Scarborough Town Centre
Encyclopedia
The Scarborough Town Centre is an upscale shopping mall
Shopping mall
A shopping mall, shopping centre, shopping arcade, shopping precinct or simply mall is one or more buildings forming a complex of shops representing merchandisers, with interconnecting walkways enabling visitors to easily walk from unit to unit, along with a parking area — a modern, indoor version...

 in the Scarborough
Scarborough, Ontario
Scarborough is a dissolved municipality within the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Geographically, it comprises the eastern part of Toronto. It is bordered on the south by Lake Ontario, on the west by Victoria Park Avenue, on the north by Steeles Avenue East, and on the east by the Rouge River...

 district of Toronto
Toronto
Toronto is the provincial capital of Ontario and the largest city in Canada. It is located in Southern Ontario on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario. A relatively modern city, Toronto's history dates back to the late-18th century, when its land was first purchased by the British monarchy from...

, Ontario
Ontario
Ontario is a province of Canada, located in east-central Canada. It is Canada's most populous province and second largest in total area. It is home to the nation's most populous city, Toronto, and the nation's capital, Ottawa....

, Canada
Canada
Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...

. Central to the Scarborough City Centre
Scarborough City Centre
Scarborough City Centre is the central business district in the Scarborough district of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is roughly bounded by Kennedy Road to the west, Markham Road to the east, Ellesmere Road to the south, and Sheppard Avenue to the North...

, it is adjacent to the Scarborough Centre RT station
Scarborough Centre (TTC)
Scarborough Centre is a station on the Scarborough RT line of the Toronto subway and RT. It is located north of Ellesmere Road between Brimley and McCowan Roads, just south of Highway 401...

 and Scarborough Centre Bus Terminal
Scarborough Centre Bus Terminal
Scarborough Centre Bus Terminal is an intercity bus terminal in Scarborough, Toronto located at its namesake subway station. It is primarily served by GO Transit buses running along the Lakeshore East and Highway 407/York University corridors, with longer distance connections outside the Greater...

. It was constructed by Oxford Properties
Oxford Properties
Oxford Properties is an investor, owner, developer and manager of commercial real estate of more than . of commercial & industrial space, more than half of it in the city of Toronto and its suburbs, from where the company is based, but also has regional head offices in New York and London...

 and opened in 1973 to become the ninth largest shopping mall in Canada by retail space. It is one of the five major shopping malls in Toronto.

In 2008, the mall underwent a complete renovation, branded as "Lighten Up", completed in November 2010.

Description

The mall was constructed in 1972 and was opened on May 2, 1973. At that time it included two major Canadian department store
Department store
A department store is a retail establishment which satisfies a wide range of the consumer's personal and residential durable goods product needs; and at the same time offering the consumer a choice of multiple merchandise lines, at variable price points, in all product categories...

s, Simpson's
Simpson's
The Robert Simpson Company, or Simpsons , was a Canadian department store chain, founded by Robert Simpson. The chain was eventually bought by the Hudson's Bay Company.- History :...

 and Eaton's
Eaton's
The T. Eaton Co. Limited was once Canada's largest department store retailer. It was founded in 1869 in Toronto by Timothy Eaton, an Irish immigrant. Eaton's grew to become a retail and social institution in Canada, with stores across the country, buying offices across the globe, and a catalogue...

. Miracle Food Mart
Miracle Food Mart
Miracle Food Mart was a supermarket chain in Ontario, Canada, owned by Steinberg's, a Quebec-based retailer in the 1970s and 1980s.Steinberg purchased the Grand Union chain of 38 stores in June 1959 to make its entrance into the Ontario market. These stores operated unter the Steinberg banner until...

, a supermarket
Supermarket
A supermarket, a form of grocery store, is a self-service store offering a wide variety of food and household merchandise, organized into departments...

 was also located in the mall; part of the Steinbergs chain it was co-located with a Miracle Mart, a discount department store, It was designed to serve as part of the civic and commercial centre of what was then the Borough of Scarborough. Scarborough Town Centre opened with 130 stores adjacent to the borough's administration buildings. It provided a central landmark in an otherwise newer suburban area of Toronto.

