Trogia
Encyclopedia
Trogia is a genus
of fungus
in the Marasmiaceae
family. It is named after a Swiss mycologist Jacob Gabriel Trog. The genus contains about 20 species that are widely distributed in tropical areas.
in 1836. He set the type species
as Trogia montagnei, a species which had been described by French mycologist Camille Montagne
in 1834 as Cantharellus aplorutis. The type has since been lost, and as a result, there has been some historical disagreement as to the boundaries of the genus. The British botanist Edred John Henry Corner emended the genus in 1966 to include 56 species. Rolf Singer
disagreed with this broad species concept in the fourth edition of his Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy (1986), and only included three species: T. cantharelloides, T. buccinalis, and T. montagnei. He considered most of the species included by Corner as better placed in genera like Hemimycena
, Mycena
, Gerronema
, Hydropus
, and Hymenogloea
. Corner later defended his species concept in a 1991 publication. The 10th edition of the Dictionary of the Fungi (2008) estimates there are about 20 species in the genus.
s and feature white, yellowish, or pinkish spore print
s) to omphalinoid (mushroom with a decurrent gill attachment, a cartilage-like stem, a broad or depressed cap
surface and lacking a ring
and volva
) fruit body
types. The fruit bodies are tough when dry, but can revive when moistened. They grow on rotting wood or woody material.
, and Cuba among other places.
s that break down lignin
, a complex polysaccharide
that is largely responsible for giving wood its strength. Trogia buccinalis has been investigated for its ability to use these enzymes to break down common pollutant molecules such as anthracene
, pentachlorophenol
, and polyvinylchloride.
province, southwestern China. Appearing after local rainfall, the mushrooms contain toxic amino acid
s and seem to be cardiotoxic in susceptible people, causing fatal arrhythmia. The amino acids are not used in proteins
, and one is new to science, According to taxonomist
Yang Zhuliang, Trogia was not previously thought to contain poisonous species. A team led by Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
epidemiologist
Zeng Guang suggests that the element barium
, present in local foods and contaminated water, may increase the toxicity of the Trogia mushroom.
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
of fungus
Fungus
A fungus is a member of a large group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds , as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, Fungi, which is separate from plants, animals, and bacteria...
in the Marasmiaceae
Marasmiaceae
The Marasmiaceae are a family of basidiomycete fungi which have white spores. They mostly have a tough stem and the capability of shrivelling up during a dry period and later recovering. The widely consumed edible fungus Lentinula edodes, the Shiitake mushroom, is a member of this family...
family. It is named after a Swiss mycologist Jacob Gabriel Trog. The genus contains about 20 species that are widely distributed in tropical areas.
Taxonomy
The genus was first circumscribed by Elias Magnus FriesElias Magnus Fries
-External links:*, Authors of fungal names, Mushroom, the Journal of Wild Mushrooming.*...
in 1836. He set the type species
Type species
In biological nomenclature, a type species is both a concept and a practical system which is used in the classification and nomenclature of animals and plants. The value of a "type species" lies in the fact that it makes clear what is meant by a particular genus name. A type species is the species...
as Trogia montagnei, a species which had been described by French mycologist Camille Montagne
Camille Montagne
Jean Pierre François Camille Montagne was a French military physician and botanist who specialized in the fields of bryology and mycology. He was born in the commune of Vaudoy in the department of Seine-et-Marne....
in 1834 as Cantharellus aplorutis. The type has since been lost, and as a result, there has been some historical disagreement as to the boundaries of the genus. The British botanist Edred John Henry Corner emended the genus in 1966 to include 56 species. Rolf Singer
Rolf Singer
Rolf Singer was a German-born mycologist and one of the most important taxonomists of gilled mushrooms in the 20th century....
disagreed with this broad species concept in the fourth edition of his Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy (1986), and only included three species: T. cantharelloides, T. buccinalis, and T. montagnei. He considered most of the species included by Corner as better placed in genera like Hemimycena
Hemimycena
Hemimycena is a genus of fungi in the family Mycenaceae. The genus has a widespread distribution, and contains about 50 species.-Species:*H. angustispora*H. candida*H. cephalotricha*H. conidiogena*H. crispata*H. cucullata...
, Mycena
Mycena
Mycena is a large genus of small saprotrophic mushrooms that are rarely more than a few centimeters in width. They are characterized by a white spore print, a small conical or bell-shaped cap, and a thin fragile stem. Most are gray or brown, but a few species have brighter colors. Most have a...
, Gerronema
Gerronema
Gerronema is a genus of small- to medium-sized lignicolous agarics with white, nonamyloid, basidiospores and decurrent lamellae. The genus, first described by American mycologist Rolf Singer in 1951, contains 13 species.-Description:...
, Hydropus
Hydropus
Hydropus is a genus of fungus in the Marasmiaceae family. The widespread genus contains about 100 species, especially in tropical areas.-Species:*Hydropus atramentosus*Hydropus conicus*Hydropus floccipes*Hydropus funebris...
, and Hymenogloea
Hymenogloea
Hymenogloea is a genus of fungus in the Marasmiaceae family. The genus is monotypic, containing the single species Hymenogloea riofrioi, found in tropical America....
. Corner later defended his species concept in a 1991 publication. The 10th edition of the Dictionary of the Fungi (2008) estimates there are about 20 species in the genus.
