Pulmonata
Encyclopedia
The Pulmonata, or "pulmonates", are an informal group (previously an order
, and before that a subclass
) of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill
, or gills. The group includes many land and freshwater families, and several marine families.
The taxon
Pulmonata is not used at all in the taxonomy of gastropods per Jörger et al., dating from 2010.
Pulmonata are known from the Carboniferous
to the recent periods.
Pulmonates have a single auricle
and kidney, and a concentrated, symmetrical, nervous system. The mantle cavity is located on the right side of the body, and lacks gills, instead being converted into a vascularised
lung. Most species have a shell, but no operculum
, although the group does also include several shell-less slugs. Pulmonates are hermaphroditic
, and some groups possess love dart
s.
was as follows:
Order Pulmonata Cuvier
in Blainville, 1814 - pulmonates
The taxonomy of this group according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)
was as follows:
Clade Systellommatophora
Clade Stylommatophora
Contains the subclades Elasmognatha, Orthurethra and the informal group Sigmurethra
Subclade Elasmognatha
Subclade Orthurethra
Informal Group Sigmurethra
limacoid clade
Two two superfamilies belongs to clade Sigmurethra, but they are not in the limacoid clade.
Order (biology)
In scientific classification used in biology, the order is# a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, family, genus, and species, with order fitting in between class and family...
, and before that a subclass
Class (biology)
In biological classification, class is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, order, family, genus, and species, with class fitting between phylum and order...
) of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill
Gill
A gill is a respiratory organ found in many aquatic organisms that extracts dissolved oxygen from water, afterward excreting carbon dioxide. The gills of some species such as hermit crabs have adapted to allow respiration on land provided they are kept moist...
, or gills. The group includes many land and freshwater families, and several marine families.
The taxon
Taxon
|thumb|270px|[[African elephants]] form a widely-accepted taxon, the [[genus]] LoxodontaA taxon is a group of organisms, which a taxonomist adjudges to be a unit. Usually a taxon is given a name and a rank, although neither is a requirement...
Pulmonata is not used at all in the taxonomy of gastropods per Jörger et al., dating from 2010.
Pulmonata are known from the Carboniferous
Carboniferous
The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Devonian Period, about 359.2 ± 2.5 Mya , to the beginning of the Permian Period, about 299.0 ± 0.8 Mya . The name is derived from the Latin word for coal, carbo. Carboniferous means "coal-bearing"...
to the recent periods.
Pulmonates have a single auricle
Auricle
Auricle is an Anglicization of Latin auricula, from auris "ear" and -cula, a diminutive suffix.Auricle and auricula may refer to:-Medicine:* Ear** Pinna, the external portion of the ear...
and kidney, and a concentrated, symmetrical, nervous system. The mantle cavity is located on the right side of the body, and lacks gills, instead being converted into a vascularised
Blood vessel
The blood vessels are the part of the circulatory system that transports blood throughout the body. There are three major types of blood vessels: the arteries, which carry the blood away from the heart; the capillaries, which enable the actual exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and...
lung. Most species have a shell, but no operculum
Operculum (gastropod)
The operculum, meaning little lid, is a corneous or calcareous anatomical structure which exists in many groups of sea snails and freshwater snails, and also in a few groups of land snails...
, although the group does also include several shell-less slugs. Pulmonates are hermaphroditic
Hermaphrodite
In biology, a hermaphrodite is an organism that has reproductive organs normally associated with both male and female sexes.Many taxonomic groups of animals do not have separate sexes. In these groups, hermaphroditism is a normal condition, enabling a form of sexual reproduction in which both...
, and some groups possess love dart
Love dart
A love dart is a hard, long, sharp, calcareous or chitinous dart which some hermaphroditic land snails and slugs create. Love darts are made in sexually mature animals only, and are used as part of the sequence of events during courtship, before actual mating takes place...
s.
Linnean taxonomy
The taxonomy of this group according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Ponder & Lindberg, 1997)Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Ponder & Lindberg, 1997)
The taxonomy of the Gastropoda, as revised by Winston Ponder and David R. Lindberg in 1997, is an older taxonomy of the class Gastropoda, the class of molluscs consisting of all snails and slugs...
was as follows:
Order Pulmonata Cuvier
Georges Cuvier
Georges Chrétien Léopold Dagobert Cuvier or Jean Léopold Nicolas Frédéric Cuvier , known as Georges Cuvier, was a French naturalist and zoologist...
in Blainville, 1814 - pulmonates
- Suborder SystellommatophoraSystellommatophoraThe Systellommatophora is a clade of primitive, air-breathing slugs according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda...
Pilsbry, 1948-
- Superfamily Onchidioidea RafinesqueConstantine Samuel Rafinesque-SchmaltzConstantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz, as he is known in Europe, was a nineteenth-century polymath who made notable contributions to botany, zoology, the study of prehistoric earthworks in North America and Mesoamerican ancient linguistics.Rafinesque was eccentric, and is often portrayed as an...