Originally Y-shaped, with its stem towards the Civic Centre, a second phase of construction added the northern department store and two wings. The construction added 240000 square feet (22,296.7 m²) of retail space, and was opened on August 8, 1979.

The mall is located on the other side of Albert Campbell Square
Albert Campbell Square
Albert Campbell Square is a hard surface civic square in Toronto's eastern district of Scarborough outside of the Scarborough Civic Centre, named for the former politician, Metro Chairman and first mayor of Scarborough Albert Campbell....

, which is adjacent to the Scarborough Civic Centre
Scarborough Civic Centre
The Scarborough Civic Centre, located in Toronto, Ontario, was designed by architect Raymond Moriyama for the then Borough of Scarborough. It was officially opened by then mayor Albert Campbell and Queen Elizabeth II in 1973...

. The people-friendly square is two-thirds the size of Nathan Philips Square in Downtown Toronto
Downtown Toronto
Downtown Toronto is the central business district of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is approximately bounded by Bloor Street to the north, Lake Ontario to the south, the Don River to the east, and Bathurst Street to the west...

, and was constructed around a stand of trees preserved from the original 69 hectare parcel of land.

Although anchored by only Eaton's and Simpsons at the time, the Scarborough Town Centre also had one of the few Brewers Retail (now The Beer Store) stores located within a shopping centre and the first to contain a completely refrigerated storeroom; there was also an LCBO liquor store located at the Scarborough Town Centre's Taste of the Town. Visitors could enjoy a meal or snack under a vaulted double-glazed glass ceiling that let the sun shine in.

The mall is served by Highway 401, one of the busiest highways in the world. The mall can also be reached through a turnaround ramp on McCowan Road, Progress Avenue, and Brimley Road
Brimley Road
Brimley Road is a north-south street in Scarborough and York Region, Ontario, Canada. The road carries 32000 vehicles daily as of May 2007 and is classified as a major arterial road by the city of Toronto....

. The TTC
Toronto Transit Commission
-Island Ferry:The ferry service to the Toronto Islands was operated by the TTC from 1927 until 1962, when it was transferred to the Metro Parks and Culture department. Since 1998, the ferry service is run by Toronto Parks and Recreation.-Gray Coach:...

's Scarborough RT line also has a station adjacent to the mall, Scarborough Centre
Scarborough Centre (TTC)
Scarborough Centre is a station on the Scarborough RT line of the Toronto subway and RT. It is located north of Ellesmere Road between Brimley and McCowan Roads, just south of Highway 401...

, opened in 1985 with service running southwest to Kennedy
Kennedy (TTC)
Kennedy is the terminal subway station of the Bloor-Danforth and Scarborough RT lines of the Toronto subway and RT. It is located at 2455 Eglinton Avenue East, just east of Kennedy Road. The station opened in 1980 in what was then the Borough of Scarborough with the Bloor-Danforth platform, and the...

 station on the Bloor-Danforth subway line and east to McCowan
McCowan (TTC)
McCowan is a station on the Scarborough RT line of the Toronto subway and RT. It is located at 1275 McCowan Road, just north of Ellesmere Road at Bushby Drive/Town Centre Court...

 Station.

In the 1980s and '90s the mall was expanded to allow more anchor stores and retail space. The most recent expansion being in 1998 when Scarborough Town Centre added an additional 16,000 m² of space devoted to entertainment. A brand new two-level Indigo Books, Music & Café
Indigo Books and Music
Indigo Books & Music Inc. is a Canadian retail bookstore chain. The company was founded in 1996 by CEO Heather Reisman, wife of Gerry Schwartz, majority owner and CEO of Onex Corporation....

 was designed to be the ultimate browse-and-buy experience. Indigo has closed down and was replaced by Sportchek. A smaller bookstore, Coles, sister company to Indigo remains open in the mall. Famous Players Coliseum opened 12 state-of-the-art theatres with stadium-style seating and a lobby loaded with video games and movie snacks. It can also be noted that the Rainforest Cafe
Rainforest Cafe
Rainforest Cafe is a themed restaurant chain owned by Landry's Restaurants, Inc. of Houston, Texas. It was founded by entrepreneur Steven Schussler. The first location opened in the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota on February 3, 1994. In 1997, the chain consisted of only six restaurants,...

 also opened its first Canadian restaurant in the new wing, though once novelty wore off only the location in the Yorkdale Shopping Centre
Yorkdale Shopping Centre
Yorkdale Shopping Centre is a large shopping mall in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It contains over 250 stores and is located in the community of Downsview, in North York. It is the fifth largest shopping mall in Canada and also enjoys the highest sales per square foot of any mall in Canada, with...

