Apogastropoda
Encyclopedia
Apogastropoda was previously used as a major taxonomic
grouping of sea snail
s, marine
gastropod molluscs. This infraclass mostly consisted of marine limpets and operculate snails. At least 20,000 species
were considered to exist within the two clades that were included, Heterobranchia
and Caenogastropoda
.
nerves and two pedal commissures.
This taxon was used in taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Ponder & Lindberg, 1997)
.
). It is out-dated because more recent molecular studies have proved that it contains two separate evolutionary lineages, the two clades mentioned above.
Apogastropoda was also rejected according to the nucleotide sequence of mitochondrial genome in 2008.
Archaeobranchia
Architectonicoida
Ctenobranchia
Gymnoglossa
Heterophrosynidae
Oligopteria
Orbacea
Peristomacea
Potamophila
Taenioglossa
:
Superorder Caenogastropoda
Cox, 1960
Superorder Heterobranchia
J.E. Gray, 1840
Taxonomy
Taxonomy is the science of identifying and naming species, and arranging them into a classification. The field of taxonomy, sometimes referred to as "biological taxonomy", revolves around the description and use of taxonomic units, known as taxa...
grouping of sea snail
Snail
Snail is a common name applied to most of the members of the molluscan class Gastropoda that have coiled shells in the adult stage. When the word is used in its most general sense, it includes sea snails, land snails and freshwater snails. The word snail without any qualifier is however more often...
s, marine
Marine (ocean)
Marine is an umbrella term. As an adjective it is usually applicable to things relating to the sea or ocean, such as marine biology, marine ecology and marine geology...
gastropod molluscs. This infraclass mostly consisted of marine limpets and operculate snails. At least 20,000 species
Species
In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. While in many cases this definition is adequate, more precise or differing measures are...
were considered to exist within the two clades that were included, Heterobranchia
Heterobranchia
Heterobranchia, the heterobranchs or Euthyneura, is a taxonomic clade of snails and slugs, which includes species from the sea, the land and freshwater; marine, aquatic and terrestrial gastropod mollusks....
and Caenogastropoda
Caenogastropoda
Caenogastropoda is a taxonomic clade of a large diverse group of mostly marine gastropods.Caenogastropoda contains a majority of the families of shelled marine molluscs including such families as the periwinkles, cowries, wentletraps, moon snails, and cone snails.About 60% of all living gastropods...
.
Description
Gastropods that were placed in this taxon have bifurcate tentacleTentacle
A tentacle or bothrium is one of usually two or more elongated flexible organs present in animals, especially invertebrates. The term may also refer to the hairs of the leaves of some insectivorous plants. Usually, tentacles are used for feeding, feeling and grasping. Anatomically, they work like...
nerves and two pedal commissures.
Reasons for establishing
Older morphological and molecular studies appeared to show that the Caenogastropoda and Heterobranchia should be considered as sister taxa, comprising the Apogastropoda.This taxon was used in taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Ponder & Lindberg, 1997)
Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Ponder & Lindberg, 1997)
The taxonomy of the Gastropoda, as revised by Winston Ponder and David R. Lindberg in 1997, is an older taxonomy of the class Gastropoda, the class of molluscs consisting of all snails and slugs...
.
Reasons for rejection
However this taxonomic grouping is no longer used (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)
The taxonomy of the Gastropoda as it was revised by Philippe Bouchet and Jean-Pierre Rocroi is currently the most up-to-date overall system for classifying gastropod mollusks...
). It is out-dated because more recent molecular studies have proved that it contains two separate evolutionary lineages, the two clades mentioned above.
Apogastropoda was also rejected according to the nucleotide sequence of mitochondrial genome in 2008.
Synonymy
AnaclodontaArchaeobranchia
Architectonicoida
Ctenobranchia
Gymnoglossa
Heterophrosynidae
Oligopteria
Orbacea
Peristomacea
Potamophila
Taenioglossa
Taxonomy
Apogastropoda comprised taxa as follows according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Ponder & Lindberg, 1997)Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Ponder & Lindberg, 1997)
The taxonomy of the Gastropoda, as revised by Winston Ponder and David R. Lindberg in 1997, is an older taxonomy of the class Gastropoda, the class of molluscs consisting of all snails and slugs...
