City. This Ortega line is still known as the CondesCountA count or countess is an aristocratic nobleman in European countries. The word count came into English from the French comte, itself from Latin comes—in its accusative comitem—meaning "companion", and later "companion of the emperor, delegate of the emperor". The adjective form of the word is...
de OrtigueiraOrtigueiraOrtigueira is a seaport and municipality in the Province of A Coruña, Galicia, Spain; it is located on the northern slope of the Serra da Faladoira, the river Mera and on the eastern shore of the Ria de Santa Marta—a winding, rock-bound and much indented inlet of the Bay of Biscay, between Capes...
y MonterrosoMonterrosoMonterroso is a municipality in Lugo province in Galicia in north-west Spain.-History:Monterroso was the seat of an important tenencia in medieval Galicia...
, Valle de OplocaSan ÁngelSan Ángel is a colonia or neighborhood of Mexico City, located in the southwest in Álvaro Óbregon borough. Historically, it was a rural community, called Tenanitla in the pre Hispanic period. Its current name is derived from the El Carmen monastery school called San Ángel Mártir...
y Santa María de Guadalupe del PeñascoSan Luis Potosí, San Luis PotosíSan Luis Potosí, commonly called SLP or simply San Luis, is the capital of, and most populous city in the Mexican state of the same name. The city lies at an elevation of 1,850 meters...
.
Politicians
- Carlos OrtegaCarlos OrtegaCarlos Alfonso Ortega Carvajal is a former union and political leader in Venezuela. Ortega, then head of Fedepetrol, the oil workers union, was elected leader of the Confederación de Trabajadores de Venezuela union federation in 2001...
, Venezuelan union and political leader - Cynthia Ortega (b. 1956), Dutch politician
- Daniel OrtegaDaniel OrtegaJosé Daniel Ortega Saavedra is a Nicaraguan politician and revolutionary, currently serving as the 83rd President of Nicaragua, a position that he has held since 2007. He previously served as the 79th President, between 1985 and 1990, and for much of his life, has been a leader in the Sandinista...
(born 1945), past and present President of Nicaragua - Humberto OrtegaHumberto OrtegaGeneral Humberto Ortega Saavedra is a Nicaraguan military leader, often self-called leading Latin American revolutionary strategist, and published writer.-Biography:...
, Nicaraguan military leader - Ivonne Ortega, governor of Yucatán
- Jesús OrtegaJesús OrtegaJesús Ortega Martínez is a Mexican left-wing politician affiliated to the Party of the Democratic Revolution who has served in the lower and upper house of the Mexican Congress...
(born 1952), Mexican left-wing politician - José Francisco OrtegaJosé Francisco OrtegaJosé Francisco Ortega was soldier and early settler of California.-Early life:Ortega was born in 1734 at Zelaya, Guanajuanto, Mexico, where he worked as a warehouse clerk. In 1755, he enlisted and served at the Presidio at Misión Nuestra Señora de Loreto. In 1759 Ortega married María Antonia...
, (1734–1798), soldier and early settler of California - Juan Ortega y MontañésJuan Ortega y MontañésDon Juan Ortega y Montañés was a Roman Catholic bishop and colonial administrator in Guatemala and New Spain. He was successively bishop of Durango , of Guatemala and of Michoacán , and then archbishop of Mexico...
(1627–1708), Spanish bishop and colonial administrator - Katherine D. OrtegaKatherine D. OrtegaKatherine Dávalos Ortega was the 38th Treasurer of the United States. She served from September 26, 1983 to July 1, 1989 in the Reagan Administration. Ortega also has the distinction of being the first female bank president in the state of California.-Early life:Ortega was born in Tularosa, New...
(born 1934), 38th treasurer of the United States - Manuel Medina (politician)Manuel Medina (politician)Manuel Medina Ortega is a Spanish politician and Member of the European Parliament for the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, part of the Party of European Socialists...
, Spanish politician
Artists and entertainers
- Fernando OrtegaFernando OrtegaFernando Ortega is an adult contemporary singer-songwriter in contemporary Christian music. He is noted both for his interpretations of many traditional hymns and songs, such as "Give Me Jesus" and "Be Thou My Vision", and for writing clear, easily understood songs, such as "This Good...
, singer-songwriter - Jeannie OrtegaJeannie OrtegaJeannette "Jeannie" Ortega is an American singer, songwriter, dancer, and actress. She made her recording debut in 2006 with the album No Place Like Brooklyn at the age of 19. The album featured the hit single "Crowded," which topped the Billboard Hot 100.- Biography :Jeannie Ortega was born in...