 (which opened a bit later) remained in operation. The Bay
The Bay
The Bay is a chain of 91 department stores that operate across parts of Canada. It is the main brand of Hudson's Bay Company , North America's oldest company. It has its headquarters in the Simpson Tower in Toronto. In French, the chain is known as la Baie, short for "Compagnie de la Baie d'Hudson"...

 (formerly Simpsons) added a whole new floor and Sears completed extensive renovations where Eaton's
Eaton's
The T. Eaton Co. Limited was once Canada's largest department store retailer. It was founded in 1869 in Toronto by Timothy Eaton, an Irish immigrant. Eaton's grew to become a retail and social institution in Canada, with stores across the country, buying offices across the globe, and a catalogue...

 was after purchasing the entire Eaton's chain. Wal-Mart
Wal-Mart
Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. , branded as Walmart since 2008 and Wal-Mart before then, is an American public multinational corporation that runs chains of large discount department stores and warehouse stores. The company is the world's 18th largest public corporation, according to the Forbes Global 2000...

 has since moved into where Sears, and initially The Bay, once was.

It currently includes The Bay, Sears, Wal-Mart, Sportchek, Old Navy
Old Navy
Old Navy is an American clothing brand as well as a chain of stores owned by Gap, Inc., with corporate operations in San Francisco and San Bruno, California. It is one of the first major corporations to house headquarters in the new Mission Bay district of San Francisco.Gap, Inc. was run by...

, and a Famous Players Coliseum cinema as its anchors, and Dollarama
Dollarama
Dollarama is a chain of over 690 dollar stores across Canada. The company is headquartered in Montreal and, since 2009, is Canada's largest retailer of items for 2 dollars or less. The first Dollarama store was created at the shopping centre "Les promenades du St-Laurent" in Matane...

 as a mini-anchor. It has more than 121,000 m² and about 220 stores, making it the fourth-largest shopping centre in Greater Toronto
Greater Toronto Area
The Greater Toronto Area is the largest metropolitan area in Canada, with a 2006 census population of 5.5 million. The Greater Toronto Area is usually defined as the central city of Toronto, along with four regional municipalities surrounding it: Durham, Halton, Peel, and York...

, after Square One Shopping Centre
Square One Shopping Centre
Square One Shopping Centre is a shopping mall located in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. It is one of the largest shopping malls in Canada, with over 1.6 million square feet of retail space and more than 360 stores and services...

, Yorkdale Shopping Centre
Yorkdale Shopping Centre
Yorkdale Shopping Centre is a large shopping mall in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It contains over 250 stores and is located in the community of Downsview, in North York. It is the fifth largest shopping mall in Canada and also enjoys the highest sales per square foot of any mall in Canada, with...

, and Toronto Eaton Centre
Toronto Eaton Centre
The Toronto Eaton Centre is a large shopping mall and office complex in downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada, named after the now-defunct Eaton's department store chain that once anchored it. In terms of the number of visitors, the shopping mall is Toronto's top tourist attraction, with around one...

, but larger than Sherway Gardens
Sherway Gardens
Sherway Garden is a large shopping mall located in Etobicoke with over 200 stores. It is located on the south-east intersection of The Queensway and The West Mall in the west end of the city on the Mississauga border...

 or Vaughan Mills
Vaughan Mills
Vaughan Mills is a large shopping centre in Canada located at the southeast corner of Highway 400 and Rutherford Road, in Vaughan, Ontario about 32 km north of Downtown Toronto. The mall is located adjacent to Canada's Wonderland...

