• Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa
  Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa
  The Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, also known in Italian as Scuola Normale , is a public higher learning institution in Italy. It was founded in 1810, by Napoleonic decree, as a branch of the École Normale Supérieure of Paris...
  
  
• Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies
  Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies
  The Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies of Pisa is a special-statute public university located in Pisa, Italy, operating in the field of applied sciences....
  
  
• University of Pisa
  University of Pisa
  The University of Pisa , located in Pisa, Tuscany, is one of the oldest universities in Italy. It was formally founded on September 3, 1343 by an edict of Pope Clement VI, although there had been lectures on law in Pisa since the 11th century...
  
  

International rankings

• The Academic Ranking of World Universities
  Academic Ranking of World Universities
  The Academic Ranking of World Universities , commonly known as the Shanghai ranking, is a publication that was founded and compiled by the Shanghai Jiaotong University to rank universities globally. The rankings have been conducted since 2003 and updated annually...
  
   puts Pisa University System
  Pisa University System
  The Pisa University System is a network of higher education institutions in Pisa, Italy. The following three schools and universities belong to the system:* Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa* Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies* University of Pisa...
  
   at the first
  First
  First or 1st is the ordinal form of the number one.First or 1st may also refer to:* First , minor summit below the Schwarzhorn in the Bernese Alps in Switzerland* First , mountain in Bernese Alps in Switzerland...
  
   place in Italy (National Rank # 1) and within the best 30 universities in Europe.
• As part of the Pisa University System, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies
  Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies
  The Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies of Pisa is a special-statute public university located in Pisa, Italy, operating in the field of applied sciences....
  
   has been mapped by Times Higher Education-QS World University Rankings as one of the most important educational institutions in Italy (section on Italy i.e. Top universities and specialisms ), having its Graduate/Postgraduate Profile.
• Also, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies
  Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies
  The Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies of Pisa is a special-statute public university located in Pisa, Italy, operating in the field of applied sciences....
  
   together with Scuola Normale Superiore are named as leading institutions in Italy's six top higher education institutes by Times Higher Education World University Rankings
  Times Higher Education World University Rankings
  The Times Higher Education World University Rankings is an international ranking of universities published by the British magazine Times Higher Education in partnership with Thomson Reuters, which provided citation database information...
  
   
• According to QS World University Rankings
  QS World University Rankings
  The QS World University Rankings is a ranking of the world’s top 500 universities by Quacquarelli Symonds using a method that has published annually since 2004....
  
  , Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies
  Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies
  The Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies of Pisa is a special-statute public university located in Pisa, Italy, operating in the field of applied sciences....
  
   is part of the initiative Invest Your Talent in Italy which puts Italian graduate programmes on the world's stage.
• The European Research Ranking, a ranking based on publicly available data from the European Commission database puts Pisa University System
  Pisa University System
  The Pisa University System is a network of higher education institutions in Pisa, Italy. The following three schools and universities belong to the system:* Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa* Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies* University of Pisa...
  
   among the best in Italy and best performing European research institutions .
• La Voce, published a ranking of Italian universities by h-index
  H-index
  The h-index is an index that attempts to measure both the productivity and impact of the published work of a scientist or scholar. The index is based on the set of the scientist's most cited papers and the number of citations that they have received in other publications...
  
  , where Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies
  Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies
  The Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies of Pisa is a special-statute public university located in Pisa, Italy, operating in the field of applied sciences....
  
   acquires the first
  First
  First or 1st is the ordinal form of the number one.First or 1st may also refer to:* First , minor summit below the Schwarzhorn in the Bernese Alps in Switzerland* First , mountain in Bernese Alps in Switzerland...
  
   (#1) place in Italy.

Notable alumni and faculty

• Enrico Fermi
  Enrico Fermi
  Enrico Fermi was an Italian-born, naturalized American physicist particularly known for his work on the development of the first nuclear reactor, Chicago Pile-1, and for his contributions to the development of quantum theory, nuclear and particle physics, and statistical mechanics...
  
  , physicist and Nobel prize winner
• Carlo Rubbia
  Carlo Rubbia
  Carlo Rubbia Knight Grand Cross is an Italian particle physicist and inventor who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1984 with Simon van der Meer for work leading to the discovery of the W and Z particles at CERN.-Biography:...
  
  , physicist and Nobel prize winner
• Giosuè Carducci
  Giosuè Carducci
  Giosuè Alessandro Michele Carducci was an Italian poet and teacher. He was very influential and was regarded as the official national poet of modern Italy. In 1906 he became the first Italian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature.-Biography:...
  
  , poet and Nobel prize winner
• Luigi Bianchi
  Luigi Bianchi
  - External links :* offers translations of some of Bianchi's papers, plus a biography of Bianchi.* PDF copy at * * * *...
  
  , mathematician
• Lamberto Cesari
  Lamberto Cesari
  Lamberto Cesari was an Italian mathematician naturalized in the United States.- Biography :...
  
  , mathematician
• Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
  Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
  dr. Carlo Azeglio Ciampi is an Italian politician and banker. He was the 73rd Prime Minister of Italy from 1993 to 1994 and was the tenth President of the Italian Republic from 1999 to 2006...
  
  , economist and politician, former Governor of the Banca d'Italia, former Prime Minister of Italy, former President of the Italian Republic, life senator
• Massimo D'Alema
  Massimo D'Alema
  Massimo D'Alema is an Italian politician. He is also a journalist and a former national secretary of the Democratic Party of the Left...
  
   (withdrew), politician, former Italian Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs
• Guido Fubini
  Guido Fubini
  Guido Fubini was an Italian mathematician, known for Fubini's theorem and the Fubini–Study metric.Born in Venice, he was steered towards mathematics at an early age by his teachers and his father, who was himself a teacher of mathematics...
  
  , mathematician
• Giovanni Gentile
  Giovanni Gentile
  Giovanni Gentile was an Italian neo-Hegelian Idealist philosopher, a peer of Benedetto Croce. He described himself as 'the philosopher of Fascism', and ghostwrote A Doctrine of Fascism for Benito Mussolini. He also devised his own system of philosophy, Actual Idealism.- Life and thought :Giovanni...
  
  , philosopher and politician
• Carlo Ginzburg
  Carlo Ginzburg
  Carlo Ginzburg is a noted historian and proponent of the field of microhistory. He is best known for his Il formaggio e I vermi which examined the beliefs of an Italian heretic, Menocchio, from Montereale Valcellina.- Biography :The son of Natalia Ginzburg and Leone Ginzburg, he was born...
  
  , historian
• Ennio de Giorgi
  Ennio de Giorgi
  -References:. The first paper about SBV functions and related variational problems.. The first note published by De Giorgi describing his approach to Caccioppoli sets.. The first complete exposition by De Giorgi of the theory of Caccioppoli sets.. An advanced text, oriented to the theory of minimal...
  
  , mathematician, solved the 19th Hilbert problem
  Hilbert's nineteenth problem
  Hilbert's nineteenth problem is one of the 23 Hilbert problems set out in a celebrated list compiled in 1900 by David Hilbert. It asks whether the solutions of regular problems in the calculus of variations are always analytic.-History:...
  