:
Superorder Caenogastropoda
Caenogastropoda
Caenogastropoda is a taxonomic clade of a large diverse group of mostly marine gastropods.Caenogastropoda contains a majority of the families of shelled marine molluscs including such families as the periwinkles, cowries, wentletraps, moon snails, and cone snails.About 60% of all living gastropods...
Cox, 1960
- Order ArchitaenioglossaArchitaenioglossaArchitaenioglossa is a taxonomic group of snails which have gills and often an operculum. They are primarily land and freshwater gastropod mollusks within the clade Caenogastropoda....
Haller, 1890- Superfamily AmpullarioideaAmpullarioideaAmpullarioidea is a taxonomic superfamily of freshwater snails, aquatic gastropod mollusks within the informal group Architaenioglossa, which belongs to the clade Caenogastropoda....
J.E. Gray, 1824 - Superfamily CyclophoroideaCyclophoroideaCyclophoroidea is a superfamily of land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropods within the informal group Architaenioglossa, that belongs to the clade Caenogastropoda....
J.E. Gray, 1847 (terrestrial)
- Superfamily Ampullarioidea
- Order SorbeoconchaSorbeoconchaSorbeoconcha is a taxonomic clade of snails, i.e. gastropods, mainly marine species with gills and opercula, within the clade Caenogastropoda.The taxon Sorbeoconcha was named by Winston Ponder and David R. Lindberg in 1997.-1997 taxonomy:...
PonderWinston PonderWinston F. Ponder B.Sc, M.Sc, Ph.D, D.Sc. is a noted malacologist from New Zealand who has named and described many marine animals, especially micromolluscs. He is a graduate of the University of Auckland, New Zealand....
& LindbergDavid R. LindbergDavid R. Lindberg is an American malacologist and professor of integrative biology at the University of California, Berkeley. He is also the Curator for the University of California Museum of Paleontology and co-editor of the journal Molecular Systematics and Phylogeography of Mollusks.Much of his...
, 1997- Suborder CerithiimorphaCerithiimorphaThe Cerithiimorpha was a suborder of marine gastropods within the Sorbeoconcha. This taxon is no longer valid according to the current taxonomy of Bouchet and Rocroi.The previous classification system was as follows:* subclassis = Orthogastropoda...
Golikov & Starobogatov, 1975- Superfamily Spanionematoidea
- Suborder HypsogastropodaHypsogastropodaAccording to the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda Hypsogastropoda is a clade of parasitic marine gastropods within the clade Caenogastropoda....
PonderWinston PonderWinston F. Ponder B.Sc, M.Sc, Ph.D, D.Sc. is a noted malacologist from New Zealand who has named and described many marine animals, especially micromolluscs. He is a graduate of the University of Auckland, New Zealand....
& LindbergDavid R. LindbergDavid R. Lindberg is an American malacologist and professor of integrative biology at the University of California, Berkeley. He is also the Curator for the University of California Museum of Paleontology and co-editor of the journal Molecular Systematics and Phylogeography of Mollusks.Much of his...
, 1997- Infraorder LittorinimorphaLittorinimorphaLittorinimorpha is a large clade of gastropods within Hypsogastropoda consisting primarily of marine species, but also aquatic and terrestrial species as well....
Golikov & Starobogatov, 1975- Superfamily Calyptraeoidea Lamarck, 1809
- Superfamily Capuloidea J. Fleming, 1822
- Superfamily Carinarioidea BlainvilleHenri Marie Ducrotay de BlainvilleHenri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville was a French zoologist and anatomist.Blainville was born at Arques, near Dieppe. In about 1796 he went to Paris to study painting, but he ultimately devoted himself to natural history, and attracted the attention of Georges Cuvier, for whom he occasionally...
, 1818 - Superfamily CingulopsoideaCingulopsoideaThe Cingulopsoidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha.-Families:The following three families have been recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi :*Family Cingulopsidae Fretter & Patil, 1958...
Fretter & Patil, 1958 - Superfamily CypraeoideaCypraeoideaCypraeoidea, the cowries and cowry allies, is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropods included in the clade Littorinimorpha. This superfamily was previously called Cypraeacea and was named by Rafinesque in 1815.-Shell description:...