, 1815 - Superfamily OtinoideaOtinoideaOtinoidea is a superfamily of small, air-breathing sea snail and sea slugs, marine pulmonate gastropod mollusks....
H. & A. Adams, 1855 - Superfamily Rathouisioidea Sarasin, 1889
- Superfamily Onchidioidea Rafinesque
-
- Suborder BasommatophoraBasommatophoraBasommatophora was a term that was previously used as a taxonomic informal group, a group of snails within the informal group Pulmonata, the air-breathing slugs and snails...
Keferstein in Bronn, 1864 - freshwater pulmonates, pond snails-
- Superfamily Acroloxoidea ThieleJohannes ThieleJohannes Thiele, full name Karl Hermann Johannes Thiele was a German zoologist specialized in malacology. His Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde is a standard work...
, 1931 - Superfamily AmphiboloideaAmphiboloideaAmphiboloidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails.- 2005 taxonomy :According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda , it is a superfamily in the informal group Basommatophora, within the Pulmonata....
J.E. GrayJohn Edward GrayJohn Edward Gray, FRS was a British zoologist. He was the elder brother of George Robert Gray and son of the pharmacologist and botanist Samuel Frederick Gray ....
, 1840 - Superfamily ChilinoideaChilinoideaChilinoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing freshwater snails, pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Hygrophila....
H. & A. Adams, 1855 - Superfamily Glacidorboidea Ponder, 1986
- Superfamily Lymnaeoidea RafinesqueConstantine Samuel Rafinesque-SchmaltzConstantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz, as he is known in Europe, was a nineteenth-century polymath who made notable contributions to botany, zoology, the study of prehistoric earthworks in North America and Mesoamerican ancient linguistics.Rafinesque was eccentric, and is often portrayed as an...
, 1815 - Superfamily PlanorboideaPlanorboideaPlanorboidea is a superfamily of air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks.The gastropods in this superfamily are all sinistral in shell coiling.The monophyly of Planorboidea has been confirmed by Albrecht et al. ....
RafinesqueConstantine Samuel Rafinesque-SchmaltzConstantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz, as he is known in Europe, was a nineteenth-century polymath who made notable contributions to botany, zoology, the study of prehistoric earthworks in North America and Mesoamerican ancient linguistics.Rafinesque was eccentric, and is often portrayed as an...
, 1815 - Superfamily SiphonarioideaSiphonarioideaSiphonarioidea is a taxonomic group of air-breathing sea snails or false limpets.- 2005 taxonomy :Siphonarioidea was previously a superfamily in the informal group Basommatophora within the Pulmonata.- 2010 taxonomy :...
J.E. GrayJohn Edward GrayJohn Edward Gray, FRS was a British zoologist. He was the elder brother of George Robert Gray and son of the pharmacologist and botanist Samuel Frederick Gray ....
, 1840
- Superfamily Acroloxoidea Thiele
-
- Suborder EupulmonataEupulmonataThe Eupulmonata is a taxonomic clade of air-breathing snails. The great majority of this group are land snails and slugs, but some are marine and some are saltmarsh snails that can tolerate salty conditions.-Linnean taxonomy:...
Haszprunar & Huber, 1990- Infraorder Acteophila Dall, 1885 = formerly Archaeopulmonata
- Superfamily Melampoidea Stimpson, 1851
- Infraorder Trimusculiformes Minichev & Starobogatov, 1975
- Superfamily Trimusculoidea Zilch, 1959
- Infraorder Acteophila Dall, 1885 = formerly Archaeopulmonata
-
- Infraorder StylommatophoraStylommatophoraStylommatophora is a taxon of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. This taxon is currently considered to be a clade. It was previously regarded as an infraorder...
A. Schmidt, 1856 - land snails- Subinfraorder OrthurethraOrthurethraOrthurethra is a clade of terrestrial pulmonate gastropods .In the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, Orthurethra is treated as an informal group and subclade of Stylommatophora.- Taxonomy :...
- Superfamily Achatinelloidea Gulick, 1873
- Superfamily CochlicopoideaCochlicopoideaCochlicopoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Orthurethra....
Pilsbry, 1900 - Superfamily PartuloideaPartuloideaPartuloidea is a a superfamily of air-breathing land snails.According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, this superfamily of terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks is in the clade Stylommatophora and the informal group Orthurethra.- Families:Families within the...
Pilsbry, 1900 - Superfamily PupilloideaPupilloideaThe Pupilloidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Orthurethra.-Taxonomy:This superfamily contains the following families:*Family Pupillidae*Family Argnidae*Family Chondrinidae...
Turton, 1831 - Subinfraorder SigmurethraSigmurethraSigmurethra is a taxonomic category of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. This is an Informal Group which includes the majority of land snails and slugs....
- Superfamily AcavoideaAcavoideaThe Acavoidea are a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.This taxonomy was based on the study by Nordsieck, published in 1986...
Pilsbry, 1895 - Superfamily AchatinoideaAchatinoideaThe Achatinoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.-Taxonomy:...
