Saint-Étienne
Encyclopedia
Saint-Étienne is a city in eastern central France. It is located in the Massif Central
, 60 km (37.28 mi) southwest of Lyon
in the Rhône-Alpes region
, along the trunk road that connects Toulouse
with Lyon. Saint-Étienne is the capital of the Loire
département and has a population of approximately 178,500 in the city itself expanding to over 317,000 in the metropolitan area (2007).
The city is named after Saint Stephen
, and is mentioned for the first time in the Middle Ages as Saint-Étienne de Furan (an affluent of the Loire
). In the 13th century it was a small borough around the church dedicated to Saint Etienne. On the upper reaches of the Furan near the Way of St. James
the Abbey of Valbenoîte had been founded by the cistercians in 1222. In the late 15th century it was a fortified village defended by walls built around the original nucleus.
From the 16th century, Saint-Étienne developed an arms manufacturing industry and became a market town. It was this which accounted for the town's importance, although it also became a centre for the manufacture of ribbons and passementerie
starting in the 17th century. During the French revolution
, Saint-Étienne was briefly renamed Armeville – 'arms town' – because of this activity.
Later, it became a coal mining centre, and more recently, has been known for its bicycle industry.
In the first half of the 19th century, it was only a chief town of an arrondissement in the of the Loire, with a population of 33,064 in 1832. The concentration of industry prompted these numbers to rise rapidly to 110,000 by about 1880. It was this growing importance of Saint-Étienne that led to its being made seat of the prefecture and the departmental administration on 25 July 1855, when it became the chief town in the and seat of the prefect, replacing Montbrison
, which was reduced to the status of chief town of an . Saint-Étienne absorbed the commune of Valbenoîte and several other neighbouring localities on 31 March 1855.
In 1990 Saint-Étienne set up a design biennale – the largest of its kind in France. It lasts around two weeks and takes place in November. The next convention is in 2010. A landmark in the history of the importance ascribed to design in Saint-Étienne was the inauguration of La Cité du design on the site of the former arms factory in 2009.
The city also launched the Massenet Festival
s, (the composer Jules Massenet
hailed from the area) devoted mainly to perform Massenet's operas. In 2000 the city was named one of the French Towns and Lands of Art and History
. On 22 November 2010, it was nominated as "City of Design" as part of Unesco
’s Creative Cities Network
.
Saint-Étienne has three museums:
Inhabitants of Saint-Étienne are called stéphanois in French. They are named so because "Étienne" derives from the Greek Stephanos.
has won the Ligue 1
title a record ten times, achieving most of their success in the 1970s. British indie-dance band Saint Etienne
named themselves after the club.
St. Étienne was the capital of the French bicycle industry. The bicycle wheel
manufacturer Mavic
is based in the city and frame manufacturers Motobécane
and Vitus
are also based here. The city often hosts a stage of the Tour de France
.
St. Étienne resident Thierry Gueorgiou
is a world champion in orienteering
. The local rugby union
team is CA Saint-Étienne Loire Sud Rugby
.
The nearest airport is Saint-Étienne - Bouthéon Airport which is located in Andrézieux-Bouthéon
, 12 km (7.46 mi) north-northwest of Saint-Étienne. The main railway station is Gare de Saint-Étienne-Châteaucreux, which offers high speed services to Paris and Lyon (Saint-Étienne–Lyon railway) and several regional lines.
Saint-Étienne is also notable for its tramway (Saint-Étienne tramway) – which uniquely with Lille, it kept throughout the 20th century.
Bus and tram transport is regulated and provided by the Société de Transports de l'Agglomération Stéphanoise
(STAS), a public transport executive
organisation.
The bicycle sharing system Vélivert
with 280 short term renting bicycles is available since June 2010.
It was also the place where Andrei Kivilev
died.
with:
Massif Central
The Massif Central is an elevated region in south-central France, consisting of mountains and plateaux....