Rafinesque, 1815 (cowries) - Superfamily Ficoidea Meek, 1864
- Superfamily Laubierinoidea Warén & Bouchet, 1990
- Superfamily LittorinoideaLittorinoideaLittorinoidea is a superfamily of both sea snails and land snails which have a gill and an operculum, terrestrial and marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Littorinimorpha....
(Children), 1834 (periwinkles) - Superfamily Naticoidea Forbes, 1838 (moon shells)
- Superfamily RissooideaRissooideaRissooidea, originally named Rissoacea by Grey, 1847, is a large taxonomic superfamily of small and minute saltwater, brackish water, freshwater, and semi-terrestrial snails which have gills and an operculum...
J.E. Gray, 1847 (Risso shells) - Superfamily StromboideaStromboideaThe Stromboidea, originally named the Strombacea by Rafinesque in 1815, is a superfamily of medium-sized to very large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Littorinimorpha.-Shell description:...
Rafinesque, 1815 (true conchs) - Superfamily TonnoideaTonnoideaTonnoidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha.-Families:Families within the superfamily Tonnoidea include:*Family Tonnidae*Family Bursidae*Family Laubierinidae*Family Personidae*Family Pisanianuridae...
SuterHenry SuterHenry Suter was a New Zealand zoologist, naturalist, palaeontologist, and malacologist.- Biography :...
, 1913 - Superfamily Trivioidea Troschel, 1863
- Superfamily VanikoroideaVanikoroideaVanikoroidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha.-Families:Families within the superfamily Vanikoroidea include:*Family Vanikoridae Gray, 1840 *Family Haloceratidae Warén & Bouchet, 1991...
J.E. Gray, 1840 - Superfamily VelutinoideaVelutinoideaVelutinoidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha.-Taxonomy:*Family Velutinidae Gray, 1840**Subfamily Velutininae Gray, 1840**Subfamily Lamellariinae d'Orbigny, 1841*Family Triviidae Troschel, 1863...
J.E. Gray, 1840 - Superfamily Vermetoidea Rafinesque, 1815 (worm shells)
- Superfamily XenophoroideaXenophoroideaThe Xenophoroidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha.-Taxonomy:The following families have been recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi :* family Xenophoridae* family † Lamelliphoridae...
Troschel, 1852 (carrier shells)
- Infraorder NeogastropodaNeogastropodaNeogastropoda is an unranked taxonomic clade of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks. For many years prior to 2005 Neogastropoda was an order.- Description :...
ThieleJohannes ThieleJohannes Thiele, full name Karl Hermann Johannes Thiele was a German zoologist specialized in malacology. His Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde is a standard work...
, 1929- Superfamily BuccinoideaBuccinoideaBuccinoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of very small to large predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks.This superfamily is in the clade Neogastropoda according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda...
(whelks, false tritions) - Superfamily Cancellarioidea Forbes & Hanley, 1851
- Superfamily ConoideaConoideaConoidea is a superfamily of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the suborder Hypsogastropoda. This superfamily is a very large group of marine mollusks, estimated at about 340 recent valid genera and subgenera, and considered by one authority to contain 4,000 named living species...
Rafinesque, 1815 - Superfamily MuricoideaMuricoideaMuricoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Neogastropoda.This superfamily includes the murex snails, the chank snails, the true whelks, the dove snails, the crown conchs and busycon whelks, the spindle and tulip snails, the volutes and...
Rafinesque, 1815
- Superfamily Buccinoidea
- Infraorder PtenoglossaPtenoglossaThe Ptenoglossa is an informal taxonomic group of sea snails.It was considered paraphyletic or polyphyletic by Ponder and Lindberg in their classification of the molluscs.-Taxonomy:*Superfamily Epitonioidea**Family Epitoniidae**Family Janthinidae...
J.E. Gray, 1853- Superfamily EulimoideaEulimoideaThe Eulimoidea is a superfamily of ectoparasitic sea snails, terrestrial and marine gastropod molluscs within the informal group Ptenoglossa.-Taxonomy:Families and subfamilies within this superfamily are as follows:*Family Eulimidae R.A. Philippi, 1853...
PhilippiRodolfo Amando PhilippiRodolfo Amando Philippi was a German-Chilean paleontologist and zoologist....