  , won Wolf Prize (1990)
• Giovanni Gronchi
  Giovanni Gronchi
  Giovanni Gronchi was a Christian Democratic Italian politician who became the third President of the Italian Republic in 1955, after Luigi Einaudi...
  
  , politician, former President of the Republic of Italy
• Fabio Mussi
  Fabio Mussi
  Fabio Mussi is an Italian politician, formerly Minister of University and Research in the Prodi II Cabinet. A former member of Italian Communist Party and then Democrats of the Left, he became a lead founding member of the Democratic Left...
  
   (withdrew), politician, former Italian Minister of the University
• Leonida Tonelli
  Leonida Tonelli
  Leonida Tonelli was an Italian mathematician, most noted for creating Tonelli's theorem, usually considered a forerunner to Fubini's theorem.-External links:...
  
  , mathematician
• Vito Volterra
  Vito Volterra
  Vito Volterra was an Italian mathematician and physicist, known for his contributions to mathematical biology and integral equations....
  
  , mathematician
• Giancarlo Wick, physicist
• Jiyuan Yu
  Jiyuan Yu
  Jiyuan Yu is a moral philosopher noted for his work on virtue ethics. Yu has been a Professor of Philosophy at the State University of New York at Buffalo, in Buffalo, New York since 1997. Prior to his professorship, Yu completed a three year post as a research fellow at the University of Oxford,...
  
  , philosopher

• Giuliano Amato
  Giuliano Amato
  Giuliano Amato is an Italian politician. He was Prime Minister of Italy twice, first from 1992 to 1993 and then from 2000 to 2001. He was more recently Vice President of the Convention on the Future of Europe that drafted the new European Constitution and headed the Amato Group. He is commonly...
  
  , Prime Minister of Italy ( 1992–1993 and 2000–2001), Vice President of the Convention on the Future of Europe that drafted the new European Constitution and headed the Amato Group
  Amato Group
  The Amato Group, officially the Action Committee for European Democracy was a group of high-level European politicians unofficially working on rewriting the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe into what became known as the Treaty of Lisbon following its rejection by French and Dutch...
  
  
• Nicola Bellini, economist and Director of IRPET (Istituto Regionale per la Programmazione Economica della Toscana)
• Antonio Cassese
  Antonio Cassese
  Antonio Cassese was an Italian jurist who specialized in public international law. He was formerly associated with the Special Tribunal for Lebanon which he presided over until his resignation on health grounds in 1 October 2011...
  
  , first President of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), 1993–1997, in 2004 appointed by the United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan
  Kofi Annan
  Kofi Atta Annan is a Ghanaian diplomat who served as the seventh Secretary-General of the UN from 1 January 1997 to 31 December 2006...
  
   to be the Chairperson for the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur
  Commission of Inquiry on Darfur
  The following is a summary of a public report. The full report can be found on the United Nations website listed in the external links.The International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur was established pursuant to United Nations Security Council Resolution 1564 , adopted on 18 September 2004...
  
  
• Sabino Cassese
  Sabino Cassese
  Sabino Cassese is an Italian Professor of Administrative Law and currently a judge of the Constitutional Court of Italy.- Education and career :...
  
  , Professor of Administrative Law and a judge of the Constitutional Court of Italy
  Constitutional Court of Italy
  The Constitutional Court of Italy is a supreme court of Italy, the other being the Court of Cassation. Sometimes the name Consulta is used as a metonym for it, because its sessions are held in Palazzo della Consulta in Rome....
  
  
• Stefan Collignon, professor of political economy, International Chief Economist of the Centro Europa Ricerche, founder of Euro Asia Forum at Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies. Previously, he was Centennial Professor of European Political Economy at the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) (2001–2005) and Visiting Professor at Harvard University
  Harvard University
  Harvard University is a private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation chartered in the country...
  
   (2005–2007, also taught at University of Hamburg
  University of Hamburg
  The University of Hamburg is a university in Hamburg, Germany. It was founded on 28 March 1919 by Wilhelm Stern and others. It grew out of the previous Allgemeines Vorlesungswesen and the Kolonialinstitut as well as the Akademisches Gymnasium. There are around 38,000 students as of the start of...
  
  , Institut d’Etudes Politiques , College of Europe
  College of Europe
  The College of Europe is an independent university institute of postgraduate European studies with the main campus in Bruges, Belgium...
  
   and at the Free University of Berlin
  Free University of Berlin
  Freie Universität Berlin is one of the leading and most prestigious research universities in Germany and continental Europe. It distinguishes itself through its modern and international character. It is the largest of the four universities in Berlin. Research at the university is focused on the...
  
  . Also served as Deputy Director General for Europe in the Federal Ministry of Finance (Germany) 1999 – 2000.
• Giovanni Dosi
  Giovanni Dosi
  Giovanni Dosi is Professor at the Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies in Pisa , where he also coordinates the International Doctoral Program in Economics and leads the Laboratory of Economics and Management...
  
  , economist, co-director of the specific task forces on industrial policy and intellectual property rights within the Initiative for Policy Dialogue
  Initiative for Policy Dialogue
  The Initiative for Policy Dialogue is a non-profit organization based at Columbia University in the United States.IPD was founded in July 2000 by Joseph E...
  
  , editor of the Oxford University Press
  Oxford University Press
  Oxford University Press is the largest university press in the world. It is a department of the University of Oxford and is governed by a group of 15 academics appointed by the Vice-Chancellor known as the Delegates of the Press. They are headed by the Secretary to the Delegates, who serves as...
  
   Journal Continental Europe of Industrial and Corporate Change
• Haakon Faste
  Haakon Faste
  Haakon Faste, Ph.D, is an American designer and artist, best known for his work in the fields of interaction design, virtual reality, and robotic art. He is currently a visiting assistant professor at the Human-Computer Interaction Institute at Carnegie Mellon University, where he directs the...
  
  , American designer and professor in the Human-Computer Interaction Institute at Carnegie Mellon University
  Carnegie Mellon University
  Carnegie Mellon University is a private research university in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States....
  
  
• Pier Francesco Guarguaglini, president of Finmeccanica
  Finmeccanica
  Finmeccanica S.p.A. is an Italian conglomerate. Finmeccanica is the second largest industrial group and the largest of the hi-tech industrial groups based in Italy. It works in the fields of defence, aerospace, security, automation, transport and energy...
  
  
• Enrico Letta
  Enrico Letta
  Enrico Letta is an Italian politician, and was elected to the Italian Chamber of Deputies in the 2006 General election for the Olive Tree coalition...
  
  , elected to the Italian Chamber of Deputies
  Italian Chamber of Deputies
  The Italian Chamber of Deputies is the lower house of the Parliament of Italy. It has 630 seats, a plurality of which is controlled presently by liberal-conservative party People of Freedom. Twelve deputies represent Italian citizens outside of Italy. Deputies meet in the Palazzo Montecitorio. A...
  
  , Deputy Secretary of the Democratic Party (Italy)
  Democratic Party (Italy)
  The Democratic Party is a social-democratic political party in Italy, that is the second-largest in the country. The party is led by Pier Luigi Bersani, who was elected in the 2009 leadership election....
  