. Town Centre is east end Toronto's most important transportation hub. In addition to the RT, Scarborough Town Centre is a busy terminus for a significant number of TTC bus routes, as well as GO Transit
GO Transit
GO Transit is an inter-regional public transit system in Southern Ontario, Canada. It primarily serves the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area conurbation, with operations extending to several communities beyond the GTHA proper in the Greater Golden Horseshoe...

.

The Real Canadian Superstore
Real Canadian Superstore
Real Canadian Superstore is a chain of hypermarkets owned by Canadian food retailing giant Loblaw Companies. Its name is often shortened to RCSS or Superstore....

 has opened at 1755 Brimley Road
Brimley Road
Brimley Road is a north-south street in Scarborough and York Region, Ontario, Canada. The road carries 32000 vehicles daily as of May 2007 and is classified as a major arterial road by the city of Toronto....

 (at the 401
Highway 401 (Ontario)
King's Highway 401, also known by its official name as the Macdonald–Cartier Freeway and colloquially as the four-oh-one, is a 400-Series Highway in the Canadian province of Ontario stretching from Windsor to the Quebec border...

). A Krispy Kreme
Krispy Kreme
Krispy Kreme is the name of an international chain of doughnut stores that was founded by Vernon Rudolph in 1937 in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. The parent company of Krispy Kreme is Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, Inc...

 branch closed after the Canadian operator ran into financial trouble. The closed Krispy Kreme has been reopened as a Swiss Chalet. The mall itself and most of the land surrounding it are owned by OMERS
OMERS
OMERS, officially the Ontario Municipal Employees Retirement System, is a pension fund created by statute in 1962 to handle the retirement benefits of local government employees in the province of Ontario, Canada. It has become one of the largest institutional investors in Canada. About 70% of...

 (the Ontario Municipal Employees Retirement System) pension fund under their Oxford Properties
Oxford Properties
Oxford Properties is an investor, owner, developer and manager of commercial real estate of more than . of commercial & industrial space, more than half of it in the city of Toronto and its suburbs, from where the company is based, but also has regional head offices in New York and London...

 division.

During the mall's latest renovation, retailers such as Victoria's Secret have developed interests in retail space. Victoria's Secret have opened one of Canada's first Pink stores in the former Disney Store in July 2010. In Fall 2011 there will be a Victoria Secret store opening next door to Pink. Other major retailers such as Forever 21, will replace the former Sportchek and Aritzia, will replace Birk's the jewellery store.

Scarborough Walk of Fame

In 2006, ten prominent members of Scarborough's community were inducted into the Scarborough Walk of Fame, and this was the first annual ceremony. The stars (plaques) of the Walk of Fame are located on a walkway between the food court
Food court
A food court is generally an indoor plaza or common area within a facility that is contiguous with the counters of multiple food vendors and provides a common area for self-serve dining. Food courts may be found in shopping malls and airports, and in various regions may be a standalone development...

s of the mall, on the upper level.

The first inductees were burn-unit founder Dr. Lloyd N. Carlsen, educator Dr. R. H. King, NBA
National Basketball Association
The National Basketball Association is the pre-eminent men's professional basketball league in North America. It consists of thirty franchised member clubs, of which twenty-nine are located in the United States and one in Canada...

 player Jamaal Magloire
Jamaal Magloire
Jamaal Dane Magloire is a Canadian professional basketball player who last played for the Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association . The , center was selected out of the University of Kentucky by the Charlotte Hornets with the 19th overall pick in the 2000 NBA Draft, after withdrawing...

, pulmonary scientist Dr. Charles C. Macklin, artist Doris McCarthy
Doris McCarthy
Doris McCarthy, CM, O.Ont was a Canadian artist specializing in abstracted landscapes.Born in Calgary, Alberta, McCarthy attended the Ontario College of Art from , where she was awarded various scholarships and prizes...

, Lieutenant Governor of Ontario
Lieutenant Governor of Ontario
The Lieutenant Governor of Ontario is the viceregal representative in Ontario of the Canadian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, who operates distinctly within the province but is also shared equally with the ten other jurisdictions of Canada and resides predominantly in her oldest realm, the United...

 and former television personality, The Honourable David Onley
David Onley
David Charles Onley, OOnt is the 28th and current Lieutenant Governor of Ontario, Canada.Onley was a television journalist prior to his viceregal appointment. He worked primarily for Citytv as a science and technology reporter, and for the 24-hour news station CablePulse 24 as a news anchor and...

