Codex Claromontanus
Encyclopedia
Codex Claromontanus, symbolized by Dp or 06 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), δ 1026 (von Soden), is a Greek-Latin diglot uncial
manuscript
of the New Testament
, written in an uncial
hand on vellum
. The Greek and Latin text on facing pages. The Latin text is designated by d (traditional system) or by 75 in Beuron system.
on 533 leaves, 24.5 cm (10 in) by 19.5 cm (8 in). The text is written in one column per page, 21 lines per page. At least 9 different correctors worked on this codex. The fourth corrector, from the 9th century, added accents and breathings.
The codex is dated palaeographically
to the 5th or 6th century.
The Codex Claromontanus contains further precious documents:
is highly valued by critics as representing an early form of the text in the Western text-type
, characterized by frequent interpolations and, to a lesser extent, interpretive revisions presented as corrections to this text. Modern critical editions of the New Testament texts are produced by an eclectic method
, where the preferred reading is determined on a case-by-case basis, from among numerous variants offered by the early manuscripts and versions.
In this process, Claromontanus is often employed as a sort of "outside mediator" in collating the more closely related, that is mutually dependent, codices containing the Pauline epistles: Codex Alexandrinus
, Codex Vaticanus
, Codex Sinaiticus
, and Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus
. In a similar way, Codex Bezae Cantabrigiensis
is used in establishing the history of texts of the Gospels and Acts
.
Kurt Aland
placed the text of the codex in Category II.
In Romans 1:8 it has textual variant περι (along with א A B C K
33 81 1506 1739 1881), but corrector changed into υπερ, as in G Ψ Byz.
In Romans 8:1 it reads Ιησου (as א, B, G
, 1739
, 1881, itd, g, copsa, bo, eth); corrector b changed it into Ιησου κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν (as A
, Ψ, 81
, 629
, 2127, vg); corrector c changed it into Ιησου μη κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν αλλα κατα πνευμα (as אc, K
, P
, 33
, 88
, 104
, 181
, 326
, 330
, (436
omit μη), 456
, 614
, 630
, 1241, 1877, 1962, 1984, 1985, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect).
In Romans 12:11 it reads καιρω for κυριω, the reading of the manuscript is supported by Codex Augiensis
, Codex Boernerianus
5
it d,g, Origen
lat. The second corrector changed it into κυριω.
In Romans 15:31 it reads δωροφορια for διακονια; the reading is supported by Codex Vaticanus
and Codex Boernerianus
(Greek column).
In 1 Corinthians 7:5 it reads τη προσευχη (prayer) along with
11, 
46, א*, A, B
, C, D, G, P, Ψ, 33, 81, 104
, 181
, 629, 630, 1739, 1877, 1881, 1962, it vg, cop, arm, eth. Other manuscripts read τη νηστεια και τη προσευχη (fasting and prayer) or τη προσευχη και νηστεια (prayer and fasting).
The section 1 Corinthians 14:34-35 is placed after 1 Cor 14:40, just like other manuscripts of the Western text-type (Augiensis
, Boernerianus
, 88
, itd, g, and some manuscripts of Vulgate).
In 1 Timothy 3:1 it reads ανθρωπινος (human or of a man) — itb,d,g,m,mon Ambrosiaster Jeromemss Augustine
Speculum; majority has πιστος (faithful).
(Gr. 107), at Paris. The order of the epistles to the Colossians and Philippians have exchanged places; the Epistle to the Hebrews follows after that to Philemon
. The text is written colometrically
.
It was named by the Calvinist scholar Theodore Beza
because he procured it in the town of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis
, Oise
, in the Picardy region north of Paris
. Beza was the first to examine it, and he included notes of some of its readings in his editions of the New Testament
. The later history of its use by editors of the Greek New Testament can be found in the links and references.
The manuscript was examined by Johann Jakob Griesbach
and Constantin von Tischendorf
, who edited the Greek text of the codex. Paul Sabatier
edited the Latin text of the codex.
Johann Gottfried Jakob Hermann
published in 1821 the palimpsest text of the leaves 162-163.
Uncial
Uncial is a majuscule script commonly used from the 3rd to 8th centuries AD by Latin and Greek scribes. Uncial letters are written in either Greek, Latin, or Gothic.-Development:...
manuscript
Manuscript
A manuscript or handwrite is written information that has been manually created by someone or some people, such as a hand-written letter, as opposed to being printed or reproduced some other way...
of the New Testament
New Testament
The New Testament is the second major division of the Christian biblical canon, the first such division being the much longer Old Testament....