Swainson, 1840 - Superfamily Aillyoidea Baker, 1960
- Superfamily ArionoideaArionoideaArionoidea is a taxonomic group, a superfamily of air-breathing land slugs, shell-less terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.- Families :Families within the superfamily Arionoidea include:* Arionidae* Anadenidae* Ariolimacidae* Binneyidae...
J.E. GrayJohn Edward GrayJohn Edward Gray, FRS was a British zoologist. He was the elder brother of George Robert Gray and son of the pharmacologist and botanist Samuel Frederick Gray ....
in Turnton, 1840 - Superfamily Buliminoidea Clessin, 1879
- Superfamily Camaenoidea Pilsbry, 1895
- Superfamily ClausilioideaClausilioideaThe Clausilioidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.This classification was based on different studies dealing with the Clausiliidae, published by H...
MörchOtto Andreas Lowson MörchOtto Andreas Lowson Mörch was a biologist, specifically a malacologist. He lived in Sweden, in Denmark, and in France.- Taxa described :Bibliography and taxa described by Otto Andreas Lowson Mörch include:...
, 1864 - Superfamily Dyakioidea Gude & Woodward, 1921
- Superfamily GastrodontoideaGastrodontoideaGastrodontoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the limacoid clade.- Taxonomy:According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda , families in this superfamily include:...
Tryon, 1866 - Superfamily HelicoideaHelicoideaHelicoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora.-Families:There are 19 families within the superfamily Helicoidea according to Bouchet & Rocroi .* Helicidae...
RafinesqueConstantine Samuel Rafinesque-SchmaltzConstantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz, as he is known in Europe, was a nineteenth-century polymath who made notable contributions to botany, zoology, the study of prehistoric earthworks in North America and Mesoamerican ancient linguistics.Rafinesque was eccentric, and is often portrayed as an...
, 1815 - Superfamily Helixarionoidea Bourguignat, 1877
- Superfamily LimacoideaLimacoideaLimacoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of medium-sized to large, air-breathing land slugs and snails. They are terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Stylommatophora ....
RafinesqueConstantine Samuel Rafinesque-SchmaltzConstantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz, as he is known in Europe, was a nineteenth-century polymath who made notable contributions to botany, zoology, the study of prehistoric earthworks in North America and Mesoamerican ancient linguistics.Rafinesque was eccentric, and is often portrayed as an...
, 1815 - Superfamily Oleacinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855
- Superfamily OrthalicoideaOrthalicoideaThe Orthalicoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.- 2005 taxonomy :...
Albers-Martens, 1860 - Superfamily Plectopylidoidea Moellendorf, 1900
- Superfamily Polygyroidea Pilsbry, 1894
- Superfamily PunctoideaPunctoideaPunctoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra....
Morse, 1864 - Superfamily RhytidoideaRhytidoideaThe Rhytidoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.This taxonomy was based on the study by Nordsieck, published in 1986...
Pilsbry, 1893 - Superfamily Sagdidoidera Pilsbry, 1895
- Superfamily Staffordioidea ThieleJohannes ThieleJohannes Thiele, full name Karl Hermann Johannes Thiele was a German zoologist specialized in malacology. His Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde is a standard work...
, 1931 - Superfamily StreptaxoideaStreptaxoideaStreptaxoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the Stylommatophora.- 2005 taxonomy :...
J.E. GrayJohn Edward GrayJohn Edward Gray, FRS was a British zoologist. He was the elder brother of George Robert Gray and son of the pharmacologist and botanist Samuel Frederick Gray ....
, 1806 - Superfamily Strophocheiloidea ThieleJohannes ThieleJohannes Thiele, full name Karl Hermann Johannes Thiele was a German zoologist specialized in malacology. His Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde is a standard work...
, 1926 - Superfamily TrigonochlamydoideaTrigonochlamydoideaTrigonochlamydidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial gastropod molluscs in the clade Eupulmonata .- Distribution :...
Hese, 1882 - Superfamily Zonitoidea MörchOtto Andreas Lowson MörchOtto Andreas Lowson Mörch was a biologist, specifically a malacologist. He lived in Sweden, in Denmark, and in France.- Taxa described :Bibliography and taxa described by Otto Andreas Lowson Mörch include:...
, 1864 - ? Superfamily Athoracophoroidea P. Fischer, 1883 = Tracheopulmonata
- ? Superfamily Succineoidea Beck, 1837 = Heterurethra
- Subinfraorder Orthurethra
- Infraorder Stylommatophora
2005 taxonomy
Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)
The taxonomy of the Gastropoda as it was revised by Philippe Bouchet and Jean-Pierre Rocroi is currently the most up-to-date overall system for classifying gastropod mollusks...
was as follows:
Informal Group Pulmonata
Contains the informal group Basommatophora and the clade EupulmonataInformal Group Basommatophora
Contains the clade Hygrophila- Superfamily AmphiboloideaAmphiboloideaAmphiboloidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails.- 2005 taxonomy :According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda , it is a superfamily in the informal group Basommatophora, within the Pulmonata....