  
• Antonio Maccanico, number of times appointed as Minister in the Italian Republic
• Marcello Spatafora
  Marcello Spatafora
  Marcello Spatafora is an Italian diplomat, former Permanent Representative of Italy to the United Nations.-Career:Marcello Spatafora was born in Innsbruck, Austria...
  
  , Italian Ambassador to Malaysia (1980–1986), Ambassador to Malta
  Malta
  Malta , officially known as the Republic of Malta , is a Southern European country consisting of an archipelago situated in the centre of the Mediterranean, south of Sicily, east of Tunisia and north of Libya, with Gibraltar to the west and Alexandria to the east.Malta covers just over in...
  
   (1986–1989), Ambassador to Australia (1993–1997), Ambassador to Albania (1997–1999), Chief of the Italian delegation responsible for organizing the country’s presidency of the European Economic Community
  European Economic Community
  The European Economic Community The European Economic Community (EEC) The European Economic Community (EEC) (also known as the Common Market in the English-speaking world, renamed the European Community (EC) in 1993The information in this article primarily covers the EEC's time as an independent...
  
   (1989–1990), as of 2000 Permanent Representative of Italy to the United Nations, President of the United Nations Security Council
  United Nations Security Council
  The United Nations Security Council is one of the principal organs of the United Nations and is charged with the maintenance of international peace and security. Its powers, outlined in the United Nations Charter, include the establishment of peacekeeping operations, the establishment of...
  
   in 2007
• Tiziano Terzani
  Tiziano Terzani
  Tiziano Terzani was an Italian journalist and writer, best known for his extensive knowledge of 20th century East Asia and for being one of the very few western reporters to witness both the fall of Saigon to the hands of the Vietcong and the fall of Phnom Pehn at the hands of the Khmer rouge in...
  
  , Italian journalist and writer
• Riccardo Varaldo, economist and holder of the prestigious Cavaliere di Gran Croce dell'Ordine al Merito della Repubblica i.e. Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
  Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
  The Order of Merit of the Italian Republic was founded as the senior order of knighthood by the second President of the Italian Republic, Luigi Einaudi in 1951...
  
  , President of Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies of Pisa, Member of many Ministries' entities, President of the Società Italiana di Marketing

• Galileo Galilei
  Galileo Galilei
  Galileo Galilei , was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations and support for Copernicanism...
  
  , Italian physicist
  Physicist
  A physicist is a scientist who studies or practices physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning all length scales: from sub-atomic particles of which all ordinary matter is made to the behavior of the material Universe as a whole...
  
  , mathematician
  Mathematician
  A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study is the field of mathematics. Mathematicians are concerned with quantity, structure, space, and change....
  
  , astronomer
  Astronomer
  An astronomer is a scientist who studies celestial bodies such as planets, stars and galaxies.Historically, astronomy was more concerned with the classification and description of phenomena in the sky, while astrophysics attempted to explain these phenomena and the differences between them using...
  
  , and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution
  Scientific revolution
  The Scientific Revolution is an era associated primarily with the 16th and 17th centuries during which new ideas and knowledge in physics, astronomy, biology, medicine and chemistry transformed medieval and ancient views of nature and laid the foundations for modern science...
  
  . His achievements include improvements to the telescope
  Telescope
  A telescope is an instrument that aids in the observation of remote objects by collecting electromagnetic radiation . The first known practical telescopes were invented in the Netherlands at the beginning of the 1600s , using glass lenses...
  
   and consequent astronomical observations and support for Copernicanism
  Nicolaus Copernicus
  Nicolaus Copernicus was a Renaissance astronomer and the first person to formulate a comprehensive heliocentric cosmology which displaced the Earth from the center of the universe....
  
  . Galileo has been called the "father of modern observational astronomy
  Observational astronomy
  Observational astronomy is a division of the astronomical science that is concerned with getting data, in contrast with theoretical astrophysics which is mainly concerned with finding out the measurable implications of physical models...
  
  ", the "father of modern physics
  Physics
  Physics is a natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through spacetime, along with related concepts such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves.Physics is one of the oldest academic...
  
  ", the "father of science", and "the Father of Modern Science". According to Stephen Hawking
  Stephen Hawking
  Stephen William Hawking, CH, CBE, FRS, FRSA is an English theoretical physicist and cosmologist, whose scientific books and public appearances have made him an academic celebrity...
  
  , "Galileo, perhaps more than any other single person, was responsible for the birth of modern science".
• Enrico Fermi
  Enrico Fermi
  Enrico Fermi was an Italian-born, naturalized American physicist particularly known for his work on the development of the first nuclear reactor, Chicago Pile-1, and for his contributions to the development of quantum theory, nuclear and particle physics, and statistical mechanics...
  
  , physicist
  Physicist
  A physicist is a scientist who studies or practices physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning all length scales: from sub-atomic particles of which all ordinary matter is made to the behavior of the material Universe as a whole...
  
  , 1938 Nobel Prize in Physics
  Nobel Prize in Physics
  The Nobel Prize in Physics is awarded once a year by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901; the others are the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and...
  
   for his work on induced radioactivity
  Induced radioactivity
  Induced radioactivity occurs when a previously stable material has been made radioactive by exposure to specific radiation. Most radioactivity does not induce other material to become radioactive....
  
  , particularly known for his work on the development of the first nuclear reactor
  Nuclear reactor
  A nuclear reactor is a device to initiate and control a sustained nuclear chain reaction. Most commonly they are used for generating electricity and for the propulsion of ships. Usually heat from nuclear fission is passed to a working fluid , which runs through turbines that power either ship's...
  
  , Chicago Pile-1
  Chicago Pile-1
  Chicago Pile-1 was the world's first man-made nuclear reactor. CP-1 was built on a rackets court, under the abandoned west stands of the original Alonzo Stagg Field stadium, at the University of Chicago. The first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction was initiated in CP-1 on December 2, 1942...
  
  , and for his contributions to the development of quantum theory
  Quantum mechanics
  Quantum mechanics, also known as quantum physics or quantum theory, is a branch of physics providing a mathematical description of much of the dual particle-like and wave-like behavior and interactions of energy and matter. It departs from classical mechanics primarily at the atomic and subatomic...
  
  , nuclear
  Nuclear physics
  Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies the building blocks and interactions of atomic nuclei. The most commonly known applications of nuclear physics are nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons technology, but the research has provided application in many fields, including those...
  
   and particle physics
  Particle physics
  Particle physics is a branch of physics that studies the existence and interactions of particles that are the constituents of what is usually referred to as matter or radiation. In current understanding, particles are excitations of quantum fields and interact following their dynamics...
  
  , and statistical mechanics
  Statistical mechanics
  Statistical mechanics or statistical thermodynamicsThe terms statistical mechanics and statistical thermodynamics are used interchangeably...
  
  . Fermi is widely regarded as one of the leading scientist
  Scientist
  A scientist in a broad sense is one engaging in a systematic activity to acquire knowledge. In a more restricted sense, a scientist is an individual who uses the scientific method. The person may be an expert in one or more areas of science. This article focuses on the more restricted use of the word...
  
  s of the 20th century, highly accomplished in both theory and experiment. Along with J. Robert Oppenheimer, he is frequently referred to as "the father of the atomic bomb". , also studied at the prestigious Scuola Normale Superiore i.e. Pisa University System
• Carlo Rubbia
  Carlo Rubbia
  Carlo Rubbia Knight Grand Cross is an Italian particle physicist and inventor who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1984 with Simon van der Meer for work leading to the discovery of the W and Z particles at CERN.-Biography:...
  