, written in an uncial
Uncial
Uncial is a majuscule script commonly used from the 3rd to 8th centuries AD by Latin and Greek scribes. Uncial letters are written in either Greek, Latin, or Gothic.-Development:...
hand on vellum
Vellum
Vellum is mammal skin prepared for writing or printing on, to produce single pages, scrolls, codices or books. It is generally smooth and durable, although there are great variations depending on preparation, the quality of the skin and the type of animal used...
. The Greek and Latin text on facing pages. The Latin text is designated by d (traditional system) or by 75 in Beuron system.
Description
The codex contains the Pauline epistlesPauline epistles
The Pauline epistles, Epistles of Paul, or Letters of Paul, are the thirteen New Testament books which have the name Paul as the first word, hence claiming authorship by Paul the Apostle. Among these letters are some of the earliest extant Christian documents...
on 533 leaves, 24.5 cm (10 in) by 19.5 cm (8 in). The text is written in one column per page, 21 lines per page. At least 9 different correctors worked on this codex. The fourth corrector, from the 9th century, added accents and breathings.
The codex is dated palaeographically
Palaeography
Palaeography, also spelt paleography is the study of ancient writing. Included in the discipline is the practice of deciphering, reading, and dating historical manuscripts, and the cultural context of writing, including the methods with which writing and books were produced, and the history of...
to the 5th or 6th century.
The Codex Claromontanus contains further precious documents:
- A stichometricStichometryStichometry is a term applied to the measurement of ancient texts by στίχοι or verses of a fixed standard length.It was the custom of the Greeks and Romans to estimate the length of their literary works by measured lines...
catalogue of the Old Testament and New Testament canon, of uncertain date, has been inserted in the codex. The list omits Philippians, 1 and 2 Thessalonians, and Hebrews. It includes several works no longer considered canonical: Epistle of BarnabasEpistle of BarnabasThe Epistle of Barnabas is a Greek epistle containing twenty-one chapters, preserved complete in the 4th century Codex Sinaiticus where it appears at the end of the New Testament...
, The Shepherd of HermasThe Shepherd of HermasThe Shepherd of Hermas is a Christian literary work of the 1st or 2nd century, considered a valuable book by many Christians, and considered canonical scripture by some of the early Church fathers such as Irenaeus. The Shepherd had great authority in the 2nd and 3rd centuries...
, Acts of PaulActs of PaulThe Acts of Paul is one of the major works and earliest pseudepigraphal series from the New Testament also known as Apocryphal Acts, an approximate date given to the Acts of Paul is 160 CE. The Acts were first mentioned by Tertullian. Tertullian found it heretical because it encouraged women to...
, and Revelation of Peter.
- Two palimpsestPalimpsestA palimpsest is a manuscript page from a scroll or book from which the text has been scraped off and which can be used again. The word "palimpsest" comes through Latin palimpsēstus from Ancient Greek παλίμψηστος originally compounded from πάλιν and ψάω literally meaning “scraped...
leaves (nos. 162 and 163) are overwritten on fragments of the Phaethon of EuripidesEuripidesEuripides was one of the three great tragedians of classical Athens, the other two being Aeschylus and Sophocles. Some ancient scholars attributed ninety-five plays to him but according to the Suda it was ninety-two at most...
, faintly legible under the Christian text. They have been detached from the codex and in the Bibliothèque nationale de FranceBibliothèque nationale de FranceThe is the National Library of France, located in Paris. It is intended to be the repository of all that is published in France. The current president of the library is Bruno Racine.-History:...
are designated Cod. Gr. 107 B.
Text
The Greek text of this codexCodex
A codex is a book in the format used for modern books, with multiple quires or gatherings typically bound together and given a cover.Developed by the Romans from wooden writing tablets, its gradual replacement...
is highly valued by critics as representing an early form of the text in the Western text-type
Western text-type
The Western text-type is one of several text-types used in textual criticism to describe and group the textual character of Greek New Testament manuscripts...
, characterized by frequent interpolations and, to a lesser extent, interpretive revisions presented as corrections to this text. Modern critical editions of the New Testament texts are produced by an eclectic method
Textual criticism
Textual criticism is a branch of literary criticism that is concerned with the identification and removal of transcription errors in the texts of manuscripts...
, where the preferred reading is determined on a case-by-case basis, from among numerous variants offered by the early manuscripts and versions.
Codex Alexandrinus
The Codex Alexandrinus is a 5th century manuscript of the Greek Bible,The Greek Bible in this context refers to the Bible used by Greek-speaking Christians who lived in Egypt and elsewhere during the early history of Christianity...