, 60 km (37.28 mi) southwest of Lyon
Lyon
Lyon , is a city in east-central France in the Rhône-Alpes region, situated between Paris and Marseille. Lyon is located at from Paris, from Marseille, from Geneva, from Turin, and from Barcelona. The residents of the city are called Lyonnais....
in the Rhône-Alpes region
Rhône-Alpes
Rhône-Alpes is one of the 27 regions of France, located on the eastern border of the country, towards the south. The region was named after the Rhône River and the Alps mountain range. Its capital, Lyon, is the second-largest metropolitan area in France after Paris...
, along the trunk road that connects Toulouse
Toulouse
Toulouse is a city in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern FranceIt lies on the banks of the River Garonne, 590 km away from Paris and half-way between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea...
with Lyon. Saint-Étienne is the capital of the Loire
Loire
Loire is an administrative department in the east-central part of France occupying the River Loire's upper reaches.-History:Loire was created in 1793 when after just 3½ years the young Rhône-et-Loire department was split into two. This was a response to counter-Revolutionary activities in Lyon...
département and has a population of approximately 178,500 in the city itself expanding to over 317,000 in the metropolitan area (2007).
History
Saint Stephen
Saint Stephen The Protomartyr , the protomartyr of Christianity, is venerated as a saint in the Roman Catholic, Anglican, Lutheran, Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Orthodox Churches....
, and is mentioned for the first time in the Middle Ages as Saint-Étienne de Furan (an affluent of the Loire
Loire
Loire is an administrative department in the east-central part of France occupying the River Loire's upper reaches.-History:Loire was created in 1793 when after just 3½ years the young Rhône-et-Loire department was split into two. This was a response to counter-Revolutionary activities in Lyon...
). In the 13th century it was a small borough around the church dedicated to Saint Etienne. On the upper reaches of the Furan near the Way of St. James
Way of St. James
The Way of St. James or St. James' Way is the pilgrimage route to the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in Galicia in northwestern Spain, where tradition has it that the remains of the apostle Saint James are buried....
the Abbey of Valbenoîte had been founded by the cistercians in 1222. In the late 15th century it was a fortified village defended by walls built around the original nucleus.
From the 16th century, Saint-Étienne developed an arms manufacturing industry and became a market town. It was this which accounted for the town's importance, although it also became a centre for the manufacture of ribbons and passementerie
Passementerie
Passementerie or passementarie is the art of making elaborate trimmings or edgings of applied braid, gold or silver cord, embroidery, colored silk, or beads for clothing or furnishings....
starting in the 17th century. During the French revolution
French Revolution
The French Revolution , sometimes distinguished as the 'Great French Revolution' , was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France and Europe. The absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed in three years...
, Saint-Étienne was briefly renamed Armeville – 'arms town' – because of this activity.
Later, it became a coal mining centre, and more recently, has been known for its bicycle industry.
In the first half of the 19th century, it was only a chief town of an arrondissement in the of the Loire, with a population of 33,064 in 1832. The concentration of industry prompted these numbers to rise rapidly to 110,000 by about 1880. It was this growing importance of Saint-Étienne that led to its being made seat of the prefecture and the departmental administration on 25 July 1855, when it became the chief town in the and seat of the prefect, replacing Montbrison
Montbrison, Loire
Montbrison is a commune in the Loire department in central France.The commune gives its name to the popular blue cheese Fourme de Montbrison which has been made in the region for centuries.-History:...
, which was reduced to the status of chief town of an . Saint-Étienne absorbed the commune of Valbenoîte and several other neighbouring localities on 31 March 1855.
Culture
Saint-Étienne became a popular stop for automobile travelers in the early 20th century (sometimes referred to as The Golden Age of Travel).In 1990 Saint-Étienne set up a design biennale – the largest of its kind in France. It lasts around two weeks and takes place in November. The next convention is in 2010. A landmark in the history of the importance ascribed to design in Saint-Étienne was the inauguration of La Cité du design on the site of the former arms factory in 2009.
