Western text-type
Encyclopedia
The Western text-type is one of several text-types
used in textual criticism
to describe and group the textual character of Greek
New Testament
manuscripts
. It is the term given to the predominant form of the New Testament
text witnessed in the Old Latin
translation from the Greek
; and also in quotations from certain 2nd and 3rd Century Christian writers, including Cyprian
, Tertullian
and Irenaeus
. The Western text had a large number of characteristic features, which appeared in text of the Gospels, Book of Acts, and in Pauline epistles
. The Catholic epistles and the Book of Revelation
probably did not have a Western form of text. It was named "Western" by Semmler (1725-1791), having originated in early centers of Christianity in the Western Roman Empire.
.
Only one Greek Uncial
manuscript is considered to transmit a Western text for the four Gospels and the Book of Acts – the fifth century Codex Bezae
; while the sixth century Codex Claromontanus
is considered to transmit a Western text for the letters of Saint Paul
, and is followed in this by two ninth century Uncials: F and G. Many "Western" readings are also found in the Old Syriac translations of the Gospels, the Sinaitic and the Curetonian, though opinions vary as to whether these versions can be considered witnesses to the Western text-type. A number of fragmentary early papyri from Egypt
also have Western readings,
29, 
38, 
48; and in addition, Codex Sinaiticus
is considered to be Western in the first eight chapters of John
. The term "Western" is a bit of a misnomer because members of the Western text-type have been found in the Christian East, including Syria.
Other manuscripts:
25, 
29 (?), 
41, 066
, 0177
, 36
, 88
, 181
(Pauline epistles), 255
, 257
, 338
, 383
(Acts), 440
(Acts), 614
(Acts), 913, 915, 917, 1108, 1245, 1518, 1611, 1739, 1836, 1874, 1898, 1912, 2138, 2298, 2412 (Acts).
Compared to the Byzantine text-type
distinctive Western readings in the Gospels are more likely to be abrupt in their Greek expression. Compared to the Alexandrian text-type
distinctive Western readings in the Gospels are more likely display glosses, additional details, and instances where the original passages appear to be replaced with longer paraphrases. In distinction from both Alexandrian and Byzantine texts, the Western text-type consistently omits a series of eight short phrases from verses in the Gospel of Luke
; the so-called Western non-interpolations. In at least two Western texts, the Gospel
s appear in a variant order: Matthew, John, Luke, Mark. The Western text of the Epistles of Paul - as witnessed in the Codex Claromontanus
and uncials F and G - does not share the periphrastic tendencies of the Western text in the Gospels and Acts, and it is not clear whether they should be considered to share a single text-type.
Although the Western text-type survives in relatively few witnesses, some of these are every bit as early as the earliest witnesses to the Alexandrian text type. Nevertheless, the majority of text critics consider the Western text in the Gospels to be characterised by periphrasis and expansion; and accordingly tend to prefer the Alexandrian readings. In the letters of St Paul, the counterpart Western text is more restrained, and a number of text critics regard it as the most reliable witness to the original.
Mark 13:33
Mark 15:34 (see Ps 22:2)
John 1:4
John 1:30:
John 1:34
John 3:15
John 7:8
Romans 12:11
1 Corinthians 7:5
Text types
Textual types refer to the following four basic aspects of writing: descriptive, narrative, expository, and argumentative.-The descriptive text type:...
used in textual criticism
Textual criticism
Textual criticism is a branch of literary criticism that is concerned with the identification and removal of transcription errors in the texts of manuscripts...
to describe and group the textual character of Greek
Koine Greek
Koine Greek is the universal dialect of the Greek language spoken throughout post-Classical antiquity , developing from the Attic dialect, with admixture of elements especially from Ionic....
New Testament
New Testament
The New Testament is the second major division of the Christian biblical canon, the first such division being the much longer Old Testament....
manuscripts
Biblical manuscript
A biblical manuscript is any handwritten copy of a portion of the text of the Bible. The word Bible comes from the Greek biblia ; manuscript comes from Latin manu and scriptum...
. It is the term given to the predominant form of the New Testament
New Testament
The New Testament is the second major division of the Christian biblical canon, the first such division being the much longer Old Testament....
text witnessed in the Old Latin
Vetus Latina
Vetus Latina is a collective name given to the Biblical texts in Latin that were translated before St Jerome's Vulgate Bible became the standard Bible for Latin-speaking Western Christians. The phrase Vetus Latina is Latin for Old Latin, and the Vetus Latina is sometimes known as the Old Latin Bible...
translation from the Greek
Koine Greek
Koine Greek is the universal dialect of the Greek language spoken throughout post-Classical antiquity , developing from the Attic dialect, with admixture of elements especially from Ionic....
