1511    Formation of the Holy League of Ferdinand II of Aragon, the Papal States and the Republic of Venice against France.

1580    After a three-day siege, the English Army beheads over 600 Irish and Papal soldiers and civilians at Dún an Óir, Ireland.

1809    Napoleon I of France orders the annexation of the Papal States to the French Empire.

1870    Having invaded the Papal States a week earlier, the Italian Army lays siege to Rome, entering the city the next day, after which the Pope described himself as a Prisoner in the Vatican.

1871    Victor Emmanuel II of Italy enters Rome after having conquered it from the Papal States.