The city also launched the Massenet Festival
Massenet Festival
Massenet Festival is a biennale festival of music by French composer, Jules Massenet held at Saint-Étienne, France, close to the area where the composer was born....
s, (the composer Jules Massenet
Jules Massenet
Jules Émile Frédéric Massenet was a French composer best known for his operas. His compositions were very popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and he ranks as one of the greatest melodists of his era. Soon after his death, Massenet's style went out of fashion, and many of his operas...
hailed from the area) devoted mainly to perform Massenet's operas. In 2000 the city was named one of the French Towns and Lands of Art and History
French towns and lands of Art and History
Since 1985, the French Ministry of Culture and Communication has pursued a policy of preserving and promoting France's heritage. Historic towns and districts have been designated Villes et Pays d'Art et d'Histoire ....
. On 22 November 2010, it was nominated as "City of Design" as part of Unesco
UNESCO
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations...
’s Creative Cities Network
Creative Cities Network
Not to be confused with:*Creative Cities, an international European project designed and managed by the British Council.*Creative city, an urban planning concept.*Creative City, an urban development project in Fujairah, United Arab Emirates....
.
Saint-Étienne has three museums:
- the Musée d'Art Moderne has one of the largest collections of modern and contemporary art in France
- Musée de la Mine
- Musée de l'Art et de l'Industrie
Demographics
Population of the city at the 1999 census was 180,210 (177,300 as of February 2004 estimates). Population of the whole metropolitan area at the 1999 census was 321,703.Inhabitants of Saint-Étienne are called stéphanois in French. They are named so because "Étienne" derives from the Greek Stephanos.
Sport
The city's football club AS Saint-ÉtienneAS Saint-Étienne
Association Sportive de Saint-Étienne Loire is a French association football club based in Saint-Étienne. The club was founded in 1919 and currently play in Ligue 1, the top division of French football. Saint-Étienne plays its home matches at the Stade Geoffroy-Guichard located within the city...
has won the Ligue 1
Ligue 1
Ligue 1 , is the French professional league for association football clubs. It is the country's primary football competition and serves as the top division of the French football league system. Ligue 1 is one of two divisions making up the Ligue de Football Professionnel, the other being Ligue 2....
title a record ten times, achieving most of their success in the 1970s. British indie-dance band Saint Etienne
Saint Etienne (band)
Saint Etienne are an English Pop group comprising Sarah Cracknell, Bob Stanley and Pete Wiggs. They are named after the French football team AS Saint-Étienne.-History:Bob Stanley and Pete Wiggs were childhood friends and former music journalists...
named themselves after the club.
St. Étienne was the capital of the French bicycle industry. The bicycle wheel
Bicycle wheel
A bicycle wheel is a wheel, most commonly a wire wheel, designed for bicycle. A pair is often called a wheelset, especially in the context of ready built "off the shelf" performance-oriented wheels....
manufacturer Mavic
Mavic
Mavic is a French bicycle parts manufacturer, its name an acronym for Manufacture d'Articles Vélocipédiques Idoux et Chanel, founded by Charles Idoux and Lucien Chanel. The company is noted as a manufacturer of bicycle wheels. Mavic is based in Annecy, France...
is based in the city and frame manufacturers Motobécane
Motobécane
Motobécane was a French manufacturer of bicycles, mopeds, motorcycles, and other small vehicles, established in 1923. "Motobécane" is a compound of "moto", slang for motorcycle; "bécane" is slang for "bike."...
and Vitus
Vitus (bicycles)
Vitus is a French bicycle manufacturer best known for its steel cycle frame tubing, and its frames built with aluminium tubes joined to aluminium lugs by bonding - a construction method the company pioneered in the late 1970s . Compared to modern aluminium bicycle frames, early Vitus aluminium...
are also based here. The city often hosts a stage of the Tour de France
Tour de France
The Tour de France is an annual bicycle race held in France and nearby countries. First staged in 1903, the race covers more than and lasts three weeks. As the best known and most prestigious of cycling's three "Grand Tours", the Tour de France attracts riders and teams from around the world. The...