, Codex Vaticanus
Codex Vaticanus
The Codex Vaticanus , is one of the oldest extant manuscripts of the Greek Bible , one of the four great uncial codices. The Codex is named for the residence in the Vatican Library, where it has been stored since at least the 15th century...
, Codex Sinaiticus
Codex Sinaiticus
Codex Sinaiticus is one of the four great uncial codices, an ancient, handwritten copy of the Greek Bible. It is an Alexandrian text-type manuscript written in the 4th century in uncial letters on parchment. Current scholarship considers the Codex Sinaiticus to be one of the best Greek texts of...
, and Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus
Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus
Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus is an early 5th century Greek manuscript of the Bible, the last in the group of the four great uncial manuscripts...
. In a similar way, Codex Bezae Cantabrigiensis
Codex Bezae
The Codex Bezae Cantabrigensis, designated by siglum Dea or 05 , δ 5 , is a codex of the New Testament dating from the 5th century written in an uncial hand on vellum. It contains, in both Greek and Latin, most of the four Gospels and Acts, with a small fragment of the 3 John...
is used in establishing the history of texts of the Gospels and Acts
Acts of the Apostles
The Acts of the Apostles , usually referred to simply as Acts, is the fifth book of the New Testament; Acts outlines the history of the Apostolic Age...
.
Kurt Aland
Kurt Aland
Kurt Aland was a German Theologian and Professor of New Testament Research and Church History. He founded the Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung in Münster and served as its first director for many years...
placed the text of the codex in Category II.
In Romans 1:8 it has textual variant περι (along with א A B C K
Codex Mosquensis I
Codex Mosquensis I designated by Kap or 018 , Απρ1 , is a Greek uncial manuscript of New Testament, palaeographically it has been assigned to the 9th century...
33 81 1506 1739 1881), but corrector changed into υπερ, as in G Ψ Byz.
In Romans 8:1 it reads Ιησου (as א, B, G
Codex Boernerianus
Codex Boernerianus, designated by Gp or 012 , α 1028 , is a small New Testament codex, measuring 25 x 18 cm, written in one column per page, 20 lines per page. Dated paleographically to the 9th century. The name of the codex derives from Boerner, to whom it once belonged...
, 1739
Minuscule 1739
Minuscule 1739 ; α 78 per is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on 102 parchment leaves . It is dated paleographically to the 10th century.- Description :...
, 1881, itd, g, copsa, bo, eth); corrector b changed it into Ιησου κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν (as A
Codex Alexandrinus
The Codex Alexandrinus is a 5th century manuscript of the Greek Bible,The Greek Bible in this context refers to the Bible used by Greek-speaking Christians who lived in Egypt and elsewhere during the early history of Christianity...
, Ψ, 81
Minuscule 81
Minuscule 81 , or α162 is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on a parchment. It is dated by a colophon to the year 1044. Formerly it was labelled by 61a and 61p . The manuscript is lacunose...
, 629
Minuscule 629
Minuscule 629 , α 460 , is a Latin–Greek diglot minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. It is known as Codex Ottobonianus. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 14th century. The manuscript is lacunose. It is known for the Comma Johanneum.Formerly it was labeled by 162a and...
, 2127, vg); corrector c changed it into Ιησου μη κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν αλλα κατα πνευμα (as אc, K
Codex Mosquensis I
Codex Mosquensis I designated by Kap or 018 , Απρ1 , is a Greek uncial manuscript of New Testament, palaeographically it has been assigned to the 9th century...
, P
Codex Porphyrianus
Codex Porphyrianus designated by Papr or 025 , α 3 , is a Greek uncial manuscript of the Acts of Apostles, Pauline epistles, and General epistles, with some lacunae, dated paleographically to the 9th century. It is one of a few uncial manuscripts that include the Book of Revelation.It was...
, 33
Minuscule 33
Minuscule 33 , δ 48 , formerly it was called Codex Colbertinus 2844, is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on parchment, dated palaeographically to the 9th century. The manuscript is lacunose. It has marginalia...
, 88
Minuscule 88
Codex Regis , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century...
, 104
Minuscule 104
Minuscule 104 , α 103 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century.Formerly it was labelled by 25a, 31p, and 7r....
, 181
Minuscule 181
Minuscule 181 , α 101 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 11th century.Formerly it was labelled by 40a, 46p, and 12r.It has marginalia....
, 326
Minuscule 326
Minuscule 326 , α 257 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 10th century.Formerly it was labelled by 33a and 39p ....
, 330
Minuscule 330
Minuscule 330 , δ 259 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century.It has marginalia.- Description :...
, (436
Minuscule 436
Minuscule 436 , α 172 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment...
omit μη), 456
Minuscule 456
Minuscule 456 , α 52 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 10th century.Formerly it was labelled by 86a, 96p, and 75r....