(born 1986), American actress, dancer and songwriter - José Gómez OrtegaJosé Gómez OrtegaJosé Gómez Ortega , commonly known as Joselito , was a Spanish matador in the early twentieth century.Joselito was considered a child prodigy and was the youngest bullfighter to receive the title of matador de toros, at the age of 17. Joselito followed in arch-rival Juan Belmonte's footsteps and...
(1895–1920), Spanish matador - José Ortega CanoJosé Ortega CanoJosé Ortega Cano is a Spanish bullfighter. He was married to Spanish singer Rocío Jurado. They adopted two Colombian children, one boy one girl....
(born 1953), Spanish bullfighter - Kenny OrtegaKenny OrtegaKenneth John "Kenny" Ortega is an American producer, director, and choreographer. He is known for directing the High School Musical trilogy and Michael Jackson's This Is It concert tour.-Life and career:...
, American producer, director and choreographer - Leanor OrtegaLeanor OrtegaLeanor Ortega Till is best known as the saxophonist for Five Iron Frenzy. Once more commonly known as Jeff the Girl, she was the sole female during the band's tenure...
, former member of the group Five Iron Frenzy - Manuel OrtegaManuel OrtegaManuel Ortega, is an Austrian singer of Spanish parents, born in Steyregg. When he was ten years old, he began his career as a singer. He sang with the Florianer Sängerknaben in one of the oldest choirs from Austria.His love for pop music led to him joining a band called BAFF when he was a...
(born 1980), Austrian-Spanish singer - Micah OrtegaMicah OrtegaMicah Ortega is best known as a guitarist for Five Iron Frenzy. He was born on May 31, 1976 in Greeley, Colorado and is a graduate of Heritage High School in Littleton, Colorado...
(born 1976), former guitarist of the group Five Iron Frenzy - Palito OrtegaPalito OrtegaRamón Bautista Ortega Argentine singer and actor, better known as Palito Ortega. Ortega reached international fame, particularly in Latin America and Spain, during the 1960s, when Rock and Roll music was popularized among teenagers in the region.- Youth :Ortega was born to a very poor family in...
(born 1941), Argentinian singer - Rafael Gómez OrtegaRafael Gomez OrtegaRafael Gómez Ortega, also known as El Gallo was an early twentieth century bullfighter. He came from a family of famous bullfighters, including his matador father, Fernando Gómez García and matador younger brother, José Gómez Ortega...
(1882–1960), Spanish bullfighter - Santos OrtegaSantos OrtegaSantos Ortega was an American actor.-Radio:Ortega was active in radio, starring in The Adventures of Nero Wolfe and narrating a popular radio show called Gangbusters as well as Stroke of Fate. Perhaps his most famous and notable radio role was Commissioner Weston on The Shadow...
(1899–1976), American actor - Sergio OrtegaSergio OrtegaSergio Ortega was a Chilean composer and pianist.- Biography :Ortega was born in Antofagasta, Chile. He studied composition with Roberto Falabella and with Gustavo Becerra-Schmidt in the National Conservatory at the Universidad de Chile...
(1938–2003), Chilean composer and pianist
Sportspeople
- Anita OrtegaAnita OrtegaAnita Ortega is an Afro-Puerto Rican that was a collegiate basketball player at UCLA. She was an All-American. The team went on to defeat the University of Maryland, College Park in 1978 to take the Division I collegiate title . In 1979, she played in the 1979 Pan American Games, representing...
, UCLA basketball player - Ariel OrtegaAriel OrtegaArnaldo Ariel Ortega is an Argentine football attacking midfielder. His nickname is "El Burrito" , thus he is called "Burrito Ortega"....
(born 1974), Argentinian soccer player - Buck OrtegaBuck OrtegaBuck Ortega is an American football tight end who is currently a free agent. He was signed by the Washington Redskins as an undrafted free agent in 2006. He played college football at the University of Miami....
, American football player - José Ortega (boxer) (born 1963), Spanish boxer
- Mauricio OrtegaMauricio OrtegaMauricio Alberto Ortega Ramírez is a male professional road cyclist from Colombia.-Career:2002...
(born 1980), Colombian road cyclist - Víctor OrtegaVíctor OrtegaVíctor Ortega is a male diver from Colombia, who competed in the 2008 Olympic Games of Beijing for his native country. He and his team mate Juan Urán finished in 6th position in the 10 m synchronized platform event.-References:...
(born 1988), male diver from Colombia
Other people
- Amancio Ortega GaonaAmancio Ortega GaonaAmancio Ortega Gaona is a Spanish fashion entrepreneur. He is the founder, along with his then-wife Rosalía Mera, and chairman of the Inditex Group. He is ranked by Forbes as Spain's richest man; Europe's second richest man; and the seventh richest man in the world in 2011...
(born 1936), Spanish fashion entrepreneur - Casimiro Gómez de OrtegaCasimiro Gómez OrtegaCasimiro Gómez de Ortega was a Spanish physician, and botanist who was the First Professor of the Royal Botanical Garden of Madrid...
, Spanish physician and botanist - Jaime Lucas Ortega y Alamino (born 1938), Archbishop of Havana
- José Ortega y GassetJosé Ortega y GassetJosé Ortega y Gasset was a Spanish liberal philosopher and essayist working during the first half of the 20th century while Spain oscillated between monarchy, republicanism and dictatorship. He was, along with Nietzsche, a proponent of the idea of perspectivism.-Biography:José Ortega y Gasset was...
(1883–1955), Spanish philosopher - Joshua OrtegaJoshua OrtegaJoshua Ortega is an author and journalist best known for his novel , as well as his comic book and graphic novel work on entertainment properties such as Star Wars, Spider-Man, Batman, Star Trek, The Escapist, and The Necromancer.-Journalism and poetry:Joshua Ortega began his writing career at the...
(born 1974), author and journalist
Fictional characters
- Gael Ortega, in the TV series 24
- Ishmael OrtegaIshmael OrtegaIsmael "Izzy" Ortega is a fictional character created for Marvel Comics by David Hine and David Yardin. He debuted in the series District X, where he was partnered with the X-Man Bishop.-Fictional character biography:...
, in the Marvel Comics series District X - Ortega, father of the hero in Dragon Warrior IIIDragon Warrior IIIDragon Warrior III, known in Japan as , is a console role-playing game developed by Chunsoft and published by Enix . It is the third installment in the Dragon Quest series , first released for the Famicom in Japan, and then the NES in North America...
- Ortega (Castlevania), character from the Nintendo 64 video game Castlevania
- Victor Ortega, character from the Sega/Super NES video game Saturday Night Slam MastersSaturday Night Slam MastersSaturday Night Slam Masters, known in Japan as , is a 1993 pro wrestling arcade game released for the CP System by Capcom. The game features character designs by manga artist Tetsuo Hara, famous for Fist of the North Star....
- The henchman in The Incredibly Strange Creatures Who Stopped Living and Became Mixed-Up ZombiesThe Incredibly Strange Creatures Who Stopped Living and Became Mixed-Up Zombies-DVD release:The DVD release of Incredibly Strange Creatures features a commentary track by "drive-in movie critic" Joe Bob Briggs.-In popular culture:...
who would later become a recurring guest character in Mystery Science Theater 3000Mystery Science Theater 3000Mystery Science Theater 3000 is an American cult television comedy series created by Joel Hodgson and produced by Best Brains, Inc., that ran from 1988 to 1999.... - Ortega Peru, character from Mr. MagooMr. Magoo (film)Mr. Magoo is a 1997 live-action comedy film based on the original cartoon of the same name. The film was produced by Walt Disney Pictures, and originally released to movie theaters in 1997. It starred Leslie Nielsen as the title character. It was produced by Ben Myron and was the first English...
(1997) - Captain Ortega, in the TV series The SnorksThe SnorksSnorks is an animated television series produced by Hanna-Barbera which ran on NBC from September 15, 1984 to May 13, 1989. Although not as popular as the animated series The Smurfs, the program continued to be available in syndication from 1986 to 1989, on the BBC in the late 1990s, and from...
- Serge Ortega, in the Well of SoulsWell of SoulsThis article describes the cave in Jerusalem. For the series of novels by Jack Chalker see Well World.The Well of Souls is a natural cave located immediately beneath the Foundation Stone, under the Dome of the Rock on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem...
novel series by Jack L. ChalkerJack L. ChalkerJack Laurence Chalker was an American science fiction author. Chalker was also a Baltimore City Schools history teacher in Maryland for 12 years, retiring in 1978 to write full-time...