Samar Mubarakmand
Encyclopedia
Samar Mubarakmand (born September 17, 1942), (NI, HI, SI, Ph.D
, FPAS), is a Pakistani nuclear physicist, who served as the founding chairman of National Engineering and Scientific Commission
(NESCOM) from 2001 till 2007. Samar Mubarak-Mand launched the Missile Integration Programme in 1987 which was successfully completed in 2005. A pioneer of Fluid
and Aerodynamics
in Pakistan, Mand earned renowned internationally in May 1998, when he headed the team of academic scientists which carried out the country's
first and successful nuclear tests — Codename Chagai-I
on May 28 and Codename Chagai-II on May 30 — in Balochistan Province
of Pakistan.
in 1956. He received his B.Sc.
in Physics
in 1958 and, followed by his M.Sc.
degree
in nuclear physics in 1962, in which he wrote his M.Sc. thesis on "Construction of a gamma-ray spectrometer",both from Government College University
, Lahore
.
The same year, he won the doctoral scholarship, and attended Oxford University. Mand studied with Shaukat Hameed Khan, and while at Oxford, he studied Compton scattering
and dynamical theory of Gamma spectroscopy
. He received his Ph.D.
in Nuclear Physics
from the University of Oxford
in 1966 under the renowned nuclear physicist Dr. D. H. Wilkinson. There, Mand studied with Shaukat Hameed Khan at the Physics Department, learning about the Linear accelerators, and after returning to Pakistan he built one. In Oxford, he was part of the team that commissioned a 22 million volt
atomic accelerator
. After his doctorate, Mand returned to Pakistan where he joined Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission in 1966.
(PINSTECH) where he did his post-doctoral research under Naeem Ahmad Khan
. In January 1972, Mand was assigned to Ishfaq Ahmad
's Nuclear Physics Division where he took charge to carry out the calculations in implosion method, and mathematical multiplication involved in nuclear fission. In 1974, on the advise of Abdus Salam, Ishfaq Ahmad formed the Fast Neutron Physics Group, making Mand as its head. Mand was tasked to began to calculated the neutron energy's distributive ranges — determining the numbers would produced during the fission process — and Neutron economy
— how much power
would be produced by the neutrons. In September 1973, Mand then began the work on simultaneity
— key calculations involving to investigate detonation of the weapon from several points at the same time. However, the work was passed on to the Mathematical Physics Group (MPG) under Asghar Qadir
, and the Theoretical Physics Group (TPG) under Abdus Salam
as it felt that the calculations would be better off with MPG and TPG under Salam, as it involved complex mathematical and physics applications of Einstein
's Special
and General relativity
. Mand charged with the test teams, and was made responsible for the countdown for the detonation of the weapon. As scientist, Mand's team was tasked with the carrying the measurement and collecting scientific experimented data from the nuclear detonation.
In 1978, both TPG and MPG completed the work on the Fast neutron calculations, and the designing of the first implosion fission weapon. In 1978, Mand led the construction of a nuclear and particle linear accelerator, and the neutron generator
at the secret Pinstech Laboratory. On March 11 of 1983, Mand was one of the few scientists that were invited to eye-witnessed the cold test of theoretically designed weapon, codename Kirana-I. Mand was the part of the Ishfaq Ahmad's Nuclear Physics Division, and led the countdown of the weapon while TPG and MPG calculated the yield
. In 1980s, Mand was given transferred to Directorate for Technical Development(DTD) — a secret directorate that was mandate to develop explosive lens
es and triggering mechanism for the fission weapon. There, along with Hafeez Qureshi, Mand provided the technical assistance to the engineers there. At Pinstech Laboratory, Mand built another nuclear accelerator to conduct studies of an explosion process in a fission weapon. For his own role in the project and DTD, Mand later concluded: Engineer people (referring to Hafeez Qureshi and dr. Zaman Sheikh), at DTD, were really smart. They were trained very thoroughly in the development of a weapon's necessary materials at very low cost.
