Codex Boernerianus
Encyclopedia
Codex Boernerianus, designated by Gp or 012 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), α 1028 (von Soden), is a small New Testament codex
, measuring 25 x 18 cm, written in one column per page, 20 lines per page. Dated paleographically to the 9th century. The name of the codex derives from Boerner
, to whom it once belonged. The manuscript is lacunose.
(but does not contain Hebrews
) on 99 vellum
leaves. The main text is in Greek
with an interlinear Latin
translation inserted above the Greek text (in the same manner like Codex Sangallensis 48).
The text of the codex contains six lacunae (Romans
1:1-4, 2:17-24, 1 Cor.
3:8-16, 6:7-14, Col.
2:1-8, Philem. 21-25).
Quotations from the Old Testament
are marked in left-hand margin by inverted comma (>), and Latin notation identifies a quotation (f.e. Iesaia).
Capital letters follow regular in stichometric
frequency. It means codex G was copied from manuscript arranged in στίχοι
. The codex sometimes uses minuscule letters: α, κ, ρ (of the same size as uncials). It has not Spiritus asper
, Spiritus lenis
and accents.
The Latin text is written in minuscule letters. The shape of Latin letters: r, s, t is characteristic of Anglo-Saxon alphabet.
Codex does not use phrase ἐν Ῥώμῃ (in Rome). In Rom 1:7 this phrase was replaced into ἐν ἀγαπῃ (Latin text - in caritate et dilectione), and in 1:15 the phrase is omitted (in both text Greek and Latin).
After the end of Philemon stands the title Προς Λαουδακησας αρχεται επιστολη (with interlinear Latin ad Laudicenses incipit epistola), but an apocryphal epistle is lost.
is a representative of the Western text-type
. Aland
placed it in Category III.
The section 1 Cor 14:34-35 is placed after 1 Cor 14:40, just like other manuscripts of the Western text-type (Claromontanus
, Augiensis
, 88
, itd, g, and some manuscripts of Vulgate.
The Latin text has some affinity with Liber Comicus
.
In Romans 8:1 it reads Ιησου (as א, B, D, 1739, 1881, itd, g, copsa, bo, eth). The Byzantine manuscripts read Ιησου μη κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν αλλα κατα πνευμα.
It does not contain the ending Romans 16:25-27, but it has blanked space at Romans 14:23 for it.
In 1 Corinthians 2:1 it reads μαρτυριον along with B D P Ψ 33 81 104 181 326 330 451 614 629 630 1241 1739 1877 1881 1962 1984 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect it vg syrh copsa arm eth. Other manuscripts read μυστηριον or σωτηριον.
In 1 Corinthians 2:4 it reads πειθοις σοφιας (plausible wisdom) along with
46. The Latin text supports reading πειθοι σοφιας (plausible wisdom) – 35
and Codex Augiensis
(Latin text).
In 2 Corinthians 2:10 the Greek text reads τηλικουτου θανατου, along with the codices: א, A, B, C, Dgr, K, P, Ψ, 0121a, 0209, 0243, 33, 81, 88, 104, 181, 326, 330, 436, 451, 614, 1241, 1739, 1877, 1881, 1962, 1984, 1985, 2127, 2492, 2495, Byz.
Scrivener's
translation:
E. Windisch proposed different translation of that verse:
Robert Relyea translated (the above German) it into English in that way:
Bruce M. Metzger in his book quoted the translation of Scrivener. This seems to have been written by a disappointed pilgrim. The Irish language was not the first language for the author of this verse.
monk in the Abbey of St. Gall
, Switzerland
between 850-900 A.D. Kuster was the first to recognize the 9th century date of Codex Boernerianus. The evidence for this date includes the style of the script, the smaller uncial letters in Greek, the Latin interlinear written in Anglo-Saxon minuscule, and the separation of words.
In 1670 it was in the hands of P. Junius at Leiden. The codex got its name from its first German owner, University of Leipzig
professor Boerner
, who bought it in Holland in the year 1705. It was collated by Kuster
, described in the preface to his edition of Mill's
Greek New Testament. The manuscript was designated by symbol G in the second part of Wettstein's
New Testament. The text of the codex was published by Matthaei
, at Meissen, in Saxony, in 1791, and supposed by him to have been written between the 8th and 12th centuries. Rettig thought that Codex Sangallensis is a part of the same book as the Codex Boernerianus.
