Period mapping
Encyclopedia
In mathematics
, in the field of algebraic geometry
, the period mapping relates families of Kähler manifold
s to families of Hodge structure
s.
guarantees that there is a small open neighborhood U around 0 in which f becomes a fiber bundle
. That is, is diffeomorphic to . In particular, the composite map
is a diffeomorphism. This diffeomorphism is not unique because it depends on the choice of trivialization. The trivialization is constructed from smooth paths in U, and it can be shown that the homotopy class of the diffeomorphism depends only on the choice of a homotopy class of paths from b to 0. In particular, if U is contractible, there is a well-defined diffeomorphism up to homotopy.
The diffeomorphism from Xb to X0 induces an isomorphism of cohomology groups
and since homotopic maps induce identical maps on cohomology, this isomorphism depends only on the homotopy class of the path from b to 0.
s of X0 and Xb because they are induced by diffeomorphisms, not biholomorphisms. Let denote the pth step of the Hodge filtration. The Hodge numbers of Xb are the same as those of X0, so the number bp,k = dim FpHk(Xb, C) is independent of b. The period map is the map
where F is the flag variety of chains of subspaces of dimensions bp,k for all p, that sends
Because Xb is a Kähler manifold, the Hodge filtration satisfies the Hodge–Riemann bilinear relations. These imply that
Not all flags of subspaces satisfy this condition. The subset of the flag variety satisfying this condition is called the unpolarized local period domain and is denoted
. 
is an open subset of the flag variety F.
This form varies holomorphically in b, and consequently the image of the period mapping satisfies additional constraints which again come from the Hodge–Riemann bilinear relations. These are:
The polarized local period domain is the subset of the unpolarized local period domain whose flags satisfy these additional conditions. The first condition is a closed condition, and the second is an open condition, and consequently the polarized local period domain is a locally closed subset of the unpolarized local period domain and of the flag variety F. The period mapping is defined in the same way as before.
The polarized local period domain and the polarized period mapping are still denoted
and 
, respectively.
of B: There is no longer a unique homotopy class of diffeomorphisms relating the fibers Xb and X0. Instead, distinct homotopy classes of paths in B induce possibly distinct homotopy clases of diffeomorphisms and therefore possibly distinct isomorphisms of cohomology groups. Consequently there is no longer a well-defined flag for each fiber. Instead, the flag is defined only up to the action of the fundamental group.
In the unpolarized case, define the monodromy group Γ to be the subgroup of GL(Hk(X0, Z)) consisting of all automorphisms induced by a homotopy class of curves in B as above. The flag variety is a quotient of a Lie group by a parabolic subgroup, and the monodromy group is an arithmetic subgroup of the Lie group. The global unpolarized period domain is the quotient of the local unpolarized period domain by the action of Γ (it is thus a collection of double coset
s). In the polarized case, the elements of the monodromy group are required to also preserve the bilinear form Q, and the global polarized period domain is constructed as a quotient by Γ in the same way. In both cases, the period mapping takes a point of B to the class of the Hodge filtration on Xb.
The entries of the period matrix depend on the choice of basis and on the complex structure. The δs can be varied by a choice of a matrix Λ in , and the ωs can be varied by a choice of a matrix A in . A period matrix is equivalent to Ω if it can be written as AΩΛ for some
choice of A and Λ.
where λ is any complex number not equal to zero or one. The Hodge filtration on the first cohomology group of a curve has two steps, F0 and F1. However, F0 is the entire cohomology group, so the only interesting term of the filtration is F1, which is H1,0, the space of holomorphic harmonic 1-forms.
H1,0 is one-dimensional because the curve is elliptic, and for all λ, it is spanned by the differential form ω = dx/y. To find explicit representatives of the homology group of the curve, note that the curve can be represented as the graph of the multivalued function
on the Riemann sphere
. The branch points of this function are at zero, one, λ, and infinity. Make two branch cuts, one running from zero to one and the other running from λ to infinity. These exhaust the branch points of the function, so they cut the multi-valued function into two single-valued sheets. Fix an . On one of these sheets, trace the curve γ(t) = 1/2 + (1/2 + ε)exp(2πit). Now trace another curve δ(t) that begins in one sheet as δ(t) = (λ/2 + 1/2) + (λ/2 + 1/2 + ε)exp(2πit) for and continues in the other sheet with the same formula for . From the Seifert–van Kampen theorem, the homology group of the curve is free of rank two. Because the curves meet in a single point, neither of their homology classes is a proper multiple of some other homology class, and hence they form a basis of H1. The period matrix for this family is therefore
The first entry of this matrix we will abbreviate as A, and the second as B.
The bilinear form √(−1)Q is positive definite because locally, we can always write ω as f dz, hence
By Poincaré duality, γ and δ correspond to cohomology classes γ* and δ* which together are a basis for . It follows that ω can be written as a linear combination of γ* and δ*. The coefficients are given by evaluating ω with respect to the dual basis elements γ and δ:
When we rewrite the positive definiteness of Q in these terms, we have
Since γ* and δ* are integral, they do not change under conjugation. Furthermore, since γ and δ intersect in a single point and a single point is a generator of H0, the cup product of γ* and δ* is the fundamental class of X0. Consequently this integral equals
. The integral is strictly positive, so neither A nor B can be zero.