  , Knight Grand Cross
  Omri
  Omri was a king of Israel, successful military campaigner and first in the line of Omride kings that included Ahab, Ahaziah and Joram.He was "commander of the army" of king Elah when Zimri murdered Elah and made himself king. Instead, the troops at Gibbethon chose Omri as king, and he led them to...
  
   particle physicist
  Particle physics
  Particle physics is a branch of physics that studies the existence and interactions of particles that are the constituents of what is usually referred to as matter or radiation. In current understanding, particles are excitations of quantum fields and interact following their dynamics...
  
   and inventor who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics
  Nobel Prize in Physics
  The Nobel Prize in Physics is awarded once a year by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901; the others are the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and...
  
   in 1984 with Simon van der Meer
  Simon van der Meer
  Simon van der Meer was a Dutch particle accelerator physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1984 with Carlo Rubbia for contributions to the CERN project which led to the discovery of the W and Z particles, two of the most fundamental constituents of matter.-Biography:One of four...
  
   for work leading to the discovery of the W and Z particles
  W and Z bosons
  The W and Z bosons are the elementary particles that mediate the weak interaction; their symbols are , and . The W bosons have a positive and negative electric charge of 1 elementary charge respectively and are each other's antiparticle. The Z boson is electrically neutral and its own...
  
   at CERN
  CERN
  The European Organization for Nuclear Research , known as CERN , is an international organization whose purpose is to operate the world's largest particle physics laboratory, which is situated in the northwest suburbs of Geneva on the Franco–Swiss border...
  
  , also studied at the prestigious Scuola Normale Superiore i.e. Pisa University System
• Francesco Accarigi
  Francesco Accarigi
  Francesco Accarigi was an Italian jurist and professor of civil law at the University of Siena in Tuscany. Born in Macerata, he spent much of his life in Siena, and was considered a native of the latter city....
  
  , professor of civil law
• Giuliano Amato
  Giuliano Amato
  Giuliano Amato is an Italian politician. He was Prime Minister of Italy twice, first from 1992 to 1993 and then from 2000 to 2001. He was more recently Vice President of the Convention on the Future of Europe that drafted the new European Constitution and headed the Amato Group. He is commonly...
  
  , politician and former Prime Minister of Italy
  Prime minister of Italy
  The Prime Minister of Italy is the head of government of the Italian Republic...
  
  , also studied at the prestigious Collegio Medico-Giuridico of the Scuola Normale Superiore, which today is Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies
  Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies
  The Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies of Pisa is a special-statute public university located in Pisa, Italy, operating in the field of applied sciences....
  
   i.e. Pisa University System
• Andrea Bocelli
  Andrea Bocelli
  Andrea Bocelli, is an Italian tenor, multi-instrumentalist and classical crossover artist. Born with poor eyesight, he became blind at the age of twelve following a soccer accident....
  
  , tenor
  Tenor
  The tenor is a type of male singing voice and is the highest male voice within the modal register. The typical tenor voice lies between C3, the C one octave below middle C, to the A above middle C in choral music, and up to high C in solo work. The low extreme for tenors is roughly B2...
  
  , multi-instrumentalist
  Multi-instrumentalist
  A multi-instrumentalist is a musician who plays a number of different instruments.The Bachelor of Music degree usually requires a second instrument to be learned , but people who double on another instrument are not usually seen as multi-instrumentalists.-Classical music:Music written for Symphony...
  
   and classical
  Classical music
  Classical music is the art music produced in, or rooted in, the traditions of Western liturgical and secular music, encompassing a broad period from roughly the 11th century to present times...
  
   crossover
  Crossover (music)
  Crossover is a term applied to musical works or performers appearing on two or more of the record charts which track differing musical tastes, or genres...
  
   artist
• Andrea Camilleri
  Andrea Camilleri
  Andrea Camilleri is an Italian writer.-Biography:Originally from Porto Empedocle, Sicily, Camilleri, began studies at the Faculty of Literature in 1944, without concluding them, meanwhile publishing poems and short stories.From 1948 to 1950 Camilleri studied stage and film direction at the Silvio...
  
  , writer (ad honorem)
• Giosuè Carducci
  Giosuè Carducci
  Giosuè Alessandro Michele Carducci was an Italian poet and teacher. He was very influential and was regarded as the official national poet of modern Italy. In 1906 he became the first Italian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature.-Biography:...
  
  , poet, 1906 Nobel Prize in Literature
  Nobel Prize in Literature
  Since 1901, the Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded annually to an author from any country who has, in the words from the will of Alfred Nobel, produced "in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction"...
  
  
• Bonaventura Cavalieri
  Bonaventura Cavalieri
  Bonaventura Francesco Cavalieri was an Italian mathematician. He is known for his work on the problems of optics and motion, work on the precursors of infinitesimal calculus, and the introduction of logarithms to Italy...
  
  , mathematician, known for his work on the problems of optics
  Optics
  Optics is the branch of physics which involves the behavior and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it. Optics usually describes the behavior of visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light...
  
   and motion
  Motion (physics)
  In physics, motion is a change in position of an object with respect to time. Change in action is the result of an unbalanced force. Motion is typically described in terms of velocity, acceleration, displacement and time . An object's velocity cannot change unless it is acted upon by a force, as...
  
  , work on the precursors of infinitesimal calculus
  Infinitesimal calculus
  Infinitesimal calculus is the part of mathematics concerned with finding slope of curves, areas under curves, minima and maxima, and other geometric and analytic problems. It was independently developed by Gottfried Leibniz and Isaac Newton starting in the 1660s...
  
  , and the introduction of logarithms to Italy. Cavalieri's principle
  Cavalieri's principle
  In geometry, Cavalieri's principle, sometimes called the method of indivisibles, named after Bonaventura Cavalieri, is as follows:* 2-dimensional case: Suppose two regions in a plane are included between two parallel lines in that plane...
  
   in geometry
  Geometry
  Geometry arose as the field of knowledge dealing with spatial relationships. Geometry was one of the two fields of pre-modern mathematics, the other being the study of numbers ....
  
   partially anticipated integral calculus
• Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
  Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
  dr. Carlo Azeglio Ciampi is an Italian politician and banker. He was the 73rd Prime Minister of Italy from 1993 to 1994 and was the tenth President of the Italian Republic from 1999 to 2006...
  
  , 73rd Prime Minister of Italy
  Prime minister of Italy
  The Prime Minister of Italy is the head of government of the Italian Republic...
  
   from 1993 to 1994 and was the tenth President of the Italian Republic from 1999 to 2006. He is currently a Senator for life
  Senator for life
  A senator for life is a member of the senate or equivalent upper chamber of a legislature who has life tenure. , 7 Italian Senators out of 322, 4 out of the 47 Burundian Senators and all members of the British House of Lords have lifetime tenure...
  
   in the Italian Senate
  Italian Senate
  The Senate of the Republic is the upper house of the Italian Parliament. It was established in its current form on 8 May 1948, but previously existed during the Kingdom of Italy as Senato del Regno , itself a continuation of the Senato Subalpino of Sardinia-Piedmont established on 8 May 1848...
  