Description
The genus contains species with clitocyboid (gilled mushrooms that lack partial veilPartial veil
thumb|150px|right|Developmental stages of [[Agaricus campestris]] showing the role and evolution of a partial veilPartial veil is a mycological term used to describe a temporary structure of tissue found on the fruiting bodies of some basidiomycete fungi, typically agarics...
s and feature white, yellowish, or pinkish spore print
Spore print
thumb|300px|right|Making a spore print of the mushroom Volvariella volvacea shown in composite: mushroom cap laid on white and dark paper; cap removed after 24 hours showing pinkish-tan spore print...
s) to omphalinoid (mushroom with a decurrent gill attachment, a cartilage-like stem, a broad or depressed cap
Pileus (mycology)
The pileus is the technical name for the cap, or cap-like part, of a basidiocarp or ascocarp that supports a spore-bearing surface, the hymenium. The hymenium may consist of lamellae, tubes, or teeth, on the underside of the pileus...
surface and lacking a ring
Annulus (mycology)
An annulus is the ring like structure sometimes found on the stipe of some species of mushrooms. The annulus represents the remaining part of the partial veil, after it has ruptured to expose the gills or other spore-producing surface. An annulus may be thick and membranous, or it may be cobweb-like...
and volva
Volva (mycology)
The volva is a mycological term to describe a cup-like structure at the base of a mushroom that is a remnant of the universal veil. This macrofeature is important in wild mushroom identification due to it being an easily observed, taxonomically significant feature which frequently signifies a...
) fruit body
Basidiocarp
In fungi, a basidiocarp, basidiome or basidioma , is the sporocarp of a basidiomycete, the multicellular structure on which the spore-producing hymenium is borne. Basidiocarps are characteristic of the hymenomycetes; rusts and smuts do not produce such structures...
types. The fruit bodies are tough when dry, but can revive when moistened. They grow on rotting wood or woody material.
Distribution
Sepcies in the genus are found in tropical and subtropical areas. Trogia cantharelloides (Mont.) Pat. is a widespread neotropical species, recorded from Puerto RicoPuerto Rico
Puerto Rico , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , is an unincorporated territory of the United States, located in the northeastern Caribbean, east of the Dominican Republic and west of both the United States Virgin Islands and the British Virgin Islands.Puerto Rico comprises an...
, and Cuba among other places.
Uses
As a wood-rotting fungus genus, species of Trogia have enzymeEnzyme
Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process, called substrates, are converted into different molecules, called products. Almost all chemical reactions in a biological cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates...
s that break down lignin
Lignin
Lignin or lignen is a complex chemical compound most commonly derived from wood, and an integral part of the secondary cell walls of plants and some algae. The term was introduced in 1819 by de Candolle and is derived from the Latin word lignum, meaning wood...
, a complex polysaccharide
Polysaccharide
Polysaccharides are long carbohydrate molecules, of repeated monomer units joined together by glycosidic bonds. They range in structure from linear to highly branched. Polysaccharides are often quite heterogeneous, containing slight modifications of the repeating unit. Depending on the structure,...
that is largely responsible for giving wood its strength. Trogia buccinalis has been investigated for its ability to use these enzymes to break down common pollutant molecules such as anthracene
Anthracene
Anthracene is a solid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of three fused benzene rings. It is a component of coal-tar. Anthracene is used in the production of the red dye alizarin and other dyes...
, pentachlorophenol
Pentachlorophenol
Pentachlorophenol is an organochlorine compound used as a pesticide and a disinfectant. First produced in the 1930s, it is marketed under many trade names...
, and polyvinylchloride.
Yunnan Sudden Death Syndrome
One species colloquially known as "little white" has been implicated in the deaths of around 400 people in YunnanYunnan
Yunnan is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the far southwest of the country spanning approximately and with a population of 45.7 million . The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders Burma, Laos, and Vietnam.Yunnan is situated in a mountainous area, with...
province, southwestern China. Appearing after local rainfall, the mushrooms contain toxic amino acid
Amino acid
Amino acids are molecules containing an amine group, a carboxylic acid group and a side-chain that varies between different amino acids. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen...
s and seem to be cardiotoxic in susceptible people, causing fatal arrhythmia. The amino acids are not used in proteins
Proteinogenic amino acid
Proteinogenic amino acids are those amino acids that can be found in proteins and require cellular machinery coded for in the genetic code of any organism for their isolated production. There are 22 standard amino acids, but only 21 are found in eukaryotes. Of the 22, 20 are directly encoded by...
, and one is new to science, According to taxonomist
Taxonomy
Taxonomy is the science of identifying and naming species, and arranging them into a classification. The field of taxonomy, sometimes referred to as "biological taxonomy", revolves around the description and use of taxonomic units, known as taxa...
Yang Zhuliang, Trogia was not previously thought to contain poisonous species. A team led by Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
The Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention is an agency of the Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China based in Beijing, China. It works to protect public health and safety by providing information to enhance health decisions, and it promotes health through partnerships...
epidemiologist
Epidemiology
Epidemiology is the study of health-event, health-characteristic, or health-determinant patterns in a population. It is the cornerstone method of public health research, and helps inform policy decisions and evidence-based medicine by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive...
Zeng Guang suggests that the element barium
Barium
Barium is a chemical element with the symbol Ba and atomic number 56. It is the fifth element in Group 2, a soft silvery metallic alkaline earth metal. Barium is never found in nature in its pure form due to its reactivity with air. Its oxide is historically known as baryta but it reacts with...
, present in local foods and contaminated water, may increase the toxicity of the Trogia mushroom.
Species
- Trogia aplorutis
- Trogia buccinalis
- Trogia calyculus
- Trogia cantharelloides
- Trogia crinipelliformi
- Trogia cyanea
- Trogia holochlora
- Trogia icterina
- Trogia inaequalis
- Trogia infundibuliformis
- Trogia lilaceogrisea
- Trogia mellaea
- Trogia montagnea
- Trogia pleurotoides
- Trogia steriodes
- Trogia subviridis