Senecio squalidus
Encyclopedia
Oxford Ragwort is a member of the Senecio
genus
in the daisy family
Asteraceae
. It is a yellow-flowered herbaceous plant, native to mountainous, rocky or volcanic areas, that has managed to find other homes on man-made and natural piles of rocks
, war-ruined neighborhoods and even on stone walls. These habitats resemble its well drained natural rocky homeland. The plants have spread via the wind
, rail
and the activities of botanists. The travels and discriminative tendencies regarding propagation of this short-lived perennial
, biennial
, or winter annual make it a good subject for studies of the evolution and ecology of flowering plants.
family, Senecio squalidus has a flower head
. Where this is joined to the plant stem there are bract
s and what look like single flowers are actually a cluster or inflorescence, known as a capitulum, with each petal or corolla being its own flower, or floret, possessing its own stamen and capable of producing the specialized seed of the family Asteraceae, the parachute-like achene.
Oxford Ragwort is a short-lived perennial
, a biennial
, or a winter annual
and grows in a branched straggling form to between 1.5 foot (0.4572 m) and 3.3 feet (1 m) depending on conditions. S. squalidus prefers dry, disturbed places, cultivated and waste ground, walls and railway banks,
flowering from March to December
and reproduces from seed.
Leaves and stems: S. squalidus have herbaceous plants whose alternate, glossy and varying from deeply pinnate
ly lobed to undivided
leaves are almost hairless with only the lower ones being stalked. Stems and leaves resemble those of the Common Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) with the exception that their lobes are more widely spaced.
Inflorescence: S. squalidus has larger more attractive capitula than Senecio jacobaea and a more spreading habit. Yellow
capitula of 10-14 petals in loose clusters
at the stem. The tips are pollinated by insects. Ray corollas 0.3 inches (7.6 mm) to 0.6 inches (15.2 mm) long, 0.08 inches (2 mm) to 0.16 inches (4.1 mm) wide.
its own flower possess a stigma with characteristics of both the “dry” and “wet” types.
Seeds: Each pollinated Oxford ragwort corolla matures into a bell to cylindrical shaped indehiscent achene, the shallowly ribbed fruit is light brown in colour and 0.06 inches (1.5 mm) to 0.12 inches (3 mm) long. Each plant can produce approximately 10,000 fruits during the year.
As a Senecio
and a diploid Senecio squalidus is part of a species group along with S. flavus, S. gallicus
, S. glaucus
and S. vernalis
who are widespread geographically and interesting for the study of genetic differences in relation to the environment and plant evolution
.
This Senecio was introduced into Britain
via Francisco Cupani and William Sherard
in the years of their visit 1700, 1701 and 1702 from Sicily
where it lives as a native on volcanic ash
to the Duchess of Beaufort's
garden at Badminton
. Later a transfer of the genetic material to the Oxford Botanic Garden
by the "Horti Praefectus" (the title still given to the head gardener at the Oxford Botanic Garden) Jacob Bobart the Younger
before his death in 1719 (which is also the same year that Bobart retired as Horti Praefectus and perhaps a good indication of when this species of ragwort and other invasive species
might have "escaped" and started to make their home in the greater British Isles
). The Sicilian ragwort escaped into the wild and grew in the stonework of Oxford colleges
(with the specific mention of the Bodleian Library
) and many of the stone walls around the city of Oxford
. This gave the plant its common name, "Oxford Ragwort".
Carolus Linnaeus
first described Senecio squalidus in 1753, although there is a dispute as to whether the material came from the Botanic Garden or from walls in the city; the taxonomy for this species is further complicated by the existence of species with a similar morphology in continental Europe.
James Edward Smith
officially identified the escaped Oxford ragwort with its formal name Senecio squalidus in 1800.
During the Industrial Revolution, Oxford became connected to the railway system
and the plant gained a new habitat in the railway lines clinker beds, gradually spreading via the railway to other parts of the country. The process was accelerated by the movement of the trains
and the limestone ballast
that provides a well-drained medium which is an adequate replica of the lava-soils of its native home in Sicily.
