Treaty ports
Encyclopedia
The treaty ports was the name given to the port cities in China
, Japan
, and Korea
that were opened to foreign trade by the Unequal Treaties
.
by the Treaty of Nanking in 1842. As well as ceding the island of Hong Kong
to the United Kingdom
in perpetuity, the treaty also established five treaty ports at Shanghai
, Canton
, Ningpo, Fuchow, and Amoy
. French and American concessions followed soon afterwards.
The second group of British treaty ports was set up following the end of the Arrow War
in 1860 and eventually more than 80 treaty ports were established in China alone, involving many foreign powers.
Foreigners, who were centered in foreign sections, newly built on the edges of existing port cities, enjoyed legal extraterritoriality
as stipulated in Unequal Treaties. Foreign clubs, racecourses, and churches were established in major treaty ports. Some of these port areas were directly leased by foreign powers such as in the concessions in China
, effectively removing them from the control of local governments.
. The major powers involved were the British, the French, and the Americans, although by the end of the 19th century all the major powers were involved, including Latin American countries and the Congo Free State
. It is not possible to put an exact date on the end of the treaty port era. The Russians relinquished their treaty rights in the wake of the Russian revolution in 1917, and the Germans were forced to concede their treaty rights following their defeat in World War I
.
Norway
voluntarily relinquished its treaty rights in a capitulation treaty of 1931. However the three main treaty powers, the British, the Americans, and the French continued to hold their concessions and extraterritorial jurisdictions until the second world war. As regards the British and the Americans, it ended in practice when the Japanese stormed into their concessions in the wake of the attack on Pearl Harbor
at the end of 1941. They then formally relinquished their treaty rights in a new 'equal treaties' agreement with Chiang Kaishek's free Chinese government in exile in Chungking in 1943.
Meanwhile the pro-Japanese puppet government in Nanking signed a capitulation treaty with the Vichy French government in 1943. This wasn't recognized by Free French leader Charles de Gaulle
. In 1946, in order to induce the Chinese to vacate the northern half of French Indo-China, de Gaulle signed a capitulation treaty with Chiang Kaishek's nationalist (Kuomintang
) government.
Whatvever residues of the treaty port era were left in the late 1940s were ended when the communists took over China.
and Hakodate, in 1854 (Convention of Kanagawa
).
It designated five more ports, Yokohama
, Kobe
, Nagasaki, Hakodate and Niigata
, in 1858 with the Treaty of Amity and Commerce
.
The system of treaty ports ended in Japan in the year 1899 as a consequence of Japan's rapid transition to a modern nation.
treaty, not only the right to trade and exemptions for their subjects, but a truly colonial control over each concession territory
, de facto annexation:
According to the customs statistics, 6,917,000 Chinese inhabited the treaty ports in 1906. The foreign population included 1837 firms and 38,597 persons, mainly Europeans (British 9356, French 2189, German 1939, Portuguese 3184, Italians 786, Spaniards 389, Belgians 297, Austrians 236, Russians 273, Danes 209, Dutch 225, Norwegians 185, Swedes 135), Americans 3447, Brazilians 16, Japanese 15,548, Koreans 47, subjects of non-treaty powers 236.
China
Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
, Japan
Japan
Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...
, and Korea
Korea
Korea ) is an East Asian geographic region that is currently divided into two separate sovereign states — North Korea and South Korea. Located on the Korean Peninsula, Korea is bordered by the People's Republic of China to the northwest, Russia to the northeast, and is separated from Japan to the...
that were opened to foreign trade by the Unequal Treaties
Unequal Treaties
“Unequal treaty” is a term used in specific reference to a number of treaties imposed by Western powers, during the 19th and early 20th centuries, on Qing Dynasty China and late Tokugawa Japan...
.
Chinese treaty ports
The first treaty ports in China were British and were established at the conclusion of the First Opium WarFirst Opium War
The First Anglo-Chinese War , known popularly as the First Opium War or simply the Opium War, was fought between the United Kingdom and the Qing Dynasty of China over their conflicting viewpoints on diplomatic relations, trade, and the administration of justice...
by the Treaty of Nanking in 1842. As well as ceding the island of Hong Kong
Hong Kong
Hong Kong is one of two Special Administrative Regions of the People's Republic of China , the other being Macau. A city-state situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour...
to the United Kingdom
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
in perpetuity, the treaty also established five treaty ports at Shanghai
Shanghai International Settlement
The Shanghai International Settlement began originally as a purely British settlement. It was one of the original five treaty ports which were established under the terms of the Treaty of Nanking at the end of the first opium war in the year 1842...
