Vancouver Whitecaps Residency
Encyclopedia
Vancouver Whitecaps Residency, formerly known as Whitecaps FC Reserves, is a Canadian soccer team based in Vancouver
Vancouver
Vancouver is a coastal seaport city on the mainland of British Columbia, Canada. It is the hub of Greater Vancouver, which, with over 2.3 million residents, is the third most populous metropolitan area in the country,...

, British Columbia
British Columbia
British Columbia is the westernmost of Canada's provinces and is known for its natural beauty, as reflected in its Latin motto, Splendor sine occasu . Its name was chosen by Queen Victoria in 1858...

, Canada
Canada
Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...

. Although founded in 2005 as part of the development system for the Vancouver Whitecaps USL First Division
USL First Division
The United Soccer Leagues First Division was a professional men's soccer league in the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico....

 franchise, beginning in 2011 they are part of the development system for the Major League Soccer
Major League Soccer
Major League Soccer is a professional soccer league based in the United States and sanctioned by the United States Soccer Federation . The league is composed of 19 teams — 16 in the U.S. and 3 in Canada...

 franchise of the same name. The team plays in the USL Premier Development League
USL Premier Development League
The USL Premier Development League is the amateur league of the United Soccer Leagues in the United States, Canada, and Bermuda, forming part of the American Soccer Pyramid...

 (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid
American Soccer Pyramid
The United States soccer pyramid is a term used in soccer to describe the structure of the league system in the United States. The country's governing body for the sport, the United States Soccer Federation , oversees the system but does not operate any of its component leagues—with one temporary...

, in the Northwest Division of the Western Conference.

The team plays its home games at Empire Field
Empire Field
Empire Field was a temporary outdoor football and soccer stadium built at the former location of Empire Stadium at Hastings Park in Vancouver, British Columbia. It served as the home of the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League from the summer of 2010 until the fall of 2011 when the installation...

, where the senior Whitecaps team plays, where they have played since 2011. The team's colours are blue and white.

Pacific Coast Soccer League

Vancouver Whitecaps Residency began their competitive life as Whitecaps FC Reserves in the Pacific Coast Soccer League
Pacific Coast Soccer League
The Pacific Coast Soccer League is a soccer league featuring teams from British Columbia, although the league has also featured teams from Washington in the past as well...

 in 2005, and were immediately competitive. As the official development team of the Vancouver Whitecaps USL First Division
USL First Division
The United Soccer Leagues First Division was a professional men's soccer league in the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico....

 club, they had the pick of the local youth soccer talent, and this translated to results on the field. They won the North Division title in their freshman season with a 10–2–4 record, finishing three points clear of second place Hibernian & Caledonian
Hibernian and Caledonian F.C.
Hibernian Saints were an American soccer team, founded in 1993. The team was a member of the Pacific Coast Soccer League , a recognised Division IV league in the American Soccer Pyramid which features teams from western Canada and the Pacific Northwest region of the United States of America...

. However, they lost the championship title match against Victoria United
Victoria United
Victoria United is a Canadian soccer team based in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Founded in 1904, the team plays in Pacific Coast Soccer League , a national amateur league at the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, which features teams from western Canada and the Pacific Northwest...

, and had to be content with second place. Andrew Corrazza was Whitecaps' top scorer, tallying 15 goals for the season.

The PCSL reverted to a single-table format in 2006, but the change in structure did not distract the Whitecaps, who took their first league championship title with a 11–2–1 record, finishing four points clear of FK Pacific
FK Pacific
FK Pacific are an American soccer team, founded in 2003. The team is a member of the Pacific Coast Soccer League , a recognised Division III league in the American Soccer Pyramid which features teams from western Canada and the Pacific Northwest region of the United States of America.Pacific play...

 in second place and Vancouver Thunderbirds
Vancouver Thunderbirds
Vancouver Thunderbirds is a Canadian soccer team based in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Founded in 2005, the team plays in Pacific Coast Soccer League , a national amateur league at the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, which features teams from western Canada and the Northwestern...

 in third.

The team spent the 2007 season in hiatus, preparing for their PDL debut in 2008. In joining the PDL in 2008, the Whitecaps became the first team to make the PCSL to PDL jump.