During the 20th century it continued to spread along railway lines and found a liking for waste places and bombed sites after World War II which have a lot in common with the volcanic regions
of home.
Recently, this and other Senecio
and their differing tastes for self-incompatibility and self-compatibility
have been the subject of study for the purposes of understanding the evolution of plant species as the genus finds new homes and pollen partners throughout the world:
in mountainous regions of native range, and earned its common name Oxford ragwort for its willingness and ability to grow in similar habitat elsewhere in the world.
Native
Current
Range Maps
Flies
And other insects that are not listed here.
Fungi
Most Senecio, including S. squalidus are susceptible to rust and other fungus
and mildews
:
And other fungi that are not listed here.
Misapplied names:
Senecio
Senecio is a genus of the daisy family that includes ragworts and groundsels. The flower heads are normally rayed, completely yellow, and the heads are borne in branched clusters...
genus
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
in the daisy family
Family (biology)
In biological classification, family is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus, and species, with family fitting between order and genus. As for the other well-known ranks, there is the option of an immediately lower rank, indicated by the...
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
The Asteraceae or Compositae , is an exceedingly large and widespread family of vascular plants. The group has more than 22,750 currently accepted species, spread across 1620 genera and 12 subfamilies...
. It is a yellow-flowered herbaceous plant, native to mountainous, rocky or volcanic areas, that has managed to find other homes on man-made and natural piles of rocks
Stone run
A stone run is a conspicuous rock landform, result of the erosion of particular rock varieties caused by myriad freezing-thawing cycles taking place in periglacial conditions during the last Ice Age.The actual formation of stone runs involved no less than five processes: weathering, solifluction,...
, war-ruined neighborhoods and even on stone walls. These habitats resemble its well drained natural rocky homeland. The plants have spread via the wind
Wind
Wind is the flow of gases on a large scale. On Earth, wind consists of the bulk movement of air. In outer space, solar wind is the movement of gases or charged particles from the sun through space, while planetary wind is the outgassing of light chemical elements from a planet's atmosphere into space...
, rail
Rail transport
Rail transport is a means of conveyance of passengers and goods by way of wheeled vehicles running on rail tracks. In contrast to road transport, where vehicles merely run on a prepared surface, rail vehicles are also directionally guided by the tracks they run on...
and the activities of botanists. The travels and discriminative tendencies regarding propagation of this short-lived perennial
Perennial plant
A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives for more than two years. The term is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter lived annuals and biennials. The term is sometimes misused by commercial gardeners or horticulturalists to describe only herbaceous perennials...
, biennial
Biennial plant
A biennial plant is a flowering plant that takes two years to complete its biological lifecycle. In the first year the plant grows leaves, stems, and roots , then it enters a period of dormancy over the colder months. Usually the stem remains very short and the leaves are low to the ground, forming...
, or winter annual make it a good subject for studies of the evolution and ecology of flowering plants.
Description
Like all members of the large AsteraceaeAsteraceae
The Asteraceae or Compositae , is an exceedingly large and widespread family of vascular plants. The group has more than 22,750 currently accepted species, spread across 1620 genera and 12 subfamilies...
family, Senecio squalidus has a flower head
Head (botany)
The capitulum is considered the most derived form of inflorescence. Flower heads found outside Asteraceae show lesser degrees of specialization....
. Where this is joined to the plant stem there are bract
Bract
In botany, a bract is a modified or specialized leaf, especially one associated with a reproductive structure such as a flower, inflorescence axis, or cone scale. Bracts are often different from foliage leaves. They may be smaller, larger, or of a different color, shape, or texture...
s and what look like single flowers are actually a cluster or inflorescence, known as a capitulum, with each petal or corolla being its own flower, or floret, possessing its own stamen and capable of producing the specialized seed of the family Asteraceae, the parachute-like achene.
Oxford Ragwort is a short-lived perennial
Perennial plant
A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives for more than two years. The term is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter lived annuals and biennials. The term is sometimes misused by commercial gardeners or horticulturalists to describe only herbaceous perennials...