, Canton
Shamian Island
Shamian Island , formerly known as Shameen Island or Shamin Island, from its Cantonese pronunciation, is a sandbank island in the Liwan District of Guangzhou city, Guangdong province, China...
, Ningpo, Fuchow, and Amoy
Amoy
Xiamen, or Amoy, is a city on the southeast coast of China.Amoy may also refer to:*Amoy dialect, a dialect of the Hokkien lects, which are part of the Southern Min group of Chinese languages...
. French and American concessions followed soon afterwards.
The second group of British treaty ports was set up following the end of the Arrow War
Second Opium War
The Second Opium War, the Second Anglo-Chinese War, the Second China War, the Arrow War, or the Anglo-French expedition to China, was a war pitting the British Empire and the Second French Empire against the Qing Dynasty of China, lasting from 1856 to 1860...
in 1860 and eventually more than 80 treaty ports were established in China alone, involving many foreign powers.
Foreigners, who were centered in foreign sections, newly built on the edges of existing port cities, enjoyed legal extraterritoriality
Extraterritoriality
Extraterritoriality is the state of being exempt from the jurisdiction of local law, usually as the result of diplomatic negotiations. Extraterritoriality can also be applied to physical places, such as military bases of foreign countries, or offices of the United Nations...
as stipulated in Unequal Treaties. Foreign clubs, racecourses, and churches were established in major treaty ports. Some of these port areas were directly leased by foreign powers such as in the concessions in China
Concessions in China
Concessions in China were a group of concession territories within China that were governed and occupied by foreign powers. They are frequently associated with colonialism. Most had extraterritoriality and were enclaves inside key cities that were treaty ports. Other than other minor...
, effectively removing them from the control of local governments.
Major treaty ports in China
| Province or Municipalities | Cities | Date | Foreign concession holders |
|---|---|---|---|
| Shanghai | (1842–1946) | Greater Shanghai had three sections: These comprised the International Settlement of the  United Kingdom United KingdomUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom during the period when what is now the Republic of Ireland formed a part of it.... and the  United States, the  Early Modern France French Concession and the old Chinese walled city. |
|
| Jiangsu Province | Nanjing Nanjing ' is the capital of Jiangsu province in China and has a prominent place in Chinese history and culture, having been the capital of China on several occasions... (Nanking) |
(1858) | |
| Zhenjiang Zhenjiang Zhenjiang is a prefecture-level city in the southwest of Jiangsu province in the eastern People's Republic of China . Sitting on the southern bank of the Yangtze River, it borders the provincial capital of Nanjing to the west, Changzhou to the east, and Yangzhou across the river to the north.Once... |
|||
| Jiangxi Province | Jiujiang Jiujiang Jiujiang , formerly transliterated Kiukiang, is a prefecture-level city located on the southern shores of the Yangtze River in northwest Jiangxi Province, China. It is the second-largest prefecture-level city in Jiangxi province, the largest one being Nanchang... |
||
| Hubei Province | Hankou (Hankow) | (1858–1945) |  German Empire GermanyGerman Empire The German Empire refers to Germany during the "Second Reich" period from the unification of Germany and proclamation of Wilhelm I as German Emperor on 18 January 1871, to 1918, when it became a federal republic after defeat in World War I and the abdication of the Emperor, Wilhelm II.The German... , Early Modern France France; later the United Kingdom United Kingdom and  Empire of Japan JapanEmpire of Japan The Empire of Japan is the name of the state of Japan that existed from the Meiji Restoration on 3 January 1868 to the enactment of the post-World War II Constitution of... |
| Shashi Shashi Shashi is a name of male/female from India meaning "Moon" in Ancient Sanskrit Language. Shashi can refer to:-People:*Shashi Deshpande, an award-winning Indian novelist*Shashi Isaac, a football player from Saint Kitts & Nevis... |
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| Yichang Yichang Yichang is a prefecture-level city located in Hubei province of the People's Republic of China. It is the second largest city in Hubei province after the province capital, Wuhan. The Three Gorges Dam is located within its administrative area, in Yiling District.-History:In ancient times Yichang... |
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| Hunan Province | Changsha | (1937–1945) | Empire of Japan Japan |
| Yuezhou | |||