, 1853 - Superfamily Janthinoidea Lamarck, 1812
- Superfamily TriphoroideaTriphoroideaThe Triphoroidea is a superfamily of minute sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs or micromollusks within the informal group Ptenoglossa.-Taxonomy:Families and subfamilies within this superfamily are as follows:...
J.E. Gray, 1847
- Superfamily Eulimoidea
- Infraorder Littorinimorpha
- Suborder Discopoda P. Fischer, 1884 - sometimes included in Cerithiimorpha
- Superfamily CampaniloideaCampaniloideaThe Campaniloidea is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks. The Campaniloidea are included in the clade Sorbeoconcha.-Taxonomy:The following four families have been recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi :...
Douvillé, 1904 - Superfamily CerithioideaCerithioideaThe Cerithioidea is a superfamily of marine, brackish water and freshwater gastropod containing more than 200 genera. The Cerithoidea are included in the clade Sorbeoconcha. The original name of this superfamily was Cerithiacea, in keeping with common superfamily endings at the time.- Ecology...
Férussac, 1822
- Superfamily Campaniloidea
- Suborder Murchisoniina Cox & Knight, 1960
- Superfamily LoxonematoideaLoxonematoideaLoxonematoidea is an extinct taxonomic superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs.Families:* † Loxonematidae* † Palaeozygopleuridae...
Koken, 1889
- Superfamily Loxonematoidea
- Suborder Cerithiimorpha
Superorder Heterobranchia
Heterobranchia
Heterobranchia, the heterobranchs or Euthyneura, is a taxonomic clade of snails and slugs, which includes species from the sea, the land and freshwater; marine, aquatic and terrestrial gastropod mollusks....
J.E. Gray, 1840
- Order HeterostrophaHeterostrophaHeterostropha was a previously used taxonomic category, an order of sea snails, within the superorder Heterobranchia. In the most current gastropod taxonomy, that of Bouchet & Rocroi, this taxon is no longer in use....
P. Fischer, 1885- Superfamily Architectonicoidea J.E. Gray, 1840
- Family ArchitectonicidaeArchitectonicidaeArchitectonicidae, common name the staircase shells or sundials, are a family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the informal group "Lower Heterobranchia" of the clade Heterobranchia....
Gray, 1850
- Family Architectonicidae
- Superfamily OmalogyroideaOmalogyroideaOmalogyroidea is a superfamily of minute sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia....
G.O. Sars, 1878 - Superfamily PyramidelloideaPyramidelloideaPyramidelloidea is a superfamily of mostly very small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks and micromollusks within the clade Panpulmonata.This is a voluminous taxon: above the species level close to 400 named taxa are referred to this gastropod superfamily.Pyramidelloidea has both fossil and...
J.E. Gray, 1840 - Superfamily Rissoelloidea J.E. Gray, 1850
- Superfamily ValvatoideaValvatoideaValvatoidea is a superfamily of minute freshwater and marine snails, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia.-Taxonomy:*Family Valvatidae*Family Cornirostridae*Family Hyalogyrinidae* † Family Provalvatidae...
J.E. Gray, 1840
- Superfamily Architectonicoidea J.E. Gray, 1840
- Order OpisthobranchiaOpisthobranchiaOpisthobranchs are a large and diverse group of specialized complex marine gastropods previously united under Opisthobranchia within the Heterobranchia, but no longer considered to represent a monophyletic grouping...
Milne-Edwards, 1848- Suborder Nudibranchia BlainvilleHenri Marie Ducrotay de BlainvilleHenri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville was a French zoologist and anatomist.Blainville was born at Arques, near Dieppe. In about 1796 he went to Paris to study painting, but he ultimately devoted himself to natural history, and attracted the attention of Georges Cuvier, for whom he occasionally...
, 1814 (nudibranchs)- Infraorder Anthobranchia Férussac, 1819
- Superfamily DoridoideaDoridoideaDoridoidea, commonly known as dorid nudibranchs, are a taxonomic superfamily of medium to large, shell-less sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Doridacea, included in the clade Nudibranchia....