Mubarakmand first visited in Chagai Hills in 1981, along with Ishfaq Ahmad and other scientists from different divisions. In 1998, in the absent of Ishfaq Ahmad, Mand had briefly directed then-Prime minister
Nawaz Sharif
as he was first responsible for the preparations of tests. However, after Ishfaq Ahmad arrived, Mand was made responsible for the preparations of the tests. In May 28, 1998, Mand led the countdown of tests — codename Chagai-I
— in Ras Koh Hills of Chagai region
. On May 30, Ishfaq Ahmad received permission from the Prime minister, and Mand led the a very small team of academic scientists that supervised the country's plutonium fission weapon — codename Chagai-II.
In the 1990s, he served as the Director General of National Defence Complex
, another Pakistani organization shrouded in secrecy.
On a day when Mubarakmand was interviewed by Pakistani media host Hamid Mir
on his program Capital Talk
, Mubarakmand eulogized his memories and said:
, aerodynamics
, and fluid physics. Into Pakistan's scientific circle, he is known as father of Pakistan's missile program where he is reportedly been present at the flight test facilities of Pakistan. In 1987, Ministry of Defence
initiated the Integrated Missile Research and Development Programme, an equivalent program to India's Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP). The MoD
initiated the program under the leadership of dr. Samar Mubarakmand and dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan.
In 1995, Mubarakmand became chief project coordinator of Shaheen Strategic Missile Guidance System, and the following year, Mubarakmand was made head of the Integrated Missile Research and Development Programme (IMRDP), . The program, in which, Pakistan's developed its liquid and solid booster based missiles for her nuclear war heads. As the head of the Missile Integration Program, Mubarakmand's team successfully developed the solid booters and solid engine for Shaheen-I
. This was later followed by developing the Shaheen-II and Shaheen-III missiles. As of today, Mubarakmand is considered the main architect of Pakistan's missile program, which includes systems such as the Babur missile
, Shaheen missile series, and the Ghaznavi
missile system.
Mubarakmand, who has been a chief architect of Pakistan's solid booster, he has been a strong advocate for a Pakistan's space program. As a "Science and Technology" member at the Planning Commission of Pakistan, he has been staunch supporter of rocket science in his country where he led the Shaheen Missile guidance system project. Talking to the media on August 18, 2009, Mubarakmand has Pakistan would launch its own satellite in April 2011 it made some things seem all to obvious to analyst familiar with the subject.
He described the satellite as being able to monitor agricultural programs, minerals programs and weather conditions and that it was funded by the Pakistani Planning Commission. He went on to say there was enough money’s for both the defense, nuclear and space programs. Whether this will be a less than 100 kg first test satellite or a much heavier satellite remains to be seen.
's nuclear and missile technology. Mubarakmand is a recipient of Pakistan
's three highest civilian awards; Sitara-e-Imtiaz (1993), Hilal-e-Imtiaz (1998) and Nishan-e-Imtiaz (2003). In 2000, he was elected Fellow of Pakistan Academy of Sciences
. He has always kept a low profile and is often referred to as the "Unsung Hero
" of Nuclear Pakistan. Despite keeping away from the public spotlight, Samar Mubarakmand is considered the most influential and eminent Pakistani Nuclear Scientist.
Samar Mubarakmand served as Special Assistant to the Prime Minister on Science & Technology from December 2007 to April 2008, and joined Planning Commission (Pakistan)
, Government of Pakistan as Member (Science & Technology) on 16-12-2008.
Doctor of Philosophy
Doctor of Philosophy, abbreviated as Ph.D., PhD, D.Phil., or DPhil , in English-speaking countries, is a postgraduate academic degree awarded by universities...
, FPAS), is a Pakistani nuclear physicist, who served as the founding chairman of National Engineering and Scientific Commission
National Engineering and Scientific Commission
National Engineering and Scientific Commission is a civilian controlled Pakistani scientific and research organization carrying out research in many engineering and scientific areas including information technology, fluid dynamics, aerodynamics, aerospace engineering, electrical engineering,...