During World War II
, the codex suffered severely from water damage. Thus, the facsimile, as published in 1909, provides the most legible text. Some scholars believe that, originally, this codex formed a unit with the Gospel manuscript Codex Sangallensis 48 (Δ/037). Boernerianus is housed now in the Saxon State Library
(A 145b), Dresden
, Germany
, while Δ (037) is at Saint Gallen, in Switzerland
.
Codex
A codex is a book in the format used for modern books, with multiple quires or gatherings typically bound together and given a cover.Developed by the Romans from wooden writing tablets, its gradual replacement...
, measuring 25 x 18 cm, written in one column per page, 20 lines per page. Dated paleographically to the 9th century. The name of the codex derives from Boerner
Christian Frederick Boerner
Christian Frederick Boerner , professor of theology at Leipzig. Boerner was born in Dresden, and lived most of his life in Leipzig. Boerner had two sons, Christian Frederic, and Frederic , who were both physicians....
, to whom it once belonged. The manuscript is lacunose.
Description
The manuscript contains the text of the Pauline epistlesPauline epistles
The Pauline epistles, Epistles of Paul, or Letters of Paul, are the thirteen New Testament books which have the name Paul as the first word, hence claiming authorship by Paul the Apostle. Among these letters are some of the earliest extant Christian documents...
(but does not contain Hebrews
Epistle to the Hebrews
The Epistle to the Hebrews is one of the books in the New Testament. Its author is not known.The primary purpose of the Letter to the Hebrews is to exhort Christians to persevere in the face of persecution. The central thought of the entire Epistle is the doctrine of the Person of Christ and his...
) on 99 vellum
Vellum
Vellum is mammal skin prepared for writing or printing on, to produce single pages, scrolls, codices or books. It is generally smooth and durable, although there are great variations depending on preparation, the quality of the skin and the type of animal used...
leaves. The main text is in Greek
Koine Greek
Koine Greek is the universal dialect of the Greek language spoken throughout post-Classical antiquity , developing from the Attic dialect, with admixture of elements especially from Ionic....
with an interlinear Latin
Latin
Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...
translation inserted above the Greek text (in the same manner like Codex Sangallensis 48).
The text of the codex contains six lacunae (Romans
Epistle to the Romans
The Epistle of Paul to the Romans, often shortened to Romans, is the sixth book in the New Testament. Biblical scholars agree that it was composed by the Apostle Paul to explain that Salvation is offered through the Gospel of Jesus Christ...
1:1-4, 2:17-24, 1 Cor.
First Epistle to the Corinthians
The first epistle of Paul the apostle to the Corinthians, often referred to as First Corinthians , is the seventh book of the New Testament of the Bible...
3:8-16, 6:7-14, Col.
Epistle to the Colossians
The Epistle of Paul to the Colossians, usually referred to simply as Colossians, is the 12th book of the New Testament. It was written, according to the text, by Paul the Apostle to the Church in Colossae, a small Phrygian city near Laodicea and approximately 100 miles from Ephesus in Asia...
2:1-8, Philem. 21-25).
Quotations from the Old Testament
Old Testament
The Old Testament, of which Christians hold different views, is a Christian term for the religious writings of ancient Israel held sacred and inspired by Christians which overlaps with the 24-book canon of the Masoretic Text of Judaism...
are marked in left-hand margin by inverted comma (>), and Latin notation identifies a quotation (f.e. Iesaia).
Capital letters follow regular in stichometric
Stichometry
Stichometry is a term applied to the measurement of ancient texts by στίχοι or verses of a fixed standard length.It was the custom of the Greeks and Romans to estimate the length of their literary works by measured lines...
frequency. It means codex G was copied from manuscript arranged in στίχοι
Stichometry
Stichometry is a term applied to the measurement of ancient texts by στίχοι or verses of a fixed standard length.It was the custom of the Greeks and Romans to estimate the length of their literary works by measured lines...