| Sichuan Province | Chongqing Chongqing Chongqing is a major city in Southwest China and one of the five national central cities of China. Administratively, it is one of the PRC's four direct-controlled municipalities , and the only such municipality in inland China.The municipality was created on 14 March 1997, succeeding the... (Chungking) |
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| Zhejiang Province | Ningbo Ningbo Ningbo is a seaport city of northeastern Zhejiang province, Eastern China. Holding sub-provincial administrative status, the municipality has a population of 7,605,700 inhabitants at the 2010 census whom 3,089,180 in the built up area made of 6 urban districts. It lies south of the Hangzhou Bay,... (Ningpo) |
(1841–42) | United Kingdom United Kingdom |
| Wenzhou Wenzhou Wenzhou is a prefecture-level city in southeastern Zhejiang province, People's Republic of China. The area under its jurisdiction, which includes two satellite cities and six counties, had a population of 9,122,100 as of 2010.... |
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| Fujian Province | Fuzhou Fuzhou Fuzhou is the capital and one of the largest cities in Fujian Province, People's Republic of China. Along with the many counties of Ningde, those of Fuzhou are considered to constitute the Mindong linguistic and cultural area.... (Foochow) |
(1842–1945) | , then |
| Xiamen Xiamen Xiamen , also known as Amoy , is a major city on the southeast coast of the People's Republic of China. It is administered as a sub-provincial city of Fujian province with an area of and population of 3.53 million... (Amoy) |
(1842–1912) | ||
| Guangdong Province | Guangzhou Guangzhou Guangzhou , known historically as Canton or Kwangchow, is the capital and largest city of the Guangdong province in the People's Republic of China. Located in southern China on the Pearl River, about north-northwest of Hong Kong, Guangzhou is a key national transportation hub and trading port... (Canton) |
(1842-WWII) | United Kingdom United Kingdom; then Empire of Japan Japan |
| Shantou Shantou Shantou , historically known as Swatow or Suátao, is a prefecture-level city on the eastern coast of Guangdong province, People's Republic of China, with a total population of 5,391,028 as of 2010 and an administrative area of... (Swatow) |
(1858) | United Kingdom United Kingdom |
|
| Sanshui Sanshui For the style of Chinese painting, see Shan ShuiSanshui District , formerly Sanshui City, is a district with about 120,000 inhabitants in Guangdong province of the People's Republic of China... |
|||
| Haikou Haikou Hǎikǒu , is the capital and most populous city of Hainan Province, in the People's Republic of China. It is situated on the northern coast of Hainan, by the mouth of the Nandu River... (Qiongshan) |
(1858) | ||
| Guangxi Province | Beihai Beihai Beihai is a prefecture-level city of Guangxi, China. Beihai means "north of the sea" in Chinese, signifying its status as a seaport on the north shore of the Gulf of Tonkin. Between the years 2006 and 2020, Beihai is predicted to be the world's fastest growing city... |
(1876–1940s?) | United Kingdom United Kingdom, United States, German Empire Germany, , Early Modern France,  Italy Italy,  Portugal,  Belgium |
| Nanning Nanning Nanning is the capital of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in southern China. It is known as the "Green City" because of its abundance of lush tropical foliage.-History:... |
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| Yunnan Province | Mengzi Mengzi Mengzi may refer to:*Mencius , 372 – 289 BCE, Chinese philosopher*Mengzi City , in Yunnan, China... |
||
| Simao | |||
| Dengyue | |||
| Shandong Province | Yantai Yantai Yantai is a prefecture-level city in northeastern Shandong province, People's Republic of China. Located on the southern coast of the Bohai Sea and the eastern coast of the Laizhou Bay, Yantai borders the cities of Qingdao and Weihai to the southwest and east respectively.The largest fishing... |
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| Hebei Province | Tianjin Tianjin ' is a metropolis in northern China and one of the five national central cities of the People's Republic of China. It is governed as a direct-controlled municipality, one of four such designations, and is, thus, under direct administration of the central government... (Tientsin) |
1860–1902 | United Kingdom United Kingdom, United States, German Empire Germany, , Early Modern France France, Italy Italy, Portugal, Belgium |
| Liaoning Province | Niuzhuang | (1858) | |
| Yingkou Yingkou Yingkou is located in the northwestern portion of the Liaodong Peninsula, and on the left bank of the Daliao River, which enters the sea in the city. To the west is the Liaodong Bay of the Bohai Gulf, and the city thus looks across to Jinzhou and Huludao... |