, 614
Minuscule 614
Minuscule 614 , α 364 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 13th century. The manuscript is lacunose...
, 630
Minuscule 630
Minuscule 630 , α 461 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on paper. It is known as Codex Ottobonianus. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th or 13th century. The manuscript is lacunose...
, 1241, 1877, 1962, 1984, 1985, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect).
In Romans 12:11 it reads καιρω for κυριω, the reading of the manuscript is supported by Codex Augiensis
Codex Augiensis
Codex Augiensis, designated by Fp or 010 , α 1029 is a 9th century diglot uncial manuscript of the Pauline Epistles in double parallel columns of Greek and Latin on the same page.- Description :...
, Codex Boernerianus
Codex Boernerianus
Codex Boernerianus, designated by Gp or 012 , α 1028 , is a small New Testament codex, measuring 25 x 18 cm, written in one column per page, 20 lines per page. Dated paleographically to the 9th century. The name of the codex derives from Boerner, to whom it once belonged...
5
Minuscule 5
Minuscule 5 , δ 453 . It is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on 342 parchment leaves , dated palaeographically to the 13th century. It has marginalia.- Description :...
it d,g, Origen
Origen
Origen , or Origen Adamantius, 184/5–253/4, was an early Christian Alexandrian scholar and theologian, and one of the most distinguished writers of the early Church. As early as the fourth century, his orthodoxy was suspect, in part because he believed in the pre-existence of souls...
lat. The second corrector changed it into κυριω.
In Romans 15:31 it reads δωροφορια for διακονια; the reading is supported by Codex Vaticanus
Codex Vaticanus
The Codex Vaticanus , is one of the oldest extant manuscripts of the Greek Bible , one of the four great uncial codices. The Codex is named for the residence in the Vatican Library, where it has been stored since at least the 15th century...
and Codex Boernerianus
Codex Boernerianus
Codex Boernerianus, designated by Gp or 012 , α 1028 , is a small New Testament codex, measuring 25 x 18 cm, written in one column per page, 20 lines per page. Dated paleographically to the 9th century. The name of the codex derives from Boerner, to whom it once belonged...
(Greek column).
In 1 Corinthians 7:5 it reads τη προσευχη (prayer) along with
11, 46, א*, A, BCodex Vaticanus
The Codex Vaticanus , is one of the oldest extant manuscripts of the Greek Bible , one of the four great uncial codices. The Codex is named for the residence in the Vatican Library, where it has been stored since at least the 15th century...
, C, D, G, P, Ψ, 33, 81, 104
Minuscule 104
Minuscule 104 , α 103 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century.Formerly it was labelled by 25a, 31p, and 7r....
, 181
Minuscule 181
Minuscule 181 , α 101 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 11th century.Formerly it was labelled by 40a, 46p, and 12r.It has marginalia....
, 629, 630, 1739, 1877, 1881, 1962, it vg, cop, arm, eth. Other manuscripts read τη νηστεια και τη προσευχη (fasting and prayer) or τη προσευχη και νηστεια (prayer and fasting).
The section 1 Corinthians 14:34-35 is placed after 1 Cor 14:40, just like other manuscripts of the Western text-type (Augiensis
Codex Augiensis
Codex Augiensis, designated by Fp or 010 , α 1029 is a 9th century diglot uncial manuscript of the Pauline Epistles in double parallel columns of Greek and Latin on the same page.- Description :...
, Boernerianus
Codex Boernerianus
Codex Boernerianus, designated by Gp or 012 , α 1028 , is a small New Testament codex, measuring 25 x 18 cm, written in one column per page, 20 lines per page. Dated paleographically to the 9th century. The name of the codex derives from Boerner, to whom it once belonged...
, 88
Minuscule 88
Codex Regis , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century...
, itd, g, and some manuscripts of Vulgate).
In 1 Timothy 3:1 it reads ανθρωπινος (human or of a man) — itb,d,g,m,mon Ambrosiaster Jeromemss Augustine
Augustine of Hippo
Augustine of Hippo , also known as Augustine, St. Augustine, St. Austin, St. Augoustinos, Blessed Augustine, or St. Augustine the Blessed, was Bishop of Hippo Regius . He was a Latin-speaking philosopher and theologian who lived in the Roman Africa Province...
Speculum; majority has πιστος (faithful).
History
The Codex is preserved at the Bibliothèque nationale de FranceBibliothèque nationale de France
The is the National Library of France, located in Paris. It is intended to be the repository of all that is published in France. The current president of the library is Bruno Racine.-History:...
