The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to marketing:

Marketing

Marketing

Marketing is the process used to determine what products or services may be of interest to customers, and the strategy to use in sales, communications and business development. It generates the strategy that underlies sales techniques, business communication, and business developments...

refers to the social and managerial processes by which products, services and value are exchanged in order to fulfil individuals' or group's needs and wants. These processes include, but are not limited to, advertising

Advertising

Advertising is a form of communication used to persuade an audience to take some action with respect to products, ideas, or services. Most commonly, the desired result is to drive consumer behavior with respect to a commercial offering, although political and ideological advertising is also common...

, promotion

Promotion (marketing)

Promotion is one of the four elements of marketing mix . It is the communication link between sellers and buyers for the purpose of influencing, informing, or persuading a potential buyer's purchasing decision....

, distribution

Distribution (business)

Product distribution is one of the four elements of the marketing mix. An organization or set of organizations involved in the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption by a consumer or business user.The other three parts of the marketing mix are product, pricing,...

, and sales

Sales

A sale is the act of selling a product or service in return for money or other compensation. It is an act of completion of a commercial activity....

.

Overview

• Business model
  Business model
  A business model describes the rationale of how an organization creates, delivers, and captures value...
  
  
• Consumer
  Consumer
  Consumer is a broad label for any individuals or households that use goods generated within the economy. The concept of a consumer occurs in different contexts, so that the usage and significance of the term may vary.-Economics and marketing:...
  
  
• Core
  Core (economics)
  The core is the set of feasible allocations that cannot be improved upon by a subset of the economy's consumers. A coalition is said to improve upon or block a feasible allocation if the members of that coalition are better off under another feasible allocation that is identical to the first...
  
  
• Core competency
  Core competency
  A core competency is a concept in management theory originally advocated by CK Prahalad, and Gary Hamel, two business book writers. In their view a core competency is a specific factor that a business sees as being central to the way it, or its employees, works...
  
  
• Customer
  Customer
  A customer is usually used to refer to a current or potential buyer or user of the products of an individual or organization, called the supplier, seller, or vendor. This is typically through purchasing or renting goods or services...
  
  
  • Customer lifetime value
    Customer lifetime value
    -Definition of Customer Lifetime Value:In marketing, customer lifetime value , lifetime customer value , or lifetime value is the net present value of the cash flows attributed to the relationship with a customer...
    
     (CLV)
  • Customer relationship management
    Customer relationship management
    Customer relationship management is a widely implemented strategy for managing a company’s interactions with customers, clients and sales prospects. It involves using technology to organize, automate, and synchronize business processes—principally sales activities, but also those for marketing,...
    
     (CRM)
• Economies of scope
  Economies of scope
  Economies of scope are conceptually similar to economies of scale. Whereas 'economies of scale' for a firm primarily refers to reductions in average cost associated with increasing the scale of production for a single product type, 'economies of scope' refers to lowering average cost for a firm in...
  
  
• End-user
  End-user
  Economics and commerce define an end user as the person who uses a product. The end user or consumer may differ from the person who purchases the product...
  
  
• Experience curve effects
  Experience curve effects
  Models of the learning curve effect and the closely related experience curve effect express the relationship between equations for experience and efficiency or between efficiency gains and investment in the effort....
  
  
• Market
  Market
  A market is one of many varieties of systems, institutions, procedures, social relations and infrastructures whereby parties engage in exchange. While parties may exchange goods and services by barter, most markets rely on sellers offering their goods or services in exchange for money from buyers...
  
  
  • Market segment
    Market segment
    Market segmentation is a concept in economics and marketing. A market segment is a sub-set of a market made up of people or organizations with one or more characteristics that cause them to demand similar product and/or services based on qualities of those products such as price or function...
    
    
  • Market share
    Market share
    Market share is the percentage of a market accounted for by a specific entity. In a survey of nearly 200 senior marketing managers, 67 percent responded that they found the "dollar market share" metric very useful, while 61% found "unit market share" very useful.Marketers need to be able to...
    
    
• Marketing
  Marketing
  Marketing is the process used to determine what products or services may be of interest to customers, and the strategy to use in sales, communications and business development. It generates the strategy that underlies sales techniques, business communication, and business developments...
  
  
  • Business Marketing
    Business marketing
    Business Marketing is the practice of individuals, or organizations, including commercial businesses, governments and institutions, facilitating the sale of their products or services to other companies or organizations that in turn resell them, use them as components in products or services they...
    
    
  • Marketing Effectiveness
    Marketing effectiveness
    Marketing effectiveness is the quality of how marketers go to market with the goal of optimizing their spending to achieve good results for both the short-term and long-term...
    
    
  • Marketing mix
    Marketing mix
    The term "marketing mix" was coined in 1953 by Neil Borden in his American Marketing Association presidential address. However, this was actually a reformulation of an earlier idea by his associate, James Culliton, who in 1948 described the role of the marketing manager as a "mixer of ingredients",...
    
    
  • Marketing myopia
    Marketing myopia
    Marketing myopia is a term used in marketing as well as the title of an important marketing paper written by Theodore Levitt. This paper was first published in 1960 in the Harvard Business Review; a journal of which he was an editor...
    
    
  • Marketing orientation, also called customer focus or marketing concept
  • Target market
    Target market
    A target market is a group of customers that the business has decided to aim its marketing efforts and ultimately its merchandise. A well-defined target market is the first element to a marketing strategy...
    
    
• Sales
  Sales
  A sale is the act of selling a product or service in return for money or other compensation. It is an act of completion of a commercial activity....
  
  
• Salesman
• Sustainable competitive advantage
  Sustainable competitive advantage
  Competitive advantage is defined as the strategic advantage one business entity has over its rival entities within its competitive industry. Achieving competitive advantage strengthens and positions a business better within the business environment....
  
  
• Value
  Value (economics)
  An economic value is the worth of a good or service as determined by the market.The economic value of a good or service has puzzled economists since the beginning of the discipline. First, economists tried to estimate the value of a good to an individual alone, and extend that definition to goods...
  
  
  • Value chain
    Value chain
    The value chain, is a concept from business management that was first described and popularized by Michael Porter in his 1985 best-seller, Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance.-Firm Level:...
    
    
  • Value migration
    Value migration
    In marketing, value migration is the shifting of value-creating forces. Value migrates from outmoded business models to business designs that are better able to satisfy customers' priorities....
    