(NESCOM) from 2001 till 2007. Samar Mubarak-Mand launched the Missile Integration Programme in 1987 which was successfully completed in 2005. A pioneer of Fluid
Fluid dynamics
In physics, fluid dynamics is a sub-discipline of fluid mechanics that deals with fluid flow—the natural science of fluids in motion. It has several subdisciplines itself, including aerodynamics and hydrodynamics...
and Aerodynamics
Aerodynamics
Aerodynamics is a branch of dynamics concerned with studying the motion of air, particularly when it interacts with a moving object. Aerodynamics is a subfield of fluid dynamics and gas dynamics, with much theory shared between them. Aerodynamics is often used synonymously with gas dynamics, with...
in Pakistan, Mand earned renowned internationally in May 1998, when he headed the team of academic scientists which carried out the country's
Pakistan
Pakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a sovereign state in South Asia. It has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in the far northeast. In the north, Tajikistan...
first and successful nuclear tests — Codename Chagai-I
Chagai-I
The Chagai-I was a codename referring to the five underground nuclear tests conducted by Pakistan at 15:15hrs in 28th May of 1998. It was named Chagai-I, as the tests were conducted in the Chagai District...
on May 28 and Codename Chagai-II on May 30 — in Balochistan Province
Balochistan (Pakistan)
Balochistan is one of the four provinces or federating units of Pakistan. With an area of 134,051 mi2 or , it is the largest province of Pakistan, constituting approximately 44% of the total land mass of Pakistan. According to the 1998 population census, Balochistan had a population of...
of Pakistan.
Education
Samar Mubarakmand completed his elementary and intermediate education from Lahore, British Punjab. He did his matriculation from St. Anthony's High SchoolSt. Anthony's High School (Lahore)
St. Anthony's High School is part of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lahore in Pakistan. It is ranked among the best educational institutions in Punjab. It is situated at Lahore's historical road, The Mall....
in 1956. He received his B.Sc.
Bachelor of Science
A Bachelor of Science is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for completed courses that generally last three to five years .-Australia:In Australia, the BSc is a 3 year degree, offered from 1st year on...
in Physics
Physics
Physics is a natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through spacetime, along with related concepts such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves.Physics is one of the oldest academic...
in 1958 and, followed by his M.Sc.
Master of Science
A Master of Science is a postgraduate academic master's degree awarded by universities in many countries. The degree is typically studied for in the sciences including the social sciences.-Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay:...
degree
Academic degree
An academic degree is a position and title within a college or university that is usually awarded in recognition of the recipient having either satisfactorily completed a prescribed course of study or having conducted a scholarly endeavour deemed worthy of his or her admission to the degree...
in nuclear physics in 1962, in which he wrote his M.Sc. thesis on "Construction of a gamma-ray spectrometer",both from Government College University
Government College University
Government College University, Lahore is a co-educational public university located on The Mall in Lahore, Pakistan...
, Lahore
Lahore
Lahore is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and the second largest city in the country. With a rich and fabulous history dating back to over a thousand years ago, Lahore is no doubt Pakistan's cultural capital. One of the most densely populated cities in the world, Lahore remains a...
.
The same year, he won the doctoral scholarship, and attended Oxford University. Mand studied with Shaukat Hameed Khan, and while at Oxford, he studied Compton scattering
Compton scattering
In physics, Compton scattering is a type of scattering that X-rays and gamma rays undergo in matter. The inelastic scattering of photons in matter results in a decrease in energy of an X-ray or gamma ray photon, called the Compton effect...
and dynamical theory of Gamma spectroscopy
Gamma spectroscopy
Gamma-ray spectroscopy is the quantitative study of the energy spectra of gamma-ray sources, both nuclear laboratory, geochemical, and astrophysical. Gamma rays are the highest-energy form of electromagnetic radiation, being physically exactly like all other forms except for higher photon energy...
. He received his Ph.D.