USL Premier Development League

Vancouver's first season in the PDL was an impressive one; they rattled off three wins out of the gate, including an impressive 4–1 victory over 2007 divisional champions BYU Cougars. Their 4–0 loss to Tacoma Tide at the beginning of June would prove to be costly at the end of the season, but despite this slight stutter the Whitecaps continued to post impressive results. They outclassed local rivals Abbotsford Rangers
Abbotsford Rangers
Abbotsford Mariners is a Canadian soccer team based in Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada. Founded in 2003, the team plays in the USL Premier Development League , the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, in the Northwest Division of the Western Conference.The team plays its home games at...

 4–1, exacted revenge on Tacoma with a 5–1 thumping that included a hat-trick from striker Randy Edwini-Bonsu
Randy Edwini-Bonsu
Randy Edwini-Bonsu is a Ghanaian-born Canadian soccer player currently playing for Eintracht Braunschweig in the 2. Fußball-Bundesliga, the second division in Germany.-Youth and Amateur:...

, put another five past Cascade Surge
Cascade Surge
Cascade Surge was an American soccer team based in Salem, Oregon, United States. Founded in 1995, the team played in the USL Premier Development League , the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, until 2009, when the franchise folded and the team left the league.The team played its home games...

 in early July, and knocked off title contenders Yakima Reds
Yakima Reds
Yakima Reds was an American soccer team based in Yakima, Washington, United States. Founded in 1995, the team played in the USL Premier Development League , the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, in the Northwest Division of the Western Conference...

 4–1 on the road. At this point the divisional title looked to be theirs for the taking, but two surprising defeats in their last three league games – 0–3 at Spokane Shadow
Spokane Shadow
Spokane Shadow was an American soccer team, founded in 1996. The team was a member of the United Soccer Leagues Premier Development League , the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, until 2005, when the franchise was terminated by the PDL after the 10-year old artificial turf at their home...

 and then 0–1 at Ogden Outlaws
Ogden Outlaws
Ogden Outlaws is an American soccer team based in Ogden, Utah, United States. Founded in 2006, the team plays in the USL Premier Development League , the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, in the Southwest Division of the Western Conference....

 in the final game of the season – allowed Tacoma to pip them at the post and take the divisional title on goal difference. Nevertheless, Vancouver travelled to Fresno for the Western Conference playoffs, where they faced the San Fernando Valley Quakes
San Fernando Valley Quakes
San Fernando Valley Quakes was an American soccer team based in Calabasas, California, United States. Founded in 2006, the team played in the USL Premier Development League , the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, until 2008, when the franchise folded and the team left the league.The team...

 in the semi final, who they beat 3–1 in extra time, after scoring an equalizer with virtually the last kick of normal time thanks to Randy Edwini-Bonsu
Randy Edwini-Bonsu
Randy Edwini-Bonsu is a Ghanaian-born Canadian soccer player currently playing for Eintracht Braunschweig in the 2. Fußball-Bundesliga, the second division in Germany.-Youth and Amateur:...

. They comfortably dispatched Tacoma Tide 4–1 to take the Western Conference title with another brace from Edwini-Bonsu, and travelled to Ontario to take on Central Conference champions Thunder Bay Chill
Thunder Bay Chill
Thunder Bay Chill is a Canadian soccer team based in Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. Founded in 2000, the team plays in the USL Premier Development League , the fourth tier of the American and Canadian soccer pyramids, in the Heartland Division of the Central Conference.The team plays its home games...

 for a place in the PDL Championship game. The first ever all-Canadian semi final went the way of the Chill, who scored a last minute winner to take the game 2–1 (and would eventually go on to win the national title). For the Whitecaps, however, it was a positive debut season in the PDL, and the future looks bright. The prolific Randy Edwini-Bonsu
Randy Edwini-Bonsu
Randy Edwini-Bonsu is a Ghanaian-born Canadian soccer player currently playing for Eintracht Braunschweig in the 2. Fußball-Bundesliga, the second division in Germany.-Youth and Amateur:...

 was top scorer for the season, with nine goals, while Gagandeep Dosanjh and Alex Semenets
Alex Semenets
Alexander Semenets is a Ukrainian-born Canadian soccer player currently playing for FC Edmonton in the North American Soccer League.-Club:Semenets moved from his native Ukraine to Canada in 1998, settling in Mississauga, Ontario...

 contributed 8 assists each.