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| Shenyang Shenyang Shenyang , or Mukden , is the capital and largest city of Liaoning Province in Northeast China. Currently holding sub-provincial administrative status, the city was once known as Shengjing or Fengtianfu... |
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| Jilin Province | Changchun Changchun Changchun is the capital and largest city of Jilin province, located in the northeast of the People's Republic of China, in the center of the Songliao Plain. It is administered as a sub-provincial city with a population of 7,677,089 at the 2010 census under its jurisdiction, including counties and... |
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| Hunchun Hunchun Hunchun is a county-level city in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, far eastern Jilin province, Northeast China. It borders North Korea and Russia , has over 250,000 inhabitants, and streching on a 5,145 square-kilometer... |
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| Heilongjiang Province | Harbin Harbin Harbin ; Manchu language: , Harbin; Russian: Харби́н Kharbin ), is the capital and largest city of Heilongjiang Province in Northeast China, lying on the southern bank of the Songhua River... |
(1898–1946) |  Russia RussiaRussian Empire The Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was the successor to the Tsardom of Russia and the predecessor of the Soviet Union... , United States, German Empire Germany; later Empire of Japan Japan and the  Soviet Union |
| Aihun | Russia Russia, Soviet Union |
||
| Manzhouli Manzhouli - Administration :Manzhouli is divided into ten subdistricts and one town. Six of the subdistricts of Manzhouli are grouped into a district. Technically however, only a prefecture-level city can have districts, so Manzhouli's lone district is not officially listed.- History :In ancient times the... |
Russia Russia, Soviet Union |
||
| Taiwan Province Taiwan Province Taiwan Province is one of the two administrative divisions referred to as provinces and is controlled by the Republic of China . The province covers approximately 73% of the territory controlled by the Republic of China... (Formosa) |
Tamsui | (1858) | |
| Tainan Tainan Tainan City is a city in southern Taiwan. It is the fifth largest after New Taipei, Kaohsiung, Taichung, and Taipei. It was formerly a provincial city, and in 2010, the provincial city merged with the adjacent Tainan County to form a single special municipality. Tainan faces the Taiwan Strait in... |
Chinese capitulation treaties
The treaty port system in China lasted broadly speaking one hundred years. It began with the 1841 Opium War and ended with the 1941 attack on Pearl HarborPearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor, known to Hawaiians as Puuloa, is a lagoon harbor on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. Much of the harbor and surrounding lands is a United States Navy deep-water naval base. It is also the headquarters of the U.S. Pacific Fleet...
. The major powers involved were the British, the French, and the Americans, although by the end of the 19th century all the major powers were involved, including Latin American countries and the Congo Free State
Congo Free State
The Congo Free State was a large area in Central Africa which was privately controlled by Leopold II, King of the Belgians. Its origins lay in Leopold's attracting scientific, and humanitarian backing for a non-governmental organization, the Association internationale africaine...
. It is not possible to put an exact date on the end of the treaty port era. The Russians relinquished their treaty rights in the wake of the Russian revolution in 1917, and the Germans were forced to concede their treaty rights following their defeat in World War I
World War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
.
Norway
Norway
Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and Bouvet Island. Norway has a total area of and a population of about 4.9 million...
voluntarily relinquished its treaty rights in a capitulation treaty of 1931. However the three main treaty powers, the British, the Americans, and the French continued to hold their concessions and extraterritorial jurisdictions until the second world war. As regards the British and the Americans, it ended in practice when the Japanese stormed into their concessions in the wake of the attack on Pearl Harbor
Attack on Pearl Harbor
The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on the morning of December 7, 1941...
at the end of 1941. They then formally relinquished their treaty rights in a new 'equal treaties' agreement with Chiang Kaishek's free Chinese government in exile in Chungking in 1943.