    

Branches of marketing

• Direct marketing
  Direct marketing
  Direct marketing is a channel-agnostic form of advertising that allows businesses and nonprofits to communicate straight to the customer, with advertising techniques such as mobile messaging, email, interactive consumer websites, online display ads, fliers, catalog distribution, promotional...
  
  
• Multi-level marketing
  Multi-level marketing
  Multi-level marketing is a marketing strategy in which the sales force is compensated not only for sales they personally generate, but also for the sales of others they recruit, creating a downline of distributors and a hierarchy of multiple levels of compensation...
  
  
• Services marketing
  Services marketing
  Services marketing is a sub field of marketing, which can be split into the two main areas of goods marketing and services marketing...
  
  
• Sponsorship

Subdisciplines and components of marketing

• Consumer behavior
• Distribution
  Distribution (business)
  Product distribution is one of the four elements of the marketing mix. An organization or set of organizations involved in the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption by a consumer or business user.The other three parts of the marketing mix are product, pricing,...
  
  
• Marketing management
  Marketing management
  Marketing management is a business discipline which is focused on the practical application of marketing techniques and the management of a firm's marketing resources and activities...
  
  
• Marketing research
  Marketing research
  Marketing research is "the function that links the consumer, customer, and public to the marketer through information — information used to identify and define marketing opportunities and problems; generate, refine, and evaluate marketing actions; monitor marketing performance; and improve...
  
  
• Marketing strategy
  Marketing strategy
  Marketing strategy is a process that can allow an organization to concentrate its limited resources on the greatest opportunities to increase sales and achieve a sustainable competitive advantage.-Developing a marketing strategy:...
  
  
• Pricing
  Pricing
  Pricing is the process of determining what a company will receive in exchange for its products. Pricing factors are manufacturing cost, market place, competition, market condition, and quality of product. Pricing is also a key variable in microeconomic price allocation theory. Pricing is a...
  
  
• Product management
  Product management
  Product management is an organizational lifecycle function within a company dealing with the planning, forecasting, or marketing of a product or products at all stages of the product lifecycle....
  
  
• Promotion (marketing)
  Promotion (marketing)
  Promotion is one of the four elements of marketing mix . It is the communication link between sellers and buyers for the purpose of influencing, informing, or persuading a potential buyer's purchasing decision....
  
  

Marketing paradigms

• Relationship marketing
  Relationship marketing
  Relationship marketing was first defined as a form of marketing developed from direct response marketing campaigns which emphasizes customer retention and satisfaction, rather than a dominant focus on sales transactions....
  
  
• Network marketing
• Diversity marketing
  Diversity marketing
  Diversity marketing is a marketing paradigm which sees marketing as essentially an effort in communication with diverse publics...
  
  
• Evangelism marketing
  Evangelism marketing
  Evangelism marketing is an advanced form of word of mouth marketing in which companies develop customers who believe so strongly in a particular product or service that they freely try to convince others to buy and use it...
  
  
• Consumer Culture Theory (CCT)
  Consumer Culture Theory (CCT)
  Consumer culture theory is a marketing school of thought interested in studying consumption choices and behaviours from a social and cultural point of view, as opposed to an economic or psychological one...
  
  

Customer experience management (CEM)

• Brand experience
• Customer interface
• CEM integration
• CEM organization
• Experiential innovation
• Experiential marketing
• Experiential platform
• Experiential world

Marketing strategies

• Market dominance strategies
• Porter generic strategies
  Porter generic strategies
  Michael Porter has described a category scheme consisting of three general types of strategies that are commonly used by businesses to achieve and maintain competitive advantage. These three generic strategies are defined along two dimensions: strategic scope and strategic strength. Strategic scope...
  
  
• Mass customization
  Mass customization
  Mass customization, in marketing, manufacturing, call centres and management, is the use of flexible computer-aided manufacturing systems to produce custom output...
  
  
• Vendor lock-in
  Vendor lock-in
  In economics, vendor lock-in, also known as proprietary lock-in or customer lock-in, makes a customer dependent on a vendor for products and services, unable to use another vendor without substantial switching costs...
  
  
• Scenario planning
  Scenario planning
  Scenario planning, also called scenario thinking or scenario analysis, is a strategic planning method that some organizations use to make flexible long-term plans. It is in large part an adaptation and generalization of classic methods used by military intelligence.The original method was that a...
  
  

Growth strategies

Main articles: Growth strategies and Growth Platforms

Growth Platforms

Growth platforms are specific named initiatives selected by a business organization to fuel their revenue and earnings growth.Growth platforms may be strategic or tactical. Strategic growth platforms are longer term initiatives where the initiative and results span multiple years -- usually from 3...

• Aggressiveness strategies
  Aggressiveness strategies (business)
  Business strategies can be categorized in many ways. One popular method is to assess strategies based on their degree of aggressiveness. Aggressiveness strategies are rated according to their marketing assertiveness, their risk propensity, financial leverage, product innovation, speed of decision...
  
  
• Horizontal integration
  Horizontal integration
  In microeconomics and strategic management, the term horizontal integration describes a type of ownership and control. It is a strategy used by a business or corporation that seeks to sell a type of product in numerous markets...
  
  
• Innovation
  Innovation
  Innovation is the creation of better or more effective products, processes, technologies, or ideas that are accepted by markets, governments, and society...
  
  
• Innovation strategies
• Profit impact on marketing strategy
• Vertical integration
  Vertical integration
  In microeconomics and management, the term vertical integration describes a style of management control. Vertically integrated companies in a supply chain are united through a common owner. Usually each member of the supply chain produces a different product or service, and the products combine to...
  
  

Marketing warfare strategies

• Defensive marketing warfare strategies
  Defensive marketing warfare strategies
  In marketing and strategic management, marketing warfare strategies are a type of marketing strategy that uses military metaphor to craft a businesses strategy. See marketing warfare strategies for background and an overview...
  
  
• Flanking marketing warfare strategies
  Flanking marketing warfare strategies
  In marketing and strategic management, marketing warfare strategies are a type of marketing strategy that uses military metaphor to craft a businesses strategy. See marketing warfare strategies for background and an overview...
  
  
• Guerrilla marketing warfare strategies
  Guerrilla marketing warfare strategies
  In marketing and strategic management, marketing warfare strategies are a type of marketing strategy that uses military strategy to form a marketing and advertising campaign...
  