Having lost many of their best players – including Luca Bellisomo
Luca Bellisomo
Luca Bellisomo is a South African-born Canadian soccer player who plays for Finnish Veikkausliiga club IFK Mariehamn.-Youth and College:...

, Randy Edwini-Bonsu
Randy Edwini-Bonsu
Randy Edwini-Bonsu is a Ghanaian-born Canadian soccer player currently playing for Eintracht Braunschweig in the 2. Fußball-Bundesliga, the second division in Germany.-Youth and Amateur:...

, Ethan Gage
Ethan Gage
Ethan Gage is a Canadian soccer player who currently plays for Reading in the English Football League Championship.-Youth:...

, Navid Mashinchi
Navid Mashinchi
Navid Mashinchi is a German-born Iranian soccer player who plays for UBC Thunderbirds.-Club:Mashinchi began his career in Germany, playing in the U-15 and U-17 teams of German third division club Fortuna Düsseldorf....

, Dever Orgill
Dever Orgill
Dever Orgill is a Jamaican footballer who plays for St. George's SC.-Youth and Amateur:Orgill attended Titchfield High School where he was coached by Andrew Edwards, and played club soccer for Progressive FC before joining the youth academy of Canadian team Vancouver Whitecaps in August 2007...

, Admir Salihovic
Admir Salihovic
Admir Salihović is a Bosnian-Canadian footballer who plays for HNK Šibenik.- Career :He is a talented, young player who can play on the left or right-hand side of midfield, he joins the Whitecaps after signing a one-year amateur contract with the club...

, Mason Trafford
Mason Trafford
Mason Trafford is an American-born Canadian soccer player who currently plays for IFK Mariehamn in the Finnish Veikkausliiga.-Youth and Amateur:...

 and Simon Thomas – to the senior Whitecaps roster at the end of 2008, the Residency Class of 2009 did not fare as well in the PDL. Despite playing their first six regular season games at home at Simon Fraser University
Simon Fraser University
Simon Fraser University is a Canadian public research university in British Columbia with its main campus on Burnaby Mountain in Burnaby, and satellite campuses in Vancouver and Surrey. The main campus in Burnaby, located from downtown Vancouver, was established in 1965 and has more than 34,000...

, the Caps could only register two wins, a 2–1 win over fellow Canucks Abbotsford Mariners, and an admittedly very impressive 6–0 hammering of Spokane Shadow
Spokane Shadow
Spokane Shadow was an American soccer team, founded in 1996. The team was a member of the United Soccer Leagues Premier Development League , the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, until 2005, when the franchise was terminated by the PDL after the 10-year old artificial turf at their home...

 in which Coulton Jackson scored twice. The bad run of form continued when they hit the road, losing four of their five trips around the Pacific Northwest, including a demoralizing 4–0 drubbing at the hands of eventual divisional champions Kitsap Pumas
Kitsap Pumas
Kitsap Pumas is an American soccer team based in Bremerton, Washington, United States. Founded in 2008, the team plays in the USL Premier Development League , the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, in the Northwest Division of the Western Conference.Kitsap are the reigning PDL champions,...

 in mid-June. A late rally in July saw the Caps enjoy their only unbeaten streak of the season, a 4-game stand that included a 6–0 battering of the Yakima Reds
Yakima Reds
Yakima Reds was an American soccer team based in Yakima, Washington, United States. Founded in 1995, the team played in the USL Premier Development League , the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, in the Northwest Division of the Western Conference...

 thanks to goals from senior side loanees Randy Edwini-Bonsu
Randy Edwini-Bonsu
Randy Edwini-Bonsu is a Ghanaian-born Canadian soccer player currently playing for Eintracht Braunschweig in the 2. Fußball-Bundesliga, the second division in Germany.-Youth and Amateur:...