.
St. Étienne resident Thierry Gueorgiou
Thierry Gueorgiou
Thierry Gueorgiou is a French orienteer who has won more than 20 gold medals in international competitions, including the World Orienteering Championships middle distance event seven times: 2003–2005, 2007–2009 and 2011.-Clubs:Gueorgiou runs for two orienteering clubs, the French NO St-Etienne...
is a world champion in orienteering
Orienteering
Orienteering is a family of sports that requires navigational skills using a map and compass to navigate from point to point in diverse and usually unfamiliar terrain, and normally moving at speed. Participants are given a topographical map, usually a specially prepared orienteering map, which they...
. The local rugby union
Rugby union
Rugby union, often simply referred to as rugby, is a full contact team sport which originated in England in the early 19th century. One of the two codes of rugby football, it is based on running with the ball in hand...
team is CA Saint-Étienne Loire Sud Rugby
CA Saint-Étienne Loire Sud Rugby
Club Athlétique de Saint-Étienne Loire Sud Rugby, CASE Loire Sud Rugby, or simply CASE, is a French rugby union club from Saint-Étienne in the Loire département. They are currently competing in Fédérale 1, having been relegated from Rugby Pro D2 at the end of the 2010–11 season.-History:The club...
.
Transport
Andrézieux-Bouthéon
Andrézieux-Bouthéon is a commune of the Loire department in central France.-See also:* Saint-Étienne - Bouthéon Airport* Furan River* ASF Andrézieux* HEF Groupe*Communes of the Loire department...
, 12 km (7.46 mi) north-northwest of Saint-Étienne. The main railway station is Gare de Saint-Étienne-Châteaucreux, which offers high speed services to Paris and Lyon (Saint-Étienne–Lyon railway) and several regional lines.
Saint-Étienne is also notable for its tramway (Saint-Étienne tramway) – which uniquely with Lille, it kept throughout the 20th century.
Bus and tram transport is regulated and provided by the Société de Transports de l'Agglomération Stéphanoise
Société de Transports de l'Agglomération Stéphanoise
__noTOC__Société de Transports de l'Agglomération Stéphanoise, or STAS operates a public transport network and infrastructure in and around Saint-Étienne...
(STAS), a public transport executive
Passenger Transport Executive
In the United Kingdom, passenger transport executives are local government bodies which are responsible for public transport within large urban areas...
organisation.
The bicycle sharing system Vélivert
Vélivert
VéliVert is a bike sharing scheme in Saint-Étienne, France launched in June 2010, by STAS. This community bicycle program comprises 400 long term renting bicycles and 300 short term renting bicycles....
with 280 short term renting bicycles is available since June 2010.
Colleges and universities
- Jean Monnet UniversityJean Monnet UniversityJean Monnet University is a French public university, based in Saint-%C3%89tienne. It is under the Academy of Lyon.-See also:* List of public universities in France by academy...
- École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-ÉtienneÉcole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-ÉtienneThe école nationale supérieure des mines de Saint-Étienne is one of the French generalist engineering schools Grandes Ecoles.The école nationale supérieure des mines of Saint Etienne is one of the French "Grandes Ecoles" dedicated to training highly qualified engineers and to carrying out research...
(EMSE or ENSMSE) - École nationale d'ingénieurs de Saint-ÉtienneENISEENISE : National Engineering School of Saint-ÉtienneENISE is a French public engineering school which offers five-year courses in engineering after the baccalauréat, in the fields of Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering and Sensory Engineering.The school delivers the Diplôme d'Ingénieur in...