, a biennial
Biennial plant
A biennial plant is a flowering plant that takes two years to complete its biological lifecycle. In the first year the plant grows leaves, stems, and roots , then it enters a period of dormancy over the colder months. Usually the stem remains very short and the leaves are low to the ground, forming...
, or a winter annual
Annual plant
An annual plant is a plant that usually germinates, flowers, and dies in a year or season. True annuals will only live longer than a year if they are prevented from setting seed...
and grows in a branched straggling form to between 1.5 foot (0.4572 m) and 3.3 feet (1 m) depending on conditions. S. squalidus prefers dry, disturbed places, cultivated and waste ground, walls and railway banks,
flowering from March to December
and reproduces from seed.
Leaves and stems: S. squalidus have herbaceous plants whose alternate, glossy and varying from deeply pinnate
Pinnate
Pinnate is a term used to describe feather-like or multi-divided features arising from both sides of a common axis in plant or animal structures, and comes from the Latin word pinna meaning "feather", "wing", or "fin". A similar term is pectinate, which refers to a comb-like arrangement of parts...
ly lobed to undivided
Leaf shape
In botany, leaf shape is characterised with the following terms :* Acicular : Slender and pointed, needle-like* Acuminate : Tapering to a long point...
leaves are almost hairless with only the lower ones being stalked. Stems and leaves resemble those of the Common Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) with the exception that their lobes are more widely spaced.
Inflorescence: S. squalidus has larger more attractive capitula than Senecio jacobaea and a more spreading habit. Yellow
Yellow
Yellow is the color evoked by light that stimulates both the L and M cone cells of the retina about equally, with no significant stimulation of the S cone cells. Light with a wavelength of 570–590 nm is yellow, as is light with a suitable mixture of red and green...
capitula of 10-14 petals in loose clusters
Inflorescence
An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Strictly, it is the part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed and which is accordingly modified...
at the stem. The tips are pollinated by insects. Ray corollas 0.3 inches (7.6 mm) to 0.6 inches (15.2 mm) long, 0.08 inches (2 mm) to 0.16 inches (4.1 mm) wide.
- Oxford ragwort is self-incompatibleSelf-incompatibility in plantsSelf-incompatibility is a general name for several genetic mechanisms in angiosperms, which prevent self-fertilization and thus encourage outcrossing...
and needs pollen from other plants with different self-incompatibility alleles;
its own flower possess a stigma with characteristics of both the “dry” and “wet” types.
- The fruiting heads are often nodding.
Seeds: Each pollinated Oxford ragwort corolla matures into a bell to cylindrical shaped indehiscent achene, the shallowly ribbed fruit is light brown in colour and 0.06 inches (1.5 mm) to 0.12 inches (3 mm) long. Each plant can produce approximately 10,000 fruits during the year.
As a Senecio
Senecio
Senecio is a genus of the daisy family that includes ragworts and groundsels. The flower heads are normally rayed, completely yellow, and the heads are borne in branched clusters...
and a diploid Senecio squalidus is part of a species group along with S. flavus, S. gallicus
Senecio gallicus
Senecio gallicus, an annual plant of the Senecio genus and a member of the Asteraceae family is also one of those species who colonizes in isolated habitats where the environmental conditions could qualify as being difficult -- widespread across southern France and the Iberian Peninsula in deserts...
, S. glaucus
Senecio glaucus
Senecio glaucus is an annual member of the Asteraceae and species of the genus Senecio that grows in the desert-Distribution:Found in sandy soils of coastal plains, strands, and steppes.Native...
and S. vernalis
Senecio vernalis
One of the European species of Senecio Senecio vernalis is an annual that is also known as Eastern groundsel. While it has been long classified as Senecio vernalis, this species has more recently been identified as a subspecies of Senecio leucanthemifolius Poir...
who are widespread geographically and interesting for the study of genetic differences in relation to the environment and plant evolution
Plant evolution
Plant evolution is the subset of evolutionary phenomena that concern plants. Evolutionary phenomena are characteristics of populations that are described by averages, medians, distributions, and other statistical methods. This distinguishes plant evolution from plant development, a branch of...
.
