Minuscule 614
Encyclopedia
Minuscule 614 α 364 (von Soden), is a Greek
minuscule manuscript
of the New Testament
, on parchment. Palaeographically
it has been assigned to the 13th century. The manuscript is lacunose. Tischendorf
labelled it by 137a and 176p.
It is one of very few witnesses of the Western text-type
with complete text of the Book of Acts.
, Catholic epistles, and Pauline epistles
on 276 parchment leaves (size ), with only one lacuna
(Jude 3-25). The text is written in one column per page, 23 lines per page.
It contains Prolegomena, lectionary markings at the margin, incipits, anagnoseis (lessons), subscriptions at the end, and stichoi
. Synaxarion, Menologion, and liturgical notes were added by a later hand.
It contains additional material Journeys and death of Paul (as 102
, 206
, 216
, 256
, 468
, 665
), it was added by a later hand.
The order of books: Acts, Pauline epistles, and Catholic epistles. Hebrews
is placed after Epistle to Philemon
.
The text of Romans 16:25-27 is following 14:23, as in Codex Angelicus
Codex Athous Lavrensis, 0209
, Minuscule 181
326
330
451
460
1241 1877 1881 1984 1985 2492 2495.
. Aland
placed it in Category III. It is a sister manuscript to Minuscule 2412. In Catholic epistles Aland placed it in Category V.
The same text is found at the margin of the Book of Acts in Harklean Syriac. It has some the Caesarean
readings in the Catholic epistles. In Pauline epistles its text is almost pure the Byzantine text. Bruce M. Metzger noted: "It contains a large number of pre-Byzantine
readings, many of them of the Western type of text."
Clark and Riddle, who collated and published text of 2412, speculated that 614 might even have been copied from 2412.
The text is similar to Codex Bezae
and Codex Laudianus
. It is important witness of the Western text in that parts of the Acts where these two manuscripts are mutilated, especially at the end, because they do not have ending parts (Codex Beae lacks Acts 22:29–28:31; Codex Laudianus – Acts 26:29–28:26). In Acts 27:5; 28:16.19 codex 614 is witness for unique textual variants, which these two codices formerly contained.
and came to Milan.
The manuscript was added to the list of New Testament manuscripts by Johann Martin Augustin Scholz. C. R. Gregory saw the manuscript in 1886.
Formerly it was labelled it by 137a and 176p. In 1908 Gregory gave the number 614 to it.
The manuscript currently is housed at the Biblioteca Ambrosiana
(E. 97 sup.), at Milan
.
Greek language
Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages. Native to the southern Balkans, it has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning 34 centuries of written records. Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the majority of its history;...
minuscule manuscript
Manuscript
A manuscript or handwrite is written information that has been manually created by someone or some people, such as a hand-written letter, as opposed to being printed or reproduced some other way...
of the New Testament
New Testament
The New Testament is the second major division of the Christian biblical canon, the first such division being the much longer Old Testament....
, on parchment. Palaeographically
Palaeography
Palaeography, also spelt paleography is the study of ancient writing. Included in the discipline is the practice of deciphering, reading, and dating historical manuscripts, and the cultural context of writing, including the methods with which writing and books were produced, and the history of...
it has been assigned to the 13th century. The manuscript is lacunose. Tischendorf
Constantin von Tischendorf
Lobegott Friedrich Constantin Tischendorf was a noted German Biblical scholar. He deciphered the Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus, a 5th century Greek manuscript of the New Testament, in the 1840s, and rediscovered the Codex Sinaiticus, a 4th century New Testament manuscript, in 1859.Tischendorf...
labelled it by 137a and 176p.
It is one of very few witnesses of the Western text-type
Western text-type
The Western text-type is one of several text-types used in textual criticism to describe and group the textual character of Greek New Testament manuscripts...
with complete text of the Book of Acts.
Description
The codex contains the text of the Acts of the ApostlesActs of the Apostles
The Acts of the Apostles , usually referred to simply as Acts, is the fifth book of the New Testament; Acts outlines the history of the Apostolic Age...
