Senkaku Islands
Encyclopedia
The , also known as the Diaoyu Islands or Diaoyutai Islands or the Pinnacle Islands, are a group of disputed
uninhabited islands
in the East China Sea
. They are located roughly due east of mainland China, northeast of Taiwan
, west of Okinawa Island
, and north of the southwestern end of the Ryukyu Islands
.
Japan
controlled these islands from 1895 until her surrender
at the end of World War II
. The United States
administered them as part of the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands from 1945 until 1972, when the islands reverted to Japanese control under the Okinawa Reversion Treaty between the United States and Japan. Since 1971, they have been actively claimed by both the People's Republic of China
and the Republic of China
(Taiwan). The Chinese claim the discovery and control of the islands from the 14th century.
The islands are a major issue in foreign relations between Japan and the PRC and between Japan and the ROC. Despite the complexity of relations
between the PRC and ROC, both governments agree that the islands are part of Taiwan
as part of Toucheng Township
in Yilan County of their respective divisions. The Japanese government regards these islands as a part of Ishigaki
, Okinawa Prefecture
.
".
The first published description of the islands in Europe was in a book imported by Isaac Titsingh
in 1796. His small library of Japanese books included by Hayashi Shihei
. This text, which was published in Japan in 1785, described the Ryūkyū Kingdom
. In 1832, the Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland supported the posthumous abridged publication of Titsingh's French translation.
The first reference to the islands in a book published in English was Edward Belcher
's 1848 account of the voyages of HMS Sammarang. Captain Belcher observed that "the names assigned in this region have been too hastily admitted." Belcher reported anchoring off Pinnacle Island in March 1845.
In 1870s and 1880s, the English name Pinnacle Islands was used by the British navy for the rocks adjacent to the largest island Uotsuri Jima/Diaoyu Dao (then called Hoa-pin-su); Kuba Jima/Huangwei Yu (then called Ti-a-usu); and Taishō Jima/Chiwei Yu. The name "Pinnacle Islands" is used by some as an English-language equivalent to "Senkaku" or "Diaoyu".
In 1900, when Tsune Kuroiwa, a teacher at the Okinawa Prefecture Normal School, visited the islands, he adopted the name Senkaku Retto , literally Pinnacle Islands, to refer the whole island group, based on the British name. The first official document recording the name Senkaku Retto was by the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Nihon Gaiko Monjo (日本外交文書, Documents on Japanese Foreign Relations) in the 1950s. In Japanese, and were translations used for these "Pinnacle Islands" by various Japanese sources. Subsequently, the entire island group came to be called Senkaku Rettō, which later evolved into Senkaku Shotō.
The collective use of the name "Senkaku" to denote the entire group began with the advent of the controversy in the 1970s.
processing plant on the islands with 200 workers. The business failed in 1940 and the islands have remained deserted ever since. The plots of land on the islands still technically belong as private property to Koga's descendants.
The islands were under US government occupation authority from 1945 until 1972. Since the islands reverted to Japanese government control in 1972, the mayor of Ishigaki has been given civic authority over the territory. The Japanese central government, however, has prohibited Ishigaki from surveying or developing the islands. On December 17, 2010, Ishigaki declared January 14 as "Pioneering Day". China condemned Ishigaki's actions.
These minor features in the East China Sea are located approximately 120 nautical miles northeast of Taiwan, 200 nautical miles east of the Chinese mainland and 200 nautical miles southwest of the Japanese island of Okinawa.
In ascending order of distances, the island cluster is located:
east of Pengjia Islet
, ROC north of Ishigaki Island, Japan northeast of Keelung
, ROC west of Okinawa Island
, Japan
The depth of the surrounding waters of the continental shelf is approximately 100–150 metres (328–492 ft) except for the Okinawa Trough
on the south.
The existence of the back-arc basin
complicates descriptive issues. According to Professor Ji Guoxing
of the Asia-Pacific Department at Shanghai Institute for International Studies
,
Uotsuri Jima, the largest island, has a number of endemic species such as the Senkaku Mole (Mogera uchidai) and Okinawa-kuro-oo-ari ant. The Senkaku mole is an endangered species; and its existence is threatened by domestic goats
which were introduced to the island in 1978.