- Family AmphibolidaeAmphibolidaeAmphibolidae is a family of air-breathing snails with opercula, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs.The family is considered to be among the most primitive of the pulmonate gastropods, for although amphibolids breathe air, they also have opercula and at least some species go through a...
- Family Amphibolidae
- Superfamily SiphonarioideaSiphonarioideaSiphonarioidea is a taxonomic group of air-breathing sea snails or false limpets.- 2005 taxonomy :Siphonarioidea was previously a superfamily in the informal group Basommatophora within the Pulmonata.- 2010 taxonomy :...
- Family SiphonariidaeSiphonariidaeSiphonariidae is a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized air-breathing sea snails, marine and brackish water pulmonate gastropod molluscs. These snails are sometimes known as "false limpets" because of the shape of the shell, but they are not at all closely related to true limpets...
- † Family AcroreiidaeAcroreiidae† Acroreiidae is an extinct family of air-breathing snails, pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Siphonariidae. The living siphonariids are all marine pulmonates, false sea limpets that breathe air.- Taxonomy :...
- Family Siphonariidae
Clade Hygrophila
- Superfamily ChilinoideaChilinoideaChilinoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing freshwater snails, pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Hygrophila....
- Family Chilinidae
- Family Latiidae
- Superfamily Acroloxoidea
- Family AcroloxidaeAcroloxidaeAcroloxidae, commonly known as river limpets, are a taxonomic family of very small, freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod limpet-like mollusks with a simple flattened conical shell in the clade Hygrophila....
- Family Acroloxidae
- Superfamily Lymnaeoidea
- Family LymnaeidaeLymnaeidaeLymnaeidae is a taxonomic family of small to large air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks, that belong to the clade Hygrophila....
- Family Lymnaeidae
- Superfamily PlanorboideaPlanorboideaPlanorboidea is a superfamily of air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks.The gastropods in this superfamily are all sinistral in shell coiling.The monophyly of Planorboidea has been confirmed by Albrecht et al. ....
- Family PlanorbidaePlanorbidaePlanorbidae, common name the ramshorn snails or ram's horn snails, is a family of air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks....
- Family PhysidaePhysidaePhysidae, common name bladder snails, are a monophyletic taxonomic family of small freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the clade Hygrophila....
- Family Planorbidae
Clade Eupulmonata
Contains the clades Systellommatophora and Stylommatophora- Superfamily Trimusculoidea
- Family TrimusculidaeTrimusculidaeTrimusculus is a genus of medium-sized air-breathing sea snails or false limpets, marine pulmonate gastropod molluscs.Trimusculus is the only genus in the family Trimusculidae...
- Family Trimusculidae
- Superfamily OtinoideaOtinoideaOtinoidea is a superfamily of small, air-breathing sea snail and sea slugs, marine pulmonate gastropod mollusks....
- Family Otinidae
- Family SmeagolidaeSmeagolidaeSmeagol is a genus of small air-breathing sea slugs of the upper intertidal zone, pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Otinoidea.Smeagol is the only genus in the family Smeagolidae...
- Superfamily Ellobioidea
- Family EllobiidaeEllobiidaeEllobiidae is a family of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Eupulmonata. This is the only family in the superfamily Ellobioidea, according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)....
- Family Ellobiidae
Clade SystellommatophoraSystellommatophoraThe Systellommatophora is a clade of primitive, air-breathing slugs according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda...
( = Gymnomorpha)
- Superfamily Onchidioidea
- Family OnchidiidaeOnchidiidaeOnchidiidae are a family of small, air-breathing sea slugs. They are shell-less marine pulmonate gastropod molluscs. Onchidiidae is the only family within the superfamily Onchidioidea....
- Family Onchidiidae
- Superfamily VeronicelloideaVeronicelloideaVeronicelloidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land slugs. They are terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs.- Taxonomy :The following two families have been recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi :* family Veronicellidae Gray, 1840...
- Family VeronicellidaeVeronicellidaeThe Veronicellidae, common name the leatherleaf slugs, are a terrestrial family of pulmonate slugs.This family has no subfamilies ....
- Family RathouisiidaeRathouisiidaeRathouisiidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.- Taxonomy :The Rathouisiidae family is classified in the clade Systellommatophora within the clade Eupulmonata...
- Family Veronicellidae
Clade StylommatophoraStylommatophoraStylommatophora is a taxon of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. This taxon is currently considered to be a clade. It was previously regarded as an infraorder...
Contains the subclades Elasmognatha, Orthurethra and the informal group Sigmurethra
Subclade ElasmognathaElasmognathaElasmognatha is a taxonomic grouping, a clade, of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs.A number of species in this taxonomic group are endangered.- Taxonomy :...
- Superfamily Succineoidea
- Family SuccineidaeSuccineidaeSuccineidae are a family of small to medium-sized, air-breathing, land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. They are commonly called amber snails because their thin fragile shells are translucent and amber-colored...