After rescaling ω, we may assume that the period matrix equals for some complex number τ with strictly positive imaginary part. This removes the ambiguity coming from the action. The action of is then the usual action of the modular group
on the upper half-plane. Consequently, the period domain is the Riemann sphere
. This is the usual parameterization of an elliptic curve as a lattice.
Mathematics
Mathematics is the study of quantity, space, structure, and change. Mathematicians seek out patterns and formulate new conjectures. Mathematicians resolve the truth or falsity of conjectures by mathematical proofs, which are arguments sufficient to convince other mathematicians of their validity...
, in the field of algebraic geometry
Algebraic geometry
Algebraic geometry is a branch of mathematics which combines techniques of abstract algebra, especially commutative algebra, with the language and the problems of geometry. It occupies a central place in modern mathematics and has multiple conceptual connections with such diverse fields as complex...
, the period mapping relates families of Kähler manifold
Kähler manifold
In mathematics, a Kähler manifold is a manifold with unitary structure satisfying an integrability condition.In particular, it is a Riemannian manifold, a complex manifold, and a symplectic manifold, with these three structures all mutually compatible.This threefold structure corresponds to the...
s to families of Hodge structure
Hodge structure
In mathematics, a Hodge structure, named after W. V. D. Hodge, is an algebraic structure at the level of linear algebra, similar to the one that Hodge theory gives to the cohomology groups of a smooth and compact Kähler manifold...
s.
Ehresmann's theorem
Let be a holomorphic submersive morphism. For a point b of B, we denote the fiber of f over b by Xb. Fix a point 0 in B. Ehresmann's theoremEhresmann's theorem
In mathematics, Ehresmann's fibration theorem states that a smooth mappingwhere M and N are smooth manifolds, such that#f is a surjective submersion, and#f is a proper map,...
guarantees that there is a small open neighborhood U around 0 in which f becomes a fiber bundle
Fiber bundle
In mathematics, and particularly topology, a fiber bundle is intuitively a space which locally "looks" like a certain product space, but globally may have a different topological structure...
. That is, is diffeomorphic to . In particular, the composite map
is a diffeomorphism. This diffeomorphism is not unique because it depends on the choice of trivialization. The trivialization is constructed from smooth paths in U, and it can be shown that the homotopy class of the diffeomorphism depends only on the choice of a homotopy class of paths from b to 0. In particular, if U is contractible, there is a well-defined diffeomorphism up to homotopy.
The diffeomorphism from Xb to X0 induces an isomorphism of cohomology groups
and since homotopic maps induce identical maps on cohomology, this isomorphism depends only on the homotopy class of the path from b to 0.
Local unpolarized period mappings
Assume that f is proper and that X0 is a Kähler variety. The Kähler condition is open, so after possibly shrinking U, Xb is compact and Kähler for all b in U. After shrinking U further we may assume that it is contractible. Then there is a well-defined isomorphism between the cohomology groups of X0 and Xb. These isomorphisms of cohomology groups will not in general preserve the Hodge structureHodge structure
In mathematics, a Hodge structure, named after W. V. D. Hodge, is an algebraic structure at the level of linear algebra, similar to the one that Hodge theory gives to the cohomology groups of a smooth and compact Kähler manifold...
s of X0 and Xb because they are induced by diffeomorphisms, not biholomorphisms. Let denote the pth step of the Hodge filtration. The Hodge numbers of Xb are the same as those of X0, so the number bp,k = dim FpHk(Xb, C) is independent of b. The period map is the map
where F is the flag variety of chains of subspaces of dimensions bp,k for all p, that sends
Because Xb is a Kähler manifold, the Hodge filtration satisfies the Hodge–Riemann bilinear relations. These imply that
Not all flags of subspaces satisfy this condition. The subset of the flag variety satisfying this condition is called the unpolarized local period domain and is denoted
. is an open subset of the flag variety F.Local polarized period mappings
Assume now not just that each Xb is Kähler, but that there is a Kähler class that varies holomorphically in b. In other words, assume there is a class ω in such that for every b, the restriction ωb of ω to Xb is a Kähler class. ωb determines a bilinear form Q on Hk(Xb, C) by the ruleThis form varies holomorphically in b, and consequently the image of the period mapping satisfies additional constraints which again come from the Hodge–Riemann bilinear relations. These are:
- FpHk(Xb, C) is orthogonal to Fk − p + 1Hk(Xb, C) with respect to Q.
- For all p + q = k, the restriction of
to the primitive classes of type is positive definite.
The polarized local period domain is the subset of the unpolarized local period domain whose flags satisfy these additional conditions. The first condition is a closed condition, and the second is an open condition, and consequently the polarized local period domain is a locally closed subset of the unpolarized local period domain and of the flag variety F. The period mapping is defined in the same way as before.