, Catholic epistles, and Pauline epistles
Pauline epistles
The Pauline epistles, Epistles of Paul, or Letters of Paul, are the thirteen New Testament books which have the name Paul as the first word, hence claiming authorship by Paul the Apostle. Among these letters are some of the earliest extant Christian documents...
on 276 parchment leaves (size ), with only one lacuna
Lacuna (manuscripts)
A lacunaPlural lacunae. From Latin lacūna , diminutive form of lacus . is a gap in a manuscript, inscription, text, painting, or a musical work...
(Jude 3-25). The text is written in one column per page, 23 lines per page.
It contains Prolegomena, lectionary markings at the margin, incipits, anagnoseis (lessons), subscriptions at the end, and stichoi
Sticheron
A sticheron is a particular kind of hymn used in the Divine Liturgy, acolouthia or other services of the Orthodox Church and those Eastern Catholic Churches which follow the Byzantine Rite....
. Synaxarion, Menologion, and liturgical notes were added by a later hand.
It contains additional material Journeys and death of Paul (as 102
Minuscule 102
Minuscule 102 , α 499 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on paper leaves. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 15th century. Formerly it was labelled by 99a and 114p.- Description :...
, 206
Minuscule 206
Minuscule 206 , α 365 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, partly on parchment, partly on paper . Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 15th century.It has marginalia....
, 216
Minuscule 216
Minuscule 216 , α 469 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on paper. It is dated by a colophon to the year 1358. It has marginalia.- Description :...
, 256
Minuscule 256
Minuscule 256 , α216 , is a Greek-Armenian minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 11th century.It was adapted for liturgical use....
, 468
Minuscule 468
Minuscule 468 , Ο30 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on paper. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 13th century.Formerly it was labeled by 118a, 138p, and 55r....
, 665
Minuscule 665
Minuscule 665 , α 354 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 13th century. The manuscript is lacunose. Gregory labelled it by 222a and 277p...
), it was added by a later hand.
The order of books: Acts, Pauline epistles, and Catholic epistles. Hebrews
Epistle to the Hebrews
The Epistle to the Hebrews is one of the books in the New Testament. Its author is not known.The primary purpose of the Letter to the Hebrews is to exhort Christians to persevere in the face of persecution. The central thought of the entire Epistle is the doctrine of the Person of Christ and his...
is placed after Epistle to Philemon
Epistle to Philemon
Paul's Epistle to Philemon, usually referred to simply as Philemon, is a prison letter to Philemon from Paul of Tarsus. Philemon was a leader in the Colossian church. This letter, which is one of the books of the New Testament, deals with forgiveness.Philemon was a wealthy Christian of the house...
.
The text of Romans 16:25-27 is following 14:23, as in Codex Angelicus
Codex Angelicus
Codex Angelicus designated by Lap or 020 , α 5 , is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 9th century...
Codex Athous Lavrensis, 0209
Uncial 0209
Uncial 0209 , is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated palaeographically to the 7th century.- Description :...
, Minuscule 181
Minuscule 181
Minuscule 181 , α 101 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 11th century.Formerly it was labelled by 40a, 46p, and 12r.It has marginalia....
326
Minuscule 326
Minuscule 326 , α 257 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 10th century.Formerly it was labelled by 33a and 39p ....
330
Minuscule 330
Minuscule 330 , δ 259 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century.It has marginalia.- Description :...
451
Minuscule 451
Minuscule 451 , α 178 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment...
460
Minuscule 460
Minuscule 460 , α 397 , is a Greek-Latin-Arabic minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. The manuscript is lacunose...
1241 1877 1881 1984 1985 2492 2495.
Text
The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Western text-typeWestern text-type
The Western text-type is one of several text-types used in textual criticism to describe and group the textual character of Greek New Testament manuscripts...
. Aland
Kurt Aland
Kurt Aland was a German Theologian and Professor of New Testament Research and Church History. He founded the Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung in Münster and served as its first director for many years...
placed it in Category III. It is a sister manuscript to Minuscule 2412. In Catholic epistles Aland placed it in Category V.
