Jules Massenet
Encyclopedia
Melody
A melody , also tune, voice, or line, is a linear succession of musical tones which is perceived as a single entity...
of his era. Soon after his death, Massenet's style went out of fashion, and many of his operas fell into almost total oblivion. Apart from Manon
Manon
Manon is an opéra comique in five acts by Jules Massenet to a French libretto by Henri Meilhac and Philippe Gille, based on the 1731 novel L’histoire du chevalier des Grieux et de Manon Lescaut by the Abbé Prévost...
and Werther
Werther
Werther is an opera in four acts by Jules Massenet to a French libretto by Édouard Blau, Paul Milliet and Georges Hartmann based on the German epistolary novel The Sorrows of Young Werther by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe....
, his works were rarely performed. However, since the mid-1970s, many operas of his such as Thaïs
Thaïs (opera)
Thaïs is an opera in three acts by Jules Massenet to a French libretto by Louis Gallet based on the novel Thaïs by Anatole France. It was first performed at the Opéra Garnier in Paris on 16 March 1894, starring the American soprano Sybil Sanderson, for whom Massenet had written the title role...
and Esclarmonde
Esclarmonde
Esclarmonde is an opéra in four acts and eight tableaux, with prologue and epilogue, by Jules Massenet, to a French libretto by Alfred Blau and Louis Ferdinand de Gramont....
have undergone periodic revivals.
Biography
Massenet was born in Montaud, then an outlying hamletHamlet (place)
A hamlet is usually a rural settlement which is too small to be considered a village, though sometimes the word is used for a different sort of community. Historically, when a hamlet became large enough to justify building a church, it was then classified as a village...
and now a part of the city of Saint-Étienne
Saint-Étienne
Saint-Étienne is a city in eastern central France. It is located in the Massif Central, southwest of Lyon in the Rhône-Alpes region, along the trunk road that connects Toulouse with Lyon...
, in the Loire
Loire
Loire is an administrative department in the east-central part of France occupying the River Loire's upper reaches.-History:Loire was created in 1793 when after just 3½ years the young Rhône-et-Loire department was split into two. This was a response to counter-Revolutionary activities in Lyon...
. When he was six, his family moved to Paris due to his father's ill-health. There his mother (Adélaïde Massenet, née Royer; her husband's second wife) started taking piano pupils. She also taught Jules so well that at the age of 11 he was able to enter the Paris Conservatoire. He was still a student when his family moved from Paris to Chambéry
Chambéry
Chambéry is a city in the department of Savoie, located in the Rhône-Alpes region in southeastern France.It is the capital of the department and has been the historical capital of the Savoy region since the 13th century, when Amadeus V of Savoy made the city his seat of power.-Geography:Chambéry...
, but Jules returned to Paris after a few months, living with a married member of his father's family by his first wife. To support himself during his studies, he worked as timpanist for six years at the Théâtre Lyrique
Théâtre Lyrique
The Théâtre Lyrique was one of four opera companies performing in Paris during the middle of the 19th century . The company was founded in 1847 as the Opéra-National by the French composer Adolphe Adam and renamed Théâtre Lyrique in 1852...
, playing also other percussion instruments in other theatres, and working as a pianist in the Café de Belleville.
Although at first some of his teachers had not predicted for him any career in music, this changed in 1862 when he won the Grand Prix de Rome with his cantata David Rizzio and spent three years in Rome. There he met Franz Liszt
Franz Liszt
Franz Liszt ; ), was a 19th-century Hungarian composer, pianist, conductor, and teacher.Liszt became renowned in Europe during the nineteenth century for his virtuosic skill as a pianist. He was said by his contemporaries to have been the most technically advanced pianist of his age...
, at whose request he gave piano lessons to Louise-Constance "Ninon" de Gressy, the daughter of a wealthy lady named Mme Sainte-Marie. Ninon became Massenet's wife in 1866.
His first opera, La grand' tante, was a one-act production at the Opéra-Comique
Opéra-Comique
The Opéra-Comique is a Parisian opera company, which was founded around 1714 by some of the popular theatres of the Parisian fairs. In 1762 the company was merged with, and for a time took the name of its chief rival the Comédie-Italienne at the Hôtel de Bourgogne, and was also called the...
in 1867. Nevertheless it was his dramatic oratorio
Oratorio
An oratorio is a large musical composition including an orchestra, a choir, and soloists. Like an opera, an oratorio includes the use of a choir, soloists, an ensemble, various distinguishable characters, and arias...