  , also studied at the prestigious Scuola Normale Superiore i.e. Pisa University System
• Pope Clement XII
  Pope Clement XII
  Pope Clement XII , born Lorenzo Corsini, was Pope from 12 July 1730 to 6 February 1740.Born in Florence, the son of Bartolomeo Corsini, Marquis of Casigliano and his wife Isabella Strozzi, sister of the Duke of Bagnuolo, Corsini had been an aristocratic lawyer and financial manager under preceding...
  
  , 17th century Pope i.e. Bishop
  Bishop (Catholic Church)
  In the Catholic Church, a bishop is an ordained minister who holds the fullness of the sacrament of Holy Orders and is responsible for teaching the Catholic faith and ruling the Church....
  
   of Rome
  Diocese of Rome
  The Diocese of Rome is a diocese of the Catholic Church in Rome, Italy. The bishop of Rome is the Pope, who is the Supreme Pontiff and leader of the Catholic Church...
  
  , a position that makes him the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church (which is composed of the Latin Rite and the Eastern Catholic Churches in full communion
  Full communion
  In Christian ecclesiology, full communion is a relationship between church organizations or groups that mutually recognize their sharing the essential doctrines....
  
   with the see
  Episcopal See
  An episcopal see is, in the original sense, the official seat of a bishop. This seat, which is also referred to as the bishop's cathedra, is placed in the bishop's principal church, which is therefore called the bishop's cathedral...
  
   of Rome), regarded as the successor of Saint Peter
  Saint Peter
  Saint Peter or Simon Peter was an early Christian leader, who is featured prominently in the New Testament Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles. The son of John or of Jonah and from the village of Bethsaida in the province of Galilee, his brother Andrew was also an apostle...
  
  , the Apostle
• Massimo D'Alema
  Massimo D'Alema
  Massimo D'Alema is an Italian politician. He is also a journalist and a former national secretary of the Democratic Party of the Left...
  
  , politician and former 77th Prime Minister
  Prime minister of Italy
  The Prime Minister of Italy is the head of government of the Italian Republic...
  
   from 1998 to 2000, and later he was Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs
  Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs
  As in most countries, in Italy the Minister of Foreign Affairs, which is the head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, is one of the most important ministerial positions...
  
   from 2006 to 2008, also studied at the prestigious Scuola Normale Superiore i.e. Pisa University System
• Giovanni Gentile
  Giovanni Gentile
  Giovanni Gentile was an Italian neo-Hegelian Idealist philosopher, a peer of Benedetto Croce. He described himself as 'the philosopher of Fascism', and ghostwrote A Doctrine of Fascism for Benito Mussolini. He also devised his own system of philosophy, Actual Idealism.- Life and thought :Giovanni...
  
  , minister and neo-Hegelian Idealist philosopher, a peer of Benedetto Croce
  Benedetto Croce
  Benedetto Croce was an Italian idealist philosopher, and occasionally also politician. He wrote on numerous topics, including philosophy, history, methodology of history writing and aesthetics, and was a prominent liberal, although he opposed laissez-faire free trade...
  
  , described himself as 'the philosopher of Fascism
  Fascism
  Fascism is a radical authoritarian nationalist political ideology. Fascists seek to rejuvenate their nation based on commitment to the national community as an organic entity, in which individuals are bound together in national identity by suprapersonal connections of ancestry, culture, and blood...
  
  ', and ghostwrote
  Ghostwriter
  A ghostwriter is a professional writer who is paid to write books, articles, stories, reports, or other texts that are officially credited to another person. Celebrities, executives, and political leaders often hire ghostwriters to draft or edit autobiographies, magazine articles, or other written...
  
   A Doctrine of Fascism
  Doctrine of Fascism
  "The Doctrine of Fascism" is an essay written by Giovanni Gentile, but credit is given to Benito Mussolini. It was first published in the Enciclopedia Italiana of 1932, as the first section of a lengthy entry on "Fascismo"...
  
  (1932) for Benito Mussolini
  Benito Mussolini
  Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini was an Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party and is credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of Fascism....
  
  , also devised his own system of philosophy, Actual Idealism
  Actual Idealism
  Actual Idealism was a form of idealism, developed by Giovanni Gentile, that grew into a 'grounded' idealism, contrasting the Transcendental Idealism of Immanuel Kant, and the Absolute idealism of G. W. F. Hegel...
  
  , and Professor at the prestigious Scuola Normale Superiore i.e. Pisa University System
• Giovanni Gronchi
  Giovanni Gronchi
  Giovanni Gronchi was a Christian Democratic Italian politician who became the third President of the Italian Republic in 1955, after Luigi Einaudi...
  
  , former President of the Italian Republic
• Girolamo Maggi
  Girolamo Maggi
  Girolamo Maggi , or Hieronymus Magius, was an Italian scholar, jurist, poet, military engineer, urban planner, philologist, archaeologist, mathematician, and naturalist who studied at Bologna under Francis Robortello...
  
  , 16th century scholar
• Guido Fubini
  Guido Fubini
  Guido Fubini was an Italian mathematician, known for Fubini's theorem and the Fubini–Study metric.Born in Venice, he was steered towards mathematics at an early age by his teachers and his father, who was himself a teacher of mathematics...
  
  , mathematician
• Mario Monicelli
  Mario Monicelli
  Mario Monicelli was an Italian director and screenwriter and one of the masters of the Commedia all'Italiana , three times nominated for Oscar.-Biography:...
  
  , movie director
• Alessandro Natta
  Alessandro Natta
  Alessandro Natta , was an Italian politician and secretary of the Italian Communist Party from 1984 to 1988.-Before and during the World War:...
  
  , former secretary of the Italian Communist Party (PCI)
• René Préval
  René Préval
  René Garcia Préval is a Haitian politician and agronomist who was the President of the Republic of Haiti from 14 May 2006 to 14 May 2011. He previously served as President from February 7, 1996, to February 7, 2001, and as Prime Minister from February 1991 to October 11, 1991.-Early life and...
  
  , President of Haiti
  President of Haiti
  The President of the Republic of Haiti is the head of state of Haiti. Executive power in Haiti is divided between the president and the government headed by the Prime Minister of Haiti...
  
  
• Carlo Sforza
  Carlo Sforza
  Conte Carlo Sforza was an Italian diplomat and anti-Fascist politician.-Biography:Sforza was born at Montignoso ....
  
  , President of the Italian National Consult, Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs
• Adriano Sofri
  Adriano Sofri
  Adriano Sofri is an Italian intellectual, a journalist and a writer.Former leader of the autonomist movement Lotta Continua in the 1960s, he was arrested in 1988 and convicted to 22 years of prison, having been found guilty of being the instigator of the murder of Luigi Calabresi, a police...
  
  , writer
• Tiziano Terzani
  Tiziano Terzani
  Tiziano Terzani was an Italian journalist and writer, best known for his extensive knowledge of 20th century East Asia and for being one of the very few western reporters to witness both the fall of Saigon to the hands of the Vietcong and the fall of Phnom Pehn at the hands of the Khmer rouge in...
  