- Family Succineidae
- Superfamily Athoracophoroidea
- Family AthoracophoridaeAthoracophoridaeAthoracophoridae, common name the leaf-veined slugs, are a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Stylommatophora, the stalk-eyed snails and slugs...
- Family Athoracophoridae
Subclade OrthurethraOrthurethraOrthurethra is a clade of terrestrial pulmonate gastropods .In the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, Orthurethra is treated as an informal group and subclade of Stylommatophora.- Taxonomy :...
- Superfamily PartuloideaPartuloideaPartuloidea is a a superfamily of air-breathing land snails.According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, this superfamily of terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks is in the clade Stylommatophora and the informal group Orthurethra.- Families:Families within the...
- Family PartulidaePartulidaePartulidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Stylommatophora, endemic to Pacific islands.- Genera :Partulidae is divided into three genera:* Eua has four species, confined to Tonga and Samoa....
- Family Draparnaudiidae
- Family Partulidae
- Superfamily Achatinelloidea
- Family AchatinellidaeAchatinellidaeAchatinellidae is a family of tropical air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Achatinelloidea.- Taxonomy :...
- Family Achatinellidae
- Superfamily CochlicopoideaCochlicopoideaCochlicopoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Orthurethra....
- Family CochlicopidaeCochlicopidaeCochlicopidae is a taxonomic family of small, air-breathing, land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cochlicopoidea.-Anatomy:...
- Family AmastridaeAmastridaeAmastridae is a taxonomic family of small, air-breathing, land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cochlicopoidea....
- Family Cochlicopidae
- Superfamily PupilloideaPupilloideaThe Pupilloidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Orthurethra.-Taxonomy:This superfamily contains the following families:*Family Pupillidae*Family Argnidae*Family Chondrinidae...
- Family PupillidaePupillidaePupillidae is a family of mostly minute, air-breathing, land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the clade Stylommatophora....
- Family ArgnidaeArgnidaeArgnidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.- Distribution :Distribution of Argnidae include Europe: southern and eastern Alps and Carpathian Mountains.- Taxonomy :...
- Family ChondrinidaeChondrinidaeChondrinidae is a family of mostly minute air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the order Pulmonata.-Anatomy:In this family, the number of haploid chromosomes lies between 26 and 30 ....
- † Family CylindrellinidaeCylindrellinidae†Cylindrellinidae is an extinct family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.- Taxonomy :The Cylindrellinidae family is classified within the informal group Orthurethra, itself belonging to the clade Stylommatophora within the clade Eupulmonata .The family...
- Family LauriidaeLauriidaeLauriidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.- Taxonomy :The Lauriidae family is classified within the informal group Orthurethra, itself belonging to the clade Stylommatophora within the clade Eupulmonata .The family Lauriidae has no...
- Family OrculidaeOrculidaeOrculidae is a family of mostly minute, air-breathing, land snails; terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the order Pulmonata.- Taxonomy :...
- Family Pleurodiscidae
- Family PyramidulidaePyramidulidaePyramidulidae is a family of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea.-Anatomy:In this family, the number of haploid chromosomes lies between 26 and 30 ....
- Family SpelaeodiscidaeSpelaeodiscidaeSpelaeodiscidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.- Taxonomy :The Spelaeodiscidae family is classified within the informal group Orthurethra, itself belonging to the clade Stylommatophora within the clade Eupulmonata .The family Spelaeodiscidae has...
- Family StrobilopsidaeStrobilopsidaeStrobilopsidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea.- Taxonomy :...
- Family ValloniidaeValloniidaeValloniidae is a taxonomic family of small and minute, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora.-Anatomy:...
- Family VertiginidaeVertiginidaeVertiginidae is a family of minute, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs or micromollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea.- Distribution :...
- Family Pupillidae
- Superfamily EnoideaEnoideaThe Enoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Orthurethra.The following two families have been recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi :* family Enidae* family Cerastidae...
- Family EnidaeEnidaeEnidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.- Anatomy :In this family, the number of haploid chromosomes lies between 21 and 25 .- 1998 taxonomy :...
- Family CerastidaeCerastidaeCerastidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.- Taxonomy :The Cerastidae family is classified within the informal group Orthurethra, itself belonging to the clade Stylommatophora within the clade Eupulmonata .The family Cerastidae has no...
- Family Enidae
Informal Group SigmurethraSigmurethraSigmurethra is a taxonomic category of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. This is an Informal Group which includes the majority of land snails and slugs....
- Superfamily ClausilioideaClausilioideaThe Clausilioidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.This classification was based on different studies dealing with the Clausiliidae, published by H...
- Family ClausiliidaeClausiliidaeClausiliidae, common name door snails, are a taxonomic family of small, very elongate, mostly left-handed, air-breathing land snails, sinistral terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks....
- † Family AnadromidaeAnadromidaeAnadromidae is an extinct family of gastropods in the clade Eupulmonata .- Taxonomy :...
- † Family FilholiidaeFilholiidae†Filholiidae is an extinct family of fossil air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Clausilioidea .-Genera :...