Marie-Magdeleine
Marie-Magdeleine
Marie-Magdeleine is an oratorio in three acts and four parts by Jules Massenet to a French libretto by Louis Gallet, based on La vie de Jésus by Ernest Renan. It was first performed at the Théâtre de l'Odéon in Paris on April 11, 1873. The first staged performance took place in Nice on February...
(first performed in 1873) that won him praise from the likes of Tchaikovsky
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (Russian: Пётр Ильи́ч Чайко́вский ; often "Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky" in English. His names are also transliterated "Piotr" or "Petr"; "Ilitsch", "Il'ich" or "Illyich"; and "Tschaikowski", "Tschaikowsky", "Chajkovskij"...
, d'Indy
Vincent d'Indy
Vincent d'Indy was a French composer and teacher.-Life:Paul Marie Théodore Vincent d'Indy was born in Paris into an aristocratic family of royalist and Catholic persuasion. He had piano lessons from an early age from his paternal grandmother, who passed him on to Antoine François Marmontel and...
(who afterwards turned against him), and Gounod
Charles Gounod
Charles-François Gounod was a French composer, known for his Ave Maria as well as his operas Faust and Roméo et Juliette.-Biography:...
. His real mentor, though, was the composer Ambroise Thomas
Ambroise Thomas
Charles Louis Ambroise Thomas was a French composer, best known for his operas Mignon and Hamlet and as Director of the Conservatoire de Paris from 1871 till his death.-Biography:"There is good music, there is bad music, and then there is Ambroise Thomas."- Emmanuel Chabrier-Early life...
, a man with important contacts in theatrical milieux. Another important early patron was his publisher, Georges Hartmann
Georges Hartmann
Georges Hartmann was a French dramatist and opera librettist who wrote under the pen name Henri Grémont.Since 1870 he was also a music publisher, publishing compositions of Jules Massenet...
, whose connections with journalistic circles aided him in becoming better known during the difficult initial years of his composing activity. Even Massenet's marriage to Ninon helped him a great deal in securing commissions and garnering fame in important social circles.
Massenet took a break from his composing to serve as a soldier in the Franco-Prussian War
Franco-Prussian War
The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the 1870 War was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia. Prussia was aided by the North German Confederation, of which it was a member, and the South German states of Baden, Württemberg and...
, but returned to his art following the end of the conflict in 1871. From 1878 he worked as professor of composition at the Paris Conservatory where his pupils included André Bloch
André Bloch (composer)
André Bloch was a French composer and music educator. He studied with André Gedalge, Ernest Guiraud, and Jules Massenet at the Conservatoire de Paris. In 1893 he won the Prix de Rome for his cantata Antigone which used a text by Ferdinand Beissier. The prize enabled him to pursue further studies...
, Gustave Charpentier
Gustave Charpentier
Gustave Charpentier, , born in Dieuze, Moselle on 25 June 1860, died Paris, 18 February 1956) was a French composer, best known for his opera Louise.-Life and career:...
, Ernest Chausson
Ernest Chausson
Amédée-Ernest Chausson was a French romantic composer who died just as his career was beginning to flourish.-Life:Ernest Chausson was born in Paris into a prosperous bourgeois family...
, Reynaldo Hahn
Reynaldo Hahn
Reynaldo Hahn was a Venezuelan, naturalised French, composer, conductor, music critic and diarist. Best known as a composer of songs, he wrote in the French classical tradition of the mélodie....
, Georges Enesco, and Charles Koechlin
Charles Koechlin
Charles Louis Eugène Koechlin was a French composer, teacher and writer on music. He was a political radical all his life and a passionate enthusiast for such diverse things as medieval music, The Jungle Book of Rudyard Kipling, Johann Sebastian Bach, film stars , travelling, stereoscopic...