Meanwhile the pro-Japanese puppet government in Nanking signed a capitulation treaty with the Vichy French government in 1943. This wasn't recognized by Free French leader Charles de Gaulle
Charles de Gaulle
Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle was a French general and statesman who led the Free French Forces during World War II. He later founded the French Fifth Republic in 1958 and served as its first President from 1959 to 1969....
. In 1946, in order to induce the Chinese to vacate the northern half of French Indo-China, de Gaulle signed a capitulation treaty with Chiang Kaishek's nationalist (Kuomintang
Kuomintang
The Kuomintang of China , sometimes romanized as Guomindang via the Pinyin transcription system or GMD for short, and translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party is a founding and ruling political party of the Republic of China . Its guiding ideology is the Three Principles of the People, espoused...
) government.
Whatvever residues of the treaty port era were left in the late 1940s were ended when the communists took over China.
Japanese treaty ports
Japan opened two ports to foreign trade, ShimodaShimoda, Shizuoka
is a city and port in Shizuoka, Japan.As of 2010, the city had an estimated population of 25,054 and a population density of 242 persons per square kilometer...
and Hakodate, in 1854 (Convention of Kanagawa
Convention of Kanagawa
On March 31, 1854, the or was concluded between Commodore Matthew C. Perry of the U.S. Navy and the Tokugawa shogunate.-Treaty of Peace and Amity :...
).
It designated five more ports, Yokohama
Port of Yokohama
The is operated by the Port and Harbor Bureau of the City of Yokohama in Japan. It opens onto Tokyo Bay. The port is located at a latitude of 35.27.–00°N and a longitude of 139.38–46°E. To the south lies the Port of Yokosuka; to the north, the ports of Kawasaki and Tokyo.-Facilities:Yokohama Port...
, Kobe
Port of Kobe
The Port of Kobe is a Japanese maritime port in Kobe, Hyōgo in the greater Osaka area, backgrounded by the Hanshin Industrial Region.Located at a foothill of the range of Mount Rokkō, flat lands are limited and constructions of artificial islands have carried out, to make Port Island, Rokko...
, Nagasaki, Hakodate and Niigata
Niigata, Niigata
is the capital and the most populous city of Niigata Prefecture, Japan. It lies on the northwest coast of Honshu, the largest island of Japan, and faces the Sea of Japan and Sado Island....
, in 1858 with the Treaty of Amity and Commerce
Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States-Japan)
The , also called Harris Treaty, between the United States and Japan was signed at the Ryōsen-ji in Shimoda on July 29, 1858. It opened the ports of Yokohama and four other Japanese cities to American trade and granted extraterritoriality to foreigners, among other stipulations.-The Treaty:The...
.
The system of treaty ports ended in Japan in the year 1899 as a consequence of Japan's rapid transition to a modern nation.
Leased territories
In these the foreign powers obtained, under a leaseLease
A lease is a contractual arrangement calling for the lessee to pay the lessor for use of an asset. A rental agreement is a lease in which the asset is tangible property...
treaty, not only the right to trade and exemptions for their subjects, but a truly colonial control over each concession territory
Concession (territory)
In international law, a concession is a territory within a country that is administered by an entity other than the state which holds sovereignty over it. This is usually a colonizing power, or at least mandated by one, as in the case of colonial chartered companies.Usually, it is conceded, that...