Doctor of Philosophy
Doctor of Philosophy, abbreviated as Ph.D., PhD, D.Phil., or DPhil , in English-speaking countries, is a postgraduate academic degree awarded by universities...
in Nuclear Physics
Nuclear physics
Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies the building blocks and interactions of atomic nuclei. The most commonly known applications of nuclear physics are nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons technology, but the research has provided application in many fields, including those...
from the University of Oxford
University of Oxford
The University of Oxford is a university located in Oxford, United Kingdom. It is the second-oldest surviving university in the world and the oldest in the English-speaking world. Although its exact date of foundation is unclear, there is evidence of teaching as far back as 1096...
in 1966 under the renowned nuclear physicist Dr. D. H. Wilkinson. There, Mand studied with Shaukat Hameed Khan at the Physics Department, learning about the Linear accelerators, and after returning to Pakistan he built one. In Oxford, he was part of the team that commissioned a 22 million volt
Volt
The volt is the SI derived unit for electric potential, electric potential difference, and electromotive force. The volt is named in honor of the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta , who invented the voltaic pile, possibly the first chemical battery.- Definition :A single volt is defined as the...
atomic accelerator
Subcritical reactor
A subcritical reactor is a nuclear fission reactor that produces fission without achieving criticality. Instead of a sustaining chain reaction, a subcritical reactor uses additional neutrons from an outside source...
. After his doctorate, Mand returned to Pakistan where he joined Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission in 1966.
Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC)
After his doctorate, Mand joined Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) in 1966. The following year, he was sent to Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and TechnologyPakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology
The Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, or commonly known as "PINSTECH", is a multi-program science and technology national research institute managed by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. The PINSTECH offers a post-graduate and post-doctoral research in the field of nuclear...
(PINSTECH) where he did his post-doctoral research under Naeem Ahmad Khan
Naeem Ahmad Khan
Naeem Ahmad Khan , is a Pakistani nuclear physicist and meteorologist, known for his work to the fields of Solid-state nuclear track detector and Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance...
. In January 1972, Mand was assigned to Ishfaq Ahmad
Ishfaq Ahmad
Ishfaq Ahmad , D.Sc., Minister of State, SI, HI, NI, FPAS, is a Pakistani nuclear physicist, and well-known educationist and academic from Pakistan...
's Nuclear Physics Division where he took charge to carry out the calculations in implosion method, and mathematical multiplication involved in nuclear fission. In 1974, on the advise of Abdus Salam, Ishfaq Ahmad formed the Fast Neutron Physics Group, making Mand as its head. Mand was tasked to began to calculated the neutron energy's distributive ranges — determining the numbers would produced during the fission process — and Neutron economy
Neutron economy
Neutron economy is defined as the ratio of an adjoint weighted average of the excess neutron production divided by an adjoint weighted average of the fission production....
— how much power
Power (physics)
In physics, power is the rate at which energy is transferred, used, or transformed. For example, the rate at which a light bulb transforms electrical energy into heat and light is measured in watts—the more wattage, the more power, or equivalently the more electrical energy is used per unit...
would be produced by the neutrons. In September 1973, Mand then began the work on simultaneity
Relativity of simultaneity
In physics, the relativity of simultaneity is the concept that simultaneity–whether two events occur at the same time–is not absolute, but depends on the observer's reference frame. According to the special theory of relativity, it is impossible to say in an absolute sense whether two events occur...
— key calculations involving to investigate detonation of the weapon from several points at the same time. However, the work was passed on to the Mathematical Physics Group (MPG) under Asghar Qadir
Asghar Qadir
Asghar Qadir , HI, SI, FPAS, is a renowned Pakistani mathematician and a prominent cosmologist, specialized in Mathematical physics and Physical cosmology. He is considered as one of the top mathematicians in Pakistan...
, and the Theoretical Physics Group (TPG) under Abdus Salam
Abdus Salam
Mohammad Abdus Salam, NI, SPk Mohammad Abdus Salam, NI, SPk Mohammad Abdus Salam, NI, SPk (Urdu: محمد عبد السلام, pronounced , (January 29, 1926– November 21, 1996) was a Pakistani theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate in Physics for his work on the electroweak unification of the...
as it felt that the calculations would be better off with MPG and TPG under Salam, as it involved complex mathematical and physics applications of Einstein
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of general relativity, effecting a revolution in physics. For this achievement, Einstein is often regarded as the father of modern physics and one of the most prolific intellects in human history...