. The codex sometimes uses minuscule letters: α, κ, ρ (of the same size as uncials). It has not Spiritus asper
Spiritus asper
In the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, the rough breathing , is a diacritical mark used to indicate the presence of an sound before a vowel, diphthong, or rho. It remained in the polytonic orthography even after the Hellenistic period, when the sound disappeared from the Greek language...
, Spiritus lenis
Spiritus lenis
The smooth breathing is a diacritical mark used in polytonic orthography. In ancient Greek, it marks the absence of the voiceless glottal fricative from the beginning of a word....
and accents.
The Latin text is written in minuscule letters. The shape of Latin letters: r, s, t is characteristic of Anglo-Saxon alphabet.
Codex does not use phrase ἐν Ῥώμῃ (in Rome). In Rom 1:7 this phrase was replaced into ἐν ἀγαπῃ (Latin text - in caritate et dilectione), and in 1:15 the phrase is omitted (in both text Greek and Latin).
After the end of Philemon stands the title Προς Λαουδακησας αρχεται επιστολη (with interlinear Latin ad Laudicenses incipit epistola), but an apocryphal epistle is lost.
Text
The Greek text of this codexCodex
A codex is a book in the format used for modern books, with multiple quires or gatherings typically bound together and given a cover.Developed by the Romans from wooden writing tablets, its gradual replacement...
is a representative of the Western text-type
Western text-type
The Western text-type is one of several text-types used in textual criticism to describe and group the textual character of Greek New Testament manuscripts...
. Aland
Kurt Aland
Kurt Aland was a German Theologian and Professor of New Testament Research and Church History. He founded the Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung in Münster and served as its first director for many years...
placed it in Category III.
The section 1 Cor 14:34-35 is placed after 1 Cor 14:40, just like other manuscripts of the Western text-type (Claromontanus
Codex Claromontanus
Codex Claromontanus, symbolized by Dp or 06 , δ 1026 , is a Greek-Latin diglot uncial manuscript of the New Testament, written in an uncial hand on vellum. The Greek and Latin text on facing pages...
, Augiensis
Codex Augiensis
Codex Augiensis, designated by Fp or 010 , α 1029 is a 9th century diglot uncial manuscript of the Pauline Epistles in double parallel columns of Greek and Latin on the same page.- Description :...
, 88
Minuscule 88
Codex Regis , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century...
, itd, g, and some manuscripts of Vulgate.
The Latin text has some affinity with Liber Comicus
Liber Comicus
Liber Comicus Toletanus Teplensis , designated by t or 56 , is the oldest known lectionary from the Iberian Peninsula, dated to somewhere between the 7th and 9th centuries....
.
- Romans 6:5 αλλα και της αναστασεως ] αμα και της αναστασεως
- Romans 12:11 κυριω ] καιρω
- Romans 15:31 διακονια ] δωροφορια — BCodex VaticanusThe Codex Vaticanus , is one of the oldest extant manuscripts of the Greek Bible , one of the four great uncial codices. The Codex is named for the residence in the Vatican Library, where it has been stored since at least the 15th century...
DCodex ClaromontanusCodex Claromontanus, symbolized by Dp or 06 , δ 1026 , is a Greek-Latin diglot uncial manuscript of the New Testament, written in an uncial hand on vellum. The Greek and Latin text on facing pages...
Ggr - Romans 16:15 Ιουλιαν ] Ιουνιαν — CCodex Ephraemi RescriptusCodex Ephraemi Rescriptus is an early 5th century Greek manuscript of the Bible, the last in the group of the four great uncial manuscripts...
. - Galatians 6:2 αναπληρωσατε ] αναπληρωσετε — B 1962 it vg syrp,pal copsa,bo goth eth
- Philippians 3:16 τω αυτω στοιχειν ] το αυτο φρονειν, τω αυτω συνστοιχειν — supported by F
- Philippians 4:7 νοηματα ] σωματα — F G
In Romans 8:1 it reads Ιησου (as א, B, D, 1739, 1881, itd, g, copsa, bo, eth). The Byzantine manuscripts read Ιησου μη κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν αλλα κατα πνευμα.
It does not contain the ending Romans 16:25-27, but it has blanked space at Romans 14:23 for it.
