Philipp von Mansfeld
Encyclopedia
Philipp von Mansfeld was Graf von (Count
of) Mansfeld
, Vorderort and Bornstedt
who commanded troops during the Thirty Years' War
. He first fought on the side of the Swedish Empire
under his second-cousin, was captured, changed allegiance and raised a navy for General Albrecht von Wallenstein
. Later, he commanded troops as Feldmarschall of the Holy Roman Empire
.
and Mühlingen
.
In 1611 Mansfeld married Maria von Mansfeld-Hinterort and they had six children:
Upon her death, Mansfeld married, in 1630, Margaretha Catharine von Lobkowicz but had no further children.
and the Swedish Empire
during the Thirty Years' War
. The two were, in fact, second-cousins; Mansfeld's grandfather and Ernst von Mansfeld's father were half-brothers.They shared a grandfather and great-grandfather, respectively Ernst von Mansfeld had originally fought on the side of the Catholics and Leopold V, Archduke of Austria
, but conflicts with the Archduke had driven him to join the side of the Protestants.
General Albrecht von Wallenstein
inquired as to whether he might be persuaded to join (or, in fact, rejoin) the Holy Roman Empire
. Mansfeld agreed and joined Wallenstein's forces.
at Wismar
, on the Baltic Sea
. The local mayor
was persuaded to give Mansfeld some abandoned buildings, part of an old foundry
and an empty yard. Over the following year he "brought together, in fact, a not insignificant naval force" consisting of various vessels either bought from local merchants and converted, or captured and reconfigured. The force included a number of Orlogsschiff
, including two built from scratchThe word Orlogsschiff translates to rigger ship; probably the later-style (more substantially rigged) galleons rather than the even-later full rigged ship
, and two captured Danish
sailing barges.
The Danes tried to halt Mansfeld's progress by attacking Wismar in April 1628 and again in June, each time blocking the harbour entrance with barges and bombarding the town with cannon
fire from larger ships. The Danes terrorised the town by sending smaller armed sloop
s into the harbour to capture fishermen. Mansfeld's compound suffered significant damage but his tiny makeshift "navy" was able to drive the Danes back out to sea. The Danes moved to nearby Poel
where they captured several Wismarsche fishermen, took them to Denmark and imprisoned them in Copenhagen
until the town paid a ransom of 100 guilders per captive.
The Danes continued to blockade
the harbour while Mansfeld continue to build his navy. In 1629, 10 warships from Danzig joined the force, though two were lost on the way (one with 80 men on board) and another was delayed. On 22 May 1629, the Treaty of Lübeck
was signed, effectively bringing and end to Danish involvement in the Thirty Years' War
.
were briefly sent to relieve a failed general near Memel
.
After the Treaty of Lübeck and the withdrawal of the Danes, Mansfeld's navy continued to defend the Baltic Sea
coastline of Germany
against the forces of the Swedish Empire
but fighting was limited to small skirmishes. In 1630, King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
landed in Pomerania
, to the East of Mansfeld's forces in Wismar. The Duchy of Pomerania capitulated and Bogislaw XIV, Duke of Pomerania, and his councillors negotiated the Treaty of Stettin
with Adolphus.
In 1632, Mansfeld was appointed General
of the Infantry
. The following year, on 16 November 1633 Mansfeld was appointed, Feldmarschall of the Holy Roman Empire
.
and Bönninghausen and his troops caused trouble for villagers and townfolk in neutral
regions loyal to Wolfgang William, Count Palatine of Neuburg. In Windeck
, 3000 cavalry
troops looted various parish
es and moved on to Overath
, where the church was robbed. Mansfeld's generals and colonel
s used the opportunity to "fill their pockets at the expense of the country". The Count feared Mansfeld's troops would eventually make it to Düsseldorf
and increased the garrison
there.
The soldiers were, though, soon brought under control and the Count demanded restitution
for damage caused to crops, livestock
and property. Mansfeld paid a portion of the claim and records suggest he remained held in high regard for his skills as a commanding officer
. But the damage, in the broader sense, had already been done and in October, Mansfeld was relieved of his command and ordered to pay further compensation.