  
  • Guerrilla marketing
    Guerrilla marketing
    Guerrilla warfare is about waging small intermittent attacks on different territories of the opponent with the aim of harassing and demoralising the opponent and eventually securing permanent footholds....
    
    
• Offensive marketing warfare strategies
  Offensive marketing warfare strategies
  In marketing and strategic management, marketing warfare strategies are a type of marketing strategy that uses military metaphor to craft a businesses strategy. See marketing warfare strategies for background and an overview. Offensive marketing warfare strategies are a type of marketing warfare...
  
  

Consumer behavior

• Aspirational age
  Aspirational age
  Aspirational age is a concept from advertising and marketing, and refers to an ideal age whose characteristics consumers aspire to embody. Thus, marketing messages aimed at that target age will resonate with consumers of other ages....
  
  
• Aspirational Brand
  Aspirational brand
  In consumer marketing, an aspirational brand means a large segment of its exposure audience wishes to own it, but for economical reasons cannot...
  
  
• Buyer decision processes
  Buyer decision processes
  Buyer decision processes are the decision making processes undertaken by consumers in regard to a potential market transaction before, during, and after the purchase of a product or service....
  
  
  • Prospect theory
    Prospect theory
    Prospect theory is a theory that describes decisions between alternatives that involve risk i.e. where the probabilities of outcomes are known. The model is descriptive: it tries to model real-life choices, rather than optimal decisions.-Model:...
    
    
  • Loss aversion
    Loss aversion
    In economics and decision theory, loss aversion refers to people's tendency to strongly prefer avoiding losses to acquiring gains. Some studies suggest that losses are twice as powerful, psychologically, as gains....
    
    
  • Decoy effect
    Decoy effect
    In marketing, the decoy effect is the phenomenon whereby consumers will tend to have a specific change in preference between two options when also presented with a third option that is asymmetrically dominated...
    
    
  • Time marketing
    Time marketing
    Time marketing is the research of timing in releasing a new product to the market.-Introduction:In marketing there are different approaches to the introduction of a product into the market. Marketers always try to create a segmentation of the market in order to focus their product offering....
    
    
• Choice Modelling
  Choice Modelling
  Choice modelling attempts to model the decision process of an individual or segment in a particular context. Choice modelling may also be used to estimate non-market environmental benefits and costs....
  
  
• Demographics
  Demographics
  Demographics are the most recent statistical characteristics of a population. These types of data are used widely in sociology , public policy, and marketing. Commonly examined demographics include gender, race, age, disabilities, mobility, home ownership, employment status, and even location...
  
  
  • Demographic profile
    Demographic profile
    A demographic or demographic profile is a term used in marketing and broadcasting, to describe a demographic grouping or a market segment...
    
    
• Lifestyle
• Maslow's hierarchy of needs
  Maslow's hierarchy of needs
  Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology, proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper A Theory of Human Motivation. Maslow subsequently extended the idea to include his observations of humans' innate curiosity...
  
  

Direct marketing

• Database marketing
  Database marketing
  Database marketing is a form of direct marketing using databases of customers or potential customers to generate personalized communications in order to promote a product or service for marketing purposes...
  
  
• Direct Marketing Association
  Direct Marketing Association
  Direct Marketing Associations are national trade organizations that seek to advance all forms of direct marketing.- International Federation of Direct Marketing Associations :...
  
  
• Multi-level marketing
  Multi-level marketing
  Multi-level marketing is a marketing strategy in which the sales force is compensated not only for sales they personally generate, but also for the sales of others they recruit, creating a downline of distributors and a hierarchy of multiple levels of compensation...
  
  
• Pyramid scheme
  Pyramid scheme
  A pyramid scheme is a non-sustainable business model that involves promising participants payment or services, primarily for enrolling other people into the scheme, rather than supplying any real investment or sale of products or services to the public...
  
  
  • Large Group Awareness Training (LGAT)
    Large Group Awareness Training
    Large-group awareness training refers to activities usually offered by groups linked with the human potential movement which claim to increase self-awareness and bring about desirable transformations in individuals' personal lives...
    
    
• Specialty catalogs
  Specialty catalogs
  Specialty catalogs are a promotion and distribution technique commonly employed by direct marketers. They describe, graphically and verbally, a limited range of products....
  
  
• Telemarketing
  Telemarketing
  Telemarketing is a method of direct marketing in which a salesperson solicits prospective customers to buy products or services, either over the phone or through a subsequent face to face or Web conferencing appointment scheduled during the call.Telemarketing can also include recorded sales pitches...
  
  

Distribution

• Drop shipping
• Grey market
  Grey market
  A grey market or gray market also known as parallel market is the trade of a commodity through distribution channels which, while legal, are unofficial, unauthorized, or unintended by the original manufacturer...
  
  ing
• Logistics
  Logistics
  Logistics is the management of the flow of goods between the point of origin and the point of destination in order to meet the requirements of customers or corporations. Logistics involves the integration of information, transportation, inventory, warehousing, material handling, and packaging, and...
  
  
  • Logistic engineering
    Logistic engineering
    Logistics engineering is a branch of systems engineering dedicated to the scientific organization of the purchase, transport, storage, distribution, and warehousing of materials and finished goods....
    
    
• Retail
  Retail
  Retail consists of the sale of physical goods or merchandise from a fixed location, such as a department store, boutique or kiosk, or by mail, in small or individual lots for direct consumption by the purchaser. Retailing may include subordinated services, such as delivery. Purchasers may be...
  
  
  • Convenience store
    Convenience store
    A convenience store, corner store, corner shop, commonly called a bodega in Spanish-speaking areas of the United States, is a small store or shop in a built up area that stocks a range of everyday items such as groceries, toiletries, alcoholic and soft drinks, and may also offer money order and...
    
    
  • Department store
    Department store
    A department store is a retail establishment which satisfies a wide range of the consumer's personal and residential durable goods product needs; and at the same time offering the consumer a choice of multiple merchandise lines, at variable price points, in all product categories...
    
    
    • List of department stores
  • Dollar store
    Dollar store
    A variety store or price-point retailer is a retail store that sells inexpensive items, often with a single price for all items in the store...
    
    
  • Franchising
    Franchising
    Franchising is the practice of using another firm's successful business model. The word 'franchise' is of anglo-French derivation - from franc- meaning free, and is used both as a noun and as a verb....
    