Albatross are observed in the islands. Amongst all islands, Minami Kojima is one of the few breeding places of the rare Short-tailed Albatross
(Phoebastria albatrus).
, through the signature of the Treaty of Shimonoseki
. They assert that the Potsdam Declaration
(which Japan accepted as part of the San Francisco Peace Treaty) required that Japan relinquish control of all islands except for "the islands of Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū, Shikoku and such minor islands as we determine", and they state that this means control of the islands should pass to China.
Japan does not accept that there is any ownership dispute, asserting that the islands are an integral part of Japan. Japan has rejected claims that the islands were under China's control prior to 1895, and that these islands were contemplated by the Potsdam Declaration or affected by the San Francisco Peace Treaty.
The controversy has at least two dimensions: (a) territorial sovereignty, which is a legacy of history; and (b) relevant jurisdictional rights and interests in maritime boundaries
, which is marked by differing interpretations of the law of the sea.
near the islands. The trawler was taken by the Japan Coast Guard, and the captain and crew were held in custody in Japan pending possible charges. China strongly protested, and demanded an immediate release of the Chinese fishermen. The crew was released on September 13, 2010, while the captain was held until September 24, and none were charged. The incident disrupted official and non-official exchanges and activities between the two countries.
Territorial dispute
A territorial dispute is a disagreement over the possession/control of land between two or more states or over the possession or control of land by a new state and occupying power after it has conquered the land from a former state no longer currently recognized by the new state.-Context and...
uninhabited islands
Desert island
A desert island or uninhabited island is an island that has yet to be populated by humans. Uninhabited islands are often used in movies or stories about shipwrecked people, and are also used as stereotypes for the idea of "paradise". Some uninhabited islands are protected as nature reserves and...
in the East China Sea
East China Sea
The East China Sea is a marginal sea east of China. It is a part of the Pacific Ocean and covers an area of 1,249,000 km² or 750,000 square miles.-Geography:...
. They are located roughly due east of mainland China, northeast of Taiwan
Taiwan
Taiwan , also known, especially in the past, as Formosa , is the largest island of the same-named island group of East Asia in the western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. The island forms over 99% of the current territory of the Republic of China following...
, west of Okinawa Island
Okinawa Island
Okinawa Island is the largest of the Okinawa Islands and the Ryukyu Islands of Japan, and is home to Naha, the capital of Okinawa Prefecture. The island has an area of...
, and north of the southwestern end of the Ryukyu Islands
Ryukyu Islands
The , also known as the , is a chain of islands in the western Pacific, on the eastern limit of the East China Sea and to the southwest of the island of Kyushu in Japan. From about 1829 until the mid 20th century, they were alternately called Luchu, Loochoo, or Lewchew, akin to the Mandarin...
.
Japan
Japan
Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...
controlled these islands from 1895 until her surrender
Surrender of Japan
The surrender of Japan in 1945 brought hostilities of World War II to a close. By the end of July 1945, the Imperial Japanese Navy was incapable of conducting operations and an Allied invasion of Japan was imminent...
at the end of World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
. The United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
administered them as part of the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands from 1945 until 1972, when the islands reverted to Japanese control under the Okinawa Reversion Treaty between the United States and Japan. Since 1971, they have been actively claimed by both the People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China
China , officially the People's Republic of China , is the most populous country in the world, with over 1.3 billion citizens. Located in East Asia, the country covers approximately 9.6 million square kilometres...
and the Republic of China
Republic of China
The Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan , is a unitary sovereign state located in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China currently governs the island of Taiwan , which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor...
(Taiwan). The Chinese claim the discovery and control of the islands from the 14th century.
The islands are a major issue in foreign relations between Japan and the PRC and between Japan and the ROC. Despite the complexity of relations
Cross-Strait relations
Cross-Strait relations refers to the relations between People's Republic of China and the Republic of China , which lie to the west and east, repectively, of the Taiwan Strait in the west Pacific Ocean....
between the PRC and ROC, both governments agree that the islands are part of Taiwan
Taiwan
Taiwan , also known, especially in the past, as Formosa , is the largest island of the same-named island group of East Asia in the western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. The island forms over 99% of the current territory of the Republic of China following...
as part of Toucheng Township
Toucheng, Yilan
Toucheng is a township in the northern coast of Taiwan. It is administered as a part of Yilan County of the Republic of China . It contains the disputed islands of Diaoyu or Tiaoyutai.* Area: 100.89 km²* Population: 31,517 people...
in Yilan County of their respective divisions. The Japanese government regards these islands as a part of Ishigaki
Ishigaki, Okinawa
Ishigaki is an island west of Okinawa Hontō and the second-largest island of the Yaeyama Island group. It is within the City of Ishigaki in Okinawa Prefecture. The city functions as the business and transport center of the archipelago...
, Okinawa Prefecture
Okinawa Prefecture
is one of Japan's southern prefectures. It consists of hundreds of the Ryukyu Islands in a chain over long, which extends southwest from Kyūshū to Taiwan. Okinawa's capital, Naha, is located in the southern part of Okinawa Island...
.
Early historical context
Records of these islands date back to as early as the 15th century. They were referred as Diaoyu in books such as Voyage with a Tail Wind (1403) and Record of the Imperial Envoy's Visit to Ryūkyū (1534). Adopted by the Chinese Imperial Map of the Ming Dynasty, both the Chinese name for the island group (Diaoyu) and the Japanese name for the main island (Uotsuri) both literally mean "anglingAngling
Angling is a method of fishing by means of an "angle" . The hook is usually attached to a fishing line and the line is often attached to a fishing rod. Fishing rods are usually fitted with a fishing reel that functions as a mechanism for storing, retrieving and paying out the line. The hook itself...
".
The first published description of the islands in Europe was in a book imported by Isaac Titsingh
Isaac Titsingh
Isaac Titsingh FRS was a Dutch surgeon, scholar, merchant-trader and ambassador.During a long career in East Asia, Titsingh was a senior official of the Dutch East India Company . He represented the European trading company in exclusive official contact with Tokugawa Japan...
in 1796. His small library of Japanese books included by Hayashi Shihei
Hayashi Shihei
was a Japanese military scholar and a retainer of the Sendai Domain.His name is sometimes misread as Rin Shihei....
. This text, which was published in Japan in 1785, described the Ryūkyū Kingdom
Ryukyu Kingdom
The Ryūkyū Kingdom was an independent kingdom which ruled most of the Ryukyu Islands from the 15th century to the 19th century. The Kings of Ryūkyū unified Okinawa Island and extended the kingdom to the Amami Islands in modern-day Kagoshima Prefecture, and the Sakishima Islands near Taiwan...
. In 1832, the Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland supported the posthumous abridged publication of Titsingh's French translation.
The first reference to the islands in a book published in English was Edward Belcher
Edward Belcher
Admiral Sir Edward Belcher, KCB , was a British naval officer and explorer. He was the great-grandson of Governor Jonathan Belcher. His wife, Diana Jolliffe, was the stepdaughter of Captain Peter Heywood.-Early life:...
's 1848 account of the voyages of HMS Sammarang. Captain Belcher observed that "the names assigned in this region have been too hastily admitted." Belcher reported anchoring off Pinnacle Island in March 1845.
In 1870s and 1880s, the English name Pinnacle Islands was used by the British navy for the rocks adjacent to the largest island Uotsuri Jima/Diaoyu Dao (then called Hoa-pin-su); Kuba Jima/Huangwei Yu (then called Ti-a-usu); and Taishō Jima/Chiwei Yu. The name "Pinnacle Islands" is used by some as an English-language equivalent to "Senkaku" or "Diaoyu".
The collective use of the name "Senkaku" to denote the entire group began with the advent of the controversy in the 1970s.
History under Japanese and US control
The Japanese central government formerly annexed the islands on January 14, 1895. Around 1900, Japanese entrepreneur Koga Tatsushiro constructed a bonitoBonito
Bonito is a name given to various species of medium-sized, predatory fish in the Scombridae family. First, bonito most commonly refers to species in the genus Sarda, including the Atlantic bonito and the Pacific bonito ; second, in Japanese cuisine, bonito refers to the skipjack tuna , which, in...
processing plant on the islands with 200 workers. The business failed in 1940 and the islands have remained deserted ever since. The plots of land on the islands still technically belong as private property to Koga's descendants.
The islands were under US government occupation authority from 1945 until 1972. Since the islands reverted to Japanese government control in 1972, the mayor of Ishigaki has been given civic authority over the territory. The Japanese central government, however, has prohibited Ishigaki from surveying or developing the islands. On December 17, 2010, Ishigaki declared January 14 as "Pioneering Day". China condemned Ishigaki's actions.
Geography
The island group consists of five uninhabited islets and three barren rocks.These minor features in the East China Sea are located approximately 120 nautical miles northeast of Taiwan, 200 nautical miles east of the Chinese mainland and 200 nautical miles southwest of the Japanese island of Okinawa.
In ascending order of distances, the island cluster is located:
east of Pengjia Islet
Pengjia Islet
Pengjia Islet is an islet located north of Taiwan. It is currently under military control and thus cannot be visited. As of 2002, there are about 40 people living on the island.-External links:*, Directorate General of Customs, Republic of China...
, ROC north of Ishigaki Island, Japan northeast of Keelung
Keelung
Keelung City is a major port city situated in the northeastern part of Taiwan. It borders New Taipei and forms the Taipei–Keelung metropolitan area, along with the Taipei and New Taipei. Nicknamed the Rainy Port for its frequent rain and maritime role, the city is Taiwan's second largest seaport...
, ROC west of Okinawa Island
Okinawa Island
Okinawa Island is the largest of the Okinawa Islands and the Ryukyu Islands of Japan, and is home to Naha, the capital of Okinawa Prefecture. The island has an area of...
, Japan
| Japanese name | Chinese name | Coordinates | Area (km2) | Highest elevation (m) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uotsuri Jima (魚釣島) | Diaoyu Dao (釣魚島) | 25°46′N 123°31′E | 4.32 | 383 |
| Kuba Jima (久場島) | Huangwei Yu (黃尾嶼) | 25°56′N 123°41′E | 1.08 | 117 |
| Taishō Jima (大正島) | Chiwei Yu (赤尾嶼) | 25°55′N 124°34′E | 0.0609 | 75 |
| Minami Kojima (南小島) | Nan Xiaodao(南小島) | 25°45′N 123°36′E | 0.4592 | 149 |
| Kita Kojima (北小島) | Bei Xiaodao(北小島) | 25°45′N 123°36′E | 0.3267 | 135 |
| Okino Kitaiwa(沖ノ北岩) | Da Bei Xiaodao(/北岩) | 25°49′N 123°36′E | 0.0183 | |nominal |
| Okino Minami-iwa(沖ノ南岩) | Da Nan Xiaodao (大南小島/南岩) | 25°47′N 123°37′E | 0.0048 | |nominal |
| Fei Jiao Yan (飛礁岩/飛岩) | 25°45′N 123°33′E | 0.0008 | |nominal |
The depth of the surrounding waters of the continental shelf is approximately 100–150 metres (328–492 ft) except for the Okinawa Trough
Okinawa Trough
The is a seabed feature of the East China Sea. It is an active, initial back-arc rifting basin which has formed behind the Ryukyu arc-trench system in the West Pacific. It developed where the Philippine Sea Plate is subducting under the Eurasia Plate....
on the south.
The existence of the back-arc basin
Back-arc basin
Back-arc basins are geologic features, submarine basins associated with island arcs and subduction zones.They are found at some convergent plate boundaries, presently concentrated in the Western Pacific ocean. Most of them result from tensional forces caused by oceanic trench rollback and the...
complicates descriptive issues. According to Professor Ji Guoxing
Ji Guoxing
Ji Guoxing is a Chinese academic, author, political scientist and professor at Shanghai Jiaotong University.-Career:In 2009, he was Director of Maritime Security Studies Program of the Shanghai Center for RimPac Strategic and International Studies at the Shanghai Institute for International...
of the Asia-Pacific Department at Shanghai Institute for International Studies
Shanghai International Studies University
Shanghai International Studies University is a research, teaching, and multidisciplinary university based in Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Founded in December 1949 as the former Shanghai Russian School, SISU is one of the top two universities that specialise in studying foreign languages...
,
- China's interpretation of the geography is that
- Japan's interpretation of the geography is that
Flora and fauna
Permission for collecting herbs on three of the islands was recorded in an Imperial Chinese edict of 1893.Uotsuri Jima, the largest island, has a number of endemic species such as the Senkaku Mole (Mogera uchidai) and Okinawa-kuro-oo-ari ant. The Senkaku mole is an endangered species; and its existence is threatened by domestic goats
Capra (genus)
Capra is a genus of mammals, the goats or wild goats, composed of up to nine species including the wild goat, the markhor and several species known as ibex....
which were introduced to the island in 1978.
Albatross are observed in the islands. Amongst all islands, Minami Kojima is one of the few breeding places of the rare Short-tailed Albatross
Short-tailed Albatross
The Short-tailed Albatross or Steller's Albatross, Phoebastria albatrus, is a large rare seabird from the North Pacific. Although related to the other North Pacific albatrosses, it also exhibits behavioural and morphological links to the albatrosses of the Southern Ocean...
(Phoebastria albatrus).
Dispute over island ownership
The PRC and ROC claim that the islands have been a part of Chinese territory since at least 1534. They acknowledge that Japan took control of the islands in 1894–1895 during the first Sino-Japanese WarFirst Sino-Japanese War
The First Sino-Japanese War was fought between Qing Dynasty China and Meiji Japan, primarily over control of Korea...
, through the signature of the Treaty of Shimonoseki
Treaty of Shimonoseki
The Treaty of Shimonoseki , known as the Treaty of Maguan in China, was signed at the Shunpanrō hall on April 17, 1895, between the Empire of Japan and Qing Empire of China, ending the First Sino-Japanese War. The peace conference took place from March 20 to April 17, 1895...
. They assert that the Potsdam Declaration
Potsdam Declaration
The Potsdam Declaration or the Proclamation Defining Terms for Japanese Surrender is a statement calling for the Surrender of Japan in World War II. On July 26, 1945, United States President Harry S...
(which Japan accepted as part of the San Francisco Peace Treaty) required that Japan relinquish control of all islands except for "the islands of Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū, Shikoku and such minor islands as we determine", and they state that this means control of the islands should pass to China.
Japan does not accept that there is any ownership dispute, asserting that the islands are an integral part of Japan. Japan has rejected claims that the islands were under China's control prior to 1895, and that these islands were contemplated by the Potsdam Declaration or affected by the San Francisco Peace Treaty.
The controversy has at least two dimensions: (a) territorial sovereignty, which is a legacy of history; and (b) relevant jurisdictional rights and interests in maritime boundaries
Maritime boundary
Maritime boundary is a conceptual means of division of the water surface of the planet into maritime areas that are defined through surrounding physical geography or by human geography. As such it usually includes areas of exclusive national rights over the mineral and biological resources,...
, which is marked by differing interpretations of the law of the sea.
2010 collision incident
On September 7, 2010, a Chinese fishing boat collided with patrol boats of the Japan Coast GuardJapan Coast Guard
The , formerly the Maritime Safety Agency, is the Japanese coast guard. Comprising about 12,000 personnel, it is under the oversight of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, and is responsible for the protection the coast-lines of Japan...
near the islands. The trawler was taken by the Japan Coast Guard, and the captain and crew were held in custody in Japan pending possible charges. China strongly protested, and demanded an immediate release of the Chinese fishermen. The crew was released on September 13, 2010, while the captain was held until September 24, and none were charged. The incident disrupted official and non-official exchanges and activities between the two countries.
See also
- Sino-Japanese relationsSino-Japanese relationsChina and Japan are geographically separated only by a relatively narrow stretch of ocean. China has strongly influenced Japan with its writing system, architecture, culture, religion, philosophy, and law...
- China Federation for Defending the Diaoyu IslandsChina Federation for Defending the Diaoyu IslandsChina Federation for Defending the Diaoyu Islands is a non-governmental organisation which maintains that Diaoyu Islands are a part of Chinese territory...
- Action Committee for Defending the Diaoyu IslandsAction Committee for Defending the Diaoyu IslandsAction Committee for Defending the Diaoyu Islands is a Hong Kong-based activist organisation that asserts Chinese sovereignty over the Diaoyu Islands. The territorial right to the islands is disputed between the People's Republic of China, the Republic of China, and Japan, who currently controls...
- Kuril IslandsKuril IslandsThe Kuril Islands , in Russia's Sakhalin Oblast region, form a volcanic archipelago that stretches approximately northeast from Hokkaidō, Japan, to Kamchatka, Russia, separating the Sea of Okhotsk from the North Pacific Ocean. There are 56 islands and many more minor rocks. It consists of Greater...
- OkinotorishimaOkinotorishimais an atoll, which in English has multiple designations . Its original name was Parece Vela Spanish for "looks like a sail"...
- Spratly IslandsSpratly IslandsThe Spratly Islands are a group of more than 750 reefs, islets, atolls, cays and islands in the South China Sea. The archipelago lies off the coasts of the Philippines and Malaysia , about one third of the way from there to southern Vietnam. They comprise less than four square kilometers of land...
- Paracel IslandsParacel IslandsThe Paracel Islands, also called Xisha Islands in Chinese and Hoàng Sa Islands in Vietnamese, is a group of islands under the administration of Hainan Province, The People's Republic of China. Vietnam and the Republic of China also claim sovereignty of these islands...
Further reading
- Donaldson, John and Alison Williams. "Understanding Maritime Jurisdictional Disputes: The East China Sea and Beyond," Journal of International AffairsJournal of International AffairsThe Journal of International Affairs is a foreign affairs academic journal published bi-yearly by the students at the School of International and Public Affairs...
, Vol. 59, No. 1. - Dzurek, Daniel. "The Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands Dispute," International Boundaries Research UnitInternational Boundaries Research UnitThe International Boundaries Research Unit at Durham University in the United Kingdom integrates theory and practice in an academic setting. The research center provides practical expertise in boundary-making, border management and territorial dispute resolution.-History:IBRU was established in...
(IBRU). October 18, 1996. - Helflin, William B. "Daiyou/Senkaku Islands Dispute: Japan and China, Oceans Apart," 1 Asian-Pacific Law & Policy JournalAsian-Pacific Law & Policy JournalThe Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal is an open-access biannual journal published by the William S. Richardson School of Law at the University of Hawaii...
1–22 (2000). - Peterson, Alexander M. "Sino-Japanese Cooperation in the East China Sea: A Lasting Arrangement?" 42 Cornell International Law JournalCornell International Law JournalThe Cornell International Law Journal is one of the oldest international law journals in the United States. It was founded in 1967 by members of the Cornell Society of International Law at Cornell Law School...
441–474 (2009). - Ramos-Mrosovsky, Carlos. "International Law's Unhelpful Role in the Senkaku Islands,", 29 University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law 903-946 (2008).
External links
- Google maps, Senkaku Islands
- "Q&A China Japan island row," BBC News Asia-Pacific. September 24, 2010.
- Globalsecurity.orgGlobalSecurity.orgGlobalSecurity.org, launched in 2000, is a public policy organization focusing on the fields of defense, space exploration, intelligence, weapons of mass destruction and homeland security...
— "Senkaku/Diaoyutai Islands"; References, Links - Inventory of Conflict and EnvironmentInventory of Conflict and EnvironmentThe Inventory of Conflict and Environment is a research project of the School of International Service at American University in Washington, D.C. The project makes use of computer applications in international relations research; ICE is evolving as a pattern matching tool...
(ICE), Diaoyu Islands Dispute - Waseda UniversityWaseda University, abbreviated as , is one of the most prestigious private universities in Japan and Asia. Its main campuses are located in the northern part of Shinjuku, Tokyo. Founded in 1882 as Tokyo Senmon Gakko, the institution was renamed "Waseda University" in 1902. It is known for its liberal climate...
— Hayashi ShiheiHayashi Shiheiwas a Japanese military scholar and a retainer of the Sendai Domain.His name is sometimes misread as Rin Shihei....
. (1785). 三国通覧図説 (Sangoku Tsuran Zusetsu)