; and also in quotations from certain 2nd and 3rd Century Christian writers, including Cyprian
Cyprian
Cyprian was bishop of Carthage and an important Early Christian writer, many of whose Latin works are extant. He was born around the beginning of the 3rd century in North Africa, perhaps at Carthage, where he received a classical education...
, Tertullian
Tertullian
Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus, anglicised as Tertullian , was a prolific early Christian author from Carthage in the Roman province of Africa. He is the first Christian author to produce an extensive corpus of Latin Christian literature. He also was a notable early Christian apologist and...
and Irenaeus
Irenaeus
Saint Irenaeus , was Bishop of Lugdunum in Gaul, then a part of the Roman Empire . He was an early church father and apologist, and his writings were formative in the early development of Christian theology...
. The Western text had a large number of characteristic features, which appeared in text of the Gospels, Book of Acts, and in Pauline epistles
Pauline epistles
The Pauline epistles, Epistles of Paul, or Letters of Paul, are the thirteen New Testament books which have the name Paul as the first word, hence claiming authorship by Paul the Apostle. Among these letters are some of the earliest extant Christian documents...
. The Catholic epistles and the Book of Revelation
Book of Revelation
The Book of Revelation is the final book of the New Testament. The title came into usage from the first word of the book in Koine Greek: apokalupsis, meaning "unveiling" or "revelation"...
probably did not have a Western form of text. It was named "Western" by Semmler (1725-1791), having originated in early centers of Christianity in the Western Roman Empire.
Description
The main characteristic of the Western text is a love of paraphrase: "Words and even clauses are changed, omitted, and inserted with surprising freedom, wherever it seemed that the meaning could be brought out with greater force and definiteness." One possible source of glossing is the desire to harmonise and to complete: "More peculiar to the Western text is the readiness to adopt alterations or additions from sources extraneous to the books which ultimately became canonical." This text often presents longer variants of text, but in few places, including the end of the Gospel of Luke, it has shorter variants, named Western non-interpolationsWestern non-interpolations
Western non-interpolations are readings in the Western text-type that are shorter than those of other New Testament text types. The term was coined by F. J. A. Hort....
.
Only one Greek Uncial
Uncial
Uncial is a majuscule script commonly used from the 3rd to 8th centuries AD by Latin and Greek scribes. Uncial letters are written in either Greek, Latin, or Gothic.-Development:...
manuscript is considered to transmit a Western text for the four Gospels and the Book of Acts – the fifth century Codex Bezae
Codex Bezae
The Codex Bezae Cantabrigensis, designated by siglum Dea or 05 , δ 5 , is a codex of the New Testament dating from the 5th century written in an uncial hand on vellum. It contains, in both Greek and Latin, most of the four Gospels and Acts, with a small fragment of the 3 John...
; while the sixth century Codex Claromontanus
Codex Claromontanus
Codex Claromontanus, symbolized by Dp or 06 , δ 1026 , is a Greek-Latin diglot uncial manuscript of the New Testament, written in an uncial hand on vellum. The Greek and Latin text on facing pages...
is considered to transmit a Western text for the letters of Saint Paul
Paul of Tarsus
Paul the Apostle , also known as Saul of Tarsus, is described in the Christian New Testament as one of the most influential early Christian missionaries, with the writings ascribed to him by the church forming a considerable portion of the New Testament...
, and is followed in this by two ninth century Uncials: F and G. Many "Western" readings are also found in the Old Syriac translations of the Gospels, the Sinaitic and the Curetonian, though opinions vary as to whether these versions can be considered witnesses to the Western text-type. A number of fragmentary early papyri from Egypt
Egypt
Egypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: , is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world...
also have Western readings,
29, 38, 48; and in addition, Codex SinaiticusCodex Sinaiticus
Codex Sinaiticus is one of the four great uncial codices, an ancient, handwritten copy of the Greek Bible. It is an Alexandrian text-type manuscript written in the 4th century in uncial letters on parchment. Current scholarship considers the Codex Sinaiticus to be one of the best Greek texts of...
is considered to be Western in the first eight chapters of John
Gospel of John
The Gospel According to John , commonly referred to as the Gospel of John or simply John, and often referred to in New Testament scholarship as the Fourth Gospel, is an account of the public ministry of Jesus...