    
  • Retailers' cooperative
    Retailers' cooperative
    A retailers' cooperative is a type of cooperative which employs economies of scale on behalf of its retailer members. Retailers' cooperatives use their purchasing power to acquire discounts from manufacturers and often share marketing expenses. It is common for locally owned grocery stores,...
    
    
  • Shopping mall
    Shopping mall
    A shopping mall, shopping centre, shopping arcade, shopping precinct or simply mall is one or more buildings forming a complex of shops representing merchandisers, with interconnecting walkways enabling visitors to easily walk from unit to unit, along with a parking area — a modern, indoor version...
    
    
  • Supermarket
    Supermarket
    A supermarket, a form of grocery store, is a self-service store offering a wide variety of food and household merchandise, organized into departments...
    
    
    • List of supermarkets
• Supply chain
  Supply chain
  A supply chain is a system of organizations, people, technology, activities, information and resources involved in moving a product or service from supplier to customer. Supply chain activities transform natural resources, raw materials and components into a finished product that is delivered to...
  
  
  • Supply chain management
    Supply chain management
    Supply chain management is the management of a network of interconnected businesses involved in the ultimate provision of product and service packages required by end customers...
    
    
• Wholesale
  Wholesale
  Wholesaling, jobbing, or distributing is defined as the sale of goods or merchandise to retailers, to industrial, commercial, institutional, or other professional business users, or to other wholesalers and related subordinated services...
  
  
  • Wholesaler

Retail outlets

• Convenience store
  Convenience store
  A convenience store, corner store, corner shop, commonly called a bodega in Spanish-speaking areas of the United States, is a small store or shop in a built up area that stocks a range of everyday items such as groceries, toiletries, alcoholic and soft drinks, and may also offer money order and...
  
  
• Department store
  Department store
  A department store is a retail establishment which satisfies a wide range of the consumer's personal and residential durable goods product needs; and at the same time offering the consumer a choice of multiple merchandise lines, at variable price points, in all product categories...
  
  
  • List of department stores
• Dollar store
  Dollar store
  A variety store or price-point retailer is a retail store that sells inexpensive items, often with a single price for all items in the store...
  
  
• Franchising
  Franchising
  Franchising is the practice of using another firm's successful business model. The word 'franchise' is of anglo-French derivation - from franc- meaning free, and is used both as a noun and as a verb....
  
  
• Retailers' cooperative
  Retailers' cooperative
  A retailers' cooperative is a type of cooperative which employs economies of scale on behalf of its retailer members. Retailers' cooperatives use their purchasing power to acquire discounts from manufacturers and often share marketing expenses. It is common for locally owned grocery stores,...
  
  
• Shopping mall
  Shopping mall
  A shopping mall, shopping centre, shopping arcade, shopping precinct or simply mall is one or more buildings forming a complex of shops representing merchandisers, with interconnecting walkways enabling visitors to easily walk from unit to unit, along with a parking area — a modern, indoor version...
  
  
• Supermarket
  Supermarket
  A supermarket, a form of grocery store, is a self-service store offering a wide variety of food and household merchandise, organized into departments...
  
  
  • List of supermarkets

Marketing management

• Marketing plan
  Marketing plan
  A marketing plan may be part of an overall business plan.Solid marketing strategy is the foundation of a well-written marketing plan. While a marketing plan contains a list of actions, a marketing plan without a sound strategic foundation is of little use....
  
  
• Management loose
• Strategic planning
  Strategic planning
  Strategic planning is an organization's process of defining its strategy, or direction, and making decisions on allocating its resources to pursue this strategy. In order to determine the direction of the organization, it is necessary to understand its current position and the possible avenues...
  
  
• Implementation and control

Marketing research

• Master of Marketing Research
  Master of Marketing Research
  Master of Marketing Research is a graduate degree program that may be from one to three years in length. About 75 percent of the fulltime programs can be studied in about one year while part-time Masters in Marketing are studied besides the job and usually need a minimum of two years to be...
  
  
• Experimental techniques
  Experimental techniques
  Experimental research designs are used for the controlled testing of causal processes.The general procedure is one or more independent variables are manipulated to determine their effect on a dependent variable...
  
  
• Observational techniques
  Observational techniques
  In marketing and the social sciences, observational research is a social research technique that involves the direct observation of phenomena in their natural setting...
  
  
• Qualitative marketing research
  Qualitative marketing research
  Qualitative marketing research is a set of research techniques, used in marketing and the social sciences, in which data is obtained from a relatively small group of respondents and not analyzed with inferential statistics...
  
  
  • Concept testing
    Concept testing
    Concept testing is the process of using quantitative methods and qualitative methods to evaluate consumer response to a product idea prior to the introduction of a product to the market. It can also be used to generate communication designed to alter consumer attitudes toward existing products...
    
    
  • Focus group
    Focus group
    A focus group is a form of qualitative research in which a group of people are asked about their perceptions, opinions, beliefs and attitudes towards a product, service, concept, advertisement, idea, or packaging...
    
    
  • Innovation game
    Innovation game
    The phrase innovation game refers to a form of primary market research developed by Luke Hohmann where customers play a set of directed games as a means of generating feedback about a product or service. The research is primary because the data collected is gathered directly from customers or...
    
    

Data analysis techniques used in marketing research

• Choice Modelling
  Choice Modelling
  Choice modelling attempts to model the decision process of an individual or segment in a particular context. Choice modelling may also be used to estimate non-market environmental benefits and costs....
  
  
• Cluster analysis
  Cluster analysis (in marketing)
  Cluster analysis is a class of statistical techniques that can be applied to data that exhibit “natural” groupings. Cluster analysis sorts through the raw data and groups them into clusters. A cluster is a group of relatively homogeneous cases or observations. Objects in a cluster are similar to...
  
  
• Conjoint analysis
  Conjoint analysis (in marketing)
  Conjoint analysis is a statistical technique used in market research to determine how people value different features that make up an individual product or service....
  
  
• Cross tab
• Discriminant analysis
• Factor analysis
  Factor analysis
  Factor analysis is a statistical method used to describe variability among observed, correlated variables in terms of a potentially lower number of unobserved, uncorrelated variables called factors. In other words, it is possible, for example, that variations in three or four observed variables...
  
  
• Intent scale translation
  Intent scale translation
  Intent scale translation is a mathematical technique used by marketers to convert stated purchase intentions into purchase probabilities, that is, into an estimate of actual buying behaviour...
  
  
• Logit analysis
• Multi dimensional scaling
• Preference-rank translation
  Preference-rank translation
  Preference-rank translation is a mathematical technique used by marketers to convert stated preferences into purchase probabilities, that is, into an estimate of actual buying behaviour...
  
  
• Preference regression
  Preference regression (in marketing)
  Preference regression is a statistical technique used by marketers to determine consumers’ preferred core benefits. It usually supplements product positioning techniques like multi dimensional scaling or factor analysis and is used to create ideal vectors on perceptual maps.-Application:Starting...
  
  

Industry or market research

• Benchmarking
  Benchmarking
  Benchmarking is the process of comparing one's business processes and performance metrics to industry bests and/or best practices from other industries. Dimensions typically measured are quality, time and cost...
  
  
• Competitor analysis
  Competitor analysis
  Competitor analysis in marketing and strategic management is an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of current and potential competitors. This analysis provides both an offensive and defensive strategic context to identify opportunities and threats...
  
  
• Ecological model of competition
  Ecological model of competition
  The ecological model of competition is a reassessment of the nature of competition in the economy. Traditional economics models the economy on the principles of physics . This can be seen in the economics lexicon: terms like labour force, market equilibrium, capital flows, and price elasticity...
  
  
• Environmental scanning
  Environmental scanning
  Environmental scanning is one component of the global environmental analysis. Environmental monitoring, environmental forecasting and environmental assessment complete the global environmental analysis. Environmental scanning refers to the macro environment.The global environment refers to the...
  
  
• Porter 5 forces analysis
  Porter 5 forces analysis
  Porter's five forces analysis is a framework for industry analysis and business strategy development formed by Michael E. Porter of Harvard Business School in 1979. It draws upon industrial organization economics to derive five forces that determine the competitive intensity and therefore...
  
  
• SWOT Analysis
  SWOT analysis
  SWOT analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses/Limitations, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project or in a business venture...
  
  

Quantitative marketing research

• Statistical survey
  Statistical survey
  Survey methodology is the field that studies surveys, that is, the sample of individuals from a population with a view towards making statistical inferences about the population using the sample. Polls about public opinion, such as political beliefs, are reported in the news media in democracies....
  
  s
• Questionnaire construction
  Questionnaire construction
  A questionnaire is a series of questions asked to individuals to obtain statistically useful information about a given topic. When properly constructed and responsibly administered, questionnaires become a vital instrument by which statements can be made about specific groups or people or entire...
  
  
• Scales
  Scale (social sciences)
  In the social sciences, scaling is the process of measuring or ordering entities with respect to quantitative attributes or traits. For example, a scaling technique might involve estimating individuals' levels of extraversion, or the perceived quality of products...
  
  
• Sampling
  Sampling (statistics)
  In statistics and survey methodology, sampling is concerned with the selection of a subset of individuals from within a population to estimate characteristics of the whole population....
  
  
  • Simple random sampling
  • Systematic sampling
    Systematic sampling
    Systematic sampling is a statistical method involving the selection of elements from an ordered sampling frame. The most common form of systematic sampling is an equal-probability method, in which every kth element in the frame is selected, where k, the sampling interval , is calculated as:k =...
    
    
  • Statistical survey
    Statistical survey
    Survey methodology is the field that studies surveys, that is, the sample of individuals from a population with a view towards making statistical inferences about the population using the sample. Polls about public opinion, such as political beliefs, are reported in the news media in democracies....
    
    s
  • Stratified sampling
    Stratified sampling
    In statistics, stratified sampling is a method of sampling from a population.In statistical surveys, when subpopulations within an overall population vary, it is advantageous to sample each subpopulation independently. Stratification is the process of dividing members of the population into...
    
    
  • Cluster sampling
    Cluster sampling
    Cluster Sampling is a sampling technique used when "natural" groupings are evident in a statistical population. It is often used in marketing research. In this technique, the total population is divided into these groups and a sample of the groups is selected. Then the required information is...
    
    
  • Multistage sampling
    Multistage sampling
    Multistage sampling is a complex form of cluster sampling.Advantages * cost and speed that the survey can be done in* convenience of finding the survey sample* normally more accurate than cluster sampling for the same size sampleDisadvantages...
    
    
  • Nonprobability sampling
    Nonprobability sampling
    Sampling is the use of a subset of the population to represent the whole population. Probability sampling, or random sampling, is a sampling technique in which the probability of getting any particular sample may be calculated. Nonprobability sampling does not meet this criterion and should be...
    
    

Sampling

• Cluster sampling
  Cluster sampling
  Cluster Sampling is a sampling technique used when "natural" groupings are evident in a statistical population. It is often used in marketing research. In this technique, the total population is divided into these groups and a sample of the groups is selected. Then the required information is...
  
  
• Multistage sampling
  Multistage sampling
  Multistage sampling is a complex form of cluster sampling.Advantages * cost and speed that the survey can be done in* convenience of finding the survey sample* normally more accurate than cluster sampling for the same size sampleDisadvantages...
  
  
• Nonprobability sampling
  Nonprobability sampling
  Sampling is the use of a subset of the population to represent the whole population. Probability sampling, or random sampling, is a sampling technique in which the probability of getting any particular sample may be calculated. Nonprobability sampling does not meet this criterion and should be...
  
  
• Simple random sampling
• Stratified sampling
  Stratified sampling
  In statistics, stratified sampling is a method of sampling from a population.In statistical surveys, when subpopulations within an overall population vary, it is advantageous to sample each subpopulation independently. Stratification is the process of dividing members of the population into...
  
  
• Systematic sampling
  Systematic sampling
  Systematic sampling is a statistical method involving the selection of elements from an ordered sampling frame. The most common form of systematic sampling is an equal-probability method, in which every kth element in the frame is selected, where k, the sampling interval , is calculated as:k =...
  
  

Pricing

• Barter
  Barter
  Barter is a method of exchange by which goods or services are directly exchanged for other goods or services without using a medium of exchange, such as money. It is usually bilateral, but may be multilateral, and usually exists parallel to monetary systems in most developed countries, though to a...
  
  
• Choice Modelling
  Choice Modelling
  Choice modelling attempts to model the decision process of an individual or segment in a particular context. Choice modelling may also be used to estimate non-market environmental benefits and costs....
  