(ENISE) - Institut supérieur des techniques avancées de Saint-Étienne (ISTASE)
- Saint-Étienne School of Management
- ENSASE (Ecole National Supérieure d'Architecture de Saint-Étienne)
Notable people
Saint-Étienne was the birthplace of- Augustin DupréAugustin DupréAugustin Dupré was an engraver of French currency and medals, the 14th Graveur général des monnaies ..- Biography :...
(1748–1833) engraver of French coins and medals, France's 14th Graveur général des monnaies - Claude FaurielClaude Charles FaurielClaude Charles Fauriel was a French historian, philologist and critic.-Biography:He was born at Saint-Étienne, Loire, the son of a poor joiner, but received a good education in the Oratorian colleges of Tournon and Lyon...
(1772–1844), historian, philologist and critic. - Saint Marcellin ChampagnatMarcellin ChampagnatSaint Marcellin Joseph Benedict Champagnat was born in Rozet, village of Marlhes, near St. Etienne , France...
(1789–1840), a Catholic priest and founding members of the Society of MarySociety of Mary (Marists)The Society of Mary , is a Roman Catholic religious congregation or order, founded by Father Jean-Claude Colin and a group of other seminarians in France in 1816...
(Marist Fathers) who founded the Marist BrothersMarist BrothersThe Marist Brothers, or Little Brothers of Mary, are a Catholic religious order of brothers and affiliated lay people. The order was founded in France, at La Valla-en-Gier near Lyon in 1817 by Saint Marcellin Champagnat, a young French priest of the Society of Mary...
and was canonised in 1999. - Antonin MoineAntonin MoineAntonin-Marie Moine was a French romantic sculptor of the first half of the 19th century.-Biography:...
(1796–1849), sculptor - Jules JaninJules JaninJules Gabriel Janin was a French writer and critic.-Biography:Born in Saint-Étienne , Janin's father was a lawyer, and he was educated first at St. Étienne, and then at the lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris...
(1804–1874), writer and critic. - Francis GarnierFrancis GarnierMarie Joseph François Garnier was a French officer and explorer known for his exploration of the Mekong River in Southeast Asia.- Early career :...
(1839–1873), officer and explorer who explored the Mekong River, much to the surprise of the inhabitants. - Jules MassenetJules MassenetJules Émile Frédéric Massenet was a French composer best known for his operas. His compositions were very popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and he ranks as one of the greatest melodists of his era. Soon after his death, Massenet's style went out of fashion, and many of his operas...
(1842–1912), composer best known for his operas. - Paul de ViviePaul de ViviePaul de Vivie, who wrote as Velocio , was publisher of Le Cycliste, an early champion of derailleur gears, and father of French bicycle touring and randonneuring.-Background:...
, aka Velocio (1853–1930) publisher of Le Cycliste, early champion of the dérailleur and father of French cycle touring. - Claudine ChomatClaudine ChomatClaudine Chomat, who was born 7 February 1915 at Saint-Etienne in France, and died on 14 October 1995 in Boulogne-Billancourt , was a member of the French Resistance and a French communist militant....
(1915–1995), member of the French ResistanceFrench ResistanceThe French Resistance is the name used to denote the collection of French resistance movements that fought against the Nazi German occupation of France and against the collaborationist Vichy régime during World War II...
during World War II, feminist, communist activist - Bernard LavilliersBernard LavilliersBernard Lavilliers is a French singer.He was born Bernard Oulion in Saint-Étienne, Loire.The band Fatals Picards wrote a song Bernard Lavilliers, satirizing Lavilliers' image as a former adventurer.-Discography:...
(b. 1946) (Bernard Ouillon), singer. - OrlanOrlanORLAN is a French artist, born May 30, 1947 in Saint-Étienne, Loire. She lives and works in Los Angeles, New York, and Paris. She was invited to be a scholar in residence at the Getty Research Institute in Los Angeles, for the 2006-2007 academic year...