. The term "Western" is a bit of a misnomer because members of the Western text-type have been found in the Christian East, including Syria.
Witnesses
| Sign | Name | Date | Content |
 37 |
Papyrus 37 | ca. 300 | fragment of Matt 26 |
 38 |
Papyrus Michigan | c. 300 | fragment of Acts |
 48 |
Papyrus 48 | 3rd | fragment of Acts 23 |
 69 |
Oxyrhynchus XXIV Papyrus 69 Papyrus 69 is a small fragment from the Gospel of Luke dating to the 3rd century.- Description :... |
3rd | fragment of Luke 22 |
| 0171 Uncial 0171 Uncial 0171 , ε 07 is two vellum leaves of a late third century Greek uncial codex containing fragments Matthew and Luke. In the Berlin Matthew and Florence Luke are taken. Matthew is a part of the Medici Library collection in Florence, Luke – Staatliche Museen zu Berlin Uncial 0171 (in the... |
4th | fragments Matt and Luke | |
| (01) ﬡ | {Codex Sinaiticus Codex Sinaiticus Codex Sinaiticus is one of the four great uncial codices, an ancient, handwritten copy of the Greek Bible. It is an Alexandrian text-type manuscript written in the 4th century in uncial letters on parchment. Current scholarship considers the Codex Sinaiticus to be one of the best Greek texts of... } |
4th | John 1:1–8:38 |
| Dea (04) | Codex Bezae Codex Bezae The Codex Bezae Cantabrigensis, designated by siglum Dea or 05 , δ 5 , is a codex of the New Testament dating from the 5th century written in an uncial hand on vellum. It contains, in both Greek and Latin, most of the four Gospels and Acts, with a small fragment of the 3 John... |
c. 400 | Gospels and Acts |
| W (032) | Codex Washingtonianus Codex Washingtonianus The Codex Washingtonianus or Codex Washingtonensis, designated by W or 032 , ε 014 , also called the Washington Manuscript of the Gospels, and The Freer Gospel, contains the four biblical gospels and was written in Greek on vellum in the fourth or fifth century... |
5th | Mark 1:1–5:30 |
| Dp (05) | Codex Claromontanus Codex Claromontanus Codex Claromontanus, symbolized by Dp or 06 , δ 1026 , is a Greek-Latin diglot uncial manuscript of the New Testament, written in an uncial hand on vellum. The Greek and Latin text on facing pages... |
6th | Acts, CE, and Pauline Epistles |
| Fp (010) | Codex Augiensis Codex Augiensis Codex Augiensis, designated by Fp or 010 , α 1029 is a 9th century diglot uncial manuscript of the Pauline Epistles in double parallel columns of Greek and Latin on the same page.- Description :... |
9th | Pauline Epistles |
| Gp (012) | Codex Boernerianus Codex Boernerianus Codex Boernerianus, designated by Gp or 012 , α 1028 , is a small New Testament codex, measuring 25 x 18 cm, written in one column per page, 20 lines per page. Dated paleographically to the 9th century. The name of the codex derives from Boerner, to whom it once belonged... |
9th | Pauline Epistles |
Other manuscripts:
25, 29 (?), 41, 066Uncial 066
Uncial 066 , α 1000 , is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 6th century.- Description :...
, 0177
Uncial 0177
Uncial 0177 , is a Greek-Coptic uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated paleographically to the 10th century.- Description :...
, 36
Minuscule 36
Minuscule 36 , A20 . It is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, written on vellum. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 12th century. It has complex contents and full marginalia.- Description :...
, 88
Minuscule 88
Codex Regis , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century...
, 181
Minuscule 181
Minuscule 181 , α 101 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 11th century.Formerly it was labelled by 40a, 46p, and 12r.It has marginalia....
(Pauline epistles), 255
Minuscule 255
Minuscule 255 , α174 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 13th century. Formerly it was labeled by 252a and 302p...
, 257
Minuscule 257
Minuscule 257 , α 466 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 14th century. Formerly it was labelled by 302a and 260p...
, 338
Minuscule 338
Minuscule 338 , ε 1006 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 10th century. The manuscript has complex contents.It has marginalia....
, 383
Minuscule 383
Minuscule 383 , α 353 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 13th century.Formerly it was labelled by 58a and 224p.- Description :...
(Acts), 440
Minuscule 440
Minuscule 440 , δ 260 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment...
(Acts), 614
Minuscule 614
Minuscule 614 , α 364 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 13th century. The manuscript is lacunose...
(Acts), 913, 915, 917, 1108, 1245, 1518, 1611, 1739, 1836, 1874, 1898, 1912, 2138, 2298, 2412 (Acts).
Compared to the Byzantine text-type
Byzantine text-type
The Byzantine text-type is one of several text-types used in textual criticism to describe the textual character of Greek New Testament manuscripts. It is the form found in the largest number of surviving manuscripts, though not in the oldest...
distinctive Western readings in the Gospels are more likely to be abrupt in their Greek expression. Compared to the Alexandrian text-type
Alexandrian text-type
The Alexandrian text-type , associated with Alexandria, is one of several text-types used in New Testament textual criticism to describe and group the textual character of biblical manuscripts...
distinctive Western readings in the Gospels are more likely display glosses, additional details, and instances where the original passages appear to be replaced with longer paraphrases. In distinction from both Alexandrian and Byzantine texts, the Western text-type consistently omits a series of eight short phrases from verses in the Gospel of Luke
Gospel of Luke
The Gospel According to Luke , commonly shortened to the Gospel of Luke or simply Luke, is the third and longest of the four canonical Gospels. This synoptic gospel is an account of the life and ministry of Jesus of Nazareth. It details his story from the events of his birth to his Ascension.The...
; the so-called Western non-interpolations. In at least two Western texts, the Gospel
Gospel
A gospel is an account, often written, that describes the life of Jesus of Nazareth. In a more general sense the term "gospel" may refer to the good news message of the New Testament. It is primarily used in reference to the four canonical gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John...
s appear in a variant order: Matthew, John, Luke, Mark. The Western text of the Epistles of Paul - as witnessed in the Codex Claromontanus
Codex Claromontanus
Codex Claromontanus, symbolized by Dp or 06 , δ 1026 , is a Greek-Latin diglot uncial manuscript of the New Testament, written in an uncial hand on vellum. The Greek and Latin text on facing pages...
and uncials F and G - does not share the periphrastic tendencies of the Western text in the Gospels and Acts, and it is not clear whether they should be considered to share a single text-type.
Although the Western text-type survives in relatively few witnesses, some of these are every bit as early as the earliest witnesses to the Alexandrian text type. Nevertheless, the majority of text critics consider the Western text in the Gospels to be characterised by periphrasis and expansion; and accordingly tend to prefer the Alexandrian readings. In the letters of St Paul, the counterpart Western text is more restrained, and a number of text critics regard it as the most reliable witness to the original.
Textual variants
Mark 13:2- και μετα τριων ημερων αλλος αναστησεται ανευ χειρων — D W it
Mark 13:33
- omitted phrase και προσευχεσυε (and pray) by codices B, D, a, c, k
Mark 15:34 (see Ps 22:2)
- ὠνείδισάς με (insult me) — D, itcCodex ColbertinusCodex Colbertinus, designated by 6 or c, is a Latin manuscript of the Bible. Its version of the four Gospels and Book of Acts follows the Vetus Latina, while the rest of the New Testament follows the Vulgate. It was written in the 11th or 12th century, probably in southern France.The Latin text of...
, (i), kCodex BobiensisCodex Bobiensis is a fragmentary Latin manuscript of the bible. Specifically, it is an example of a Vetus Latina bible, which were used from the 2nd century until Jerome's Latin translation, the Vulgate, was written in the 5th century. The text contains parts of the Gospel of Mark and Gospel of...
, syrh - ἐγκατέλιπές με (forsaken me) — Alexandrian mss
- με ἐγκατέλιπες (see Mt 27:46) — Byzantine mss
John 1:4
- ἐν αὐτῷ ζωὴ ἐστίν (in him is life) — Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Bezae and some Vetus Latina and Sahidic manuscripts.
- ἐν αὐτῷ ζωὴ ᾓν (in him was life) — this variant is supported by mss of the Alexandrian, Byzantine and Caesarean texts
John 1:30:
- ὑπὲρ — p5, p66Papyrus 66Papyrus 66 is a near complete codex of the Gospel of John, and part of the collection known as the Bodmer Papyri.-Description:...
, p75Papyrus 75Papyrus 75 is an early Greek New Testament papyrus.- Description :Originally '[it] contained about 144 pages ... of which 102 have survived, either in whole or in part.' It 'contains about half the text of ... two Gospels' – Luke and John in Greek...
, Sinaiticus*, Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209, C*, WS - περι — Sinaiticus2, A, C3, L, Θ, Ψ, 063Uncial 063Uncial 063 , ε 64 , is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated paleographically to the 9th century.- Description :...
, 0101Uncial 0101Uncial 0101 , ε 48 , is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament. It is dated palaeographically to the 8th century. Formerly it was labelled by TV. The manuscript has survived in very fragmentary condition....
, f1Family 1Family 1 is a group of Greek Gospel manuscripts, varying in date from the 12th to the 15th century. The group takes its name from the minuscule codex 1, now in the Basel University Library. "Family 1" is also known as "the Lake Group", symbolized as f1. Hermann von Soden calls the group Ih...
, f13Family 13Family 13, also known Ferrar Group , is a group of Greek Gospel manuscripts, varying in date from the 11th to the 15th century, which display a distinctive pattern of variant readings — especially in placing the story of Jesus and the woman taken in adultery in the Gospel of Luke, rather than in...
, Byz
John 1:34
- ὁ ἐκλεκτός — p5, Sinaiticus, itb,e,ff2, syrc,s
- ὁ ἐκλεκτός ὑιος — ita, ff2c, syrpalmss, copsa
- ὁ ὑιος — mss of the Alexandrian, Byzantine and Caesarean texts
John 3:15
- ἐν αὐτῷ — p75, B, WS, 083Uncial 083Uncial 083 , ε 31 , is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated paleographically to the 6th/7th century. The codex now is located at the Russian National Library in Saint Petersburg.- Description :...
, 0113 - ἐπ' αὐτῷ — p63, A
- εἰς αὐτον — p63, Sinaiticus, A, KoridethiCodex KoridethiThe Codex Koridethi, also named Codex Coridethianus, designated by Θ, 038, or Theta , ε 050 , is a 9th century manuscript of the four Gospels. It is written in Greek with uncial script in two columns per page, in 25 lines per page...
, Athous Lavrensis, 063, 086Uncial 086Uncial 086 , ε 35 , is a Greek — Coptic diglot, uncial codex of the New Testament, dated paleographically to the 6th century.- Description :...
, f1, f13, Byz
John 7:8
- εγω ουκ αναβαινω εις την εορτην ταυτην — Sinaiticus, Bezae, Cyprius, PetropolitanusCodex Petropolitanus (New Testament)Codex Petropolitanus, designated by Π or 041 , ε 73 , is a Greek uncial manuscript of the Gospels, dated palaeographically to the 9th century...
, 1071, 1079, 1241, 1242, 1546 - εγω ουπω αναβαινω εις την εορτην ταυτην — Papyrus 66Papyrus 66Papyrus 66 is a near complete codex of the Gospel of John, and part of the collection known as the Bodmer Papyri.-Description:...
, Papyrus 75Papyrus 75Papyrus 75 is an early Greek New Testament papyrus.- Description :Originally '[it] contained about 144 pages ... of which 102 have survived, either in whole or in part.' It 'contains about half the text of ... two Gospels' – Luke and John in Greek...
, Vaticanus, RegiusCodex Regius (New Testament)Codex Regius designated by siglum Le or 019 , ε 56 , is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated paleographically to the 8th century. The manuscript is lacunose. It has marginalia....
, BorgianusCodex BorgianusCodex Borgianus, designated by T or 029 , ε 5 , is a Greek and Sahidic uncial manuscript of the Gospels, dated palaeographically to the 5th century...
, WashingtonianusCodex WashingtonianusThe Codex Washingtonianus or Codex Washingtonensis, designated by W or 032 , ε 014 , also called the Washington Manuscript of the Gospels, and The Freer Gospel, contains the four biblical gospels and was written in Greek on vellum in the fourth or fifth century...
, MonacensisCodex MonacensisCodex Monacensis designated by X or 033 , A3 , is a Greek uncial manuscript of the Gospels, dated palaeographically to the 9th or 10th century...
, Sangallensis, Koridethi, Athous Lavrensis, Uncial 0105Uncial 0105Uncial 0105 , ε 45 , is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament. It is dated paleographically to the 10th century. Formerly it was labelled by Wn.- Description :...
, 0180, 0250, f1Family 1Family 1 is a group of Greek Gospel manuscripts, varying in date from the 12th to the 15th century. The group takes its name from the minuscule codex 1, now in the Basel University Library. "Family 1" is also known as "the Lake Group", symbolized as f1. Hermann von Soden calls the group Ih...