Archduke Ferdinand of Austria
(who later became Holy Roman Emperor
), who had been appointed Supreme Commander at the death of General Wallenstein
, was also given command of Mansfeld's troops as Feldmarschall.
to the South, Mansfeld was given command of a smaller forceThe translation is not particularly clear - it could well be that the troops were Mansfeld's own troops (from the towns of which he was Graf/Count) or mercenaries paid directly by Mansfeld himself which he took, in 1635, to Braunfels
and then to Driedorf
to counter attacks and looting by Protestant troops and mercenaries
. After Driedorf was looted and set alight, Mansfeld marched toward Herborn
where there was heavy fighting. Sporadic fighting continued through the first half of 1635 and damage to nearby towns was extensive. Eventually, commanders from either side were convinced to come together in Mainz
and negotiate a form of regional truce.
Count
A count or countess is an aristocratic nobleman in European countries. The word count came into English from the French comte, itself from Latin comes—in its accusative comitem—meaning "companion", and later "companion of the emperor, delegate of the emperor". The adjective form of the word is...
of) Mansfeld
Mansfeld
Mansfeld is a town in the Mansfeld-Südharz district, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is situated on the river Wipper, 10 km northwest of Eisleben....
, Vorderort and Bornstedt
Bornstedt, Mansfeld-Südharz
Bornstedt is a municipality in the Mansfeld-Südharz district, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany....
who commanded troops during the Thirty Years' War
Thirty Years' War
The Thirty Years' War was fought primarily in what is now Germany, and at various points involved most countries in Europe. It was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history....
. He first fought on the side of the Swedish Empire
Swedish Empire
The Swedish Empire refers to the Kingdom of Sweden between 1561 and 1721 . During this time, Sweden was one of the great European powers. In Swedish, the period is called Stormaktstiden, literally meaning "the Great Power Era"...
under his second-cousin, was captured, changed allegiance and raised a navy for General Albrecht von Wallenstein
Albrecht von Wallenstein
Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von Wallenstein , actually von Waldstein, was a Bohemian soldier and politician, who offered his services, and an army of 30,000 to 100,000 men during the Danish period of the Thirty Years' War , to the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II...
. Later, he commanded troops as Feldmarschall of the Holy Roman Empire
Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire was a realm that existed from 962 to 1806 in Central Europe.It was ruled by the Holy Roman Emperor. Its character changed during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, when the power of the emperor gradually weakened in favour of the princes...
.
Family
Mansfeld was born in 1589, the son of Bruno, Count of Mansfeld-Vorderort and his wife, Christine of BarbyBarby, Germany
Barby is a town in the Salzlandkreis district, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is situated on the left bank of the Elbe river, near the confluence with the Saale, approx. southeast of Magdeburg...
and Mühlingen
Mühlingen
Mühlingen is a town in the district of Konstanz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany....
.
In 1611 Mansfeld married Maria von Mansfeld-Hinterort and they had six children:
- Anna Caroline von Mansfeld-Vorderort who married Franz von Gallas and later Karl Heinrich von Zierotin
- Georg Albert von Mansfeld-Vorderort who married Barbara Magdalena von Mansfeld-Hinterort and inherited his father's titles.
- Susanne Polyxena Catharina von Mansfeld-Vorderort who married Matyás Arnost Berchtold de Uhercic and later Julius Leopold, Count of Hoditz and WolframitzOlbramovice (Znojmo District)Olbramovice is a small town in Znojmo District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic.The town covers an area of , and has a population of 1,044 ....
Their descendent Joseph Albert married Sophie; daughter of Johann Adolf I, Duke of Saxe-WeissenfelsJohann Adolf I, Duke of Saxe-WeissenfelsJohann Adolf I, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels , was a duke of Saxe-Weissenfels-Querfurt and member of the House of Wettin.... - Franziska Margarethe von Mansfeld-Vorderort who married Friedrich von ZedlitzZedlitz----Zedlitz is a municipality in the district of Greiz, in Thuringia, Germany....
