Pseudo algebraically closed field
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In mathematics
Mathematics
Mathematics is the study of quantity, space, structure, and change. Mathematicians seek out patterns and formulate new conjectures. Mathematicians resolve the truth or falsity of conjectures by mathematical proofs, which are arguments sufficient to convince other mathematicians of their validity...

, a field
Field (mathematics)
In abstract algebra, a field is a commutative ring whose nonzero elements form a group under multiplication. As such it is an algebraic structure with notions of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, satisfying certain axioms...

  is pseudo algebraically closed if it satisfies certain properties which hold for any algebraically closed field
Algebraically closed field
In mathematics, a field F is said to be algebraically closed if every polynomial with one variable of degree at least 1, with coefficients in F, has a root in F.-Examples:...

.

Formulation

A field K is pseudo algebraically closed field (usually abbreviated by PAC) if one of the following equivalent conditions holds:
  • Each absolutely irreducible
    Absolutely irreducible
    In mathematics, absolutely irreducible is a term applied to linear representations or algebraic varieties over a field. It means that the object in question remains irreducible, even after any finite extension of the field of coefficients...

     variety defined over has a -rational point.
  • For each absolutely irreducible polynomial with and for each nonzero there exists such that and .
  • Each absolutely irreducible polynomial has infinitely many -rational points.
  • If is a finitely generated integral domain over with quotient field which is regular over , then there exist a homomorphism such that for each

Examples

  • Algebraically closed fields and separably closed fields are always PAC.

  • A non-principal ultraproduct
    Ultraproduct
    The ultraproduct is a mathematical construction that appears mainly in abstract algebra and in model theory, a branch of mathematical logic. An ultraproduct is a quotient of the direct product of a family of structures. All factors need to have the same signature...

     of distinct finite fields is PAC (consequence of Riemann Hypothesis for function fields).

  • Infinite algebraic extension
    Algebraic extension
    In abstract algebra, a field extension L/K is called algebraic if every element of L is algebraic over K, i.e. if every element of L is a root of some non-zero polynomial with coefficients in K. Field extensions that are not algebraic, i.e...

    s of finite field
    Finite field
    In abstract algebra, a finite field or Galois field is a field that contains a finite number of elements. Finite fields are important in number theory, algebraic geometry, Galois theory, cryptography, and coding theory...

    s are PAC (consequence of Riemann Hypothesis for function fields).

  • This example arises from measure theory: The absolute Galois group
    Absolute Galois group
    In mathematics, the absolute Galois group GK of a field K is the Galois group of Ksep over K, where Ksep is a separable closure of K. Alternatively it is the group of all automorphisms of the algebraic closure of K that fix K. The absolute Galois group is unique up to isomorphism...

      of a field is profinite, hence compact
    Compact group
    In mathematics, a compact group is a topological group whose topology is compact. Compact groups are a natural generalisation of finite groups with the discrete topology and have properties that carry over in significant fashion...

    , and hence equipped with a normalized Haar measure
    Haar measure
    In mathematical analysis, the Haar measure is a way to assign an "invariant volume" to subsets of locally compact topological groups and subsequently define an integral for functions on those groups....

    . Let be a countable Hilbertian field and let be a positive integer. Then for almost all -tuple , the fixed field of the subgroup generated by the automorphisms is PAC. Here the phrase "almost all" means "all but a set of measure zero". (This result is a consequence of Hilbert's irreducibility theorem.)

  • Let K be the maximal totally real Galois extension of the rational numbers and i the square root of -1. Then K(i) is PAC.
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