- † Family PalaeostoidaePalaeostoidaePalaeostoidae is an extinct family of gastropods in the clade Eupulmonata .- Taxonomy :...
- Family Clausiliidae
- Superfamily OrthalicoideaOrthalicoideaThe Orthalicoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.- 2005 taxonomy :...
- Family OrthalicidaeOrthalicidaeOrthalicidae are a family of tropical air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks are classified in the informal group Sigmurethra of the clade Stylommatophora...
- Family CerionidaeCerionidaeCerionidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Urocoptoidea.- 2008 taxonomy :...
- Family CoelociontidaeCoelociontidaeCoelociontidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Eupulmonata .This family has no subfamilies.-Genera:...
- † Family GrangerellidaeGrangerellidae†Grangerellidae is an extinct family of gastropods in the clade Eupulmonata .-Genera :Genera within the family Grangerellidae include:* Grangerella, the type genus...
- Family MegaspiridaeMegaspiridaeMegaspiridae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Orthalicoidea .- Subfamilies :...
- Family PlacostylidaePlacostylidaePlacostylidae is a family of land snails, gastropods in the superfamily Orthalicoidea.- Taxonomy :The Placostylidae family is classified within the informal group Sigmurethra, itself belonging to the clade Stylommatophora within the clade Eupulmonata .This family has no subfamilies Placostylidae is...
- Family UrocoptidaeUrocoptidaeUrocoptidae is a family of land snails, gastropods in the superfamily Urocoptoidea.- 2005 taxonomy :The Urocoptidae family has been classified in the superfamily Orthalicoidea within the informal group Sigmurethra, itself belonging to the clade Stylommatophora within the clade Eupulmonata .The...
- Family Orthalicidae
- Superfamily AchatinoideaAchatinoideaThe Achatinoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.-Taxonomy:...
- Family AchatinidaeAchatinidaeAchatinidae is a family of medium to large sized tropical land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks from Africa...
- Family FerussaciidaeFerussaciidaeFerussaciidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Achatinoidea.This family has no subfamilies...
- Family MicractaeonidaeMicractaeonidaeMicractaeon koptawelilensis is a species of land snail, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Achatinoidea ....
- Family SubulinidaeSubulinidaeSubulinidae is a family of small tropical air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Achatinoidea.- Anatomy :...
- Family Achatinidae
- Superfamily Aillyoidea
- Family AillyidaeAillyidaeAillyidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.Aillyidae is the only family in the superfamily Aillyoidea....
- Family Aillyidae
- Superfamily TestacelloideaTestacelloideaThe Testacelloidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.-Taxonomy:The families within the Testacelloidea are as follows:*Family Testacellidae Gray, 1840...
- Family Testacellidae
- Family OleacinidaeOleacinidaeOleacinidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Eupulmonata .-Anatomy:...
- Family SpiraxidaeSpiraxidaeSpiraxidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropods in the clade Eupulmonata .- 2005 taxonomy :...
- Superfamily Papillodermatoidea
- Family Papillodermatidae
- Superfamily StreptaxoideaStreptaxoideaStreptaxoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the Stylommatophora.- 2005 taxonomy :...
- Family StreptaxidaeStreptaxidaeStreptaxidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in theStylommatophora. Six Streptaxidae subfamilies are accepted in the 2005 taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi....
- Family Streptaxidae
- Superfamily RhytidoideaRhytidoideaThe Rhytidoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.This taxonomy was based on the study by Nordsieck, published in 1986...
- Family RhytididaeRhytididaeRhytididae is a taxonomic family of medium-sized predatory air-breathing land snails, carnivorous terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Rhytidoidea.This family has no subfamilies.-Anatomy:...
- Family ChlamydephoridaeChlamydephoridaeChlamydephoridae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Eupulmonata .These snails are presumed to be true carnivores...
- Family HaplotrematidaeHaplotrematidaeHaplotrematidae is a taxonomic family of predatory air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Rhytidoidea.-Distribution:These are North American land snails...
- Family ScolodontidaeScolodontidaeScolodontidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonategastropod mollusks in the superfamily Rhytidoidea .-Taxonomy:...
- Family Rhytididae
- Superfamily AcavoideaAcavoideaThe Acavoidea are a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.This taxonomy was based on the study by Nordsieck, published in 1986...
- Family AcavidaeAcavidaeAcavidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Acavoidea .- Anatomy :...
- Family CaryodidaeCaryodidaeCaryodidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Acavoidea .This family is endemic to eastern Australia....
- Family DorcasiidaeDorcasiidaeDorcasiidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Acavoidea .The family Dorcasiidae has no subfamilies.-Genera:...
- Family MacrocyclidaeMacrocyclidaeMacrocyclidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Acavoidea .-Genera :The family Macrocyclidae has no subfamilies....
- Family MegomphicidaeMegomphicidaeMegomphicidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Acavoidea .-Genera:...
- Family StrophocheilidaeStrophocheilidaeStrophocheilidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Acavoidea .- Subfamilies and genera :...