. His greatest successes were Manon
Manon
Manon is an opéra comique in five acts by Jules Massenet to a French libretto by Henri Meilhac and Philippe Gille, based on the 1731 novel L’histoire du chevalier des Grieux et de Manon Lescaut by the Abbé Prévost...
in 1884, Werther
Werther
Werther is an opera in four acts by Jules Massenet to a French libretto by Édouard Blau, Paul Milliet and Georges Hartmann based on the German epistolary novel The Sorrows of Young Werther by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe....
in 1892, and Thaïs
Thaïs (opera)
Thaïs is an opera in three acts by Jules Massenet to a French libretto by Louis Gallet based on the novel Thaïs by Anatole France. It was first performed at the Opéra Garnier in Paris on 16 March 1894, starring the American soprano Sybil Sanderson, for whom Massenet had written the title role...
in 1894. Notable later operas were Le jongleur de Notre-Dame
Le jongleur de Notre-Dame
Le jongleur de Notre-Dame is an opera in three acts by Jules Massenet to a French libretto by Maurice Léna. It was first performed in Monte Carlo on 18 February 1902.-History:...
, produced in 1902, and Don Quichotte
Don Quichotte
Don Quichotte is an opera in five acts by Jules Massenet to a French libretto by Henri Caïn.Massenet's comédie-héroïque, like so many other dramatized versions of the story of Don Quixote, relates only indirectly to the great novel by Miguel de Cervantes...
, produced in Monte Carlo
Monte Carlo
Monte Carlo is an administrative area of the Principality of Monaco....
1910, with the legendary Russian bass Feodor Chaliapin
Feodor Chaliapin
Feodor Ivanovich Chaliapin was a Russian opera singer. The possessor of a large and expressive bass voice, he enjoyed an important international career at major opera houses and is often credited with establishing the tradition of naturalistic acting in his chosen art form.During the first phase...
in the title-role.
In 1876 he received the Légion d'honneur
Légion d'honneur
The Legion of Honour, or in full the National Order of the Legion of Honour is a French order established by Napoleon Bonaparte, First Consul of the Consulat which succeeded to the First Republic, on 19 May 1802...
, and was appointed a Grand Officer in 1899. In 1878 he was elected a member of the Académie des Beaux-Arts, to the exclusion of Camille Saint-Saëns
Camille Saint-Saëns
Charles-Camille Saint-Saëns was a French Late-Romantic composer, organist, conductor, and pianist. He is known especially for The Carnival of the Animals, Danse macabre, Samson and Delilah, Piano Concerto No. 2, Cello Concerto No. 1, Havanaise, Introduction and Rondo Capriccioso, and his Symphony...
. He was only 36, the youngest member ever elected to the Académie.
In addition to his operas, Massenet composed concert suite
Suite
In music, a suite is an ordered set of instrumental or orchestral pieces normally performed in a concert setting rather than as accompaniment; they may be extracts from an opera, ballet , or incidental music to a play or film , or they may be entirely original movements .In the...
s, ballet music
Ballet (music)
Ballet as a music form progressed from simply a complement to dance, to a concrete compositional form that often had as much value as the dance that went along with it. The dance form, originating in France during the 17th century, began as a theatrical dance. It was not until the 19th century that...
, oratorio
Oratorio
An oratorio is a large musical composition including an orchestra, a choir, and soloists. Like an opera, an oratorio includes the use of a choir, soloists, an ensemble, various distinguishable characters, and arias...
s and cantata
Cantata
A cantata is a vocal composition with an instrumental accompaniment, typically in several movements, often involving a choir....
s and about two hundred songs. Some of his non-vocal output has achieved widespread popularity, and is commonly performed: for example the Méditation from Thaïs
Thaïs (opera)
Thaïs is an opera in three acts by Jules Massenet to a French libretto by Louis Gallet based on the novel Thaïs by Anatole France. It was first performed at the Opéra Garnier in Paris on 16 March 1894, starring the American soprano Sybil Sanderson, for whom Massenet had written the title role...
, which is a violin solo with orchestra, as well as the Aragonaise
Aragonaise
Aragonaise is from Aragon, a region in Spain, and means "dance of Aragon". There are two famous musical compositions named "Aragonaise", one by Jules Massenet from his opera Le Cid, the other from the opera Carmen by Georges Bizet....