Rafinesque, 1815 - Superfamily DoridoxoideaDoridoxoideaDoridoxidae, commonly known as dorid nudibranchs, are a taxonomic family of medium to large, shell-less sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Nudibranchia within the clade Dexiarchia....
Bergh, 1900 - Superfamily OnchidoridoideaOnchidoridoideaOnchidoridoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of colorful sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks.-Families:Families within the superfamily Onchidoridoidea are based on the taxonomy by Bouchet & Rocroi as follows:...
Alder & Hancock, 1845 - Superfamily PolyceroideaPolyceroideaPolyceroidea is a taxonomic superfamily of sea slugs, specifically dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Doridacea.-Families:Families within the superfamily Polyceroidea include:*Family Polyceridae...
Alder & Hancock, 1845
- Superfamily Doridoidea
- Infraorder CladobranchiaCladobranchiaThe Cladobranchia are a taxonomic clade of nudibranch sea snails or slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Dexiarchia.-Taxonomy:**Family Charcotiidae**Family Dironidae**Family Dotidae**Family Embletoniidae**Family Goniaeolididae**Family Heroidae...
Willan & Morton, 1984- Superfamily AeolidioideaAeolidioideaAeolidioidea is a superfamily of small sea slugs, the aeolid nudibranchs. They are gastropod mollusks.-2005 taxonomy :The superfamily Aeolidioidea consists of the following four families :* Aeolidiidae Gray, 1827* Facelinidae Bergh, 1889* Glaucidae Gray, 1827* Piseinotecidae Edmunds, 1970Synonyms...
J.E. Gray, 1827 - Superfamily ArminoideaArminoideaArminoidea is a superfamily of small sea slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Nudibranchia.Arminoidea is the only superfamily in the clade Euarminida.-Families :A study, published in 2000, has demonstrated that Arminoidea is paraphyletic....
Rafinesque, 1814 - Superfamily DendronotoideaDendronotoideaDendronotoidea was a taxonomic superfamily of small colorful sea slugs or nudibranchs, aeolid nudibranchs.This superfamily name is not used in the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda . Instead, most of the families that were in this superfamily are now placed in the superfamily...
Allman, 1845 - Superfamily MetarminoideaMetarminoideaMetarminoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of colorful sea slugs, aeolid nudibranchs, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the clade Nudibranchia.-Families:Families within the superfamily Metarminoidea include:* Charcotiidae* Dironidae...
OdhnerNils Hjalmar OdhnerNils Hjalmar Odhner was a Swedish zoologist who studied mollusks, a malacologist. During his lifetime he was professor of invertebrate zoology at the Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm...
in Franc, 1968
- Superfamily Aeolidioidea
- Infraorder Anthobranchia Férussac, 1819
- Suborder Anaspidea P. Fischer, 1883 (sea hares)
- Superfamily Akeroidea Pilsbry, 1893
- Superfamily Aplysioidea Lamarck, 1809
- Suborder CephalaspideaCephalaspideaThe suborder Cephalaspidea, also known as the headshield slugs and bubble snails, is a clade of sea slugs and bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the larger clade Euopisthobranchia....
P. Fischer, 1883- Superfamily ActeonoideaActeonoideaActeonoidea is a superfamily of sea snails, or bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks.- Taxonomy :In the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi , the superfamily Acteonoidea has been included into the informal group "Lower Heterobranchia" , also known as the Allogastropoda.Only one of analyses by Jörger...
D'Orbigny, 1835 - Superfamily Bulloidea Lamarck, 1801
- Superfamily Cylindrobulloidea ThieleJohannes ThieleJohannes Thiele, full name Karl Hermann Johannes Thiele was a German zoologist specialized in malacology. His Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde is a standard work...
, 1931 - Superfamily DiaphanoideaDiaphanoideaDiaphanoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of small sea snails, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the Cephalaspidea, the headshield slugs and bubble snails....
OdhnerNils Hjalmar OdhnerNils Hjalmar Odhner was a Swedish zoologist who studied mollusks, a malacologist. During his lifetime he was professor of invertebrate zoology at the Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm...
, 1914 - Superfamily HaminoeoideaHaminoeoideaHaminoeoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of small sea snails or bubble shells, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the clade Cephalaspidea, the headshield slugs and bubble snails....