- Family Acavidae
- Superfamily PunctoideaPunctoideaPunctoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra....
- Family PunctidaePunctidaePunctidae, common name the "dot snails", is a family of minute air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra ....
- † Family AnastomopsidaeAnastomopsidae†Anastomopsidae is an extinct family of fossil gastropods in the superfamily Punctoidea .- Genera :The family Anastomopsidae has no subfamilies....
- Family CharopidaeCharopidaeCharopidae is a taxonomic family of small air-breathing land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoidea .- Subfamilies and genera :The family Charopidae consists of the following subfamilies:* Charopinae Hutton, 1884 - synonyms:...
- Family CystopeltidaeCystopeltidaeCystopeltidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoidea .-Genera and species :...
- Family DiscidaeDiscidaeDiscidae is a taxonomic family of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoidea.-Genera:The family Discidae has no subfamilies...
- Family EndodontidaeEndodontidaeEndodontidae is a taxonomic family of very small air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoidea....
- Family HelicodiscidaeHelicodiscidaeHelicodiscidae is a family of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrialpulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoidea .- Genera :...
- Family OreohelicidaeOreohelicidaeOreohelicidae is a family of small to medium-sized air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoidea .-Anatomy:...
- Family ThyrophorellidaeThyrophorellidaeThyrophorellidae is a family of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoidea .- Genera :...
- Family Punctidae
- Superfamily Sagdoidea
- Family SagdidaeSagdidaeSagdidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks with highest diversity in the Greater Antilles. It has been classified in its own superfamily Sagdoidea and as a member of the superfamily Helicoidea...
- Family Sagdidae
limacoid cladeLimacoid cladeThe limacoid clade is a taxonomic clade of air-breathing land snails, semislugs and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the informal group Sigmurethra.- Distribution :...
- Superfamily Staffordioidea
- Family StaffordiidaeStaffordiidaeStaffordiidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Staffordioidea ....
- Family Staffordiidae
- Superfamily Dyakioidea
- Family DyakiidaeDyakiidaeDyakiidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Dyakioidea ....
- Family Dyakiidae
- Superfamily GastrodontoideaGastrodontoideaGastrodontoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the limacoid clade.- Taxonomy:According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda , families in this superfamily include:...
- Family GastrodontidaeGastrodontidaeGastrodontidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Eupulmonata ....
- Family ChronidaeChronidaeChronidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Gastrodontoidea within the clade Eupulmonata .- Distribution :...
- Family EuconulidaeEuconulidaeEuconulidae is a taxonomic family of minute, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks or micromollusks. This land snail family is closely allied to the Zonitidae, the glass snails.- Distribution :...
- Family OxychilidaeOxychilidaeOxychilidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Gastrodontoidea.- Distribution :...
- Family PristilomatidaePristilomatidaePristilomatidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Gastrodontoidea.According to the 2005 taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi these snails belong to the "limacoid clade", and Vitreinae is a synonym for Pristilomatidae,...
- Family TrochomorphidaeTrochomorphidaeTrochomorphidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Eupulmonata ....
- Fossil taxa probably belonging to the Gastrodontoidea
- Subfamily † Archaeozonitinae
- Subfamily † Grandipatulinae
- Subfamily † Palaeoxestininae
- Family Gastrodontidae
- Superfamily ParmacelloideaParmacelloideaParmacelloidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora and the informal group Pulmonata...
- Family ParmacellidaeParmacellidaeParmacellidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks within the superfamily Parmacelloidea ....
- Family MilacidaeMilacidaeMilacidae is a family of air-breathing, keeled, land slugs. These are shell-less terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Parmacelloidea.This family has no subfamilies ....
- Family Trigonochlamydidae
- Family Parmacellidae
- Superfamily Zonitoidea
- Family ZonitidaeZonitidaeZonitidae, common name the true glass snails, are a family of mostly rather small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Zonitoidea....
- Family Zonitidae
- Superfamily HelicarionoideaHelicarionoideaHelicarionoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and semi-slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the limacoid clade.-Families:There are three families within the superfamily Helicarionoidea:* Helicarionidae* Ariophantidae...
- Family HelicarionidaeHelicarionidaeHelicarionidae is a family of air-breathing land snails or semi-slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicarionoidea.- Distribution :...
- Family AriophantidaeAriophantidaeAriophantidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails and semi-slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicarionoidea .- Distribution :...
- Family UrocyclidaeUrocyclidaeUrocyclidae is a family of air-breathing land snails and semi-slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicarionoidea, ....
- Family Helicarionidae
- Superfamily LimacoideaLimacoideaLimacoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of medium-sized to large, air-breathing land slugs and snails. They are terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Stylommatophora ....
- Family LimacidaeLimacidaeLimacidae, common name the keelback slugs, are a taxonomic family of medium-sized to very large, air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Limacoidea.- Distribution :...
- Family AgriolimacidaeAgriolimacidaeAgriolimacidae is a family of small and medium sized land slugs, or shell-less snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.- Distribution :Distribution of Limacidae is Holarctic, this include: Nearctic, western Palearctic and eastern Palearctic....