History
Great Britain
Great Britain or Britain is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest European island, as well as the largest of the British Isles...
via Francisco Cupani and William Sherard
William Sherard
William Sherard was an English botanist. Next to John Ray, he was considered to be one of the outstanding English botanists of his day.-Life:...
in the years of their visit 1700, 1701 and 1702 from Sicily
Sicily
Sicily is a region of Italy, and is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. Along with the surrounding minor islands, it constitutes an autonomous region of Italy, the Regione Autonoma Siciliana Sicily has a rich and unique culture, especially with regard to the arts, music, literature,...
where it lives as a native on volcanic ash
Volcanic ash
Volcanic ash consists of small tephra, which are bits of pulverized rock and glass created by volcanic eruptions, less than in diameter. There are three mechanisms of volcanic ash formation: gas release under decompression causing magmatic eruptions; thermal contraction from chilling on contact...
to the Duchess of Beaufort's
Mary Somerset, Duchess of Beaufort
Victoria Constance Mary Somerset, Duchess of Beaufort was the daughter of the 1st Marquess of Cambridge and Lady Margaret Evelyn Grosvenor.Princess Mary was born at White Lodge, Richmond Park...
garden at Badminton
Badminton
Badminton is a racquet sport played by either two opposing players or two opposing pairs , who take positions on opposite halves of a rectangular court that is divided by a net. Players score points by striking a shuttlecock with their racquet so that it passes over the net and lands in their...
. Later a transfer of the genetic material to the Oxford Botanic Garden
University of Oxford Botanic Garden
The University of Oxford Botanic Garden is an historic botanic garden in Oxford, England. It is the oldest botanic garden in Great Britain and one of the oldest scientific gardens in the world. The garden was founded in 1621 as a physic garden growing plants for medicinal research. Today it...
by the "Horti Praefectus" (the title still given to the head gardener at the Oxford Botanic Garden) Jacob Bobart the Younger
Jacob Bobart the Younger
Jacob Bobart , the younger, was an English botanist.Bobart was the younger son of Jacob Bobart. He was born at Oxford 2 August 1641, succeeded his father as superintendent of the Physic Garden, and on the death of Dr. Morison in 1683 lectured as botanical professor...
before his death in 1719 (which is also the same year that Bobart retired as Horti Praefectus and perhaps a good indication of when this species of ragwort and other invasive species
Invasive species
"Invasive species", or invasive exotics, is a nomenclature term and categorization phrase used for flora and fauna, and for specific restoration-preservation processes in native habitats, with several definitions....
might have "escaped" and started to make their home in the greater British Isles
British Isles
The British Isles are a group of islands off the northwest coast of continental Europe that include the islands of Great Britain and Ireland and over six thousand smaller isles. There are two sovereign states located on the islands: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and...
). The Sicilian ragwort escaped into the wild and grew in the stonework of Oxford colleges
University of Oxford
The University of Oxford is a university located in Oxford, United Kingdom. It is the second-oldest surviving university in the world and the oldest in the English-speaking world. Although its exact date of foundation is unclear, there is evidence of teaching as far back as 1096...
(with the specific mention of the Bodleian Library
Bodleian Library
The Bodleian Library , the main research library of the University of Oxford, is one of the oldest libraries in Europe, and in Britain is second in size only to the British Library...
) and many of the stone walls around the city of Oxford
Oxford
The city of Oxford is the county town of Oxfordshire, England. The city, made prominent by its medieval university, has a population of just under 165,000, with 153,900 living within the district boundary. It lies about 50 miles north-west of London. The rivers Cherwell and Thames run through...
. This gave the plant its common name, "Oxford Ragwort".
Carolus Linnaeus
Carolus Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus , also known after his ennoblement as , was a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of binomial nomenclature. He is known as the father of modern taxonomy, and is also considered one of the fathers of modern ecology...
first described Senecio squalidus in 1753, although there is a dispute as to whether the material came from the Botanic Garden or from walls in the city; the taxonomy for this species is further complicated by the existence of species with a similar morphology in continental Europe.