, Dever Orgill
Dever Orgill
Dever Orgill is a Jamaican footballer who plays for St. George's SC.-Youth and Amateur:Orgill attended Titchfield High School where he was coached by Andrew Edwards, and played club soccer for Progressive FC before joining the youth academy of Canadian team Vancouver Whitecaps in August 2007...

 and Kenold Versailles
Kenold Versailles
Kénold Versailles is a Haitian footballer currently playing for Rochester Rhinos in the USL Professional Division.-Professional:...

. Unfortunately, a 4–0 loss to their local rivals Victoria Highlanders
Victoria Highlanders
Victoria Highlanders is a Canadian soccer team based in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Founded in 2007, the team plays in the USL Premier Development League , the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, in the Northwest Division of the Western Conference.The team plays its home games in...

 on the last day of the season left the Caps stuck mid-table in sixth place, out of the playoffs and with some re-building to do. Gagandeep Dosanjh was the team's top scorer with 4 goals, while Russell Teibert
Russell Teibert
Russell Teibert is a Canadian soccer player currently playing for Vancouver Whitecaps FC in Major League Soccer.-Youth and amateur:...

 contributed 3 assists.

Current roster

As at July 14, 2011.

(loan to Energie Cottbus II)

(*) indicates a player loaned from the senior Vancouver Whitecaps FC squad for 2011 Residency matches

Staff

Richard Grootscholten Technical Director and Head Coach Craig Dalrymple
Craig Dalrymple
Craig Dalrymple is a former English soccer player and is currently the Interim Head Coach of Vancouver Whitecaps Residency.-Career:Craig Dalrymple was born in Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, England. Darylmple bagan his career was a Midfielder with Ipswich Towns academy...

 Assistant Technical Director Steve Meadley Assistant Coach Mike Salmon
Mike Salmon
Michael "Mike" Salmon is an English football player and coach.-Career:During his playing days, Salmon was a goalkeeper, best known for his ten year spell at Charlton Athletic. He started as a trainee with Blackburn Rovers, making his debut in a 1-1 draw against Chelsea...

 Goalkeeper Coach Martin Nash
Martin Nash
Martin Nash is a retired Canadian soccer player.A five-time all-league selection in the USL-1 and its predecssor, the A-League, Nash has won four league championships, two with the Rochester Rhinos in 2000 and 2001 and two with the Vancouver Whitecaps in 2006 and 2008...

 Staff Coach Tyler Rieu Team Manager

Notable former players

This list of notable former players comprises players who went on to play professional soccer after playing for the team in the Premier Development League, or those who previously played professionally before joining the team.
Vicente Arze
Vicente Arze
Vicente Arze is a Bolivian footballer who is currently playing for Diósgyőri VTK in Hungary.-Youth and College:...

 Tyler Baldock
Tyler Baldock
Tyler Baldock is a Canadian goalkeeper, who plays for Wirrulla Bombers in Australia.-Career:Baldock played Abbotsford Mariners before joining Whitecaps...

 Luca Bellisomo
Luca Bellisomo
Luca Bellisomo is a South African-born Canadian soccer player who plays for Finnish Veikkausliiga club IFK Mariehamn.-Youth and College:...

 Brandon Bonifacio
Brandon Bonifacio
Brandon Bonifacio is a Canadian professional footballer, who plays for UBC Thunderbirds.-Career:...

 Wesley Charles
Wesley Charles
Wesley Charles is a Vincentian footballer.-Europe:Charles spent the beginning of the 2000s traveling Europe. His travels started in Ireland, where he first joined Bray Wanderers in November 2000 after spending two seasons with Sligo Rovers, where he was voted Player of the Year in 2003.Charles...

 Gordon Chin
Gordon Chin
Gordon Chin is a Canadian soccer player who most recently played for Vancouver Whitecaps of USSF Division 2.Primarily a midfielder, Chin has played professionally in Canada, England, the United States and China, and has represented Canada internationally at various youth levels, including at the...

 Jeff Clarke Michael D'Agostino
Michael D'Agostino
Michael D'Agostino is a Canadian footballer who currently plays for Sportfreunde Siegen. He plays as a wide midfielder.He has played at Under-15 and Under-20 levels for Canada.-Background:...