(1947–), contemporary artist - Willy Sagnol (b. 1977) French International Football Player
- Muriel Robin (b. 1955 in MontbrisonMontbrison, LoireMontbrison is a commune in the Loire department in central France.The commune gives its name to the popular blue cheese Fourme de Montbrison which has been made in the region for centuries.-History:...
) French stand-up humorist - Jean GuittonJean GuittonJean Guitton was a French Catholic philosopher and theologian.-Biography:Born in Saint-Étienne, Loire, he studied at the Lycée du Parc in Lyon and was accepted at the École normale supérieure in Paris. His principal religious and intellectual influence was from a blind priest, Francois Pouget...
(1901–1999) a Catholic philosopher and theologian. - Thierry GueorgiouThierry GueorgiouThierry Gueorgiou is a French orienteer who has won more than 20 gold medals in international competitions, including the World Orienteering Championships middle distance event seven times: 2003–2005, 2007–2009 and 2011.-Clubs:Gueorgiou runs for two orienteering clubs, the French NO St-Etienne...
(b. 1979), OrienteeringOrienteeringOrienteering is a family of sports that requires navigational skills using a map and compass to navigate from point to point in diverse and usually unfamiliar terrain, and normally moving at speed. Participants are given a topographical map, usually a specially prepared orienteering map, which they...
world champion - Norma RayNorma RayNorma Ray is a French singer/songwriter born March 21, 1970 Saint-Étienne France. She is the daughter of Cameroon soccer star Frédéric N'Doumbé....
singer - Alexis AjincaAlexis AjinçaAlexis Ajinça is a French professional basketball player who last played with the Toronto Raptors of the NBA...
basketball player - Sylvain ArmandSylvain ArmandSylvain Armand is a French professional football player in the left fullback position, who currently plays for Paris Saint-Germain in the French Ligue 1 championship....
footballer - SliimySliimySliimy is a French pop musician of Moroccan-Algerian descent who in 2009 released the album Paint Your Face, which reached number 2 in the French charts.-Discography:Paint Your Face track listing:...
singer - Aravane RezaiAravane RezaïAravane Rezaï is an Iranian-French tennis player born in Saint-Étienne, France to Iranian parents. She is the current French No. 5 in women's tennis. Rezaï took up tennis after a childhood stint as her older brother's ball girl...
tennis player - Damien DeVille famous cocoa developer
- Loïc PerrinLoïc PerrinLoïc Perrin is a French football midfielder who currently plays for Saint-Étienne. He is usually played as a central defensive midfielder but on occasion has also played on the side of midfield. He was named captain of the Stéphanois side for the 2007–08 season, after the departure of Julien...
footballer
It was also the place where Andrei Kivilev
Andrei Kivilev
Andrei Kivilev was a professional road bicycle racer from Taldykorgan, Kazakhstan. In March 2003, he fell heavily during the Paris–Nice race and subsequently died of his injuries...
died.
International relations
Saint-Étienne is twinnedTown twinning
Twin towns and sister cities are two of many terms used to describe the cooperative agreements between towns, cities, and even counties in geographically and politically distinct areas to promote cultural and commercial ties.- Terminology :...
with:
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See also
- Manufacture d'armes de Saint-Étienne
- Stade Geoffroy-GuichardStade Geoffroy-GuichardStade Geoffroy-Guichard is a multi-purpose stadium in Saint-Étienne, France. It is used primarily for football matches, and tournaments such as the 1984 European Football Championship, the Football World Cup 1998 and the Confederations Cup 2003. It is also used for rugby union, and was a venue at...
- Saint-Étienne CathedralSaint-Étienne CathedralThe Cathedral of Saint Charles Borromeo is a Roman Catholic cathedral church in Saint-Étienne, France.It has been the seat of the Bishop of Saint-Étienne since the foundation of the diocese on 26 December 1970....
- Saint-Étienne – Gorges de la Loire Nature Reserve