The same text is found at the margin of the Book of Acts in Harklean Syriac. It has some the Caesarean
Caesarean text-type
Caesarean text-type is the term proposed by certain scholars to denote a consistent pattern of variant readings that is claimed to be apparent in certain Greek manuscripts of the four Gospels, but which is not found in any of the other commonly recognized New Testament text-types; the Byzantine...
readings in the Catholic epistles. In Pauline epistles its text is almost pure the Byzantine text. Bruce M. Metzger noted: "It contains a large number of pre-Byzantine
Byzantine text-type
The Byzantine text-type is one of several text-types used in textual criticism to describe the textual character of Greek New Testament manuscripts. It is the form found in the largest number of surviving manuscripts, though not in the oldest...
readings, many of them of the Western type of text."
Clark and Riddle, who collated and published text of 2412, speculated that 614 might even have been copied from 2412.
The text is similar to Codex Bezae
Codex Bezae
The Codex Bezae Cantabrigensis, designated by siglum Dea or 05 , δ 5 , is a codex of the New Testament dating from the 5th century written in an uncial hand on vellum. It contains, in both Greek and Latin, most of the four Gospels and Acts, with a small fragment of the 3 John...
and Codex Laudianus
Codex Laudianus
Codex Laudianus, designated by Ea or 08 , α 1001 , called Laudianus after the former owner, Archbishop William Laud. It is a diglot Latin — Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, palaeographically assigned to the 6th century...
. It is important witness of the Western text in that parts of the Acts where these two manuscripts are mutilated, especially at the end, because they do not have ending parts (Codex Beae lacks Acts 22:29–28:31; Codex Laudianus – Acts 26:29–28:26). In Acts 27:5; 28:16.19 codex 614 is witness for unique textual variants, which these two codices formerly contained.
In the Acts
- Acts 15:23 — it has unique reading (they wrote by their hands this letter that contains), it is not supported by other manuscripts.
- Acts 27:5 — additional (by fifteen days ); this reading is supported by 2147;
- Acts 27:15 — interpolation along with the codex 2147 syrh**.
- Acts 27:19 — at the end of the verse it has additional phrase (to the sea) along with the codex 2147, Old Latin versions, some VulgateVulgateThe Vulgate is a late 4th-century Latin translation of the Bible. It was largely the work of St. Jerome, who was commissioned by Pope Damasus I in 382 to make a revision of the old Latin translations...
manuscripts, syrh**, and Sahidic version. - Acts 27:30 — codex 614 has singulary omission, it lacks word (pretext).
- Acts 28:16 — additional (outside the camp) supported by 2147 and Old Latin manuscripts.
- Acts 28:19 — additional supported only by 2147 and syrh**.
- Acts 28:30 — it has addition at the end of verse: (Jews and Greks) along with codices 2147, Codex GigasCodex GigasThe Codex Gigas is the largest extant medieval manuscript in the world. It is also known as the Devil's Bible because of a large illustration of the devil on the inside and the legend surrounding its creation. It is thought to have been created in the early 13th century in the Benedictine...
, some Vulgate manuscripts, syrh**.
In rest of books
- Romans 8:1 it reads Ιησου κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν αλλα κατα πνευμα, for Ιησου. The reading of the manuscript is supported by אc, DcCodex ClaromontanusCodex Claromontanus, symbolized by Dp or 06 , δ 1026 , is a Greek-Latin diglot uncial manuscript of the New Testament, written in an uncial hand on vellum. The Greek and Latin text on facing pages...
, KCodex Mosquensis ICodex Mosquensis I designated by Kap or 018 , Απρ1 , is a Greek uncial manuscript of New Testament, palaeographically it has been assigned to the 9th century...
, PCodex PorphyrianusCodex Porphyrianus designated by Papr or 025 , α 3 , is a Greek uncial manuscript of the Acts of Apostles, Pauline epistles, and General epistles, with some lacunae, dated paleographically to the 9th century. It is one of a few uncial manuscripts that include the Book of Revelation.It was...
, 33Minuscule 33Minuscule 33 , δ 48 , formerly it was called Codex Colbertinus 2844, is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on parchment, dated palaeographically to the 9th century. The manuscript is lacunose. It has marginalia...
, 88Minuscule 88Codex Regis , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century...
, 104Minuscule 104Minuscule 104 , α 103 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century.Formerly it was labelled by 25a, 31p, and 7r....
, 181Minuscule 181Minuscule 181 , α 101 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 11th century.Formerly it was labelled by 40a, 46p, and 12r.It has marginalia....
, 326Minuscule 326Minuscule 326 , α 257 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 10th century.Formerly it was labelled by 33a and 39p ....
, 330Minuscule 330Minuscule 330 , δ 259 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century.It has marginalia.- Description :...
, (436Minuscule 436Minuscule 436 , α 172 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment...
omit μη), 456Minuscule 456Minuscule 456 , α 52 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 10th century.Formerly it was labelled by 86a, 96p, and 75r....
, 630Minuscule 630Minuscule 630 , α 461 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on paper. It is known as Codex Ottobonianus. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th or 13th century. The manuscript is lacunose...
, 1241, 1877, 1962, 1984, 1985, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect.
- 1 TimothyFirst Epistle to TimothyThe First Epistle of Paul to Timothy, usually referred to simply as First Timothy and often written 1 Timothy, is one of three letters in the New Testament of the Bible often grouped together as the Pastoral Epistles, the others being Second Timothy and Titus...
3:16 it has textual variant (God manifested) (Sinaiticuse, A2, C2, Dc, K, LCodex AngelicusCodex Angelicus designated by Lap or 020 , α 5 , is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 9th century...
, PCodex PorphyrianusCodex Porphyrianus designated by Papr or 025 , α 3 , is a Greek uncial manuscript of the Acts of Apostles, Pauline epistles, and General epistles, with some lacunae, dated paleographically to the 9th century. It is one of a few uncial manuscripts that include the Book of Revelation.It was...
, Ψ, 81Minuscule 81Minuscule 81 , or α162 is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on a parchment. It is dated by a colophon to the year 1044. Formerly it was labelled by 61a and 61p . The manuscript is lacunose...
, 104Minuscule 104Minuscule 104 , α 103 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century.Formerly it was labelled by 25a, 31p, and 7r....
, 181Minuscule 181Minuscule 181 , α 101 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 11th century.Formerly it was labelled by 40a, 46p, and 12r.It has marginalia....
, 326Minuscule 326Minuscule 326 , α 257 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 10th century.Formerly it was labelled by 33a and 39p ....
, 330Minuscule 330Minuscule 330 , δ 259 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century.It has marginalia.- Description :...
, 436Minuscule 436Minuscule 436 , α 172 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment...
, 451Minuscule 451Minuscule 451 , α 178 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment...
, 614, 629Minuscule 629Minuscule 629 , α 460 , is a Latin–Greek diglot minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. It is known as Codex Ottobonianus. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 14th century. The manuscript is lacunose. It is known for the Comma Johanneum.Formerly it was labeled by 162a and...
, 630Minuscule 630Minuscule 630 , α 461 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on paper. It is known as Codex Ottobonianus. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th or 13th century. The manuscript is lacunose...
, 1241, 1739Minuscule 1739Minuscule 1739 ; α 78 per is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on 102 parchment leaves . It is dated paleographically to the 10th century.- Description :...
, 1877, 1881, 1962, 1984, 1985, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect), against ὃς ἐφανερώθη (he was manifested) supported by Sinaiticus, Codex AlexandrinusCodex AlexandrinusThe Codex Alexandrinus is a 5th century manuscript of the Greek Bible,The Greek Bible in this context refers to the Bible used by Greek-speaking Christians who lived in Egypt and elsewhere during the early history of Christianity...
, Ephraemi, BoernerianusCodex BoernerianusCodex Boernerianus, designated by Gp or 012 , α 1028 , is a small New Testament codex, measuring 25 x 18 cm, written in one column per page, 20 lines per page. Dated paleographically to the 9th century. The name of the codex derives from Boerner, to whom it once belonged...
, 33, 365Minuscule 365Minuscule 365 , δ 367 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament with some parts of the Old Testament, on parchment. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 12th century.It has marginalia....
, 442Minuscule 442Minuscule 442 , O18 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12 or 13th century.Formerly it was assigned by 68a and 73p...
, 2127, ℓ 599.
- 2 Timothy 4:22 it reads Ιησους for κυριος along with manuscripts Codex AlexandrinusCodex AlexandrinusThe Codex Alexandrinus is a 5th century manuscript of the Greek Bible,The Greek Bible in this context refers to the Bible used by Greek-speaking Christians who lived in Egypt and elsewhere during the early history of Christianity...
, 104Minuscule 104Minuscule 104 , α 103 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century.Formerly it was labelled by 25a, 31p, and 7r....
, vgst.
- 1 John 5:6 — it has textual variant (through water and blood and spirit) along with the manuscripts: Codex SinaiticusCodex SinaiticusCodex Sinaiticus is one of the four great uncial codices, an ancient, handwritten copy of the Greek Bible. It is an Alexandrian text-type manuscript written in the 4th century in uncial letters on parchment. Current scholarship considers the Codex Sinaiticus to be one of the best Greek texts of...
, Codex AlexandrinusCodex AlexandrinusThe Codex Alexandrinus is a 5th century manuscript of the Greek Bible,The Greek Bible in this context refers to the Bible used by Greek-speaking Christians who lived in Egypt and elsewhere during the early history of Christianity...
, 104Minuscule 104Minuscule 104 , α 103 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century.Formerly it was labelled by 25a, 31p, and 7r....
, 424cMinuscule 424Minuscule 424 , Ο12 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 11th century.Formerly it was designated by 66a and 67p....
, 1739cMinuscule 1739Minuscule 1739 ; α 78 per is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on 102 parchment leaves . It is dated paleographically to the 10th century.- Description :...
, 2412, 2495, ℓ 598m, syrh, copsa, copbo, OrigenOrigenOrigen , or Origen Adamantius, 184/5–253/4, was an early Christian Alexandrian scholar and theologian, and one of the most distinguished writers of the early Church. As early as the fourth century, his orthodoxy was suspect, in part because he believed in the pre-existence of souls...
. Bart D. EhrmanBart D. EhrmanBart D. Ehrman is an American New Testament scholar, currently the James A. Gray Distinguished Professor of Religious Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill....
identified this reading as Orthodox corrupt reading.
History
Nothing is known of the manuscript's early history. The place of its origin is also unknown. It was bought at CorfuCorfu
Corfu is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea. It is the second largest of the Ionian Islands, and, including its small satellite islands, forms the edge of the northwestern frontier of Greece. The island is part of the Corfu regional unit, and is administered as a single municipality. The...
and came to Milan.
The manuscript was added to the list of New Testament manuscripts by Johann Martin Augustin Scholz. C. R. Gregory saw the manuscript in 1886.
Formerly it was labelled it by 137a and 176p. In 1908 Gregory gave the number 614 to it.
The manuscript currently is housed at the Biblioteca Ambrosiana
Biblioteca Ambrosiana
The Biblioteca Ambrosiana is a historic library in Milan, Italy, also housing the Pinacoteca Ambrosiana, the Ambrosian art gallery. Named after Ambrose, the patron saint of Milan, it was founded by Cardinal Federico Borromeo , whose agents scoured Western Europe and even Greece and Syria for books...
(E. 97 sup.), at Milan
Milan
Milan is the second-largest city in Italy and the capital city of the region of Lombardy and of the province of Milan. The city proper has a population of about 1.3 million, while its urban area, roughly coinciding with its administrative province and the bordering Province of Monza and Brianza ,...
.
See also
- List of New Testament minuscules
- Biblical manuscriptBiblical manuscriptA biblical manuscript is any handwritten copy of a portion of the text of the Bible. The word Bible comes from the Greek biblia ; manuscript comes from Latin manu and scriptum...
- Textual criticismTextual criticismTextual criticism is a branch of literary criticism that is concerned with the identification and removal of transcription errors in the texts of manuscripts...
Further reading
- C.-B. Amphoux, Quelques témoins grecs des formes textuelles les plus anciennes de l'Epître de Jacques: le groupe 2138 (ou 614) New Testament Studies 28.
- A. V. Valentine-Richards (and J.M. Creed), The Text of Acts in Codex 614 (Tischendorf 137) and its Allies (Cambridge, 1934) (Review by F. C. Burkitt, JTS XXXVI (1935), 191.
- K. W. Clark, Eight American Praxapostoloi (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1941)
- Catalogus graecorum Bibliothecace Ambrosianae (Mediolani 1906), vol. I, pp. 347-348.
External links
- Robert Waltz, Encyclopedia of New Testament Textual Criticism 2003.
- Minuscule 614 (GA) at the Encyclopedia Textual Criticism