, Olympic hockey player Vicky Sunohara
Vicky Sunohara
Vicky Sunohara is a three-time Olympian and is known as one of Canada's all-time most popular female ice hockey players. She was once considered to be the best female ice hockey player in the world and was described as the "Wayne Gretzky of women's hockey"...

, pioneer David Thomson, hip-hop artist Wes Williams, and geriatric care entrepreneur Dr. Joseph Yu Kai Wong
Joseph Yu Kai Wong
Joseph Yu Kai Wong, CM is a notable philanthropist in the Chinese Canadian community. He founded The Yee Hong Centre for Geriatric Care in 1987 . He served as the chairman for the United Way of Greater Toronto from 1990 to 1992 and has been honorary chair since 1994. He was awarded the Order of...

.

Anchors and major retailers

Order from largest area to smallest area:
  • The Bay
    The Bay
    The Bay is a chain of 91 department stores that operate across parts of Canada. It is the main brand of Hudson's Bay Company , North America's oldest company. It has its headquarters in the Simpson Tower in Toronto. In French, the chain is known as la Baie, short for "Compagnie de la Baie d'Hudson"...

     23,472 m² (252,656 ft²)
  • Sears
    Sears Canada
    Sears Canada Inc. is a retailer, headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, that operates in all provinces and territories across Canada with a network of 196 corporate stores, 195 dealer stores, 38 home improvement showrooms, 108 Sears Travel offices and a nationwide home maintenance, repair, and...

     21,515 m² (231,590 ft²)
  • Wal-Mart 14,754 m² (158,810 ft²)
  • Famous Players Coliseum
    Cineplex Entertainment
    Cineplex Entertainment LP , is the largest film exhibitor in Canada and owns, leases or has a joint-venture interest in 130 theatres with 1,351 screens. Headquartered in Toronto, Canada, Cineplex operates theatres from British Columbia to Quebec...

     9755 m² (105,000 ft²)
  • Dollarama
    Dollarama
    Dollarama is a chain of over 690 dollar stores across Canada. The company is headquartered in Montreal and, since 2009, is Canada's largest retailer of items for 2 dollars or less. The first Dollarama store was created at the shopping centre "Les promenades du St-Laurent" in Matane...

     1914 m² (20,598 ft²)
  • Old Navy
    Old Navy
    Old Navy is an American clothing brand as well as a chain of stores owned by Gap, Inc., with corporate operations in San Francisco and San Bruno, California. It is one of the first major corporations to house headquarters in the new Mission Bay district of San Francisco.Gap, Inc. was run by...

     1879 m² (20,224 ft²)
  • Gap
    Gap (clothing retailer)
    The Gap, Inc. is an American clothing and accessories retailer based in San Francisco, California, and founded in 1969 by Donald G. Fisher and Doris F. Fisher. The company has five primary brands: the namesake Gap banner, Banana Republic, Old Navy, Piperlime and Athleta. As of September 2008,...

     1858 m² (20,005 ft²)
  • H & M 1495 m² (16,091 ft²)
  • Shoppers Drug Mart
    Shoppers Drug Mart
    Shoppers Drug Mart Corporation is Canada's largest pharmacy chain with more than 1,241 stores operating under the names Shoppers Drug Mart in nine provinces and two territories and Pharmaprix in Quebec as well as in Hawkesbury, Ontario....

     1174 m² (12,638 ft²)


Aldo
Aldo Groupe
The ALDO Group is a Canadian corporation that owns and operates a worldwide chain of shoe and accessory stores. The company was founded by Aldo Bensadoun in Montreal, Quebec, in 1972 where its corporate headquarters remain today...

, American Eagle Outfitters
American Eagle Outfitters
American Eagle Outfitters is an American clothing and accessories retailer based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1977 by Mark and Jerry Silverman as a subsidiary of Retail Ventures, Inc., a company which also owned and operated Silverman's Menswear...