Pilsbry, 1895 - Superfamily PhilinoideaPhilinoideaPhilinoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of sea slugs, specifically headshield slugs, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Cephalaspidea.-Anatomy:They are generally small animals, and have no shell or gills...
J.E. Gray, 1850 - Superfamily Ringiculoidea PhilippiRodolfo Amando PhilippiRodolfo Amando Philippi was a German-Chilean paleontologist and zoologist....
, 1853
- Superfamily Acteonoidea
- Suborder Gymnosomata BlainvilleHenri Marie Ducrotay de BlainvilleHenri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville was a French zoologist and anatomist.Blainville was born at Arques, near Dieppe. In about 1796 he went to Paris to study painting, but he ultimately devoted himself to natural history, and attracted the attention of Georges Cuvier, for whom he occasionally...
, 1824 (sea angels) - Suborder NotaspideaNotaspideaNotaspidea, also known as the sidegill slugs, was a suborder which included both sea slugs and sea snails or false limpets, marine opisthobranch gastropod molluscs in the subclass Orthogastropoda....
P. Fischer, 1883- Superfamily Pleurobranchoidea Férussac, 1822
- Superfamily Tylodinoidea J.E. Gray, 1847
- Suborder SacoglossaSacoglossaSacoglossa, commonly known as the sacoglossans or the "sap-sucking sea slugs", are a clade of small sea slugs and sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks that belong to the clade Heterobranchia...
Von Ihering, 1876- Superfamily OxynooideaOxynooideaOxynooidea is a superfamily of small sea snails, bubble snails and bivalved gastropods, marine gastropod mollusks within the clade Sacoglossa.Oxynooidea is the only superfamily in the clade Oxynoacea.-Taxonomy:* clade Oxynoacea...
H. & A. AdamsArthur Adams (zoologist)Arthur Adams was an English physician and naturalist.Adams was assistant surgeon on board H.M.S. "Actaeon" in company with HMS Samarang in the British Navy during the survey of the Malay Archipelago, the Japan Sea, Korea and China,from 1843 to 1846. He edited the Zoology of the voyage of H.M.S....
, 1854
- Superfamily Oxynooidea
- Suborder Thecosomata BlainvilleHenri Marie Ducrotay de BlainvilleHenri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville was a French zoologist and anatomist.Blainville was born at Arques, near Dieppe. In about 1796 he went to Paris to study painting, but he ultimately devoted himself to natural history, and attracted the attention of Georges Cuvier, for whom he occasionally...
, 1824 (sea butterflies)- Infraorder Euthecosomata
- Superfamily Limacinoidea
- Superfamily CavolinioideaCavolinioideaThe superfamily Cavolinioidea is the most speciose group of sea butterflies. Sea butterflies are pelagic marine gastropods, so called because they swim by flapping their wing-like parapodia.-Distribution:...
- Infraorder Pseudothecosomata
- Superfamily Peraclidoidea
- Superfamily CymbulioideaCymbulioideaCymbulioidea is a taxonomic superfamily of pelagic "sea butterflies". These are holoplanktonic opisthobranch molluscs in the clade Thecosomata.-Anatomy:...
- Infraorder Euthecosomata
- Suborder Nudibranchia Blainville
- Order PulmonataPulmonataThe Pulmonata, or "pulmonates", are an informal group of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills...
Cuvier in BlainvilleHenri Marie Ducrotay de BlainvilleHenri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville was a French zoologist and anatomist.Blainville was born at Arques, near Dieppe. In about 1796 he went to Paris to study painting, but he ultimately devoted himself to natural history, and attracted the attention of Georges Cuvier, for whom he occasionally...
, 1814 (pulmonates)- Subinfraorder OrthurethraOrthurethraOrthurethra is a clade of terrestrial pulmonate gastropods .In the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, Orthurethra is treated as an informal group and subclade of Stylommatophora.- Taxonomy :...
- Superfamily Achatinelloidea Gulick, 1873
- Superfamily CochlicopoideaCochlicopoideaCochlicopoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Orthurethra....
Pilsbry, 1900 - Superfamily PartuloideaPartuloideaPartuloidea is a a superfamily of air-breathing land snails.According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, this superfamily of terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks is in the clade Stylommatophora and the informal group Orthurethra.- Families:Families within the...