's Special
Special relativity
Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's...
and General relativity
General relativity
General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics...
. Mand charged with the test teams, and was made responsible for the countdown for the detonation of the weapon. As scientist, Mand's team was tasked with the carrying the measurement and collecting scientific experimented data from the nuclear detonation.
In 1978, both TPG and MPG completed the work on the Fast neutron calculations, and the designing of the first implosion fission weapon. In 1978, Mand led the construction of a nuclear and particle linear accelerator, and the neutron generator
Neutron generator
Neutron generators are neutron source devices which contain compact linear accelerators and that produce neutrons by fusing isotopes of hydrogen together. The fusion reactions take place in these devices by accelerating either deuterium, tritium, or a mixture of these two isotopes into a metal...
at the secret Pinstech Laboratory. On March 11 of 1983, Mand was one of the few scientists that were invited to eye-witnessed the cold test of theoretically designed weapon, codename Kirana-I. Mand was the part of the Ishfaq Ahmad's Nuclear Physics Division, and led the countdown of the weapon while TPG and MPG calculated the yield
Nuclear weapon yield
The explosive yield of a nuclear weapon is the amount of energy discharged when a nuclear weapon is detonated, expressed usually in the equivalent mass of trinitrotoluene , either in kilotons or megatons , but sometimes also in terajoules...
. In 1980s, Mand was given transferred to Directorate for Technical Development(DTD) — a secret directorate that was mandate to develop explosive lens
Explosive lens
An explosive lens—as used, for example, in nuclear weapons—is a highly specialized explosive charge, a special type of a shaped charge. In general, it is a device composed of several explosive charges that are shaped in such a way as to change the shape of the detonation wave passing through it,...
es and triggering mechanism for the fission weapon. There, along with Hafeez Qureshi, Mand provided the technical assistance to the engineers there. At Pinstech Laboratory, Mand built another nuclear accelerator to conduct studies of an explosion process in a fission weapon. For his own role in the project and DTD, Mand later concluded: Engineer people (referring to Hafeez Qureshi and dr. Zaman Sheikh), at DTD, were really smart. They were trained very thoroughly in the development of a weapon's necessary materials at very low cost.
Mubarakmand first visited in Chagai Hills in 1981, along with Ishfaq Ahmad and other scientists from different divisions. In 1998, in the absent of Ishfaq Ahmad, Mand had briefly directed then-Prime minister
Prime Minister of Pakistan
The Prime Minister of Pakistan , is the Head of Government of Pakistan who is designated to exercise as the country's Chief Executive. By the Constitution of Pakistan, Pakistan has the parliamentary democratic system of government...
Nawaz Sharif
Nawaz Sharif
Mian Mohammad Nawaz Sharif is a Pakistani conservative politician and steel magnate who served as 12th Prime Minister of Pakistan in two non-consecutive terms from November 1990 to July 1993, and from February 1997 to October 12, 1999...
as he was first responsible for the preparations of tests. However, after Ishfaq Ahmad arrived, Mand was made responsible for the preparations of the tests. In May 28, 1998, Mand led the countdown of tests — codename Chagai-I
Chagai-I
The Chagai-I was a codename referring to the five underground nuclear tests conducted by Pakistan at 15:15hrs in 28th May of 1998. It was named Chagai-I, as the tests were conducted in the Chagai District...
— in Ras Koh Hills of Chagai region
Chagai Hills
The Chagai Hills is a range of granite hills in the Chagai District in Pakistan's Balochistan province.-Location:The Chagai Hills lie in a desert area in the northernmost part of Chagai District north of Pakistan's Ras Koh Hills and south of Afghanistan's Helmand and Nimruz provinces.- Topography...
. On May 30, Ishfaq Ahmad received permission from the Prime minister, and Mand led the a very small team of academic scientists that supervised the country's plutonium fission weapon — codename Chagai-II.
In the 1990s, he served as the Director General of National Defence Complex
National Defence Complex
The National Development Complex , is an aerospace and defense agency of the Ministry of Defence of Government of Pakistan, located in Fateh Jang, Punjab Province of Pakistan. The NDC was founded in 1990 by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission chairman, Mr...