In 1 Corinthians 2:1 it reads μαρτυριον along with B D P Ψ 33 81 104 181 326 330 451 614 629 630 1241 1739 1877 1881 1962 1984 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect it vg syrh copsa arm eth. Other manuscripts read μυστηριον or σωτηριον.
In 1 Corinthians 2:4 it reads πειθοις σοφιας (plausible wisdom) along with
46. The Latin text supports reading πειθοι σοφιας (plausible wisdom) – 35Minuscule 35
Minuscule 35 , δ309 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, written on 328 parchment leaves . Paleographically it has been assigned to the 11th century. The manuscript has complex contents, marginalia, and many corrections.- Description :The codex contains the entire New Testament...
and Codex Augiensis
Codex Augiensis
Codex Augiensis, designated by Fp or 010 , α 1029 is a 9th century diglot uncial manuscript of the Pauline Epistles in double parallel columns of Greek and Latin on the same page.- Description :...
(Latin text).
In 2 Corinthians 2:10 the Greek text reads τηλικουτου θανατου, along with the codices: א, A, B, C, Dgr, K, P, Ψ, 0121a, 0209, 0243, 33, 81, 88, 104, 181, 326, 330, 436, 451, 614, 1241, 1739, 1877, 1881, 1962, 1984, 1985, 2127, 2492, 2495, Byz.
The Old Irish Poem in the Codex Boernerianus
On folio 23 verso at the footnote written Irish verse which refer to making a pilgrimage to Rome:
- Téicht do róim [téicht do róim]
- Mór saido becic torbai
- Inrí chondaigi hifoss
- Manimbera latt ni fog bai.
- Mór báis mor baile
- Mór coll ceille mór mise
- Olais aurchenn teicht dóecaib
- Beith fó étoil maic Maire.
Scrivener's
Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener
The Reverend Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener, LL.D. was an important text critic of the New Testament and a member of the English New Testament Revision Committee which produced the Revised Version of the Bible...
translation:
- To come to Rome, to come to Rome,
- Much of trouble, little of profit,
- The thing thou seekest here,
- If thou bring not with thee, thou
- findest not.
- Great folly, great madness,
- Great ruin of sense, great insanity,
- Since thou has set out for death,
- That thou shouldest be in disobedience
- to the Son of Mary.
E. Windisch proposed different translation of that verse:
- „Nach Rom gehen
- Viel Mühe, wenig Nutzen!
- Der König, den du hienieden suchst,
- Wenn du ihm mich mitbringst, findest du (ihn) nicht.
- Groß die Torheit, groß der Wahnsinn!
- Groß die Verderbnis des Sinns, groß der Irrsinn!
- Weil in den Tod gehen sicher bevorsteht,
- Soll es sein unter ... von Mariens Sohn!“
Robert Relyea translated (the above German) it into English in that way:
- According to Rome
- Great effort, little benefit!
- The king you are seeking
- If you do not bring him, you can find (him).
- Great folly, great madness,
- The wholesale corruption of meaning, great madness!
- Because going will bring death,
- Should it be under... Son of Mary!
Bruce M. Metzger in his book quoted the translation of Scrivener. This seems to have been written by a disappointed pilgrim. The Irish language was not the first language for the author of this verse.
History
The codex was probably written by an IrishHiberno-Scottish mission
The Hiberno-Scottish mission was a mission led by Irish and Scottish monks which spread Christianity and established monasteries in Great Britain and continental Europe during the Middle Ages...
monk in the Abbey of St. Gall
Abbey of St. Gall
The Abbey of Saint Gall is a religious complex in the city of St. Gallen in present-day Switzerland. The Carolingian-era Abbey has existed since 719 and became an independent principality during the 13th century, and was for many centuries one of the chief Benedictine abbeys in Europe. It was...
, Switzerland
Switzerland
Switzerland name of one of the Swiss cantons. ; ; ; or ), in its full name the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe,Or Central Europe depending on the definition....
between 850-900 A.D. Kuster was the first to recognize the 9th century date of Codex Boernerianus. The evidence for this date includes the style of the script, the smaller uncial letters in Greek, the Latin interlinear written in Anglo-Saxon minuscule, and the separation of words.