, f13Family 13Family 13, also known Ferrar Group , is a group of Greek Gospel manuscripts, varying in date from the 11th to the 15th century, which display a distinctive pattern of variant readings — especially in placing the story of Jesus and the woman taken in adultery in the Gospel of Luke, rather than in...
, 28Minuscule 28Minuscule 28 , ε 168 , formerly known as Colbertinus 4705, is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, written on vellum. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 11th century. It has marginalia. It is lacunose.- Description :The codex contains the text of the four Gospels on 292...
, 700Minuscule 700Minuscule 700 , ε 133 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the Gospels. Formerly it was labelled as 604 in all catalogues , Gregory gave it the number 700....
, 892Minuscule 892Minuscule 892 , ε 1016 . It is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on 353 parchment leaves . It is dated palaeografically to the 9th century.- Description :...
, 1010, 1195, 1216, 1230, 1253, 1344, 1365, 1646, 2148, mss of Byz.
Romans 12:11
- it reads καιρω for κυριω, – Codex ClaromontanusCodex ClaromontanusCodex Claromontanus, symbolized by Dp or 06 , δ 1026 , is a Greek-Latin diglot uncial manuscript of the New Testament, written in an uncial hand on vellum. The Greek and Latin text on facing pages...
*, Codex AugiensisCodex AugiensisCodex Augiensis, designated by Fp or 010 , α 1029 is a 9th century diglot uncial manuscript of the Pauline Epistles in double parallel columns of Greek and Latin on the same page.- Description :...
, Codex BoernerianusCodex BoernerianusCodex Boernerianus, designated by Gp or 012 , α 1028 , is a small New Testament codex, measuring 25 x 18 cm, written in one column per page, 20 lines per page. Dated paleographically to the 9th century. The name of the codex derives from Boerner, to whom it once belonged...
5Minuscule 5Minuscule 5 , δ 453 . It is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on 342 parchment leaves , dated palaeographically to the 13th century. It has marginalia.- Description :...
it d,g, OrigenOrigenOrigen , or Origen Adamantius, 184/5–253/4, was an early Christian Alexandrian scholar and theologian, and one of the most distinguished writers of the early Church. As early as the fourth century, his orthodoxy was suspect, in part because he believed in the pre-existence of souls...
lat.
1 Corinthians 7:5
- τη προσευχη (prayer) –
11, 
46, א*, A, B, C, D, F, G, P, Ψ, 6Minuscule 6Minuscule 6 , δ 356 . It is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on 235 parchment leaves , dated palaeographically to the 13th century. The manuscript has complex contents and full marginalia...
, 33, 81, 104, 181, 629, 630, 1739, 1877, 1881, 1962, it vg, cop, arm, eth - τη νηστεια και τη προσευχη (fasting and prayer) – אc, K, L, 88, 326, 436, 614, 1241, 1984, 1985, 2127, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect, syrp,h, goth
- τη προσευχη και νηστεια (prayer and fasting) – 330, 451, John of DamascusJohn of DamascusSaint John of Damascus was a Syrian monk and priest...
See also
- Categories of New Testament manuscriptsCategories of New Testament manuscriptsNew Testament manuscripts in Greek are categorized into five groups, according to a scheme introduced in 1981 by Kurt and Barbara Aland in Der Text des Neuen Testaments. The categories are based on how each manuscript relates to the various text-types. Generally speaking, earlier Alexandrian...
- Alexandrian text-typeAlexandrian text-typeThe Alexandrian text-type , associated with Alexandria, is one of several text-types used in New Testament textual criticism to describe and group the textual character of biblical manuscripts...
- Byzantine text-typeByzantine text-typeThe Byzantine text-type is one of several text-types used in textual criticism to describe the textual character of Greek New Testament manuscripts. It is the form found in the largest number of surviving manuscripts, though not in the oldest...
- Caesarean text-typeCaesarean text-typeCaesarean text-type is the term proposed by certain scholars to denote a consistent pattern of variant readings that is claimed to be apparent in certain Greek manuscripts of the four Gospels, but which is not found in any of the other commonly recognized New Testament text-types; the Byzantine...
- Western non-interpolationsWestern non-interpolationsWestern non-interpolations are readings in the Western text-type that are shorter than those of other New Testament text types. The term was coined by F. J. A. Hort....
- Acts of the Apostles#Text