(Gr. 107), at Paris. The order of the epistles to the Colossians and Philippians have exchanged places; the Epistle to the Hebrews follows after that to Philemon
Epistle to Philemon
Paul's Epistle to Philemon, usually referred to simply as Philemon, is a prison letter to Philemon from Paul of Tarsus. Philemon was a leader in the Colossian church. This letter, which is one of the books of the New Testament, deals with forgiveness.Philemon was a wealthy Christian of the house...
. The text is written colometrically
Colon (rhetoric)
A colon is a rhetorical figure consisting of a clause which is grammatically, but not logically, complete. In Latin, it is called a membrum or membrum orationis....
.
It was named by the Calvinist scholar Theodore Beza
Theodore Beza
Theodore Beza was a French Protestant Christian theologian and scholar who played an important role in the Reformation...
because he procured it in the town of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis
Clermont, Oise
Clermont is a small city in northern France. It is designated municipally as a commune within the département of Oise.-Main sights:* Church St Samson containing numerous Painting from the seventeenth century...
, Oise
Oise
Oise is a department in the north of France. It is named after the river Oise.-History:Oise is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790...
, in the Picardy region north of Paris
Paris
Paris is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region...
. Beza was the first to examine it, and he included notes of some of its readings in his editions of the New Testament
New Testament
The New Testament is the second major division of the Christian biblical canon, the first such division being the much longer Old Testament....
. The later history of its use by editors of the Greek New Testament can be found in the links and references.
The manuscript was examined by Johann Jakob Griesbach
Johann Jakob Griesbach
Johann Jakob Griesbach , German biblical textual critic, was born at Butzbach, a small town in the state of Hesse, where his father, Konrad Kaspar , was pastor...
and Constantin von Tischendorf
Constantin von Tischendorf
Lobegott Friedrich Constantin Tischendorf was a noted German Biblical scholar. He deciphered the Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus, a 5th century Greek manuscript of the New Testament, in the 1840s, and rediscovered the Codex Sinaiticus, a 4th century New Testament manuscript, in 1859.Tischendorf...
, who edited the Greek text of the codex. Paul Sabatier
Paul Sabatier
Paul Sabatier , was a French clergyman and historian who produced the first modern biography of St. Francis of Assisi. He is the brother of Auguste Sabatier....
edited the Latin text of the codex.
Johann Gottfried Jakob Hermann
Johann Gottfried Jakob Hermann
Johann Gottfried Jakob Hermann was a German classical scholar and philologist.-Biography:He was born at Leipzig. Entering its university at the age of fourteen, Hermann at first studied law, which he soon abandoned for the classics...
published in 1821 the palimpsest text of the leaves 162-163.
See also
- Codex SangermanensisCodex SangermanensisCodex Sangermanensis designated by Dabs1 or 0319 , α 1027 , is a tenth century diglot manuscript, formerly in the library of St. Germain des Prés, Paris, hence its name Sangermanensis, "of Saint Germanus". It is best known for its copy of the Pauline Epistles...
- Uncial 0320Uncial 0320Uncial 0320 , is a diglot Greek-Latin uncial manuscript of the New Testament on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 10th century. Formerly it was designated by Dabs2...
- List of New Testament uncials
- List of New Testament Latin manuscripts
- Textual criticismTextual criticismTextual criticism is a branch of literary criticism that is concerned with the identification and removal of transcription errors in the texts of manuscripts...
Further reading
- Alexander SouterAlexander SouterAlexander Souter was a Scottish biblical scholar.-Biography:Souter was born in Perth, and studied at the University of Aberdeen and the University of Cambridge. He subsequently became a Latin assistant at Aberdeen. While at Cambridge he studied under J. E. B...
, The Original Home of Codex Claromontanus (D Paul), JTS VI (1904-1905), pp. 240-243. - Bruce M. Metzger, The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration, 1968 etc., Oxford University Press. pp. 49–51.
- Trobisch, David, The Oldest Extant Editions of the Letters of Paul 1999 (e-text online).
- Berschin, Walter, "Greek Manuscripts in Western Libraries" ch. 6 of Greek Letters and the Latin Middle Ages: From Jerome to Nicholas of Cusa: diglot mss in the West.
- Fac-similés de manuscrits grecs, latins et français du 5e au 14e siècle, exposés dans la Galerie Mazarine (Paris 1900), Plates III, IV.
External links
- Codex Claromontanus D (06): at the Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism
- Michael D. Marlowe, Bible Research: Codex Claromontanus
- Stichometric list in Codex Claromontanus (about A.D. 400): Catalogus Claromontanus
- Codex Bezae and Codex Claromontanus