, Best Buy
Best Buy
Best Buy Co., Inc. is an American specialty retailer of consumer electronics in the United States, accounting for 19% of the market. It also operates in Mexico, Canada & China. The company's subsidiaries include Geek Squad, CinemaNow, Magnolia Audio Video, Pacific Sales, and, in Canada operates...

, The Body Shop
The Body Shop
The Body Shop International plc, known as The Body Shop, has 2,400 stores in 61 countries, and is the second largest cosmetic franchise in the world, following O Boticario, a Brazilian company...

, Bombay
Bombay Company
The Bombay Company is a furniture and home accessories retailer in Canada. It was formerly part of a larger American chain based in Fort Worth, Texas, but the U.S. outlets are now closed.-History:...

, Boston Pizza
Boston Pizza
Boston Pizza is a Canadian-based restaurant chain which owns and franchises locations in Canada, the United States and Mexico.-History:...

, Bulk Barn
Bulk Barn
Bulk Barn Foods Limited is a Canadian retailer that specializes in bulk food. It is Canada's largest bulk food retailer, with 170 stores across Canada. The company was founded in 1982 by Carl V. Ofield, with its first store opening and headquartered in Richmond Hill, Ontario.Bulk Barn carries a...

, Coles
Coles (bookstore)
Coles is a Canadian bookstore chain owned by Indigo Books and Music. Coles currently serves as Indigo's brand for small-scale bookstores in locations such as shopping malls...

, HMV, Jean Machine
Jean Machine
Jean Machine is a Canadian clothing retail company, Owned and operated by MRP Retail. Jean Machine is best known for selling denim jeans. Based in Ontario, the company was founded in 1977 by Malcom and Roy Perlman and operates 33 stores in Ontario. Jean Machine is known as a store that carries...

, Pier 1 Imports
Pier 1 Imports
Pier 1 Imports Inc. is a Fort Worth, Texas based retailer specializing in imported home furnishings and decor, particularly furniture, table-top items, decorative accessories and seasonal decor. The chain operates over 1,000 stores under the name Pier 1 Imports in the United States, Canada, Mexico...

, Tommy Hilfiger
Tommy Hilfiger
Thomas Jacob "Tommy" Hilfiger is an American fashion designer and founder of the premium lifestyle brand Tommy Hilfiger.-Early life:...

, Sephora
Sephora
Sephora is a chain of cosmetics stores founded in France in 1970 and acquired by Paris-based conglomerate LVMH in 1997. The Sephora chain includes more than 750 stores in 17 countries...

, Lululemon, Swarovski
Swarovski
Swarovski is the brand name for a range of precisely-cut crystal and related luxury products produced by Swarovski AG of Wattens, Austria...

, West 49
West 49
West 49 Inc., is a Canadian specialty retailer of fashion and apparel, footwear, accessories and equipment related to the youth action sports lifestyle. West 49 was established in 1995 by C.E.O. Sam Baio. The retailer operates more than 130 stores across the country...

, and Nine West
Nine West
Nine West is a fashion wholesale and retail company best known for quickly translating runway trends into styles attainable by mass consumers. Initially founded as a fashion footwear brand, Nine West has since expanded into handbags, sunglasses, legwear, outerwear, jewelry, belts, watches, cold...

 are all chain stores present in the mall.

See also

  • Scarborough City Centre
    Scarborough City Centre
    Scarborough City Centre is the central business district in the Scarborough district of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is roughly bounded by Kennedy Road to the west, Markham Road to the east, Ellesmere Road to the south, and Sheppard Avenue to the North...

  • Scarborough Centre (TTC)
    Scarborough Centre (TTC)
    Scarborough Centre is a station on the Scarborough RT line of the Toronto subway and RT. It is located north of Ellesmere Road between Brimley and McCowan Roads, just south of Highway 401...

  • Scarborough, Ontario
    Scarborough, Ontario
    Scarborough is a dissolved municipality within the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Geographically, it comprises the eastern part of Toronto. It is bordered on the south by Lake Ontario, on the west by Victoria Park Avenue, on the north by Steeles Avenue East, and on the east by the Rouge River...

  • List of shopping malls in Toronto
  • List of largest shopping malls in Canada

External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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