Pilsbry, 1900 - Superfamily PupilloideaPupilloideaThe Pupilloidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Orthurethra.-Taxonomy:This superfamily contains the following families:*Family Pupillidae*Family Argnidae*Family Chondrinidae...
TurtonWilliam TurtonWilliam Turton was a British naturalist.Turton was born at Olveston, Gloucestershire and was educated at Oriel College, Oxford. He commenced in practice at Swansea, but devoted his leisure time to natural history, especially conchology...
, 1831
- Subinfraorder SigmurethraSigmurethraSigmurethra is a taxonomic category of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. This is an Informal Group which includes the majority of land snails and slugs....
- Superfamily AcavoideaAcavoideaThe Acavoidea are a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.This taxonomy was based on the study by Nordsieck, published in 1986...
Pilsbry, 1895 - Superfamily AchatinoideaAchatinoideaThe Achatinoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.-Taxonomy:...
Swainson, 1840 - Superfamily Aillyoidea Baker, 1960
- Superfamily ArionoideaArionoideaArionoidea is a taxonomic group, a superfamily of air-breathing land slugs, shell-less terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.- Families :Families within the superfamily Arionoidea include:* Arionidae* Anadenidae* Ariolimacidae* Binneyidae...
J.E. Gray in Turnton, 1840 - Superfamily Buliminoidea Clessin, 1879
- Superfamily Camaenoidea Pilsbry, 1895
- Superfamily ClausilioideaClausilioideaThe Clausilioidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.This classification was based on different studies dealing with the Clausiliidae, published by H...
MörchOtto Andreas Lowson MörchOtto Andreas Lowson Mörch was a biologist, specifically a malacologist. He lived in Sweden, in Denmark, and in France.- Taxa described :Bibliography and taxa described by Otto Andreas Lowson Mörch include:...
, 1864 - Superfamily Dyakioidea Gude & Woodward, 1921
- Superfamily GastrodontoideaGastrodontoideaGastrodontoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the limacoid clade.- Taxonomy:According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda , families in this superfamily include:...
Tryon, 1866 - Superfamily HelicoideaHelicoideaHelicoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora.-Families:There are 19 families within the superfamily Helicoidea according to Bouchet & Rocroi .* Helicidae...
Rafinesque, 1815 - Superfamily Helixarionoidea Bourguignat, 1877
- Superfamily LimacoideaLimacoideaLimacoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of medium-sized to large, air-breathing land slugs and snails. They are terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Stylommatophora ....
Rafinesque, 1815 - Superfamily Oleacinoidea H. & A. AdamsArthur Adams (zoologist)Arthur Adams was an English physician and naturalist.Adams was assistant surgeon on board H.M.S. "Actaeon" in company with HMS Samarang in the British Navy during the survey of the Malay Archipelago, the Japan Sea, Korea and China,from 1843 to 1846. He edited the Zoology of the voyage of H.M.S....
, 1855 - Superfamily OrthalicoideaOrthalicoideaThe Orthalicoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.- 2005 taxonomy :...
Albers-Martens, 1860 - Superfamily Plectopylidoidea Moellendorf, 1900
- Superfamily Polygyroidea Pilsbry, 1894
- Superfamily PunctoideaPunctoideaPunctoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra....
Morse, 1864 - Superfamily RhytidoideaRhytidoideaThe Rhytidoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.This taxonomy was based on the study by Nordsieck, published in 1986...
Pilsbry, 1893 - Superfamily Sagdidoidera Pilsbry, 1895
- Superfamily Staffordioidea ThieleJohannes ThieleJohannes Thiele, full name Karl Hermann Johannes Thiele was a German zoologist specialized in malacology. His Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde is a standard work...
, 1931 - Superfamily StreptaxoideaStreptaxoideaStreptaxoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the Stylommatophora.- 2005 taxonomy :...
J.E. Gray, 1806 - Superfamily Strophocheiloidea ThieleJohannes ThieleJohannes Thiele, full name Karl Hermann Johannes Thiele was a German zoologist specialized in malacology. His Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde is a standard work...
, 1926 - Superfamily TrigonochlamydoideaTrigonochlamydoideaTrigonochlamydidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial gastropod molluscs in the clade Eupulmonata .- Distribution :...