, another Pakistani organization shrouded in secrecy.
On a day when Mubarakmand was interviewed by Pakistani media host Hamid Mir
Hamid Mir
Hamid Mir is a Pakistani journalist and editor. He is also a news anchor, terrorism expert, and security analyst who regularly participates in international conferences. He is also known for his columns in Urdu, Hindi, Bengali, and English newspapers and hosts a popular political talk show on Geo...
on his program Capital Talk
Capital Talk
Capital Talk is a popular current events debate television program hosted by Hamid Mir that airs on GEO News.From its website: As Pakistan is a country where with advent of new day we see a new political development so it brings into forefront those political developments in such a manner so that...
, Mubarakmand eulogized his memories and said:
Space programme
After his active role in Pakistan's nuclear weapons research programme, Mubarakmand has been associated with the country's space program where he largely contributed his research in computational fluid dynamicsComputational fluid dynamics
Computational fluid dynamics, usually abbreviated as CFD, is a branch of fluid mechanics that uses numerical methods and algorithms to solve and analyze problems that involve fluid flows. Computers are used to perform the calculations required to simulate the interaction of liquids and gases with...
, aerodynamics
Aerodynamics
Aerodynamics is a branch of dynamics concerned with studying the motion of air, particularly when it interacts with a moving object. Aerodynamics is a subfield of fluid dynamics and gas dynamics, with much theory shared between them. Aerodynamics is often used synonymously with gas dynamics, with...
, and fluid physics. Into Pakistan's scientific circle, he is known as father of Pakistan's missile program where he is reportedly been present at the flight test facilities of Pakistan. In 1987, Ministry of Defence
Ministry of Defence (Pakistan)
The Ministry of Defence , is a federal government ministry tasked with coordinating and supervising all major government agencies and federal departments of the government relating directly to National security and the Pakistan Defense Forces...
initiated the Integrated Missile Research and Development Programme, an equivalent program to India's Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP). The MoD
Ministry of Defence (Pakistan)
The Ministry of Defence , is a federal government ministry tasked with coordinating and supervising all major government agencies and federal departments of the government relating directly to National security and the Pakistan Defense Forces...
initiated the program under the leadership of dr. Samar Mubarakmand and dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan.
In 1995, Mubarakmand became chief project coordinator of Shaheen Strategic Missile Guidance System, and the following year, Mubarakmand was made head of the Integrated Missile Research and Development Programme (IMRDP), . The program, in which, Pakistan's developed its liquid and solid booster based missiles for her nuclear war heads. As the head of the Missile Integration Program, Mubarakmand's team successfully developed the solid booters and solid engine for Shaheen-I
Shaheen-I
The Shaheen missile series, named after a species of falcon found in the mountains of Pakistan, was developed by NESCOM's National Defence Complex of Pakistan...
. This was later followed by developing the Shaheen-II and Shaheen-III missiles. As of today, Mubarakmand is considered the main architect of Pakistan's missile program, which includes systems such as the Babur missile
Babur missile
Babur , also designated Hatf VII, is the first land attack cruise missile to be developed by Pakistan....
, Shaheen missile series, and the Ghaznavi
Ghaznavi
Ghaznavi Missile is a short range ballistic missile with an optimal range of 290 km, produced by Pakistan and named after the 11th century Afghan conqueror Mahmud of Ghazni. The missile has a length of 9.64m, diameter of 0.99 m, launch weight of 5256 kg and is powered by a single stage solid fuel...
missile system.
Mubarakmand, who has been a chief architect of Pakistan's solid booster, he has been a strong advocate for a Pakistan's space program. As a "Science and Technology" member at the Planning Commission of Pakistan, he has been staunch supporter of rocket science in his country where he led the Shaheen Missile guidance system project. Talking to the media on August 18, 2009, Mubarakmand has Pakistan would launch its own satellite in April 2011 it made some things seem all to obvious to analyst familiar with the subject.