, de facto annexation:
| Territory | Date | Lease holder |
|---|---|---|
| Guandongzhou Leased Territory (today's Dalian Dalian Dalian is a major city and seaport in the south of Liaoning province, Northeast China. It faces Shandong to the south, the Yellow Sea to the east and the Bohai Sea to the west and south. Holding sub-provincial administrative status, Dalian is the southernmost city of Northeast China and China's... ) |
1894–1898 Empire of Japan Japan 1898–1905 Russia Russia 1905–1945 Empire of Japan Japan |
leased by Russia and later by Japan |
| Weihai Weihai Weihai is a city in eastern Shandong Province, People's Republic of China. It is the easternmost prefecture-level city of the province and a major seaport. Between 1898 and 1930, the town was a British colony known as Weihaiwei or the Weihai Garrison , and sometimes as Port Edward... in Shandong Province |
(1898–1930) | leased by Britain |
| Qingdao Qingdao ' also known in the West by its postal map spelling Tsingtao, is a major city with a population of over 8.715 million in eastern Shandong province, Eastern China. Its built up area, made of 7 urban districts plus Jimo city, is home to about 4,346,000 inhabitants in 2010.It borders Yantai to the... in Shandong Province |
(1897–1922) | leased by Germany Germany Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate... |
| The New Territories New Territories New Territories is one of the three main regions of Hong Kong, alongside Hong Kong Island and the Kowloon Peninsula. It makes up 86.2% of Hong Kong's territory. Historically, it is the region described in The Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory... adjoining the original perpetual Hong Kong concession and its 1860 Kowloon extension |
(1842; 1860; 1898–1997) | leased by Britain |
| Guangzhouwan Leased Territory in Guangdong Province (today's Zhanjiang Zhanjiang Zhanjiang , formerly known as Tsamkong, Tsankiang, Fort-Bayard, and Kwang-Chou-Wan, is a prefecture-level city at the southwestern end of Guangdong province of Southern China, facing the island of Hainan to the south.... ) |
(1911–1946) | leased by France France The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France... |
List of Chinese treaty ports
In the early 20th century, these were the treaty ports (many name forms differ from other Western sources) in China:I. Northern ports
| Port | Treaty | Open Date | Closed Date | Chinese Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| New-chwang, in the imperial Shen-king province, in Manchuria Manchuria Manchuria is a historical name given to a large geographic region in northeast Asia. Depending on the definition of its extent, Manchuria usually falls entirely within the People's Republic of China, or is sometimes divided between China and Russia. The region is commonly referred to as Northeast... |
in accordance with the British Treaty of T'ien-tsin, 1858; | custom office opened 9 May 1864; | 74,000. | |
| Ching-wang-tao, in Chi-li province, also in Manchuria | in accordance with an imperial decree, 31 March 1898 | opened 15 December 1901 | 5,000. | |
| T'ien-tsin, also in Chi-li | in accordance with the British and French Peking Conventions, 1860 | opened May, 1861 | 750,000. | |
| Che-fu, in Shang-tung | in accordance with British and French treaties of T'ien-tsin, 1858; | opened March, 1862 | 100,000. | |
| Kiao-chou, also in Shang-tung | German Convention 6 March 1898 | opened 1 July 1899. | ||
II. Yangtze River ports
| Port | Treaty | Open Date | Closed Date | Chinese Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ch'ung-k'ing, in Sze-ch'wan province | opened November 1890 | 702,000. | ||
| I-ch'ang, in Hu-pe | in accordance with Che-fu Convention, 1876 | opened 1 April 1877 | 50,000. | |
| Sha-shi, also in Hu-pe | treaty of Shimoneseki 1895 | opened 1 October 1876 | C85,000. | |
| Chang-sha, in Hu-nan | opened 1 July 1904 | 230,000. | ||
| Yo-chou, also in Hu-nan | imperial decree of 31 March 1898 | opened 13 November 1899 | 20,000. | |
| Han-kou, also in Hu-pe | provincial regulations, 1861 | opened January 1862 | 530,000. | |
| Kiu-kiang, in Kiang-si | same regulations | opened January 1862 | 36,000. | |
| Wu-hu, in Ngan-hwei | Che-fu Convention, 1876 | opened 1 April 1877 | 123,000. | |