James Edward Smith
James Edward Smith
Sir James Edward Smith was an English botanist and founder of the Linnean Society.Smith was born in Norwich in 1759, the son of a wealthy wool merchant. He displayed a precocious interest in the natural world...
officially identified the escaped Oxford ragwort with its formal name Senecio squalidus in 1800.
During the Industrial Revolution, Oxford became connected to the railway system
First Great Western
First Great Western is the operating name of First Greater Western Ltd, a British train operating company owned by FirstGroup that serves Greater London, the South East, South West and West Midlands regions of England, and South Wales....
and the plant gained a new habitat in the railway lines clinker beds, gradually spreading via the railway to other parts of the country. The process was accelerated by the movement of the trains
and the limestone ballast
Track ballast
Track ballast forms the trackbed upon which railway sleepers or railroad ties are laid. It is packed between, below, and around the ties. It is used to facilitate drainage of water, to distribute the load from the railroad ties, and also to keep down vegetation that might interfere with the track...
that provides a well-drained medium which is an adequate replica of the lava-soils of its native home in Sicily.
During the 20th century it continued to spread along railway lines and found a liking for waste places and bombed sites after World War II which have a lot in common with the volcanic regions
Ignimbrite
An ignimbrite is the deposit of a pyroclastic density current, or pyroclastic flow, a hot suspension of particles and gases that flows rapidly from a volcano, driven by a greater density than the surrounding atmosphere....
of home.
Recently, this and other Senecio
Senecio
Senecio is a genus of the daisy family that includes ragworts and groundsels. The flower heads are normally rayed, completely yellow, and the heads are borne in branched clusters...
and their differing tastes for self-incompatibility and self-compatibility
Self-incompatibility in plants
Self-incompatibility is a general name for several genetic mechanisms in angiosperms, which prevent self-fertilization and thus encourage outcrossing...
have been the subject of study for the purposes of understanding the evolution of plant species as the genus finds new homes and pollen partners throughout the world:
- The origin of Senecio vulgaris var. hibernicus Syme was determined to be an introgressionIntrogressionIntrogression, also known as introgressive hybridization, in genetics is the movement of a gene from one species into the gene pool of another by the repeated backcrossing of an interspecific hybrid with one of its parent species...
of Senecio squalidus into Senecio vulgaris subsp vulgaris - The dual origin of S. cambrensisSenecio cambrensisSenecio cambrensis is a flowering plant of the family Asteraceae. It is endemic to the United Kingdom and currently known only from North Wales...
Rosser to both WalesWalesWales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain, bordered by England to its east and the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea to its west. It has a population of three million, and a total area of 20,779 km²...
and ScotlandScotlandScotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the...
explained as being a product parenting by the diploid S. squalidus and the tetraploidPolyploidyPolyploid is a term used to describe cells and organisms containing more than two paired sets of chromosomes. Most eukaryotic species are diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes — one set inherited from each parent. However polyploidy is found in some organisms and is especially common...
S. vulgaris in both locations - The willingness of S. squalidus to hybridize with Senecio viscosusSenecio viscosusSenecio viscosus, commonly known as Sticky Groundsel, is a herbaceous annual plant of the genus Senecio....
Crisp & Jones and forms the sterile hybrid S. subnebrodensis Simk. - The suggestion that S. squalidus is actually a hybrid of two other Sicilian Senecio: S. aethnensis Jan ex DC and S. chrysanthemifolius PoirJean Louis Marie PoiretJean Louis Marie Poiret was a French clergyman, botanist and explorer.From 1785 to 1786 he was sent by Louis XVI to Algeria to study the flora...
.
Distribution
Senecio squalidus grows on screeScree
Scree, also called talus, is a term given to an accumulation of broken rock fragments at the base of crags, mountain cliffs, or valley shoulders. Landforms associated with these materials are sometimes called scree slopes or talus piles...
in mountainous regions of native range, and earned its common name Oxford ragwort for its willingness and ability to grow in similar habitat elsewhere in the world.