- Maria Clara von Mansfeld-Vorderort
- Ferdinand von Mansfeld-Vorderort
Upon her death, Mansfeld married, in 1630, Margaretha Catharine von Lobkowicz but had no further children.
Military career
Mansfeld first served under Ernst von MansfeldErnst von Mansfeld
Ernst, Graf von Mansfeld , was a German military commander during the early years of the Thirty Years' War.-Biography:...
and the Swedish Empire
Swedish Empire
The Swedish Empire refers to the Kingdom of Sweden between 1561 and 1721 . During this time, Sweden was one of the great European powers. In Swedish, the period is called Stormaktstiden, literally meaning "the Great Power Era"...
during the Thirty Years' War
Thirty Years' War
The Thirty Years' War was fought primarily in what is now Germany, and at various points involved most countries in Europe. It was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history....
. The two were, in fact, second-cousins; Mansfeld's grandfather and Ernst von Mansfeld's father were half-brothers.They shared a grandfather and great-grandfather, respectively Ernst von Mansfeld had originally fought on the side of the Catholics and Leopold V, Archduke of Austria
Leopold V, Archduke of Austria
Leopold V, Archduke of Further Austria was the son of Archduke Archduke Charles II of Inner Austria, and the younger brother of Emperor Ferdinand II, father of Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Further Austria...
, but conflicts with the Archduke had driven him to join the side of the Protestants.
Capture and abjuration
In 1622, Ernst von Mansfeld's troops faced the army of Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly at the Battle of Mingolsheim. They were victorious but during Tilly's final push, Mansfeld's troops were overwhelmed and he was captured along with a number of other senior officers. Questioned about his relationship to his commanding officer, Mansfeld suggested he was a true Graf von Mansfeld; "ich bin der rechte, vnd der ander nicht" ("I am the true, the other is not") - a reference to his second-cousin's illegitimate birth.General Albrecht von Wallenstein
Albrecht von Wallenstein
Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von Wallenstein , actually von Waldstein, was a Bohemian soldier and politician, who offered his services, and an army of 30,000 to 100,000 men during the Danish period of the Thirty Years' War , to the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II...
inquired as to whether he might be persuaded to join (or, in fact, rejoin) the Holy Roman Empire
Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire was a realm that existed from 962 to 1806 in Central Europe.It was ruled by the Holy Roman Emperor. Its character changed during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, when the power of the emperor gradually weakened in favour of the princes...
. Mansfeld agreed and joined Wallenstein's forces.
Mansfeld's navy at Wismar
In 1628, Wallenstein sent Mansfeld to raise a navyNavy
A navy is the branch of a nation's armed forces principally designated for naval and amphibious warfare; namely, lake- or ocean-borne combat operations and related functions...
at Wismar
Wismar
Wismar , is a small port and Hanseatic League town in northern Germany on the Baltic Sea, in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern,about 45 km due east of Lübeck, and 30 km due north of Schwerin. Its natural harbour, located in the Bay of Wismar is well-protected by a promontory. The...
, on the Baltic Sea
Baltic Sea
The Baltic Sea is a brackish mediterranean sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N latitude and from 20°E to 26°E longitude. It is bounded by the Scandinavian Peninsula, the mainland of Europe, and the Danish islands. It drains into the Kattegat by way of the Øresund, the Great Belt and...
. The local mayor
Mayor
In many countries, a Mayor is the highest ranking officer in the municipal government of a town or a large urban city....
was persuaded to give Mansfeld some abandoned buildings, part of an old foundry
Foundry
A foundry is a factory that produces metal castings. Metals are cast into shapes by melting them into a liquid, pouring the metal in a mold, and removing the mold material or casting after the metal has solidified as it cools. The most common metals processed are aluminum and cast iron...
and an empty yard. Over the following year he "brought together, in fact, a not insignificant naval force" consisting of various vessels either bought from local merchants and converted, or captured and reconfigured. The force included a number of Orlogsschiff
Galleon
A galleon was a large, multi-decked sailing ship used primarily by European states from the 16th to 18th centuries. Whether used for war or commerce, they were generally armed with the demi-culverin type of cannon.-Etymology:...