In 1670 it was in the hands of P. Junius at Leiden. The codex got its name from its first German owner, University of Leipzig
University of Leipzig
The University of Leipzig , located in Leipzig in the Free State of Saxony, Germany, is one of the oldest universities in the world and the second-oldest university in Germany...
professor Boerner
Christian Frederick Boerner
Christian Frederick Boerner , professor of theology at Leipzig. Boerner was born in Dresden, and lived most of his life in Leipzig. Boerner had two sons, Christian Frederic, and Frederic , who were both physicians....
, who bought it in Holland in the year 1705. It was collated by Kuster
Ludolph Kuster
Ludolf Küster was a Westphalian scholar, philologist, textual critic, palaeographer, and editor of Greek ancient texts.Küster was born in Blomberg, Westphalia. He was friends with, and a correspondent of, Richard Bentley, master of Trinity College, Cambridge, who assisted him in the production of...
, described in the preface to his edition of Mill's
John Mill
John Mill was an English theologian. He is noted for his critical edition of the Greek New Testament which included notes on many variant readings.-Biography:...
Greek New Testament. The manuscript was designated by symbol G in the second part of Wettstein's
Johann Jakob Wettstein
Johann Jakob Wettstein was a Swiss theologian, best known as a New Testament critic.-Youth and study:...
New Testament. The text of the codex was published by Matthaei
Christian Frederick Matthaei
Christian Frederick Matthaei , a Thuringian, palaeographer, classical philolog, professor first at Wittenberg and then at Moscow.- Life :...
, at Meissen, in Saxony, in 1791, and supposed by him to have been written between the 8th and 12th centuries. Rettig thought that Codex Sangallensis is a part of the same book as the Codex Boernerianus.
During World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
, the codex suffered severely from water damage. Thus, the facsimile, as published in 1909, provides the most legible text. Some scholars believe that, originally, this codex formed a unit with the Gospel manuscript Codex Sangallensis 48 (Δ/037). Boernerianus is housed now in the Saxon State Library
Saxon State Library
The Saxon State Library in Dresden is the Staatsbibliothek of Saxony and the academic library of the Technische Universität Dresden. It is one of the main public archival centers of Germany. Its treasures, collected over four centuries, were located in the Japanisches Palais and in temporary...
(A 145b), Dresden
Dresden
Dresden is the capital city of the Free State of Saxony in Germany. It is situated in a valley on the River Elbe, near the Czech border. The Dresden conurbation is part of the Saxon Triangle metropolitan area....
, Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
, while Δ (037) is at Saint Gallen, in Switzerland
Switzerland
Switzerland name of one of the Swiss cantons. ; ; ; or ), in its full name the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe,Or Central Europe depending on the definition....
.
See also
- Codex AugiensisCodex AugiensisCodex Augiensis, designated by Fp or 010 , α 1029 is a 9th century diglot uncial manuscript of the Pauline Epistles in double parallel columns of Greek and Latin on the same page.- Description :...
- List of New Testament Latin manuscripts
- List of New Testament uncials
For further readings
- Peter Corssen, Epistularum Paulinarum Latine Scriptos Augiensem, Boernerianum, Claromontanum, Jever Druck von H. Fiencke 1887-1889.
- W. H. P. HatchWilliam HatchWilliam Henry Paine Hatch, Ph.D., D.D. was an American theologian, born at Camden, N. J. He attended Harvard, graduating in 1898 . Afterward, he graduated at the Episcopal Theological Seminary in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and from the General Theological Seminary in New York City...
, On the Relationship of Codex Augiensis and Codex Boernerianus of the Pauline Epistles, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. 60, 1951, pp. 187–199. - Alexander Reichardt, Der Codex Boernerianus. Der Briefe des Apostels Paulus, Verlag von Karl W. Hiersemann, Leipzig 1909.
- Bruce M. Metzger, Manuscripts of the Greek Bible: An Introduction to Palaeography, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1981, pp. 104-105.
External links
- Codex Boernerianus Gp (012) at the CSNTM (images of the 1909 facsimile edition)
- Codex Boernerianus Gp (012) recently made photos at SLUB Dresden Digitale Bibliothek
- Codex Boernerianus recently made photos at SLUB Dresden Digitale Bibliothek (PDF)
- Manuscript Gp (012) at the Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism