1,3-Dehydroadamantane
Encyclopedia
1,3-Dehydroadamantane, formally tetracyclo[3.3.1.13,7.01,3]decane, is an organic compound
with formula C10H14, which can be obtained from adamantane
by removal of two hydrogen
atoms to create an internal bond. It is a polycyclic hydrocarbon, and can be viewed also as abeing derived from [1.3.3]propellane by addition of a methylene
bridge between the two larger rings.
Like other small-ring propellanes, this compound is substantially strained and unstable.
from air (with a half-life of 6 hours), yieling a peroxide
. The latter converts to a di-hydroxide
by reaction with lithium aluminium hydride
.
, 1,3-dehydroadamantane can be polymerized by breaking the axial bond and joining the resulting radicals into a linear chain:
In this scheme, 1,3-dehydroadamantane is reacted with acrylonitrile
in a radical polymerization
initiated with lithium
metal in tetrahydrofuran
. The resulting alternating copolymer has a glass transition temperature of 217 °C
Organic compound
An organic compound is any member of a large class of gaseous, liquid, or solid chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon. For historical reasons discussed below, a few types of carbon-containing compounds such as carbides, carbonates, simple oxides of carbon, and cyanides, as well as the...
with formula C10H14, which can be obtained from adamantane
Adamantane
Adamantane is a colorless, crystalline chemical compound with a camphor-like odor. With a formula C10H16, it is a cycloalkane and also the simplest diamondoid. Adamantane molecules consist of three cyclohexane rings arranged in the "armchair" configuration. It is unique in that it is both rigid...
by removal of two hydrogen
Hydrogen
Hydrogen is the chemical element with atomic number 1. It is represented by the symbol H. With an average atomic weight of , hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant chemical element, constituting roughly 75% of the Universe's chemical elemental mass. Stars in the main sequence are mainly...
atoms to create an internal bond. It is a polycyclic hydrocarbon, and can be viewed also as abeing derived from [1.3.3]propellane by addition of a methylene
Methylene
Methylene is a chemical species in which a carbon atom is bonded to two hydrogen atoms. Three different possibilities present themselves:* the -CH2- substituent group: e.g., dichloromethane ....
bridge between the two larger rings.
Like other small-ring propellanes, this compound is substantially strained and unstable.
Synthesis
1,3-Dehydroadamantane was obtained in 1969 by R. Pincock and E.Torupka, by oxidation of 1,3-dihaloadamantane, according to the scheme below:Oxidation
On standing in solution, it reacts with oxygenOxygen
Oxygen is the element with atomic number 8 and represented by the symbol O. Its name derives from the Greek roots ὀξύς and -γενής , because at the time of naming, it was mistakenly thought that all acids required oxygen in their composition...
from air (with a half-life of 6 hours), yieling a peroxide
Peroxide
A peroxide is a compound containing an oxygen–oxygen single bond or the peroxide anion .The O−O group is called the peroxide group or peroxo group. In contrast to oxide ions, the oxygen atoms in the peroxide ion have an oxidation state of −1.The simplest stable peroxide is hydrogen peroxide...
. The latter converts to a di-hydroxide
Hydroxide
Hydroxide is a diatomic anion with chemical formula OH−. It consists of an oxygen and a hydrogen atom held together by a covalent bond, and carrying a negative electric charge. It is an important but usually minor constituent of water. It functions as a base, as a ligand, a nucleophile, and a...
by reaction with lithium aluminium hydride
Lithium aluminium hydride
Lithium aluminium hydride, commonly abbreviated to LAH or known as LithAl, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula LiAlH4. It was discovered by Finholt, Bond and Schlesinger in 1947. This compound is used as a reducing agent in organic synthesis, especially for the reduction of esters,...
.
Polymerization
Like [1.1.1]propellane1.1.1-Propellane
[1.1.1]Propellane is an organic compound, the simplest member of the propellane family. It is a hydrocarbon with formula C5H6 or C23. The molecular structure consists of three rings of three carbon atoms each, sharing one C-C bond....
, 1,3-dehydroadamantane can be polymerized by breaking the axial bond and joining the resulting radicals into a linear chain:
In this scheme, 1,3-dehydroadamantane is reacted with acrylonitrile
Acrylonitrile
Acrylonitrile is the chemical compound with the formula C3H3N. This pungent-smelling colorless liquid often appears yellow due to impurities. It is an important monomer for the manufacture of useful plastics. In terms of its molecular structure, it consists of a vinyl group linked to a nitrile...
in a radical polymerization
Radical polymerization
Free radical polymerization is a method of polymerization by which a polymer forms by the successive addition of free radical building blocks. Free radicals can be formed via a number of different mechanisms usually involving separate initiator molecules...
initiated with lithium
Lithium
Lithium is a soft, silver-white metal that belongs to the alkali metal group of chemical elements. It is represented by the symbol Li, and it has the atomic number 3. Under standard conditions it is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element. Like all alkali metals, lithium is highly...
metal in tetrahydrofuran
Tetrahydrofuran
Tetrahydrofuran is a colorless, water-miscible organic liquid with low viscosity at standard temperature and pressure. This heterocyclic compound has the chemical formula 4O. As one of the most polar ethers with a wide liquid range, it is a useful solvent. Its main use, however, is as a precursor...
. The resulting alternating copolymer has a glass transition temperature of 217 °C
See also
- [1.1.1]Propellane1.1.1-Propellane[1.1.1]Propellane is an organic compound, the simplest member of the propellane family. It is a hydrocarbon with formula C5H6 or C23. The molecular structure consists of three rings of three carbon atoms each, sharing one C-C bond....
- [2.2.2]Propellane2.2.2-Propellane[2.2.2]Propellane, formally tricyclo[2.2.2.01,4]octane is an organic compound, a member of the propellane family. It is a hydrocarbon with formula C8H12, or C23. Its molecule has three rings with four carbon atoms each, sharing one C-C bond....
- [3.3.3]Propellane