, including two built from scratchThe word Orlogsschiff translates to rigger ship; probably the later-style (more substantially rigged) galleons rather than the even-later full rigged ship
Full rigged ship
A full rigged ship or fully rigged ship is a sailing vessel with three or more masts, all of them square rigged. A full rigged ship is said to have a ship rig....
, and two captured Danish
Denmark–Norway
Denmark–Norway is the historiographical name for a former political entity consisting of the kingdoms of Denmark and Norway, including the originally Norwegian dependencies of Iceland, Greenland and the Faroe Islands...
sailing barges.
The Danes tried to halt Mansfeld's progress by attacking Wismar in April 1628 and again in June, each time blocking the harbour entrance with barges and bombarding the town with cannon
Cannon
A cannon is any piece of artillery that uses gunpowder or other usually explosive-based propellents to launch a projectile. Cannon vary in caliber, range, mobility, rate of fire, angle of fire, and firepower; different forms of cannon combine and balance these attributes in varying degrees,...
fire from larger ships. The Danes terrorised the town by sending smaller armed sloop
Sloop
A sloop is a sail boat with a fore-and-aft rig and a single mast farther forward than the mast of a cutter....
s into the harbour to capture fishermen. Mansfeld's compound suffered significant damage but his tiny makeshift "navy" was able to drive the Danes back out to sea. The Danes moved to nearby Poel
Poel
Poel or Poel Island ), is an island in the Baltic Sea. It builds the natural northern and eastern boundaries of the Bay of Wismar on the German coast. The northern coast of the island is also on the south side of the large gulf known as the Bay of Mecklenburg, which Wismar Bay enters in to...
where they captured several Wismarsche fishermen, took them to Denmark and imprisoned them in Copenhagen
Copenhagen
Copenhagen is the capital and largest city of Denmark, with an urban population of 1,199,224 and a metropolitan population of 1,930,260 . With the completion of the transnational Øresund Bridge in 2000, Copenhagen has become the centre of the increasingly integrating Øresund Region...
until the town paid a ransom of 100 guilders per captive.
The Danes continued to blockade
Blockade
A blockade is an effort to cut off food, supplies, war material or communications from a particular area by force, either in part or totally. A blockade should not be confused with an embargo or sanctions, which are legal barriers to trade, and is distinct from a siege in that a blockade is usually...
the harbour while Mansfeld continue to build his navy. In 1629, 10 warships from Danzig joined the force, though two were lost on the way (one with 80 men on board) and another was delayed. On 22 May 1629, the Treaty of Lübeck
Treaty of Lübeck
Treaty or Peace of Lübeck ended the Danish intervention in the Thirty Years' War . It was signed in Lübeck on 22 May 1629 by Albrecht von Wallenstein and Christian IV of Denmark, and on 7 June by Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor. The Catholic League was formally included as a party...
was signed, effectively bringing and end to Danish involvement in the Thirty Years' War
Thirty Years' War
The Thirty Years' War was fought primarily in what is now Germany, and at various points involved most countries in Europe. It was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history....
.
After the Treaty of Lübeck
For a brief period toward the end of 1629, Mansfeld and Julius Henry, Duke of Saxe-LauenburgJulius Henry, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg
Julius Henry of Saxe-Lauenburg was duke of Saxe-Lauenburg between 1656 and 1665. Before ascending to the throne he served as Field Marshal in the imperial army.-Before regency:...
were briefly sent to relieve a failed general near Memel
Klaipeda
Klaipėda is a city in Lithuania situated at the mouth of the Nemunas River where it flows into the Baltic Sea. It is the third largest city in Lithuania and the capital of Klaipėda County....
.
After the Treaty of Lübeck and the withdrawal of the Danes, Mansfeld's navy continued to defend the Baltic Sea
Baltic Sea
The Baltic Sea is a brackish mediterranean sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N latitude and from 20°E to 26°E longitude. It is bounded by the Scandinavian Peninsula, the mainland of Europe, and the Danish islands. It drains into the Kattegat by way of the Øresund, the Great Belt and...
coastline of Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
against the forces of the Swedish Empire
Swedish Empire
The Swedish Empire refers to the Kingdom of Sweden between 1561 and 1721 . During this time, Sweden was one of the great European powers. In Swedish, the period is called Stormaktstiden, literally meaning "the Great Power Era"...
but fighting was limited to small skirmishes. In 1630, King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
Gustav II Adolf has been widely known in English by his Latinized name Gustavus Adolphus Magnus and variously in historical writings also as Gustavus, or Gustavus the Great, or Gustav Adolph the Great,...
landed in Pomerania
Pomerania
Pomerania is a historical region on the south shore of the Baltic Sea. Divided between Germany and Poland, it stretches roughly from the Recknitz River near Stralsund in the West, via the Oder River delta near Szczecin, to the mouth of the Vistula River near Gdańsk in the East...
, to the East of Mansfeld's forces in Wismar. The Duchy of Pomerania capitulated and Bogislaw XIV, Duke of Pomerania, and his councillors negotiated the Treaty of Stettin
Treaty of Stettin (1630)
The Treaty of Stettin or Alliance of Stettin was the legal framework for the occupation of the Duchy of Pomerania by the Swedish Empire during the Thirty Years' War...
with Adolphus.
In 1632, Mansfeld was appointed General
General
A general officer is an officer of high military rank, usually in the army, and in some nations, the air force. The term is widely used by many nations of the world, and when a country uses a different term, there is an equivalent title given....
of the Infantry
Infantry
Infantrymen are soldiers who are specifically trained for the role of fighting on foot to engage the enemy face to face and have historically borne the brunt of the casualties of combat in wars. As the oldest branch of combat arms, they are the backbone of armies...
. The following year, on 16 November 1633 Mansfeld was appointed, Feldmarschall of the Holy Roman Empire
Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire was a realm that existed from 962 to 1806 in Central Europe.It was ruled by the Holy Roman Emperor. Its character changed during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, when the power of the emperor gradually weakened in favour of the princes...
.
Conflict with the Count Palatine of Neuburg
In 1634, Mansfeld commanded troops in smaller conflicts around BorkenBorken, Hesse
Borken is a small town with about 13,000 inhabitants in the Schwalm-Eder district in northern Hesse, Germany.The town is a former centre for brown coal mining and coal-fired electrical generation in Hesse. The coalmine, unlike those in other regions, also had underground workings...
and Bönninghausen and his troops caused trouble for villagers and townfolk in neutral
Neutrality (international relations)
A neutral power in a particular war is a sovereign state which declares itself to be neutral towards the belligerents. A non-belligerent state does not need to be neutral. The rights and duties of a neutral power are defined in Sections 5 and 13 of the Hague Convention of 1907...
regions loyal to Wolfgang William, Count Palatine of Neuburg. In Windeck
Windeck
Windeck is a municipality in the Rhein-Sieg district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is situated on the river Sieg, approx. 35 km east of Bonn and 35 km west of Siegen. Many think the municipality is named after the ruined castle of Windeck. But in fact the first place to be...
, 3000 cavalry
Cavalry
Cavalry or horsemen were soldiers or warriors who fought mounted on horseback. Cavalry were historically the third oldest and the most mobile of the combat arms...
troops looted various parish
Parish
A parish is a territorial unit historically under the pastoral care and clerical jurisdiction of one parish priest, who might be assisted in his pastoral duties by a curate or curates - also priests but not the parish priest - from a more or less central parish church with its associated organization...
es and moved on to Overath
Overath
Overath is a town in the Rheinisch-Bergischer district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.-Geography:Overath is located about 25 km east of Cologne, in the Bergisches Land...
, where the church was robbed. Mansfeld's generals and colonel
Colonel
Colonel , abbreviated Col or COL, is a military rank of a senior commissioned officer. It or a corresponding rank exists in most armies and in many air forces; the naval equivalent rank is generally "Captain". It is also used in some police forces and other paramilitary rank structures...
s used the opportunity to "fill their pockets at the expense of the country". The Count feared Mansfeld's troops would eventually make it to Düsseldorf
Düsseldorf
Düsseldorf is the capital city of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia and centre of the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region.Düsseldorf is an important international business and financial centre and renowned for its fashion and trade fairs. Located centrally within the European Megalopolis, the...
and increased the garrison
Garrison
Garrison is the collective term for a body of troops stationed in a particular location, originally to guard it, but now often simply using it as a home base....
there.
The soldiers were, though, soon brought under control and the Count demanded restitution
Restitution
The law of restitution is the law of gains-based recovery. It is to be contrasted with the law of compensation, which is the law of loss-based recovery. Obligations to make restitution and obligations to pay compensation are each a type of legal response to events in the real world. When a court...
for damage caused to crops, livestock
Livestock
Livestock refers to one or more domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to produce commodities such as food, fiber and labor. The term "livestock" as used in this article does not include poultry or farmed fish; however the inclusion of these, especially poultry, within the meaning...
and property. Mansfeld paid a portion of the claim and records suggest he remained held in high regard for his skills as a commanding officer
Commanding officer
The commanding officer is the officer in command of a military unit. Typically, the commanding officer has ultimate authority over the unit, and is usually given wide latitude to run the unit as he sees fit, within the bounds of military law...
. But the damage, in the broader sense, had already been done and in October, Mansfeld was relieved of his command and ordered to pay further compensation.
Archduke Ferdinand of Austria
Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor
Ferdinand III was Holy Roman Emperor from 15 February 1637 until his death, as well as King of Hungary and Croatia, King of Bohemia and Archduke of Austria.-Life:...
(who later became Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Emperor
The Holy Roman Emperor is a term used by historians to denote a medieval ruler who, as German King, had also received the title of "Emperor of the Romans" from the Pope...
), who had been appointed Supreme Commander at the death of General Wallenstein
Albrecht von Wallenstein
Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von Wallenstein , actually von Waldstein, was a Bohemian soldier and politician, who offered his services, and an army of 30,000 to 100,000 men during the Danish period of the Thirty Years' War , to the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II...
, was also given command of Mansfeld's troops as Feldmarschall.
Conflict in Driedorf and Herborn
After the Battle of NördlingenBattle of Nördlingen (1634)
The Battle of Nördlingen was fought on 27 August or 6 September , 1634 during the Thirty Years' War. The Roman Catholic Imperial army, bolstered by 18,000 Spanish and Italian soldiers, won a crushing victory over the combined Protestant armies of Sweden and their German-Protestant allies .After...
to the South, Mansfeld was given command of a smaller forceThe translation is not particularly clear - it could well be that the troops were Mansfeld's own troops (from the towns of which he was Graf/Count) or mercenaries paid directly by Mansfeld himself which he took, in 1635, to Braunfels
Braunfels
Braunfels is a town in the Lahn-Dill-Kreis in Hesse, Germany. It is located on the German Framework Road.- Location :The climatic spa of Braunfels lies at a height of some 100 m above the Lahn valley...
and then to Driedorf
Driedorf
-Location:Driedorf lies from 416 to 642 m above sea level on a tableland in the high Westerwald.-Mademühlen:Mademühlen has about 1000 inhabitants and lies in the "Hessischer Westerwald" protected area and in the European protected area network Natura 2000...
to counter attacks and looting by Protestant troops and mercenaries
Mercenary
A mercenary, is a person who takes part in an armed conflict based on the promise of material compensation rather than having a direct interest in, or a legal obligation to, the conflict itself. A non-conscript professional member of a regular army is not considered to be a mercenary although he...
. After Driedorf was looted and set alight, Mansfeld marched toward Herborn
Herborn
Herborn is a historic town on the Dill in the Lahn-Dill district of Hesse in Germany. Before World War I, it was granted its own title as Nassauisches Rothenburg. The symbol or mascot of this town is a bear. Scenic attractions include its half-timbered houses; Herborn is located on the German...
where there was heavy fighting. Sporadic fighting continued through the first half of 1635 and damage to nearby towns was extensive. Eventually, commanders from either side were convinced to come together in Mainz
Mainz
Mainz under the Holy Roman Empire, and previously was a Roman fort city which commanded the west bank of the Rhine and formed part of the northernmost frontier of the Roman Empire...
and negotiate a form of regional truce.