He described the satellite as being able to monitor agricultural programs, minerals programs and weather conditions and that it was funded by the Pakistani Planning Commission. He went on to say there was enough money’s for both the defense, nuclear and space programs. Whether this will be a less than 100 kg first test satellite or a much heavier satellite remains to be seen.
Thar Coal Power Project
Of 2010, currently, Dr. Samarkand Mubarakmand is supervising coal mining practiced on scientific lines, for the Thar Coal Power Project.Legacy
Samar Mubarakmand is widely credited with bringing modernization in the design and development of many components and instruments that are the backbone of PakistanPakistan
Pakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a sovereign state in South Asia. It has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in the far northeast. In the north, Tajikistan...
's nuclear and missile technology. Mubarakmand is a recipient of Pakistan
Pakistan
Pakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a sovereign state in South Asia. It has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in the far northeast. In the north, Tajikistan...
's three highest civilian awards; Sitara-e-Imtiaz (1993), Hilal-e-Imtiaz (1998) and Nishan-e-Imtiaz (2003). In 2000, he was elected Fellow of Pakistan Academy of Sciences
Pakistan Academy of Sciences
The Pakistan Academy of Sciences The Pakistan Academy of Sciences The Pakistan Academy of Sciences (Urdu: پاکستان اكيڈ مى ﺁف سائس; shortened to PAS, is a learned society for science and technology based in Pakistan. The academy consisted and served as the network of science across the Pakistan as...
. He has always kept a low profile and is often referred to as the "Unsung Hero
Hero
A hero , in Greek mythology and folklore, was originally a demigod, their cult being one of the most distinctive features of ancient Greek religion...
" of Nuclear Pakistan. Despite keeping away from the public spotlight, Samar Mubarakmand is considered the most influential and eminent Pakistani Nuclear Scientist.
Samar Mubarakmand served as Special Assistant to the Prime Minister on Science & Technology from December 2007 to April 2008, and joined Planning Commission (Pakistan)
Planning Commission (Pakistan)
The Planning Commission of Pakistan, commonly known as Planning Commission, is a Pakistan Government's executive and federal departmental institution in charge of managing the economy of the country in tandem with the Ministry of Finance. Its main function is to prepare five-year plans of economic...
, Government of Pakistan as Member (Science & Technology) on 16-12-2008.
Conference Papers
- A Science Oddyssey: Pakistans Nuclear emergence, Dr. Samar Mubarakmand, Dr. Khalil Qureshi, Dr. Masoor Beg, Dr. Masud AhmadMasud AhmadMuhammad Masud Ahmad, Born: 1942, known as Masood Ahmad, D.Phil, Sc.D, SI, HI , is a Pakistani theoretical physicist and ICTP laureate who is renowned for his work in Neutron t scattering...
.
Research Publications
- Aspects of a-emission from the bombardment of 58NiNickelNickel is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel belongs to the transition metals and is hard and ductile...
with 14.7 MeV neutrons, by Naeem Ahmad Khan, Samar Mubarakmand and Masud Ahmed, journal of Nuclear physics, PINSTECH. - Cross-section measurements with a neutron generator by Samar Mubarakmand, Masud Ahmad, M. Anwar and M. S. Chaudhry.
- Some characteristic differences between the etch pits due to 86RnRadonRadon is a chemical element with symbol Rn and atomic number 86. It is a radioactive, colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, occurring naturally as the decay product of uranium or thorium. Its most stable isotope, 222Rn, has a half-life of 3.8 days...
and 232 Th α particles in CA80–15 and LR–115 cellulose nitrate track detectors, by Hameed Ahmad Khan, M. Afzal, P. Chaudhary, Samar Mubarakmand, F. I. Nagi and A.Waheed, journal of Isotopic Radiation, PINSTECH (1977). - Application of glass solid state nuclear track detectors in the measurement of the +Charged particleIn physics, a charged particle is a particle with an electric charge. It may be either a subatomic particle or an ion. A collection of charged particles, or even a gas containing a proportion of charged particles, is called a plasma, which is called the fourth state of matter because its...
particle fission cross–section of uranium, by Samar Mubarakmand, K. Rashid, P. Chaudhry and Hameed Ahmad Khan, Methods of Nuclear Instrumentation. (1977) - Etching of glass solid state nuclear track detectors in aqueous solutions of (4NHAmmoniumThe ammonium cation is a positively charged polyatomic cation with the chemical formula NH. It is formed by the protonation of ammonia...