| Nan-king, in Kiang-su | French Treaty of T'ien-tsin, 1858 | opened 1 May 1899 | 261,000. | |
| Chin-kiang, also in Kiang-su | British Treaty, 1858 | opened April, 1861 | 170,000. |
I. Northern ports
| Port | Treaty | Open Date | Closed Date | Chinese Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai is the largest city by population in China and the largest city proper in the world. It is one of the four province-level municipalities in the People's Republic of China, with a total population of over 23 million as of 2010... , in Kiang-su Jiangsu ' is a province of the People's Republic of China, located along the east coast of the country. The name comes from jiang, short for the city of Jiangning , and su, for the city of Suzhou. The abbreviation for this province is "苏" , the second character of its name... province |
Nan-king Treaty, 1842 | opened officially 17 November 1843 | 651,000. | |
| Su-chou, also in Kiang-su | Shimonoseki Treaty | opened 26 September 1896 | 500,000. | |
| Hang-chou, in Che-kiang | Shimonoseki Treaty | opened 26 September 1896 | 350,000. | |
| Ning-po, in ?? | Shimonoseki Treaty | opened 26 September 1896 | 500,000. | |
| Wen-chou, also in Che-kiang | Che-Fu Convention, 1876 | opened April, 1877 | 80,000. |
IV. South Coast ports
| Port | Treaty | Open Date | Closed Date | Chinese Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| San-tuao, in Fu-kien province | imperial decree of 31 March 1898 | opened 1 May 1899 | 8000. | |
| Fu-chou, also in Fu-kien | Nan-king Treaty, 1842 | opened July, 1861 | 624,000. | |
| Amoy, also in Fu-kien | Nan-king Treaty 1842; | opened April, 1862 | 114,000. | |
| Canton = Kanton, in the homonymous province Kwang-tung | Nan-king Treaty, 1842 | opened October 1859 | 900,000. | |
| Kow-loon, also in Kwang-tung; | opened April, 1887 | |||
| Lappa Lappa Lappa may refer to:*Lappa, Achaea, a village in the municipality Larissos, in Achaea, Greece*Lappa, Rethymno, a municipality in the Rethymno prefecture, Greece*The ancient city of Lappa, now known as Argyroupoli *the Arctium lappa... , again in Kwang-tung |
opened 27 June 1871 | |||
| Kong-moon, in Kwang-tung | opened 7 March 1904; | 55,000. | ||
| San-shui, also in Kwang-tung | Anglo-Chinese Convention, 4 February 1897 | opened 4 June 1897 | 5000. | |
| Swatow, also in Kwang-tung | English, French, and American Treaty of T'ien-tsin, 1858 | opened January 1860; | 65,000. | |
| Wu-chou, in Kwang-si | same convention | opened 4 June 1897; | 59,000. | |
| Kiung-chou (Hoy-hou), on? Hai-nan *, in? Kwang-tung | French, and English Treaties of T'ien-tsin, 1858 | opened April, 1876 | 38,000. | |
| also in Kwang-tung | Che-fu Convention, 1876 | opened April, 1877; | 20,000. | |
V. Frontier ports
| Port | Treaty | Open Date | Closed Date | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lung-chou, in Kwang-si province | French Treaty, 25 June 1887 | opened 1 June 1899 | 12,000. | |
| Meng-tze, in Yun-nan | French Treaty, 1887 | opened 30 April 1889 | 15,000. | |
| Sze-mao, also in Yun-nan | French Convention, 1895; British, 1896 | opened 2 January 1897 | 15,000. | |
| Ten-yueh or Momein, also in Yun-nan | Convention of 4 February 1897 | opened 8 May 1902; | 10,000. | |
| Ya-tung, in (?) Tibet Tibet Tibet is a plateau region in Asia, north-east of the Himalayas. It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people as well as some other ethnic groups such as Monpas, Qiang, and Lhobas, and is now also inhabited by considerable numbers of Han and Hui people... |
opened 1 May 1894 | |||
| Nan-ning, also in Kwang-si | opened by imperial decree, 3 February 1899, but had not (yet?) a customs office. | |||
According to the customs statistics, 6,917,000 Chinese inhabited the treaty ports in 1906. The foreign population included 1837 firms and 38,597 persons, mainly Europeans (British 9356, French 2189, German 1939, Portuguese 3184, Italians 786, Spaniards 389, Belgians 297, Austrians 236, Russians 273, Danes 209, Dutch 225, Norwegians 185, Swedes 135), Americans 3447, Brazilians 16, Japanese 15,548, Koreans 47, subjects of non-treaty powers 236.
Sources
- Japan's Treaty Ports and Foreign Settlements: The Uninvited Guests, 1858–1899 by J.E. Hoare (RoutledgeCurzon, 1995) ISBN 978-1873410264. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03663b.htm