, from his opera Le Cid
Le Cid (opera)
Le Cid is an opera in four acts and ten tableaux by Jules Massenet to a French libretto by Louis Gallet, Édouard Blau and Adolphe d'Ennery. It is based on the play of the same name by Pierre Corneille....
and the Élégie for cello and orchestra (from his incidental music
Incidental music
Incidental music is music in a play, television program, radio program, video game, film or some other form not primarily musical. The term is less frequently applied to film music, with such music being referred to instead as the "film score" or "soundtrack"....
to Les Érinnyes). The latter two pieces are commonly played by piano students, and the Élégie became world-famous in many arrangements.
There have been periodic performances and recordings of Massenet's orchestral music, especially the seven suites. Naxos
Naxos Records
Naxos Records is a record label specializing in classical music. Through a number of imprints, Naxos also releases genres including Chinese music, jazz, world music, and early rock & roll. The company was founded in 1987 by Klaus Heymann, a German-born resident of Hong Kong.Naxos is the largest...
has issued the complete suites, as well as ballet music from Herodiade, as performed by the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra
New Zealand Symphony Orchestra
The New Zealand Symphony Orchestra is the national orchestra of New Zealand. It is a crown entity owned by the Government of New Zealand, with 90 full-time players....
, conducted by Jean-Yves Ossonce.
Massenet died in Paris at the age of 70, after suffering from a long illness (cancer).
Being a very prolific, hard-working composer (over 25 extant operas, with his daily schedule starting frequently from as early as 4 am), he created his pieces not "at the piano" (as so many other composers do), but entirely from his imagination. That ability greatly helped him to achieve his high standards as an orchestrator. Even in his loudest passages, the instrumental texture is always lucid. It is curious that he was also known to avoid all public dress rehearsals and performances of his works; often he would have to be informed by others of his own operatic successes.
The only known recording by Massenet is a scene from Sapho where he accompanies the soprano Georgette Leblanc
Georgette Leblanc
Georgette Leblanc was a French operatic soprano, actress, author, and the sister of novelist Maurice Leblanc. She became particularly associated with the works of Jules Massenet and was an admired interpreter of the title role in Bizet's Carmen...
on the piano; never published, it is in the Historical Sound Recordings collection of Yale University
Yale University
Yale University is a private, Ivy League university located in New Haven, Connecticut, United States. Founded in 1701 in the Colony of Connecticut, the university is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States...
.
Compositions
Oratorios and cantatas
- David Rizzio – 1863
- Marie-MagdeleineMarie-MagdeleineMarie-Magdeleine is an oratorio in three acts and four parts by Jules Massenet to a French libretto by Louis Gallet, based on La vie de Jésus by Ernest Renan. It was first performed at the Théâtre de l'Odéon in Paris on April 11, 1873. The first staged performance took place in Nice on February...
– 1873 - ÈveÈveÈve is an oratorio in four parts by Jules Massenet to a French libretto by Louis Gallet. It was first performed at the Cirque d'été in Paris onMarch 18, 1875....
– 1875 - Narcisse – 1877
- La ViergeLa ViergeLa Vierge is an oratorio in four scenes by Jules Massenet to a French libretto by Charles Grandmougin. It was first performed at the Opéra in Paris on May 22, 1880....
– 1880 - Biblis – 1886
- La Terre PromiseLa Terre PromiseLa Terre Promise is an oratorio in three parts by Jules Massenet to a French libretto after the Vulgate. It was first performed at L'église Saint-Eustache in Paris on March 15, 1900.The oratorio's three parts relate scenes from the Old Testament...
– 1900
Ballets
- Le carillon – 1892
- CigaleCigaleCigale is a divertissement-ballet in two acts by Jules Massenet to a scenario by Henri Cain. It was first performed at the Opéra Comique in Paris on February 4, 1904. The story is a retelling of the fable The Grasshopper and the Ant, in this case the grasshopper being a cicada and the ant...
– 1904 - Espada – 1908
- L'histoire de ManonL'histoire de ManonL'histoire de Manon is a ballet comprising the music of Jules Massenet, arranged and partially orchestrated by British composer Leighton Lucas, re-orchestrated entirely by conductor Martin Yates in 2011...
(arr. Leighton LucasLeighton LucasLeighton Lucas was an English composer and conductor. Born into a musical family , he began his career as a dancer for Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes...
) – 1974
Orchestral compositions
- Première suite d'orchestre – 1867
- Scènes hongroises – 1870
- Scènes pittoresques – 1874
- Scènes dramatiques – 1875
- Scènes napolitaines – 1876
- Scènes de féerie – 1881
- Scènes alsaciennes – 1882
- Fantasy for cello and orchestra – 1897
- Piano Concerto – 1903
- Ouverture de concert
- Overture to Racine's Phèdre
- Sarabande espagnole
Incidental music
- Les érinnyes (containing the famous Élégie) – 1873
- Un drame sous Philippe II – 1875
- La vie de bohème – 1876
- L'Hetman – 1877
- Notre-Dame de Paris – 1879
- Michel Strogoff – 1880
- Nana-Sahin – 1883
- Théodora – 1884
- Le crocodile – 1900
- Phèdre – 1900
- Le grillon du foyer – 1904
- Le manteau du roi – 1907
- Perce-Beige et les sept gnomes – 1909
- Jérusalem – 1914
Song collections and cycles
- Poëme d'Avril (Armand Silvestre), Op. 14, songs, declaimed poems and piano solos, c.1866, published 1868
- Poëme pastoral (Florian and Armand Silvestre), baritone, 3 female voices, piano, 1870–72, published 1872
- Chansons des bois d'Amaranthe (M. Legrand, after Redwitz), four solo voices (SATB) and piano, 1900, published 1901
Songs
- À Colombine (Serenade d’Arlequin) (Louis GalletLouis GalletLouis Gallet was an inexhaustible French writer of operatic libretti, plays, romances, memoirs, pamphlets, and innumerable articles, who is remembered above all for his adaptations of fiction—and Scripture— to provide librettos of cantatas and opera, notably by composers Georges...
) - À la trépassée (Armand SilvestrePaul Armand SilvestrePaul-Armand Silvestre , French poet and conteur, was born in Paris.He studied at the École polytechnique with the intention of entering the army, but in 1870 he entered the department of finance. He had a successful official career, was decorated with the Legion of Honour in 1886, and in 1892 was...
) - À la Zuecca (Alfred de MussetAlfred de MussetAlfred Louis Charles de Musset-Pathay was a French dramatist, poet, and novelist.Along with his poetry, he is known for writing La Confession d'un enfant du siècle from 1836.-Biography:Musset was born on 11 December 1810 in Paris...
) - À Mignonne (Gustave Chouquet)
- Adieu (Complainte) (Armand SilvestrePaul Armand SilvestrePaul-Armand Silvestre , French poet and conteur, was born in Paris.He studied at the École polytechnique with the intention of entering the army, but in 1870 he entered the department of finance. He had a successful official career, was decorated with the Legion of Honour in 1886, and in 1892 was...
) - Adieux (Gilbert)
- Anniversaire (Armand Silvestre)
- Aubade (Gabriel Prévost)
- Automne (Paul Collin)
- Berceuse (Gustave Chouquet)
- Bonne nuit! (Camille Distel)
- Ce que disent les cloches (Jean de la Vingtrie)
- C'est l'amour (Victor HugoVictor HugoVictor-Marie Hugo was a Frenchpoet, playwright, novelist, essayist, visual artist, statesman, human rights activist and exponent of the Romantic movement in France....
) - Chant provençal (Michel CarréMichel CarréMichel Carré was a prolific French librettist.He went to Paris in 1840 intending to become a painter but took up writing instead. He wrote verse and plays before turning to writing libretti. His libretto for Mirette was never performed in France but was later performed in English adaptation in...
) - Crépuscule (Armand Silvestre)
- Dans l'air plein de fils de soie (Armand Silvestre)
- Declaration (Gustave Chouquet)
- Élégie (Louis GalletLouis GalletLouis Gallet was an inexhaustible French writer of operatic libretti, plays, romances, memoirs, pamphlets, and innumerable articles, who is remembered above all for his adaptations of fiction—and Scripture— to provide librettos of cantatas and opera, notably by composers Georges...
) - Epitaphe (Armand Silvestre)
- Être aimé (Jules Massenet after Victor Hugo)
- Guitare (Victor Hugo)
- La mort de la cigale (Maurice Fauré)
- La veillée du Petit Jésus (André (Theuriet)
- La vie d'une rose, Op. 12, No. 3 (Jules Ruelle)
- L'air du soir emportati (Armand Silvestre)
- L'âme des oiseau (Elena Vacarescu)
- Le portrait d'une enfant, Op. 12, No. 4 (Pierre de RonsardPierre de RonsardPierre de Ronsard was a French poet and "prince of poets" .-Early life:...
) - Le sais-tu? (Stéphan Bordèse)
- Le sentier perdu (Paul de Choudens)
- Le verger (Camille Distel)
- Les alcyons (Joseph Antoine Autran)
- Les bois de pins (Camille Distel)
- Les enfants
- Les femmes de Magdala (Louis GalletLouis GalletLouis Gallet was an inexhaustible French writer of operatic libretti, plays, romances, memoirs, pamphlets, and innumerable articles, who is remembered above all for his adaptations of fiction—and Scripture— to provide librettos of cantatas and opera, notably by composers Georges...
) - Les mains (Noel Bazan)
- Les oiselets (Jacques Normand)
- L'esclave, Op. 12, No. 1 (Théophile GautierThéophile GautierPierre Jules Théophile Gautier was a French poet, dramatist, novelist, journalist, art critic and literary critic....
) - Lève-toi (Armand Silvestre)
- Loin de moi ta lèvre Qui Ment (Jean Aicard)
- Madrigal (Armand Silvestre)
- Musette (Jean Pierre Claris de Florian)
- Narcisse à la fontaine (Paul Collin)
- Néére (Michel Carré)
- Nouvelle chanson sur un vieil air (Victor Hugo)
- Nuit d'Espagne (Louis GalletLouis GalletLouis Gallet was an inexhaustible French writer of operatic libretti, plays, romances, memoirs, pamphlets, and innumerable articles, who is remembered above all for his adaptations of fiction—and Scripture— to provide librettos of cantatas and opera, notably by composers Georges...
) - Ouvre tes yeux bleus (Paul Robiquet)
- Pensée d'automne (Armand Silvestre)
- Pour qu'à l'espérance (Armand Silvestre)
- Prélude (Armand Silvestre)
- Première danse (Jacques Clary Jean Normand)
- Puisqu’elle a pris ma vie (Paul Robiquet)
- Que l'heure est donc brève (Armand Silvestre)
- Rêvons, c'est l'heure (Paul VerlainePaul VerlainePaul-Marie Verlaine was a French poet associated with the Symbolist movement. He is considered one of the greatest representatives of the fin de siècle in international and French poetry.-Early life:...
) - Riez-vous (Armand Silvestre)
- Rondel de la belle au bois (Julien Gruaz)
- Roses d’Octobre (Paul Collin)
- Sérénade (MolièreMolièreJean-Baptiste Poquelin, known by his stage name Molière, was a French playwright and actor who is considered to be one of the greatest masters of comedy in Western literature...
) - Sérénade aux mariés, Op. 12, No. 2 (Jules Ruelle)
- Sérénade de Zanetto (François Coppée) *Sérénade du passant (François Coppée)
- Si tu veux, Mignonne (Abbé Claude Georges Boyer)
- Soir de rêve (Antonin Lugnier)
- Soleil couchant (Victor Hugo)
- Sonnet (Georges Pradel)
- Sonnet matinal (Armand Silvestre)
- Sonnet payen (Armand Silvestre)
- Souhait (Jacques Normand)
- Sous les branches (Armand Silvestre)
- Souvenez-vous, Vierge Marie! (Georges Boyer)
- Souvenir de Venise (Alfred de Musset)
- Stances (Gilbert)
- Sur la source (Armand Silvestre)
- Un adieu (Armand Silvestre)
- Un souffle de parfums (Armand Silvestre)
- Voici que les grans lys (Armand Silvestre)
- Voix suprême (Antoinette Lafaix-Gontié)
- Vous aimerez demain (Armand Silvestre)
Other
- Miscellaneous piano pieces
- Massenet completed and orchestrated Léo DelibesLéo DelibesClément Philibert Léo Delibes was a French composer of ballets, operas, and other works for the stage...
' unfinished opera Kassya. - Prelude in C major for organ.
Media
External links
for cello and orchestra.- Masters of French Music: Jules Massenet by Arthur Hervey
- [ All Music biographical notes on Massenet (in English)]
- Extensive biography with list of references and compositions (in French)
Scores and Vocal Scores on Indiana University Bloomington Libraries: