Trace amine-associated receptor
Encyclopedia
Trace amine-associated receptors, abbreviated TAAR and otherwise known as trace amine receptors, abbreviated TAR or TA, are a class of G protein-coupled receptor
s identified in 2001.
These receptors have gained considerable interest in academic and pharmaceutical industry research as putative endogenous
receptors
for trace amine
s, metabolic derivatives of classical biogenic amine
s and the psychostimulants amphetamine
and methamphetamine
.
In 2004 it was shown that in mammals TAAR1 is probably a receptor for thyronamines, decarboxylated
and deiodinated
metabolite
s of the thyroid hormone
s, while the mouse mTAAR2 - mTAAR9 receptors are most probably olfactory
receptors for volatile amine
s.
s:
G protein-coupled receptor
G protein-coupled receptors , also known as seven-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptor, and G protein-linked receptors , comprise a large protein family of transmembrane receptors that sense molecules outside the cell and activate inside signal...
s identified in 2001.
These receptors have gained considerable interest in academic and pharmaceutical industry research as putative endogenous
Endogenous
Endogenous substances are those that originate from within an organism, tissue, or cell. Endogenous retroviruses are caused by ancient infections of germ cells in humans, mammals and other vertebrates...
receptors
Receptor (biochemistry)
In biochemistry, a receptor is a molecule found on the surface of a cell, which receives specific chemical signals from neighbouring cells or the wider environment within an organism...
for trace amine
Trace amine
Trace amines are endogenous compounds structurally related to classical biogenic amines, such as catecholamines, serotonin and histamine. Trace amines include p-tyramine, β-phenylethylamine, tryptamine, octopamine, and 3-iodothyronamine, and are found in the nervous systems of animals from insects...
s, metabolic derivatives of classical biogenic amine
Biogenic amine
-Examples:Some prominent examples of biogenic amines include:* Histamine - a substance derived from the amino acid histidine that acts as a neurotransmitter mediating arousal and attention, as well as a pro-inflammatory signal released from mast cells in response to allergic reactions or tissue...
s and the psychostimulants amphetamine
Amphetamine
Amphetamine or amfetamine is a psychostimulant drug of the phenethylamine class which produces increased wakefulness and focus in association with decreased fatigue and appetite.Brand names of medications that contain, or metabolize into, amphetamine include Adderall, Dexedrine, Dextrostat,...
and methamphetamine
Methamphetamine
Methamphetamine is a psychostimulant of the phenethylamine and amphetamine class of psychoactive drugs...
.
In 2004 it was shown that in mammals TAAR1 is probably a receptor for thyronamines, decarboxylated
Decarboxylation
Decarboxylation is a chemical reaction that releases carbon dioxide . Usually, decarboxylation refers to a reaction of carboxylic acids, removing a carbon atom from a carbon chain. The reverse process, which is the first chemical step in photosynthesis, is called carbonation, the addition of CO2 to...
and deiodinated
Iodine
Iodine is a chemical element with the symbol I and atomic number 53. The name is pronounced , , or . The name is from the , meaning violet or purple, due to the color of elemental iodine vapor....
metabolite
Metabolite
Metabolites are the intermediates and products of metabolism. The term metabolite is usually restricted to small molecules. A primary metabolite is directly involved in normal growth, development, and reproduction. Alcohol is an example of a primary metabolite produced in large-scale by industrial...
s of the thyroid hormone
Thyroid hormone
The thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine , are tyrosine-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland primarily responsible for regulation of metabolism. An important component in the synthesis of thyroid hormones is iodine. The major form of thyroid hormone in the blood is thyroxine ,...
s, while the mouse mTAAR2 - mTAAR9 receptors are most probably olfactory
Olfaction
Olfaction is the sense of smell. This sense is mediated by specialized sensory cells of the nasal cavity of vertebrates, and, by analogy, sensory cells of the antennae of invertebrates...
receptors for volatile amine
Amine
Amines are organic compounds and functional groups that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair. Amines are derivatives of ammonia, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a substituent such as an alkyl or aryl group. Important amines include amino acids, biogenic amines,...
s.
Animal TAAR complement
The following is a list of the TAARs contained in selected animal genomeGenome
In modern molecular biology and genetics, the genome is the entirety of an organism's hereditary information. It is encoded either in DNA or, for many types of virus, in RNA. The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA/RNA....
s:
- HumanHumanHumans are the only living species in the Homo genus...
— 7 geneGeneA gene is a molecular unit of heredity of a living organism. It is a name given to some stretches of DNA and RNA that code for a type of protein or for an RNA chain that has a function in the organism. Living beings depend on genes, as they specify all proteins and functional RNA chains...
s (TAAR1TAAR1Trace amine-associated receptor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAAR1 gene.- Function :TAAR1 is a G protein-coupled receptor activated by trace amines...
, TAAR2TAAR2Trace amine-associated receptor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAAR2 gene.-Further reading:...
, TAAR3TAAR3Putative trace amine-associated receptor 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAAR3 gene.-Further reading:...
, TAAR5TAAR5Trace amine-associated receptor 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAAR5 gene.-Further reading:...
, TAAR6TAAR6Trace amine associated receptor 6, also known as TAAR6, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the TAAR6 gene.- Function :TAAR6 belongs to the trace amine-associated receptor family. Trace amines are endogenous amine compounds that are chemically similar to classic biogenic amines like...
, TAAR8TAAR8Trace amine-associated receptor 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAAR8 gene.-Further reading:...
, TAAR9TAAR9Trace amine-associated receptor 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAAR9 gene.-Further reading:...
) and 2 pseudogenePseudogenePseudogenes are dysfunctional relatives of known genes that have lost their protein-coding ability or are otherwise no longer expressed in the cell...
s - ChimpanzeeChimpanzeeChimpanzee, sometimes colloquially chimp, is the common name for the two extant species of ape in the genus Pan. The Congo River forms the boundary between the native habitat of the two species:...
— 3 genes and 6 pseudogenes - MouseMouseA mouse is a small mammal belonging to the order of rodents. The best known mouse species is the common house mouse . It is also a popular pet. In some places, certain kinds of field mice are also common. This rodent is eaten by large birds such as hawks and eagles...
— 15 genes and 1 pseudogene - RatRatRats are various medium-sized, long-tailed rodents of the superfamily Muroidea. "True rats" are members of the genus Rattus, the most important of which to humans are the black rat, Rattus rattus, and the brown rat, Rattus norvegicus...
— 17 genes and 2 pseudogenes - Zebrafish — 112 genes and 4 pseudogenes
- FrogFrogFrogs are amphibians in the order Anura , formerly referred to as Salientia . Most frogs are characterized by a short body, webbed digits , protruding eyes and the absence of a tail...
— 3 genes and 0 pseudogenes - Medaka — 25 genes and 1 pseudogenes
- SticklebackSticklebackThe Gasterosteidae are a family of fish including the sticklebacks. FishBase currently recognises sixteen species in the family, grouped in five genera. However several of the species have a number of recognised subspecies, and the taxonomy of the family is thought to be in need of revision...
— 25 genes and 1 pseudogenes
See also
- ReceptorReceptor (biochemistry)In biochemistry, a receptor is a molecule found on the surface of a cell, which receives specific chemical signals from neighbouring cells or the wider environment within an organism...
- Olfactory receptorOlfactory receptorOlfactory receptors expressed in the cell membranes of olfactory receptor neurons are responsible for the detection of odor molecules. Activated olfactory receptors are the initial player in a signal transduction cascade which ultimately produces a nerve impulse which is transmitted to the brain...
- Odorant
- Trace amineTrace amineTrace amines are endogenous compounds structurally related to classical biogenic amines, such as catecholamines, serotonin and histamine. Trace amines include p-tyramine, β-phenylethylamine, tryptamine, octopamine, and 3-iodothyronamine, and are found in the nervous systems of animals from insects...
- ThyronamineThyronamineThyronamine refers both to a molecule, and to derivatives of that molecule: a family of decarboxylated and deiodinated metabolites of the thyroid hormones thyroxine and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine .-Types:The group includes:* Thyronamine...
- AmphetamineAmphetamineAmphetamine or amfetamine is a psychostimulant drug of the phenethylamine class which produces increased wakefulness and focus in association with decreased fatigue and appetite.Brand names of medications that contain, or metabolize into, amphetamine include Adderall, Dexedrine, Dextrostat,...
- MethamphetamineMethamphetamineMethamphetamine is a psychostimulant of the phenethylamine and amphetamine class of psychoactive drugs...
- Psychostimulant