  
• Competitor indexing
  Competitor indexing
  Competitor indexing is a price setting technique used by marketers. Generally, it involves using the price of competitors' products in determining the price of your own products.Variations of this strategy include:* matching competitors price...
  
  
• Cost-plus pricing
  Cost-plus pricing
  Cost-plus pricing is a pricing method used by companies to maximize their profits.The firms accomplish their objective of profit maximization by increasing their production until marginal revenue equals marginal cost, and then charging a price which is determined by the demand curve. However, in...
  
  
  • Break even analysis
  • Cost-plus pricing with elasticity considerations
    Cost-plus pricing with elasticity considerations
    One of the most common pricing methods used by firms is cost-plus pricing. In spite of its ubiquity, economists rightly point out that it has serious methodological flaws. It takes no account of demand. There is no way of determining if potential customers will purchase the product at the...
    
    
  • Markup
    Markup (business)
    Markup is the difference between the cost of a good or service and its selling price. A markup is added on to the total cost incurred by the producer of a good or service in order to create a profit. The total cost reflects the total amount of both fixed and variable expenses to produce and...
    
    
• Discounts and allowances
  Discounts and allowances
  Discounts and allowances are reductions to a basic price of goods or services.They can occur anywhere in the distribution channel, modifying either the manufacturer's list price , the retail price , or the list price Discounts and allowances are reductions to a basic price of goods or services.They...
  
  
  • Loyalty card
  • Loss leader
    Loss leader
    A loss leader or leader is a product sold at a low price to stimulate other profitable sales. It is a kind of sales promotion, in other words marketing concentrating on a pricing strategy. A loss leader is often a popular article...
    
    s
• Geographical pricing and price zoning
  Geographical pricing
  Geographical pricing, in marketing, is the practice of modifying a basic list price based on the geographical location of the buyer. It is intended to reflect the costs of shipping to different locations.There are several types of geographic pricing:...
  
  
• Penetration pricing
  Penetration pricing
  Penetration pricing is the pricing technique of setting a relatively low initial entry price, often lower than the eventual market price, to attract new customers. The strategy works on the expectation that customers will switch to the new brand because of the lower price...
  
  
  • Price wars
• Joint product pricing
  Joint product pricing
  Joint Products are two or more products, produced from the same process or operation, considered to be of relative equal importance.Pricing for joint products is a little more complex than pricing for a single product. To begin with there are two demand curves. The characteristics of each demand...
  
  
• Price
  Price
  -Definition:In ordinary usage, price is the quantity of payment or compensation given by one party to another in return for goods or services.In modern economies, prices are generally expressed in units of some form of currency...
  
  
  • Odd price
• Price discrimination
  Price discrimination
  Price discrimination or price differentiation exists when sales of identical goods or services are transacted at different prices from the same provider...
  
  
  • Price skimming
    Price skimming
    Price skimming is a pricing strategy in which a marketer sets a relatively high price for a product or service at first, then lowers the price over time. It is a temporal version of price discrimination/yield management...
    
    
  • Two part tariff
• Price elasticity of demand
  Price elasticity of demand
  Price elasticity of demand is a measure used in economics to show the responsiveness, or elasticity, of the quantity demanded of a good or service to a change in its price. More precisely, it gives the percentage change in quantity demanded in response to a one percent change in price...
  
  
• Price points
• Pricing objectives
  Pricing objectives
  Pricing objectives or goals give direction to the whole pricing process. Determining what your objectives are is the first step in pricing. When deciding on pricing objectives you must consider: 1) the overall financial, marketing, and strategic objectives of the company; 2) the objectives of your...
  
  
• Pricing for profit maximization
  Profit maximization
  In economics, profit maximization is the process by which a firm determines the price and output level that returns the greatest profit. There are several approaches to this problem...
  
  
• Psychological pricing
  Psychological pricing
  Psychological pricing or price ending is a marketing practice based on the theory that certain prices have a psychological impact. The retail prices are often expressed as "odd prices": a little less than a round number, e.g. $19.99 or £2.98. The theory is this drives demand greater than would be...
  
  
• Rate of return pricing
  Rate of return pricing
  Target rate of return pricing is a pricing method used almost exclusively by market leaders or monopolists. You start with a rate of return objective, like 5% of invested capital, or 10% of sales revenue...
  
  
• Transfer pricing
  Transfer pricing
  Transfer pricing refers to the setting, analysis, documentation, and adjustment of charges made between related parties for goods, services, or use of property . Transfer prices among components of an enterprise may be used to reflect allocation of resources among such components, or for other...
  
  
• Variable pricing and real-time pricing
  Variable pricing
  Most firms use a fixed price policy. That is, they examine the situation, determine an appropriate price, and leave the price fixed at that amount until the situation changes, at which point they go through the process again...
  
  
• Willingness to pay
  Willingness to pay
  In economics, the willingness to pay is the maximum amount a person would be willing to pay, sacrifice or exchange in order to receive a good or to avoid something undesired, such as pollution...
  
  

Product management

• Product
  Product (business)
  In general, the product is defined as a "thing produced by labor or effort" or the "result of an act or a process", and stems from the verb produce, from the Latin prōdūce ' lead or bring forth'. Since 1575, the word "product" has referred to anything produced...
  
  
• Product differentiation
  Product differentiation
  In economics and marketing, product differentiation is the process of distinguishing a product or offering from others, to make it more attractive to a particular target market. This involves differentiating it from competitors' products as well as a firm's own product offerings...
  
  
• Product life cycle management
  Product life cycle management
  Product life-cycle management is the succession of strategies used by business management as a product goes through its life-cycle. The conditions in which a product is sold changes over time and must be managed as it moves through its succession of stages.Product life-cycle Like human beings,...
  
  
  • Diffusion
    Diffusion (business)
    Diffusion is the process by which a new idea or new product is accepted by the market. The rate of diffusion is the speed that the new idea spreads from one consumer to the next. Adoption is similar to diffusion except that it deals with the psychological processes an individual goes through,...
    
    
    • Technology acceptance model
      Technology acceptance model
      The Technology Acceptance Model is an information systems theory that models how users come to accept and use a technology. The model suggests that when users are presented with a new technology, a number of factors influence their decision about how and when they will use it, notably:* Perceived...
      
      
• Crossing the Chasm
  Crossing the Chasm
  Crossing the Chasm: Marketing and Selling High-Tech Products to Mainstream Customers or simply Crossing the Chasm , is a marketing book by Geoffrey A. Moore that focuses on the specifics of marketing high tech products during the early start up period...
  