  , journalist and writer
• Elio Toaff
  Elio Toaff
  Elio Toaff is the former Chief Rabbi of Rome. On 13 April 1986, he greeted and prayed with Pope John Paul II during an unannounced visit to the Synagogue of Rome....
  
  , former Chief Rabbi of Rome
• Andrea Vaccà Berlinghieri, 19th century surgeon
• Vito Volterra
  Vito Volterra
  Vito Volterra was an Italian mathematician and physicist, known for his contributions to mathematical biology and integral equations....
  
  , mathematician
  Mathematician
  A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study is the field of mathematics. Mathematicians are concerned with quantity, structure, space, and change....
  
   and physicist
  Physicist
  A physicist is a scientist who studies or practices physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning all length scales: from sub-atomic particles of which all ordinary matter is made to the behavior of the material Universe as a whole...
  
  , known for his contributions to mathematical biology
  Mathematical biology
  Mathematical and theoretical biology is an interdisciplinary scientific research field with a range of applications in biology, medicine and biotechnology...
  
   and integral equations.
• François Carlo Antommarchi
  François Carlo Antommarchi
  Dr François Carlo Antommarchi was Napoleon's physician from 1818 to his death in 1821....
  
  , Napoleon's physician from 1818 to his death in 1821.
• Stefano Arduini
  Stefano Arduini
  Stefano Arduini is a scholar of linguistics, rhetoric, semiotics and translation. He is Professor of General Linguistics and Semiotics at the University of Urbino , and Director of the European Centre for Publishing there....
  
  , scholar of linguistics, rhetoric, semiotics and translation
• Adolfo Bartoli
  Adolfo Bartoli
  Adolfo Bartoli was an Italian physicist, who is best known for introducing the concept of radiation pressure from thermodynamical considerations....
  
  , physicist
  Physicist
  A physicist is a scientist who studies or practices physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning all length scales: from sub-atomic particles of which all ordinary matter is made to the behavior of the material Universe as a whole...
  
  , who is best known for introducing the concept of radiation pressure
  Radiation pressure
  Radiation pressure is the pressure exerted upon any surface exposed to electromagnetic radiation. If absorbed, the pressure is the power flux density divided by the speed of light...
  
   from thermodynamical considerations
• Enrico Betti
  Enrico Betti
  -External links:...
  
  , mathematician
  Mathematician
  A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study is the field of mathematics. Mathematicians are concerned with quantity, structure, space, and change....
  
  , now remembered mostly for his 1871 paper on topology
  Topology
  Topology is a major area of mathematics concerned with properties that are preserved under continuous deformations of objects, such as deformations that involve stretching, but no tearing or gluing...
  
   that led to the later naming after him of the Betti number
  Betti number
  In algebraic topology, a mathematical discipline, the Betti numbers can be used to distinguish topological spaces. Intuitively, the first Betti number of a space counts the maximum number of cuts that can be made without dividing the space into two pieces....
  
  s
• Luciano Bianciardi, journalist, translator and writer of short stories and novels
• Emilio Bizzi
  Emilio Bizzi
  Emilio Bizzi is a neuroscientist and Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is an investigator of the McGovern Institute for Brain Research and a faculty member in the department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences. He received his MD from the University of Rome in 1958...
  
  , neuroscientist
  Neuroscientist
  A neuroscientist is an individual who studies the scientific field of neuroscience or any of its related sub-fields...
  
   and Institute Professor
  Institute Professor
  Institute Professor is the highest title that can be awarded to a faculty member at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States...
  
   at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
  Massachusetts Institute of Technology
  The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is a private research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. MIT has five schools and one college, containing a total of 32 academic departments, with a strong emphasis on scientific and technological education and research.Founded in 1861 in...
  
  
• Sandro Bondi
  Sandro Bondi
  Sandro Bondi is an Italian politician of The People of Freedom. He was appointed on 8 May 2008 to be Culture Minister until March 23, 2011 in Silvio Berlusconi's fourth cabinet.-Biography:...
  
  , politician, Culture Minister in Silvio Berlusconi
  Silvio Berlusconi
  Silvio Berlusconi , also known as Il Cavaliere – from knighthood to the Order of Merit for Labour which he received in 1977 – is an Italian politician and businessman who served three terms as Prime Minister of Italy, from 1994 to 1995, 2001 to 2006, and 2008 to 2011. Berlusconi is also the...
  
  's fourth cabinet
  Berlusconi IV Cabinet
  Berlusconi IV Cabinet has been the cabinet of the government of Italy from 8 May 2008 to 16 November 2011.As of July 2011, it was composed of 24 ministers, 4 deputy ministers and 39 under-secretaries, for a total of 67 members.-Sources:*...
  
  
• Cesare Borgia
  Cesare Borgia
  Cesare Borgia , Duke of Valentinois, was an Italian condottiero, nobleman, politician, and cardinal. He was the son of Pope Alexander VI and his long-term mistress Vannozza dei Cattanei. He was the brother of Lucrezia Borgia; Giovanni Borgia , Duke of Gandia; and Gioffre Borgia , Prince of Squillace...
  
  , Duke of Romagna
  Romagna
  Romagna is an Italian historical region that approximately corresponds to the south-eastern portion of present-day Emilia-Romagna. Traditionally, it is limited by the Apennines to the south-west, the Adriatic to the east, and the rivers Reno and Sillaro to the north and west...
  
  , Prince of Andria
  Andria
  -Places:Italy*Andria, a city in the Province of Barletta-Andria-Trani*Roman Catholic Diocese of Andria, a Roman Catholic diocese...
  
   and Venafro
  Venafro
  Venafro is a comune in the province of Isernia, region of Molise, Italy. It has a population of around 12,000, having expanded quickly in the post-war period.-Geography:...
  
  , Count of Dyois, Lord of Piombino
  Piombino
  Piombino is an Italian town and comune of circa 35,000 inhabitants in the province of Livorno . It lies on the border between the Ligurian Sea and the Tyrrhenian Sea, in front of Elba Island and at the northern side of Maremma.-Overview:...
  
  , Camerino
  Camerino
  Camerino is a small town of 7.135 inhabitants in the Marches , in the province of Macerata, Italy. It is located in the Apennines bordering Umbria, between the valleys of the rivers Potenza and Chienti, about 40 miles from Ancona....
  
   and Urbino
  Urbino
  Urbino is a walled city in the Marche region of Italy, south-west of Pesaro, a World Heritage Site notable for a remarkable historical legacy of independent Renaissance culture, especially under the patronage of Federico da Montefeltro, duke of Urbino from 1444 to 1482...
  
  , Gonfalonier
  Gonfalonier of the Church
  The Gonfalonier of the Church or Papal Gonfalonier was a military and political office of the Papal States. Originating from the use of the Papal banner during combat, the office later became largely ceremonial and political...
  
   and Captain General of the Church
  Captain General of the Church
  The Captain General of the Church was the de facto commander-in-chief of the papal armed forces during the Middle Ages. The post was usually conferred on an Italian noble with a professional military reputation or a relative of the pope...
  
  , an Italian condottiero
  Condottieri
  thumb|Depiction of [[Farinata degli Uberti]] by [[Andrea del Castagno]], showing a 15th century condottiero's typical attire.Condottieri were the mercenary soldier leaders of the professional, military free companies contracted by the Italian city-states and the Papacy, from the late Middle Ages...
  