Hese, 1882 - Superfamily Zonitoidea MörchOtto Andreas Lowson MörchOtto Andreas Lowson Mörch was a biologist, specifically a malacologist. He lived in Sweden, in Denmark, and in France.- Taxa described :Bibliography and taxa described by Otto Andreas Lowson Mörch include:...
, 1864
- Superfamily Acavoidea
- Infraorder Acteophila DallW. H. DallWilliam Healey Dall was an American naturalist, a prominent malacologist, and one of the earliest scientific explorers of interior Alaska...
, 1885- Superfamily Melampoidea Stimpson, 1851
- Infraorder Trimusculiformes Minichev & Starobogatov, 1975
- Superfamily Trimusculoidea Zilch, 1959
- Infraorder StylommatophoraStylommatophoraStylommatophora is a taxon of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. This taxon is currently considered to be a clade. It was previously regarded as an infraorder...
A. Schmidt, 1856 (land snails) - Suborder BasommatophoraBasommatophoraBasommatophora was a term that was previously used as a taxonomic informal group, a group of snails within the informal group Pulmonata, the air-breathing slugs and snails...
Keferstein in Bronn, 1864 (freshwater pulmonates)- Superfamily Acroloxoidea ThieleJohannes ThieleJohannes Thiele, full name Karl Hermann Johannes Thiele was a German zoologist specialized in malacology. His Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde is a standard work...
, 1931 - Superfamily AmphiboloideaAmphiboloideaAmphiboloidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails.- 2005 taxonomy :According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda , it is a superfamily in the informal group Basommatophora, within the Pulmonata....
J.E. Gray, 1840 - Superfamily ChilinoideaChilinoideaChilinoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing freshwater snails, pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Hygrophila....
H. & A. AdamsArthur Adams (zoologist)Arthur Adams was an English physician and naturalist.Adams was assistant surgeon on board H.M.S. "Actaeon" in company with HMS Samarang in the British Navy during the survey of the Malay Archipelago, the Japan Sea, Korea and China,from 1843 to 1846. He edited the Zoology of the voyage of H.M.S....
, 1855 - Superfamily Glacidorboidea PonderWinston PonderWinston F. Ponder B.Sc, M.Sc, Ph.D, D.Sc. is a noted malacologist from New Zealand who has named and described many marine animals, especially micromolluscs. He is a graduate of the University of Auckland, New Zealand....
, 1986 - Superfamily Lymnaeoidea Rafinesque, 1815
- Superfamily PlanorboideaPlanorboideaPlanorboidea is a superfamily of air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks.The gastropods in this superfamily are all sinistral in shell coiling.The monophyly of Planorboidea has been confirmed by Albrecht et al. ....
Rafinesque, 1815 - Superfamily SiphonarioideaSiphonarioideaSiphonarioidea is a taxonomic group of air-breathing sea snails or false limpets.- 2005 taxonomy :Siphonarioidea was previously a superfamily in the informal group Basommatophora within the Pulmonata.- 2010 taxonomy :...
J.E. Gray, 1840
- Superfamily Acroloxoidea Thiele
- Suborder EupulmonataEupulmonataThe Eupulmonata is a taxonomic clade of air-breathing snails. The great majority of this group are land snails and slugs, but some are marine and some are saltmarsh snails that can tolerate salty conditions.-Linnean taxonomy:...
Haszprunar & Huber, 1990 - Suborder SystellommatophoraSystellommatophoraThe Systellommatophora is a clade of primitive, air-breathing slugs according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda...
Pilsbry, 1948- Superfamily Onchidioidea Rafinesque, 1815
- Superfamily OtinoideaOtinoideaOtinoidea is a superfamily of small, air-breathing sea snail and sea slugs, marine pulmonate gastropod mollusks....
H. & A. AdamsArthur Adams (zoologist)Arthur Adams was an English physician and naturalist.Adams was assistant surgeon on board H.M.S. "Actaeon" in company with HMS Samarang in the British Navy during the survey of the Malay Archipelago, the Japan Sea, Korea and China,from 1843 to 1846. He edited the Zoology of the voyage of H.M.S....
, 1855 - Superfamily Rathouisioidea Sarasin, 1889
- Subinfraorder Orthurethra