  
• Technology lifecycle
  Technology lifecycle
  Most new technologies follow a similar technology maturity lifecycle describing the technological maturity of a product. This is not similar to a product life cycle, but applies to an entire technology, or a generation of a technology....
  
  
  • Disruptive technology
    Disruptive technology
    A disruptive technology or disruptive innovation is an innovation that helps create a new market and value network, and eventually goes on to disrupt an existing market and value network , displacing an earlier technology there...
    
    
• Life cycle cost analysis
  Life cycle cost analysis
  Life cycle cost analysis may refer to:* Life cycle assessment, the investigation and valuation of the environmental impacts of a given product or service caused or necessitated by its existence...
  
  
• Planned obsolescence
• Product line
• Whole product
  Whole product
  In marketing, a whole product is a generic product augmented by everything that is needed for the customer to have a compelling reason to buy. The core product is the tangible product that the customer experiences. The whole product typically augments the core product with additional elements...
  
  
• Product portfolio
  • B.C.G. Analysis
  • G.E. Multi Factoral analysis
  • Contribution margin analysis
  • Cannibalization
  • Product bundling
    Product bundling
    Product bundling is a marketing strategy that involves offering several products for sale as one combined product. This strategy is very common in the software business , in the cable television industry Product bundling is a marketing strategy that involves offering several products for sale as...
    
    

Brand management

• Brand alliances
  Brand alliances
  Brand alliances is a branding strategy used in a business alliance. Brand alliances are divided into three types:-Cobrands:Cobrands are the usage of two or more brands on one certain product...
  
  
• Brand equity
  Brand equity
  Brand equity is the marketing effects and outcomes that accrue to a product with its brand name compared with those that would accrue if the same product did not have the brand name. Fact of the well-known brand name is that, the company can sometimes charge premium prices from the consumer . And,...
  
  
• Private brand
  Private brand
  Private branding is when a large distribution channel member , buys from a manufacturer in bulk and puts its own name on the product. This strategy is, with some exceptions, generally only practical when the retailer does very high levels of volume...
  
  
• Corporate branding
  Corporate branding
  Corporate branding is the practice of using a company's name as a product brand name. It is an attempt to use corporate brand equity to create product brand recognition. It is a type of family branding or umbrella brand. Disney, for example, includes the word "Disney" in the name of many of its...
  
  
• Family branding
  Family branding
  Family branding is a marketing strategy that involves selling several related products under one brand name. Family branding is also known as umbrella branding...
  
  
• Individual branding
  Individual branding
  Individual branding, also called individual product branding or multibranding, is the marketing strategy of giving each product in a portfolio its own unique brand name. This contrasts with family branding, corporate branding, and umbrella branding in which the products in a product line are given...
  
  
• Corporate identity
  Corporate identity
  In Corporate Communications, a corporate identity is the "persona" of a corporation which is designed to accord with and facilitate the attainment of business objectives...
  
  
• Trademark
  Trademark
  A trademark, trade mark, or trade-mark is a distinctive sign or indicator used by an individual, business organization, or other legal entity to identify that the products or services to consumers with which the trademark appears originate from a unique source, and to distinguish its products or...
  
  
  • Genericized trademark
    Genericized trademark
    A genericized trademark is a trademark or brand name that has become the colloquial or generic description for, or synonymous with, a general class of product or service, rather than as an indicator of source or affiliation as intended by the trademark's holder...
    
    
• List of fictional brands

New product development

• Research and development
  Research and development
  The phrase research and development , according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, refers to "creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this stock of...
  
  
• Conjoint analysis
  Conjoint analysis (in marketing)
  Conjoint analysis is a statistical technique used in market research to determine how people value different features that make up an individual product or service....
  
  
• Quality function deployment
  Quality function deployment
  Quality function deployment is a “method to transform user demands into design quality, to deploy the functions forming quality, and to deploy methods for achieving the design quality into subsystems and component parts, and ultimately to specific elements of the manufacturing process.”, as...
  
  
• List of product failures

Positioning

• Discriminant analysis
• Factor analysis
  Factor analysis
  Factor analysis is a statistical method used to describe variability among observed, correlated variables in terms of a potentially lower number of unobserved, uncorrelated variables called factors. In other words, it is possible, for example, that variations in three or four observed variables...
  
  
• Multi dimensional scaling
• Perceptual mapping
  Perceptual mapping
  Perceptual mapping is a graphics technique used by asset marketers that attempts to visually display the perceptions of customers or potential customers. Typically the position of a product, product line, brand, or company is displayed relative to their competition.Perceptual maps can have any...
  
  
• Preference regression
  Preference regression (in marketing)
  Preference regression is a statistical technique used by marketers to determine consumers’ preferred core benefits. It usually supplements product positioning techniques like multi dimensional scaling or factor analysis and is used to create ideal vectors on perceptual maps.-Application:Starting...
  
  

Advertising

• Advertising campaign
  Advertising campaign
  An advertising campaign is a series of advertisement messages that share a single idea and theme which make up an integrated marketing communication...
  
  
• Advertising slogan
  Advertising slogan
  Advertising slogans are short, often memorable phrases used in advertising campaigns. They are claimed to be the most effective means of drawing attention to one or more aspects of a product. A strapline is a British term used as a secondary sentence attached to a brand name...
  
  
• Ambush marketing
  Ambush marketing
  Ambush marketing can be defined as a marketing strategy wherein the advertisers associate themselves with, and therefore capitalize on, a particular event without paying any sponsorship fee. The Macmillan English Dictionary defines ambush marketing as a marketing strategy in which a competing...
  
  
• Community marketing
  Community marketing
  Community marketing is a strategy to engage an audience in an active, non-intrusive prospect and customer conversation. Whereas marketing communication strategies such as advertising, promotion, PR, and sales all focus on attaining customers, Community Marketing focuses on the needs of existing...
  
  
• Billboard (advertising)
  Billboard (advertising)
  A billboard is a large outdoor advertising structure , typically found in high traffic areas such as alongside busy roads. Billboards present large advertisements to passing pedestrians and drivers...
  
  
• Nielsen ratings
  Nielsen Ratings
  Nielsen ratings are the audience measurement systems developed by Nielsen Media Research, in an effort to determine the audience size and composition of television programming in the United States...
  