  , nobleman, politician, and cardinal. He was the son of Pope Alexander VI
  Pope Alexander VI
  Pope Alexander VI , born Roderic Llançol i Borja was Pope from 1492 until his death on 18 August 1503. He is one of the most controversial of the Renaissance popes, and his Italianized surname—Borgia—became a byword for the debased standards of the Papacy of that era, most notoriously the Banquet...
  
   and his long-term mistress Vannozza dei Cattanei
  Vannozza dei Cattanei
  Vannozza dei Cattanei was an Italian noblewoman from the House of Candia, who was one of the many mistresses of Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia, future Pope Alexander VI. Among them, she was the one whose relationship with him lasted the longest...
  
  
• Philippe Buonarroti
  Philippe Buonarroti
  Filippo Giuseppe Maria Ludovico Buonarroti more usually referred to under the French version Philippe Buonarroti was an Italian egalitarian and utopian socialist, revolutionary, journalist, writer, agitator, and freemason; he was mainly active in France.-Early activism:Buonarroti was born in Pisa...
  
  , 18th century egalitarian
  Egalitarianism
  Egalitarianism is a trend of thought that favors equality of some sort among moral agents, whether persons or animals. Emphasis is placed upon the fact that equality contains the idea of equity of quality...
  
   and utopian socialist
  Utopian socialism
  Utopian socialism is a term used to define the first currents of modern socialist thought as exemplified by the work of Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, and Robert Owen which inspired Karl Marx and other early socialists and were looked on favorably...
  
  , revolutionary, journalist, writer, agitator, and freemason
  Freemasonry
  Freemasonry is a fraternal organisation that arose from obscure origins in the late 16th to early 17th century. Freemasonry now exists in various forms all over the world, with a membership estimated at around six million, including approximately 150,000 under the jurisdictions of the Grand Lodge...
  
  ; he was mainly active in France
  France
  The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
  
  
• Piero Calamandrei
  Piero Calamandrei
  Piero Calamandrei was an Italian author, jurist, soldier, university professor and politician. He was one of Italy's leading authorities on the law of civil procedure....
  
  , author
  Author
  An author is broadly defined as "the person who originates or gives existence to anything" and that authorship determines responsibility for what is created. Narrowly defined, an author is the originator of any written work.-Legal significance:...
  
  , jurist
  Jurist
  A jurist or jurisconsult is a professional who studies, develops, applies, or otherwise deals with the law. The term is widely used in American English, but in the United Kingdom and many Commonwealth countries it has only historical and specialist usage...
  
  , soldier
  Soldier
  A soldier is a member of the land component of national armed forces; whereas a soldier hired for service in a foreign army would be termed a mercenary...
  
  , university professor
  Professor
  A professor is a scholarly teacher; the precise meaning of the term varies by country. Literally, professor derives from Latin as a "person who professes" being usually an expert in arts or sciences; a teacher of high rank...
  
   and politician
  Politician
  A politician, political leader, or political figure is an individual who is involved in influencing public policy and decision making...
  
  , one of Italy's leading authorities on the law of civil procedure
  Civil procedure
  Civil procedure is the body of law that sets out the rules and standards that courts follow when adjudicating civil lawsuits...
  
  
• Francesco Cappè
  Francesco Cappè
  Francesco Cappè is a United Nations official and Head, Security Governance/Counter-Terrorism for the United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute...
  
  , United Nations
  United Nations
  The United Nations is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace...
  
   official and Head, Security Governance/Counter-Terrorism for the United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute
  United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute
  The United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute is one of the five United Nations Research and Training Institutes. The Institute was founded in 1968 to assist the international community in formulating and implementing improved policies in the field of crime prevention and...
  
   (UNICRI)., a member of the UN Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force (CTITF) of the UN General Assembly.
• Adán Cárdenas
  Adán Cárdenas
  Adán Cárdenas del Castillo was a Nicaraguan politician and doctor. He also served as the President of Nicaragua between 1 March 1883 and 1 March 1887. He was a member of the Conservative Party of Nicaragua....
  
  , President
  President of Nicaragua
  The position of President of Nicaragua was created in the Constitution of 1854. From 1825 until the Constitution of 1838 the title of the position was known as Head of State and from 1838 to 1854 as Supreme Director .-Heads of State of Nicaragua within the Federal Republic of Central America...
  
   of Nicaragua
  Nicaragua
  Nicaragua is the largest country in the Central American American isthmus, bordered by Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. The country is situated between 11 and 14 degrees north of the Equator in the Northern Hemisphere, which places it entirely within the tropics. The Pacific Ocean...
  
   between 1 March 1883 and 1 March 1887.
• Antonio Cassese
  Antonio Cassese
  Antonio Cassese was an Italian jurist who specialized in public international law. He was formerly associated with the Special Tribunal for Lebanon which he presided over until his resignation on health grounds in 1 October 2011...
  
  , jurist who specialized in public international law, President of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon
  Special Tribunal for Lebanon
  The Special Tribunal for Lebanon is an international tribunal for the prosecution under Lebanese law of those responsible for the assassination of Rafic Hariri on February 14, 2005. The tribunal also has jurisdiction over a series of other attacks in Lebanon if they are proven to be connected...
  
  , also studied at the prestigious Collegio Medico-Giuridico of the Scuola Normale Superiore, which today is Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies
  Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies
  The Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies of Pisa is a special-statute public university located in Pisa, Italy, operating in the field of applied sciences....
  
   i.e. Pisa University System
• Sabino Cassese
  Sabino Cassese
  Sabino Cassese is an Italian Professor of Administrative Law and currently a judge of the Constitutional Court of Italy.- Education and career :...
  
  , Professor of Administrative Law and a judge of the Constitutional Court of Italy
  Constitutional Court of Italy
  The Constitutional Court of Italy is a supreme court of Italy, the other being the Court of Cassation. Sometimes the name Consulta is used as a metonym for it, because its sessions are held in Palazzo della Consulta in Rome....
  
  , also studied at the prestigious Collegio Medico-Giuridico of the Scuola Normale Superiore, which today is Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies
  Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies
  The Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies of Pisa is a special-statute public university located in Pisa, Italy, operating in the field of applied sciences....
  
   i.e. Pisa University System
• Benedetto Castelli
  Benedetto Castelli
  Benedetto Castelli , born Antonio Castelli, was an Italian mathematician. He took the name "Benedetto" upon entering the Benedictine Order in 1595....
  
  , mathematician
• Carlo Chiti
  Carlo Chiti
  Carlo Chiti was an Italian racing car and engine designer. Chiti is best known for his long association with Alfa Romeo's racing department....
  
  , Italian racing car and engine designer, best known for his long association with Alfa Romeo
  Alfa Romeo
  Alfa Romeo Automobiles S.p.A. is an Italian manufacturer of cars. Founded as A.L.F.A. on June 24, 1910, in Milan, the company has been involved in car racing since 1911, and has a reputation for building expensive sports cars...
  
  's racing department
• Mauro Cristofani
  Mauro Cristofani
  Mauro Cristofani was a linguist and researcher in Etruscan studies.Cristofani was a student of Massimo Pallottino and would himself teach at the University of Pisa, University of Siena and, his final post, at the University of Naples Federico II...
  