- Senecio squalidus is considered to be a native of New BrunswickNew BrunswickNew Brunswick is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the only province in the federation that is constitutionally bilingual . The provincial capital is Fredericton and Saint John is the most populous city. Greater Moncton is the largest Census Metropolitan Area...
and Nova ScotiaNova ScotiaNova Scotia is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the most populous province in Atlantic Canada. The name of the province is Latin for "New Scotland," but "Nova Scotia" is the recognized, English-language name of the province. The provincial capital is Halifax. Nova Scotia is the...
, Canada by the USDAUnited States Department of AgricultureThe United States Department of Agriculture is the United States federal executive department responsible for developing and executing U.S. federal government policy on farming, agriculture, and food...
Natural Resources Conservation ServiceNatural Resources Conservation ServiceThe Natural Resources Conservation Service , formerly known as the Soil Conservation Service , is an agency of the United States Department of Agriculture that provides technical assistance to farmers and other private landowners and managers.Its name was changed in 1994 during the Presidency of...
while the same USDAUnited States Department of AgricultureThe United States Department of Agriculture is the United States federal executive department responsible for developing and executing U.S. federal government policy on farming, agriculture, and food...
other resource Germplasm Resources Information NetworkGermplasm Resources Information NetworkGermplasm Resources Information Network or GRIN is an online software project of National Genetic Resources Program of USDA to provide germplasm information about plants, animals, microbes and invertebrates.-Sub-Projects:...
considers it to be native to AustriaAustriaAustria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country of roughly 8.4 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the...
, Czech RepublicCzech RepublicThe Czech Republic is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Poland to the northeast, Slovakia to the east, Austria to the south, and Germany to the west and northwest....
, SlovakiaSlovakiaThe Slovak Republic is a landlocked state in Central Europe. It has a population of over five million and an area of about . Slovakia is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south...
, GermanyGermanyGermany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
, SwitzerlandSwitzerlandSwitzerland name of one of the Swiss cantons. ; ; ; or ), in its full name the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe,Or Central Europe depending on the definition....
, AlbaniaAlbaniaAlbania , officially known as the Republic of Albania , is a country in Southeastern Europe, in the Balkans region. It is bordered by Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, the Republic of Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south and southeast. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea...
, BulgariaBulgariaBulgaria , officially the Republic of Bulgaria , is a parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional republic in Southeast Europe. The country borders Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, as well as the Black Sea to the east...
, GreeceGreeceGreece , officially the Hellenic Republic , and historically Hellas or the Republic of Greece in English, is a country in southeastern Europe....
, CreteCreteCrete is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, and one of the thirteen administrative regions of Greece. It forms a significant part of the economy and cultural heritage of Greece while retaining its own local cultural traits...
, ItalyItalyItaly , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
, SardiniaSardiniaSardinia is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea . It is an autonomous region of Italy, and the nearest land masses are the French island of Corsica, the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Tunisia and the Spanish Balearic Islands.The name Sardinia is from the pre-Roman noun *sard[],...
, SicilySicilySicily is a region of Italy, and is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. Along with the surrounding minor islands, it constitutes an autonomous region of Italy, the Regione Autonoma Siciliana Sicily has a rich and unique culture, especially with regard to the arts, music, literature,...
, RomaniaRomaniaRomania is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea...
, Bosnia and HerzegovinaBosnia and HerzegovinaBosnia and Herzegovina , sometimes called Bosnia-Herzegovina or simply Bosnia, is a country in Southern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula. Bordered by Croatia to the north, west and south, Serbia to the east, and Montenegro to the southeast, Bosnia and Herzegovina is almost landlocked, except for the...
, CroatiaCroatiaCroatia , officially the Republic of Croatia , is a unitary democratic parliamentary republic in Europe at the crossroads of the Mitteleuropa, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. The country is divided into 20 counties and the city of Zagreb. Croatia covers ...
, the Republic of MacedoniaRepublic of MacedoniaMacedonia , officially the Republic of Macedonia , is a country located in the central Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe. It is one of the successor states of the former Yugoslavia, from which it declared independence in 1991...
, MontenegroMontenegroMontenegro Montenegrin: Crna Gora Црна Гора , meaning "Black Mountain") is a country located in Southeastern Europe. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the south-west and is bordered by Croatia to the west, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the northwest, Serbia to the northeast and Albania to the...
, SerbiaSerbiaSerbia , officially the Republic of Serbia , is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, covering the southern part of the Carpathian basin and the central part of the Balkans...
, SloveniaSloveniaSlovenia , officially the Republic of Slovenia , is a country in Central and Southeastern Europe touching the Alps and bordering the Mediterranean. Slovenia borders Italy to the west, Croatia to the south and east, Hungary to the northeast, and Austria to the north, and also has a small portion of...
.
Current
- Africa
- Northern Africa: MoroccoMoroccoMorocco , officially the Kingdom of Morocco , is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of more than 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², and also primarily administers the disputed region of the Western Sahara...
- Northern Africa: Morocco
- America
- North America: New BrunswickNew BrunswickNew Brunswick is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the only province in the federation that is constitutionally bilingual . The provincial capital is Fredericton and Saint John is the most populous city. Greater Moncton is the largest Census Metropolitan Area...
, Nova ScotiaNova ScotiaNova Scotia is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the most populous province in Atlantic Canada. The name of the province is Latin for "New Scotland," but "Nova Scotia" is the recognized, English-language name of the province. The provincial capital is Halifax. Nova Scotia is the...
, British ColumbiaBritish ColumbiaBritish Columbia is the westernmost of Canada's provinces and is known for its natural beauty, as reflected in its Latin motto, Splendor sine occasu . Its name was chosen by Queen Victoria in 1858...
, CaliforniaCaliforniaCalifornia is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third-largest by land area...
- North America: New Brunswick
- Europe
- Northern Europe: DenmarkDenmarkDenmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. The countries of Denmark and Greenland, as well as the Faroe Islands, constitute the Kingdom of Denmark . It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark...
, GermanyGermanyGermany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
, Republic of IrelandRepublic of IrelandIreland , described as the Republic of Ireland , is a sovereign state in Europe occupying approximately five-sixths of the island of the same name. Its capital is Dublin. Ireland, which had a population of 4.58 million in 2011, is a constitutional republic governed as a parliamentary democracy,...
, NetherlandsNetherlandsThe Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders...
, NorwayNorwayNorway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and Bouvet Island. Norway has a total area of and a population of about 4.9 million...
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- Northern Europe: Denmark
Range Maps
Predators
All Senecio, including S. squalidus, are considered food by some insects that like to eat the pyrrolizidine alkaloids they contain:Flies
- Gall flies (DipteraDipteraDiptera , or true flies, is the order of insects possessing only a single pair of wings on the mesothorax; the metathorax bears a pair of drumstick like structures called the halteres, the remnants of the hind wings. It is a large order, containing an estimated 240,000 species, although under half...
: TephritidaeTephritidaeTephritidae is one of two fly families referred to as "fruit flies", the other family being Drosophilidae. Tephritidae does not include the biological model organisms of the genus Drosophila , which is often called the "common fruit fly". There are nearly 5,000 described species of tephritid...
):- Sphenella marginata
- Trupanea stellata
- Trypeta zoe
And other insects that are not listed here.
Fungi
Most Senecio, including S. squalidus are susceptible to rust and other fungus
Pezizomycetes
Pezizomycetes are a class of fungi within the phylum Ascomycota.Pezizomycetes are apothecial fungi, meaning that their spore producing/releasing bodies are typically disk-like, bearing on their upper surfaces a layer of cylindrical spore producing cells called asci, from which the spores are...
and mildews
Powdery mildew
Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that affects a wide range of plants. Powdery mildew diseases are caused by many different species of fungi in the order Erysiphales. It is one of the easier diseases to spot, as its symptoms are quite distinctive. Infected plants display white powdery spots on the...
:
- Rust fungus Uredinales
- Coleosporium tussilaginisColeosporium tussilaginisColeosporium tussilaginis is species of rust fungus in the Coleosporiaceae family. It is a plant pathogen....
- (ColeosporiaceaeColeosporiaceaeThe Coleosporiaceae are a family of rust fungi in the order Pucciniales. The family contains 6 genera and 131 species....
) - Puccinia lagenophoraePucciniaPuccinia is a genus of fungi. All species in this genus are obligate plant pathogens and are known as rusts .Examples of Puccinia rusts and the diseases they cause:* Puccinia asparagi - Asparagus rust...
- (PucciniaceaePucciniaceaeThe Pucciniaceae are a family of rust fungi that cause plant diseases, mainly on cereals such as wheat. The family contains 20 genera and over 4900 species....
)
- Coleosporium tussilaginis
- White rust PeronosporalesPeronosporalesThe Peronosporales are an order of water moulds which can be pathogenic.Many diseases of plants are sometimes classified under this order, but are sometimes considered members of order Pythiales. Some of these pathogenic protists include the organisms responsible for potato blight, eucalyptus...
- Albugo tragopogonisAlbugo tragopogonisAlbugo tragopogonis, Sunflower White Rust, is an oomycete plant pathogen, although some sources still regard it as a fungal organism.Albugo tragopogonis is the old name for Pustula tragopogonis, the causal agent of white blister disease on goatsbeard...
- (Albuginaceae)
- Albugo tragopogonis
- Sac fungus AscochytaAscochytaAscochyta is a genus of ascomycote fungi, containing several pathogens to plants. The taxonomy of this genus is still incomplete.Some of these pathogens affect grass species, including grains.- Some species of Ascochyta :...
, PezizomycetesPezizomycetesPezizomycetes are a class of fungi within the phylum Ascomycota.Pezizomycetes are apothecial fungi, meaning that their spore producing/releasing bodies are typically disk-like, bearing on their upper surfaces a layer of cylindrical spore producing cells called asci, from which the spores are...
- Ascochyta senecionicola - (Coelomycete)
- Powdery Mildew ErysiphalesErysiphalesErysiphales are an order of ascomycete fungi. The order contains one family, Erysiphaceae. Many of them cause plant diseases called powdery mildew.-Systematics:The order contains one family , 28 genera and approximately 100 species...
- Podosphaera fuscaPodosphaeraPodosphaera is a genus of fungi in the family Erysiphaceae. Species in this genus are plant pathogens, causing powdery mildew.-Species:*P. aphanis*P. balsaminae*P. clandestina var. aucupariae*P. clandestina var. clandestina...
- (ErysiphaceaeErysiphaceaeThe Erysiphaceae are fungal family of the order Erysiphales. The family contains many of the powdery mildews.-Genera:*Arthrocladiella*Blumeria*Brasiliomyces*Bulbomicrosphaera*Bulbouncinula*Caespitotheca...
)
- Podosphaera fusca
And other fungi that are not listed here.
Synonyms and misapplied names
- Jacobaea incisa C. Presl
- Senecio glaber Ucria
- Senecio incisus (C. Presl) C. Presl
- Senecio laciniatus Bertol.
- Senecio nebrodensis auct., non L.
- Senecio rupestris Waldst. & Kit.
- Senecio squalidus d'Urv.
- Senecio squalidus Willd.
- Senecio squalidus M.Bieb.
- Senecio nebrodensis L. subsp. rupestris (Waldst. & Kit.) Fiori
- Senecio leucanthemifolius subsp. vernalis (Waldst. & Kit.) Greuter
- Senecio squalidus subsp. aethnensis (DC.) Greuter
- Senecio squalidus subsp. araneosus (Emb. & Maire) Alexander
- Senecio squalidus subsp. aurasicus (Batt.) Alexander
- Senecio squalidus subsp. aurasiacus (Batt. & Trab.) Alexander
- Senecio squalidus subsp. chrysanthemifolius (Poir.) Greuter
- Senecio squalidus subsp. eurasiacus (Batt. & Trab.) Alexander
- Senecio squalidus subsp. microglossus (Guss.) Arcang.
- Senecio squalidus subsp. rupestris (Waldst. & Kit.) Greuter
- Senecio squalidus subsp. sardous (Fiori) Greuter
- Senecio squalidus subsp. squalidus
- Senecio squalidus var. glaber (Ucria) FIORI
Misapplied names:
- Senecio nebrodensis sec. Fiori, A