  
• Product placement
  Product placement
  Product placement, or embedded marketing, is a form of advertisement, where branded goods or services are placed in a context usually devoid of ads, such as movies, music videos, the story line of television shows, or news programs. The product placement is often not disclosed at the time that the...
  
  
• Q Score
  Q Score
  The Q Score is a measurement of the familiarity and appeal of a brand, company, celebrity, or television show used in the United States. The higher the Q Score, the more highly regarded the item or person is among the group that is familiar with them...
  
  
• Mass media
  Mass media
  Mass media refers collectively to all media technologies which are intended to reach a large audience via mass communication. Broadcast media transmit their information electronically and comprise of television, film and radio, movies, CDs, DVDs and some other gadgets like cameras or video consoles...
  
  
• Mind share
  Mind share
  Mind share, or the development of consumer awareness or popularity, is one of the main objectives of advertising and promotion. When people think of examples of a product type or category, they usually think of a limited number of brand names. For example, a prospective buyer of a college education...
  
  
• Sex in advertising
  Sex in advertising
  Sex in advertising or sex sells is the use of sexual or erotic imagery in advertising to draw interest to a particular product, for purpose of sale. A feature of sex in advertising is that the imagery used, such as that of a pretty woman, typically has no connection to the product being advertised...
  
  
• Family in advertising
  Family in advertising
  The image of the Family in advertising has become a prominent symbol in advertising since the industrial revolution and is often used in marketing campaigns to increase profits. Sociologists have viewed such advertisements as both marketing messages, as well as ways in which behavior and attitudes...
  
  
• Subliminal advertising
• Subvertising
  Subvertising
  Subvertising is a portmanteau of subvert and advertising. It refers to the practice of making spoofs or parodies of corporate and political advertisements. Subvertisements may take the form of a new image or an alteration to an existing image or icon, often in a satirical manner...
  
  
• Television commercial

Marketing communications

• Integrated Marketing Communications
  Integrated Marketing Communications
  Integrated Marketing Communications is defined as customer centric, data driven method of communicating with the customer. IMC is the coordination and integration of all marketing communication tools, avenues, functions and sources within a company into a seamless program that maximizes the impact...
  
  
• Kelman's source characteristics
  Kelman's source characteristics
  Kelman's source characteristics identify three characteristics of successful marketing communications sources:# source credibility# source attractiveness# source power.-Source attractiveness:...
  
  
• Marketing communications planning framework
  Marketing communications planning framework
  The marketing communications planning framework is a model for the creation of an integrated marketing communications plan. Created by Chris Fill, senior examiner for the Chartered Institute of Marketing, the MCPF is intended to solve the inadequacies of other frameworks....
  
  

Publicity

• Corporate image
  Corporate image
  A corporate image refers to how a corporation is perceived. It is a generally accepted image of what a company stands for. Marketing experts who use public relations and other forms of promotion to suggest a mental picture to the public...
  
  
  • Cause marketing
    Cause marketing
    Cause marketing or cause-related marketing refers to a type of marketing involving the cooperative efforts of a "for profit" business and a non-profit organization for mutual benefit. The term is sometimes used more broadly and generally to refer to any type of marketing effort for social and...
    
    
• Doing a Ratner
• Public relations
  Public relations
  Public relations is the actions of a corporation, store, government, individual, etc., in promoting goodwill between itself and the public, the community, employees, customers, etc....
  
  
• Trade fair
  Trade fair
  A trade fair is an exhibition organized so that companies in a specific industry can showcase and demonstrate their latest products, service, study activities of rivals and examine recent market trends and opportunities...
  
  s
• Undercover marketing
  Undercover marketing
  Undercover marketing is a subset of guerrilla marketing where consumers do not realize they are being marketed to. For example, a marketing company might pay an actor or socially adept person to use a certain product visibly and convincingly in locations where target consumers congregate...
  
  
• Viral marketing
  Viral marketing
  Viral marketing, viral advertising, or marketing buzz are buzzwords referring to marketing techniques that use pre-existing social networks to produce increases in brand awareness or to achieve other marketing objectives through self-replicating viral processes, analogous to the spread of viruses...
  
  
• Word of mouth
  Word of mouth
  Word of mouth, or viva voce, is the passing of information from person to person by oral communication. Storytelling is the oldest form of word-of-mouth communication where one person tells others of something, whether a real event or something made up. Oral tradition is cultural material and...
  
   and buzz

Sales and sales promotion

• Negotiation
  Negotiation
  Negotiation is a dialogue between two or more people or parties, intended to reach an understanding, resolve point of difference, or gain advantage in outcome of dialogue, to produce an agreement upon courses of action, to bargain for individual or collective advantage, to craft outcomes to satisfy...
  
  
  • Shill
    Shill
    A shill, plant or stooge is a person who helps a person or organization without disclosing that he or she has a close relationship with that person or organization...
    
    
• Product churning
  Product churning
  Product churning is the business practice whereby more of the product is sold than is beneficial to the consumer. An example is a stock broker who buys and sells securities in a portfolio more frequently than is necessary in order to generate commission fees....
  
  
• Sales techniques
• Sales force management
  • Sales force management system
    Sales force management system
    Sales force management systems are information systems used in CRM marketing and management that help automate some sales and sales force management functions...
    
    

Services marketing

• Service
• Borderless Selling
  Borderless Selling
  Borderless selling is the process of selling services to clients outside the country of origin of services through modern methods which eliminate the actions specifically designed to hinder international trade...
  
  
• Quality
• Gaps analysis
• Complaints handling
• Experience economy
• Service sector
• Service mark
  Service mark
  A service mark or servicemark is a trademark used in some countries, notably the United States, to identify a service rather than a product. When a service mark is federally registered, the standard registration symbol ® or "Reg U.S. Pat & TM Off" may be used...
  
  

Lists

• Outline of business management
• Outline of economics
  Outline of economics
  The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to economics:Economics – analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services...
  
  
• Outline of finance
  Outline of finance
  The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to finance:Finance – addresses the ways in which individuals, businesses and organizations raise, allocate and use monetary resources over time, taking into account the risks entailed in their projects.- Overview :The word...
  
  
• Outline of production
  • List of product failures
• List of information technology management topics
• List of human resource management topics
• List of international trade topics
• List of accounting topics
• List of international trade topics
• List of business law topics
• List of business ethics, political economy, and philosophy of business topics
• List of business theorists
• List of economists

External links

• Marketing dictionary