)2HFHydrogen fluorideHydrogen fluoride is a chemical compound with the formula HF. This colorless gas is the principal industrial source of fluorine, often in the aqueous form as hydrofluoric acid, and thus is the precursor to many important compounds including pharmaceuticals and polymers . HF is widely used in the...
, NaOH and KOHPotassium hydroxidePotassium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the formula KOH, commonly called caustic potash.Along with sodium hydroxide , this colorless solid is a prototypical strong base. It has many industrial and niche applications. Most applications exploit its reactivity toward acids and its corrosive...
, by Hameed Ahmad Khan, R. A. Akbar, A. Waheed, P. Chaudhry and Samar Mubarakmand, journal of Isotopic Radiation, PINSTECH (1978). - Derivation of a mathematical relationship between the relative movement of point charges and their associated viscosic medium - Dr. Samar Mubarakmand, Fahad Shiftra and Prof. Ian.
- Super critical movement of point charges in a Bose-Einstein condensate-Fahad Shiftra, Prof. Asad AbidiAsad AbidiAsad Ali Abidi is a Pakistani electrical engineer, who was the first dean of Lahore University of Management Sciences's School of Science and Engineering...
and Dr. Samar Mubarakmand (Turkish journal of physics - May 2005)
Awards and honors
- Dr. Nazir Ahmad Award (2007)
- Nishan-e-Imtiaz (2003)
- Hilal-e-Imtiaz (1998)
- Sitara-e-Imtiaz (1992)
- Academic Roll of Honour, Government CollegeGovernment CollegeGovernment College refers to various colleges.* Government College University, Lahore, is probably the most frequent college referred to by this name. It may also refer to:* Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, India* Darjeeling Government College...
, LahoreLahoreLahore is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and the second largest city in the country. With a rich and fabulous history dating back to over a thousand years ago, Lahore is no doubt Pakistan's cultural capital. One of the most densely populated cities in the world, Lahore remains a...
(1962).
Memberships/fellowships
- Fellow of Pakistan Academy of SciencesPakistan Academy of SciencesThe Pakistan Academy of Sciences The Pakistan Academy of Sciences The Pakistan Academy of Sciences (Urdu: پاکستان اكيڈ مى ﺁف سائس; shortened to PAS, is a learned society for science and technology based in Pakistan. The academy consisted and served as the network of science across the Pakistan as...
(2000) - Fellow of Pakistan Nuclear Society (1995)
- An elected member of Nuclear Society of Pakistan (1994)
- Fellow of the Pakistan Mathematical Society (2007)
Quotes by Samar Mubarakmand
- Samar Mubarakmand's response on the day when Pakistan complete its nuclear task of explosion on May 28, 1998.
See also
- Pakistan and its Nuclear Detterent Program
- Munir Ahmad KhanMunir Ahmad KhanMunir Ahmad Khan , HI, was a Pakistani nuclear engineer and a scientist who served as the Chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission from 1972 to 1991...
- Ishfaq AhmadIshfaq AhmadIshfaq Ahmad , D.Sc., Minister of State, SI, HI, NI, FPAS, is a Pakistani nuclear physicist, and well-known educationist and academic from Pakistan...
- Muhammad Hafeez QureshiMuhammad Hafeez QureshiMuhammad Hafeez Qureshi , Neuclear Physics. SI, HI, , also known as Hafeez Qureshi, was a Pakistani Nuclear Scientist...
- Shaheen (missile)
- Chagai-IChagai-IThe Chagai-I was a codename referring to the five underground nuclear tests conducted by Pakistan at 15:15hrs in 28th May of 1998. It was named Chagai-I, as the tests were conducted in the Chagai District...
- Chagai-II
- Kirana Hills