  , linguist
  Linguistics
  Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. Linguistics can be broadly broken into three categories or subfields of study: language form, language meaning, and language in context....
  
   and researcher in Etruscan
  Etruscan civilization
  Etruscan civilization is the modern English name given to a civilization of ancient Italy in the area corresponding roughly to Tuscany. The ancient Romans called its creators the Tusci or Etrusci...
  
   studies
• Luigi Fantappiè
  Luigi Fantappiè
  Luigi Fantappiè was an Italian mathematician, known for work in mathematical analysis and for creating the theory of analytic functionals: he was a student and follower of Vito Volterra. Later in life he proposed scientific theories of sweeping scope.He was born in Viterbo, and studied at the...
  
  , mathematician, known for work in mathematical analysis
  Mathematical analysis
  Mathematical analysis, which mathematicians refer to simply as analysis, has its beginnings in the rigorous formulation of infinitesimal calculus. It is a branch of pure mathematics that includes the theories of differentiation, integration and measure, limits, infinite series, and analytic functions...
  
   and for creating the theory of analytic functionals: he was a student and follower of Vito Volterra
  Vito Volterra
  Vito Volterra was an Italian mathematician and physicist, known for his contributions to mathematical biology and integral equations....
  
  , also proposed scientific theories of sweeping scope
• Lando Ferretti
  Lando Ferretti
  Lando Ferretti was an Italian journalist, politician and sports administrator.-Journalism:...
  
  , journalist
  Journalist
  A journalist collects and distributes news and other information. A journalist's work is referred to as journalism.A reporter is a type of journalist who researchs, writes, and reports on information to be presented in mass media, including print media , electronic media , and digital media A...
  
  , politician
  Politician
  A politician, political leader, or political figure is an individual who is involved in influencing public policy and decision making...
  
   and sports
  Sport
  A Sport is all forms of physical activity which, through casual or organised participation, aim to use, maintain or improve physical fitness and provide entertainment to participants. Sport may be competitive, where a winner or winners can be identified by objective means, and may require a degree...
  
   administrator
• Clara Franzini-Armstrong
  Clara Franzini-Armstrong
  Clara Franzini-Armstrong FMRS is an American electron microscopist, and Professor Emeritus of Cell and Developmental Biology at University of Pennsylvania.-Life:...
  
  , FMRS an American electron microscopist, and Professor Emeritus of Cell and Developmental Biology at University of Pennsylvania
  University of Pennsylvania
  The University of Pennsylvania is a private, Ivy League university located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Penn is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States,Penn is the fourth-oldest using the founding dates claimed by each institution...
  
  .
• Luca Gammaitoni
  Luca Gammaitoni
  Luca Gammaitoni is a scientist in the area of noise and nonlinear dynamics. He is currently the Director of the Noise in Physical System Laboratory at the Physics Department of the Università di Perugia, in Italy....
  
  , scientist in the area of noise
  Noise
  In common use, the word noise means any unwanted sound. In both analog and digital electronics, noise is random unwanted perturbation to a wanted signal; it is called noise as a generalisation of the acoustic noise heard when listening to a weak radio transmission with significant electrical noise...
  
   and nonlinear dynamics
• David Levi (Italy)
  David Levi (Italy)
  David Levi was an Italian-Jewish poet and patriot.-Biography:Educated at the Jewish schools of his native town and Vercelli, he for a short time followed a mercantile career...
  
  , Italian-Jewish poet and patriot
• Lorenzo Magalotti, philosopher, author, diplomat and poet
• Paolo Malanima
  Paolo Malanima
  Paolo Malanima is an Italian economic historian and director of the Institute of Studies on Mediterranean Societies in Naples...
  
  , Italian economic historian
• Alessandro Natta
  Alessandro Natta
  Alessandro Natta , was an Italian politician and secretary of the Italian Communist Party from 1984 to 1988.-Before and during the World War:...
  
  , politician and secretary of the Italian Communist Party
  Italian Communist Party
  The Italian Communist Party was a communist political party in Italy.The PCI was founded as Communist Party of Italy on 21 January 1921 in Livorno, by seceding from the Italian Socialist Party . Amadeo Bordiga and Antonio Gramsci led the split. Outlawed during the Fascist regime, the party played...
  
   (PCI) from 1984 to 1988
• Jože Pirjevec
  Jože Pirjevec
  Jože Pirjevec is a Slovene historian from Italy. He is one of the most prominent diplomatic historians of the west Balkans region, and member of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts....
  
  , Slovene historian from Italy
  Italy
  Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
  
  , one of the most prominent diplomatic historians of the west Balkans
  Balkans
  The Balkans is a geopolitical and cultural region of southeastern Europe...
  
   region, and member of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
  Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
  The Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts is the national academy of Slovenia, which encompasses science and the arts and brings together the top Slovene researchers and artists as members of the academy....
  
  
• Francesco Redi
  Francesco Redi
  Francesco Redi was an Italian physician, naturalist, and poet.-Biography:The son of Gregorio Redi and Cecilia de Ghinci was born in Arezzo on February 18, 1626. After schooling with the Jesuits, he attended the University of Pisa...
  
  , 17th century physician
  Physician
  A physician is a health care provider who practices the profession of medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, injury and other physical and mental impairments...
  
  , naturalist
  Naturalist
  Naturalist may refer to:* Practitioner of natural history* Conservationist* Advocate of naturalism * Naturalist , autobiography-See also:* The American Naturalist, periodical* Naturalism...
  
  , and poet
  Poet
  A poet is a person who writes poetry. A poet's work can be literal, meaning that his work is derived from a specific event, or metaphorical, meaning that his work can take on many meanings and forms. Poets have existed since antiquity, in nearly all languages, and have produced works that vary...
  
  
• Giovanni Battista Rinuccini
  Giovanni Battista Rinuccini
  Giovanni Battista Rinuccini was a Roman Catholic archbishop in the mid seventeenth century. He was a noted legal scholar who became chamberlain to Pope Gregory XV, who made him the Archbishop of Fermo in Italy...
  
  , Roman Catholic archbishop in the mid seventeenth century
• Luigi Rizzi (linguist), linguist
  Linguistics
  Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. Linguistics can be broadly broken into three categories or subfields of study: language form, language meaning, and language in context....
  
  
• Giovanni Salvemini
  Giovanni Salvemini
  Giovanni Francesco Mauro Melchiorre Salvemini di Castiglione FRS was an Italian mathematician and astronomer.-Life:...
  
  , FRS , 18th century mathematician
  Mathematician
  A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study is the field of mathematics. Mathematicians are concerned with quantity, structure, space, and change....
  
   and astronomer
  Astronomer
  An astronomer is a scientist who studies celestial bodies such as planets, stars and galaxies.Historically, astronomy was more concerned with the classification and description of phenomena in the sky, while astrophysics attempted to explain these phenomena and the differences between them using...
  
  
• Atto Tigri
  Atto Tigri
  Atto Tigri was an Italian anatomist born in Pistoia.He studied medicine in Pistoia and at the University of Pisa, where he became an assistant to Filippo Civinini...
  
  , 19th century anatomist