 Srdjan Djekanovic
Srdjan Djekanovic
Srđan Đekanović is a Serbian-born Canadian professional soccer player...

 Randy Edwini-Bonsu
Randy Edwini-Bonsu
Randy Edwini-Bonsu is a Ghanaian-born Canadian soccer player currently playing for Eintracht Braunschweig in the 2. Fußball-Bundesliga, the second division in Germany.-Youth and Amateur:...


Ethan Gage
Ethan Gage
Ethan Gage is a Canadian soccer player who currently plays for Reading in the English Football League Championship.-Youth:...

 Jhamie Hyde
Jhamie Hyde
Jhamie Hyde is a Jamaican soccer player who currently plays for Harbour View F.C..-Career:Hyde played in the Jamaican High School Championship semifinals at the U-14 level with Kingston College before joining the school's U-19 senior team in the age from fifteen, he won formerly the U-12 Jamaican...

 Marlon James Diaz Kambere
Diaz Kambere
Diaz Kambere is a Ugandan-born Canadian footballer. He currently plays for Victoria Highlanders in the USL Premier Development League.-College and Amateur:...

 Stefan Leslie
Stefan Leslie
Stefan Leslie is a Canadian soccer player currently playing for Surrey United in the Vancouver Metro Soccer League.-Youth and College:Leslie attended William F...

 Navid Mashinchi
Navid Mashinchi
Navid Mashinchi is a German-born Iranian soccer player who plays for UBC Thunderbirds.-Club:Mashinchi began his career in Germany, playing in the U-15 and U-17 teams of German third division club Fortuna Düsseldorf....

 Dever Orgill
Dever Orgill
Dever Orgill is a Jamaican footballer who plays for St. George's SC.-Youth and Amateur:Orgill attended Titchfield High School where he was coached by Andrew Edwards, and played club soccer for Progressive FC before joining the youth academy of Canadian team Vancouver Whitecaps in August 2007...

 Dan Pelc Kyle Porter
Kyle Porter
Kyle Porter is a Canadian soccer player currently playing for with FC Edmonton in the North American Soccer League.-Youth and amateur:Porter grew up in nearby Mississauga, Ontario, attended St...

 Admir Salihovic
Admir Salihovic
Admir Salihović is a Bosnian-Canadian footballer who plays for HNK Šibenik.- Career :He is a talented, young player who can play on the left or right-hand side of midfield, he joins the Whitecaps after signing a one-year amateur contract with the club...


Alex Semenets
Alex Semenets
Alexander Semenets is a Ukrainian-born Canadian soccer player currently playing for FC Edmonton in the North American Soccer League.-Club:Semenets moved from his native Ukraine to Canada in 1998, settling in Mississauga, Ontario...

 Keithy Simpson
Keithy Simpson
Keithy Simpson is a Jamaican soccer player who currently plays for Portmore United F.C..-Youth and Amateur:Simpson attended Donald Quarrie High School and Hydel High School in Jamaica and played club soccer for Sporting Central Academy before joining the youth academy of Canadian team Vancouver...

 Adam Straith
Adam Straith
John Adam Straith is a Canadian professional soccer player, he is currently playing for German club Energie Cottbus.-Early life:...

 Simon Thomas Russell Teibert
Russell Teibert
Russell Teibert is a Canadian soccer player currently playing for Vancouver Whitecaps FC in Major League Soccer.-Youth and amateur:...

 Mason Trafford
Mason Trafford
Mason Trafford is an American-born Canadian soccer player who currently plays for IFK Mariehamn in the Finnish Veikkausliiga.-Youth and Amateur:...

 Kenold Versailles
Kenold Versailles
Kénold Versailles is a Haitian footballer currently playing for Rochester Rhinos in the USL Professional Division.-Professional:...

 Mason Webb
Mason Webb
Mason Webb is an American former professional soccer player. He currently plays for Surrey United Firefighters. Upon playing midfield in his youth career, Mason has moved to an outside fullback position where he has been regarded as one of the top defenders in the VMSL...

 Nick Webb
Nick Webb (soccer)
Nick Webb is an American soccer striker, who currently played professionally for the Carolina Giants of the Puerto Rico Soccer League.- Youth career :...



Year-by-year

Year Division League Regular Season Playoffs Open Canada Cup
2005 4 PCSL 1st, North Finalist Did not participate
2006 4 PCSL 1st Did not participate
2007 / / on hiatus / /
2008 4 USL PDL 2nd, Northwest National Semifinals N/A
2009 4 USL PDL 6th, Northwest Did not qualify N/A
2010 4 USL PDL 6th, Northwest Did not qualify N/A
2011 4 USL PDL 3rd, Northwest Did not qualify N/A

Honors

  • USL PDL Western Conference Champions 2008
  • PCSL Champions 2006
  • PCSL North Division Champions 2005

Head coaches

Thomas Niendorf (2008–2009) Colin Miller (2010) Craig Dalrymple
Craig Dalrymple
Craig Dalrymple is a former English soccer player and is currently the Interim Head Coach of Vancouver Whitecaps Residency.-Career:Craig Dalrymple was born in Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, England. Darylmple bagan his career was a Midfielder with Ipswich Towns academy...

 (2010) Richard Grootscholten (2010–present)

Stadia

  • Percy Perry Stadium
    Percy Perry Stadium
    Percy Perry Stadium is a multi-purpose, fully lit stadium in Coquitlam, British Columbia. It was built for the 1991 B.C. Summer Games, as part of the district's 100th anniversary, and has featured events with crowds of over 4,000 spectators...

    ; Coquitlam, British Columbia
    British Columbia
    British Columbia is the westernmost of Canada's provinces and is known for its natural beauty, as reflected in its Latin motto, Splendor sine occasu . Its name was chosen by Queen Victoria in 1858...

     (2006)
  • Terry Fox Field
    Terry Fox Field
    Terry Fox Field is a multi-purpose sport field on Burnaby Mountain in Burnaby, British Columbia. It serves as the home field of the Simon Fraser Clan for soccer-, canadian football- and american football matches....

     at Simon Fraser University
    Simon Fraser University
    Simon Fraser University is a Canadian public research university in British Columbia with its main campus on Burnaby Mountain in Burnaby, and satellite campuses in Vancouver and Surrey. The main campus in Burnaby, located from downtown Vancouver, was established in 1965 and has more than 34,000...

    ; Burnaby, British Columbia
    British Columbia
    British Columbia is the westernmost of Canada's provinces and is known for its natural beauty, as reflected in its Latin motto, Splendor sine occasu . Its name was chosen by Queen Victoria in 1858...

     (2008–2011)
  • Swangard Stadium
    Swangard Stadium
    Swangard Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Central Park in Burnaby, British Columbia. Primarily used for soccer, football, and athletics, the stadium is home to the Simon Fraser Clan football team. The stadium was home to the Vancouver Whitecaps of the NASL...

    ; Burnaby, British Columbia
    British Columbia
    British Columbia is the westernmost of Canada's provinces and is known for its natural beauty, as reflected in its Latin motto, Splendor sine occasu . Its name was chosen by Queen Victoria in 1858...

     (2010) 1 game
  • Empire Field
    Empire Field
    Empire Field was a temporary outdoor football and soccer stadium built at the former location of Empire Stadium at Hastings Park in Vancouver, British Columbia. It served as the home of the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League from the summer of 2010 until the fall of 2011 when the installation...

    ; Vancouver, British Columbia (2011-present)
  • Hugh Boyd Stadium; Vancouver, British Columbia (2011) 1 game

Average attendance

Attendance stats are calculated by averaging each team's self-reported home attendances from the historical match archive at http://www.uslsoccer.com/history/index_E.html.
  • 2008: 96
  • 2009: 79
  • 2010: 129

See also

  • Reserve team football
    Reserve team
    Large professional sports clubs often have far more players under contract than could possibly play in a match. As a result, many of these clubs create second teams composed of players who need playing time, but have little hope of playing on the first team. The players on this second team are...

  • Vancouver Whitecaps

External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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