The polarized local period domain and the polarized period mapping are still denoted
and , respectively.Global period mappings
Focusing only on local period mappings ignores the information present in the topology of the base space B. The global period mappings are constructed so that this information is still available. The difficulty in constructing global period mappings comes from the monodromyMonodromy
In mathematics, monodromy is the study of how objects from mathematical analysis, algebraic topology and algebraic and differential geometry behave as they 'run round' a singularity. As the name implies, the fundamental meaning of monodromy comes from 'running round singly'...
of B: There is no longer a unique homotopy class of diffeomorphisms relating the fibers Xb and X0. Instead, distinct homotopy classes of paths in B induce possibly distinct homotopy clases of diffeomorphisms and therefore possibly distinct isomorphisms of cohomology groups. Consequently there is no longer a well-defined flag for each fiber. Instead, the flag is defined only up to the action of the fundamental group.
In the unpolarized case, define the monodromy group Γ to be the subgroup of GL(Hk(X0, Z)) consisting of all automorphisms induced by a homotopy class of curves in B as above. The flag variety is a quotient of a Lie group by a parabolic subgroup, and the monodromy group is an arithmetic subgroup of the Lie group. The global unpolarized period domain is the quotient of the local unpolarized period domain by the action of Γ (it is thus a collection of double coset
Double coset
In mathematics, an double coset in G, where G is a group and H and K are subgroups of G, is an equivalence class for the equivalence relation defined on G by...
s). In the polarized case, the elements of the monodromy group are required to also preserve the bilinear form Q, and the global polarized period domain is constructed as a quotient by Γ in the same way. In both cases, the period mapping takes a point of B to the class of the Hodge filtration on Xb.
Properties
Griffiths proved that the period map is holomorphic. His transversality theorem limits the range of the period map.Period matrices
The Hodge filtration can be expressed in coordinates using period matrices. Choose a basis δ1, ..., δr for the torsion-free part of the kth integral homology group . Fix p and q with p + q = k, and choose a basis ω1, ..., ωs for the harmonic forms of type . The period matrix of X0 with respect to these bases is the matrixThe entries of the period matrix depend on the choice of basis and on the complex structure. The δs can be varied by a choice of a matrix Λ in , and the ωs can be varied by a choice of a matrix A in . A period matrix is equivalent to Ω if it can be written as AΩΛ for some
choice of A and Λ.
The case of elliptic curves
Consider the family of elliptic curveswhere λ is any complex number not equal to zero or one. The Hodge filtration on the first cohomology group of a curve has two steps, F0 and F1. However, F0 is the entire cohomology group, so the only interesting term of the filtration is F1, which is H1,0, the space of holomorphic harmonic 1-forms.
H1,0 is one-dimensional because the curve is elliptic, and for all λ, it is spanned by the differential form ω = dx/y. To find explicit representatives of the homology group of the curve, note that the curve can be represented as the graph of the multivalued function
on the Riemann sphere
Riemann sphere
In mathematics, the Riemann sphere , named after the 19th century mathematician Bernhard Riemann, is the sphere obtained from the complex plane by adding a point at infinity...
. The branch points of this function are at zero, one, λ, and infinity. Make two branch cuts, one running from zero to one and the other running from λ to infinity. These exhaust the branch points of the function, so they cut the multi-valued function into two single-valued sheets. Fix an . On one of these sheets, trace the curve γ(t) = 1/2 + (1/2 + ε)exp(2πit). Now trace another curve δ(t) that begins in one sheet as δ(t) = (λ/2 + 1/2) + (λ/2 + 1/2 + ε)exp(2πit) for and continues in the other sheet with the same formula for . From the Seifert–van Kampen theorem, the homology group of the curve is free of rank two. Because the curves meet in a single point, neither of their homology classes is a proper multiple of some other homology class, and hence they form a basis of H1. The period matrix for this family is therefore
The first entry of this matrix we will abbreviate as A, and the second as B.
The bilinear form √(−1)Q is positive definite because locally, we can always write ω as f dz, hence
By Poincaré duality, γ and δ correspond to cohomology classes γ* and δ* which together are a basis for . It follows that ω can be written as a linear combination of γ* and δ*. The coefficients are given by evaluating ω with respect to the dual basis elements γ and δ:
When we rewrite the positive definiteness of Q in these terms, we have
Since γ* and δ* are integral, they do not change under conjugation. Furthermore, since γ and δ intersect in a single point and a single point is a generator of H0, the cup product of γ* and δ* is the fundamental class of X0. Consequently this integral equals
. The integral is strictly positive, so neither A nor B can be zero.After rescaling ω, we may assume that the period matrix equals for some complex number τ with strictly positive imaginary part. This removes the ambiguity coming from the action. The action of is then the usual action of the modular group
Modular group
In mathematics, the modular group Γ is a fundamental object of study in number theory, geometry, algebra, and many other areas of advanced mathematics...
on the upper half-plane. Consequently, the period domain is the Riemann sphere
Riemann sphere
In mathematics, the Riemann sphere , named after the 19th century mathematician Bernhard Riemann, is the sphere obtained from the complex plane by adding a point at infinity...
. This is the usual parameterization of an elliptic curve as a lattice.