- Family Boettgerillidae
- Family VitrinidaeVitrinidaeVitrinidae is a family of small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Limacoidea ....
- Family Limacidae
other Sigmurethra
Two two superfamilies belongs to clade Sigmurethra, but they are not in the limacoid clade.
- Superfamily ArionoideaArionoideaArionoidea is a taxonomic group, a superfamily of air-breathing land slugs, shell-less terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.- Families :Families within the superfamily Arionoidea include:* Arionidae* Anadenidae* Ariolimacidae* Binneyidae...
- Family ArionidaeArionidaeArionidae, common name the "roundback slugs" or "round back slugs" are a taxonomic family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Arionoidea.- Distribution :...
- Family AnadenidaeAnadenidaeAnadenidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Arionidae ....
- Family AriolimacidaeAriolimacidaeAriolimacidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Arionoidea .- Subfamilies and genera:...
- Family BinneyidaeBinneyidaeBinneyidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Arionoidea .- Genera :The family Binneyidae has no subfamilies....
- Family OopeltidaeOopeltidaeOopeltidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Arionoidea .- Subfamilies and genera :...
- Family PhilomycidaePhilomycidaePhilomycidae are a family of air-breathing land slugs . They are terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Arionoidea ....
- Family Arionidae
- Superfamily HelicoideaHelicoideaHelicoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora.-Families:There are 19 families within the superfamily Helicoidea according to Bouchet & Rocroi .* Helicidae...
- Family HelicidaeHelicidaeThe Helicidae, sometimes known as the typical snails, are a taxonomic family of small to large, air-breathing, land snails. In other words, they are terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks....
- Family BradybaenidaeBradybaenidaeBradybaenidae is a taxonomic family of medium-sized to small land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea....
- Family CamaenidaeCamaenidaeCamaenidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea.This is one of the most diverse families in the clade Stylommatophora....
- Family CepolidaeCepolidae (gastropods)Cepolidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea .-Anatomy:...
- Family CochlicellidaeCochlicellidaeCochlicellidae is a family of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea ....
- Family ElonidaeElonidaeElonidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropods mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea.This family is within the clade Eupulmonata ....
- Family EpiphragmophoridaeEpiphragmophoridaeEpiphragmophoridae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea . This family has no subfamilies.-Anatomy:...
- Family HalolimnohelicidaeHalolimnohelicidaeHalolimnohelicidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea . This family has no subfamilies.-Genera :...
- Family HelicodontidaeHelicodontidaeHelicodontidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Eupulmonata .- Taxonomy :...
- Family HelminthoglyptidaeHelminthoglyptidaeThe Helminthoglyptidae are a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea.This is a large and diverse group of new world snails, ranging in distribution from Alaska through North America to the West Indies, Central America, and as far...
- Family HumboldtianidaeHumboldtianidaeHumboldtianidae is an American family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea .-Anatomy:...
- Family HygromiidaeHygromiidaeHygromiidae is a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea.-Anatomy:...
- Family MonadeniidaeMonadeniidaeMonadeniidae is a taxonomic family of small to medium sized air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea . This family has no subfamilies.-Anatomy:This family is defined by an absent diverticulum...
- Family PleurodontidaePleurodontidaePleurodontidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea.This family is classified within the clade Stylommatophora within the clade Eupulmonata...
- Family PolygyridaePolygyridaePolygyridae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea.The Polygyridae make up a significant proportion of the land snail fauna of eastern North America, and are also found in western North America, northern Central America, and...
- Family SphincterochilidaeSphincterochilidaeSphincterochilidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea ....
- Family ThysanophoridaeThysanophoridaeThysanophoridae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea .These are common woodland snails of North America...
- Family TrissexodontidaeTrissexodontidaeTrissexodontidae is a family of land snails, gastropods in the superfamily Helicoidea .This family has no subfamilies...
- Family XanthonychidaeXanthonychidaeXanthonychidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea.This family is within the clade Eupulmonata ....
- Family Helicidae
2010 taxonomy
Jörger et al. (2010) have redefined major groups within the Heterobranchia and they did not used taxon Pulmonata within the classification at all.Further reading
- Wade C. M., Mordan P. B. & Clarke B. (2001). "A phylogeny of the land snails (Gastropoda: Pulmonata)". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 268(1465): 413-422. PDF.
- Holznagel W. E., Colgan D. J. & Lydeard C. (2010). "Pulmonate phylogeny based on 28S rRNA gene sequences: A framework for discussing habitat transitions and character transformation". Molecular Phylogenetics and EvolutionMolecular Phylogenetics and EvolutionMolecular Phylogenetics and Evolution is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of evolutionary biology and phylogenetics. The journal is edited by D.E. Wildman.-Indexing:The journal is indexed in:*EMBiology*Journal Citation Reports*Scopus*Web of Science...
57(3): 1017-1025. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.09.021.