Herpesviridae
Encyclopedia
The Herpesviridae are a large family
of DNA virus
es that cause diseases in animals, including humans. The members of this family are also known as herpesviruses. The family name is derived from the Greek word herpein ("to creep"), referring to the latent, recurring infection
s typical of this group of viruses. Herpesviridae can cause latent
or lytic
infections.
genome
s encoding 100-200 gene
s encased within an icosahedral
protein cage called the capsid
which is itself wrapped in a protein layer called the tegument containing both viral proteins and viral mRNAs and a lipid bilayer
membrane called the envelope. This whole particle is known as a virion.
is transcribed
to RNA
within the infected cell's nucleus.
Infection is initiated when a viral particle contacts a cell with specific types of receptor molecules on the cell surface. Following binding of viral envelope glycoproteins to cell membrane receptors, the virion is internalized and dismantled, allowing viral DNA to migrate to the cell nucleus. Within the nucleus, replication
of viral DNA and transcription
of viral genes occurs.
During symptomatic infection, infected cells transcribe lytic
viral genes. In some host cells, a small number of viral genes termed latency associated transcript (LAT) accumulate instead. In this fashion the virus can persist in the cell (and thus the host) indefinitely. While primary infection is often accompanied by a self-limited period of clinical illness, long-term latency is symptom-free.
Reactivation of latent viruses has been implicated in a number of diseases (e.g. Shingles
, Pityriasis Rosea
). Following activation, transcription of viral genes transitions from latency-associated LAT to multiple lytic genes; these lead to enhanced replication and virus production. Often, lytic activation leads to cell death. Clinically, lytic activation is often accompanied by emergence of non-specific symptoms such as low grade fever, headache, sore throat, malaise
, and rash as well as clinical signs such as swollen or tender lymph node
s and immunological findings such as reduced levels of natural killer cell
s.
s this name was changed in the third report in 1979 to Herpesviridae. In this report the family Herpesviridae was divided into 3 subfamilies (Alphaherpesvirinae, Betaherpesvirinae and Gammaherpesvirinae) and 5 unnamed genera: 21 viruses were listed. In 2009 the family Herpesviridae was elevated to the order Herpesvirales. This elevation was necessitated by the discovery that the herpes viruses of fish
and molluscs were only distantly related to those of bird
s and mammal
s. Two new families were created - the family Alloherpesviridae which incorporates bony fish and frog viruses and the family Malacoherpesviridae which contains those of molluscs.
This order currently has 3 families, 3 subfamilies plus 1 unassigned, 17 genera, 90 species and plus 48 as yet unassigned viruses.
s (the virus name ending in –ine, e.g. bovine) and the host family name for other viruses (ending in –id, e.g. equid). Human herpes viruses have been treated as an exception (human rather than hominid). Following the host-derived term, the word herpes virus is added, followed by an arabic number (1,2,3,...). These last two additions bear no implied meaning about taxonomic or biological properties of the virus.
Some exceptions to this system exist. A number of viruses' names (e.g. Epstein–Barr virus) are so widely used that it is impractical to attempt to insist on their replacement. This has led to the a dual nomenclature in the literature for some herpes viruses. All herpes viruses described since this system was adopted have been named in accordance with it.
(hIL-10) and another is by downregulation of the Major Histocompatibility Complex
II (MHC II) in infected cells.
Research conducted on cytomegalovirus (CMV) indicates that the viral human IL-10 homolog, cmvIL-10, is important in inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis. The cmvIL-10 protein has 27% identity with hIL-10 and only one conserved residue out of the nine amino acids that make up the functional site for cytokine synthesis inhibition on hIL-10. There is, however, much similarity in the functions of hIL-10 and cmvIL-10. Both have been shown to down regulate IFN-γ, IL-1α, GM-CSF, IL-6
and TNF- α, which are all pro-inflammatory cytokines. They have also been shown to play a role in downregulating MHC I and MHC II and up regulating HLA-G
(non-classical MHC I). These two events allow for immune evasion by suppressing the cell-mediated immune response and natural killer cell
response, respectively. The similarities between hIL-10 and cmvIL-10 may be explained by the fact that hIL-10 and cmvIL-10 both use the same cell surface receptor, the hIL-10 receptor. One difference in the function of hIL-10 and cmvIL-10 is that hIL-10 causes human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC
) to both increase and decrease in proliferation whereas cmvIL-10 only causes a decrease in proliferation of PBMCs. This indicates that cmvIL-10 may lack the stimulatory effects that hIL-10 has on these cells.
It was found that cmvIL-10 functions through phosphorylation of the Stat3
protein. It was originally thought that this phosphorylation was a result of the JAK-STAT pathway. However, despite evidence that JAK does indeed phosphorylate Stat3, its inhibition has no significant influence on cytokine synthesis inhibition. Another protein, PI3K, was also found to phosphorylate Stat3. PI3K inhibition, unlike JAK inhibition, did have a significant impact on cytokine synthesis. The difference between PI3K and JAK in Stat3 phosphorylation is that PI3K phosphorylates Stat3 on the S727 residue whereas JAK phosphorylates Stat3 on the Y705 residue. This difference in phosphorylation positions seems to be the key factor in Stat3 activation leading to inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis. In fact, when a PI3K inhibitor is added to cells, the cytokine synthesis levels are significantly restored. The fact that cytokine levels are not completely restored indicates there is another pathway activated by cmvIL-10 that is inhibiting cytokine synthesis. The proposed mechanism is that cmvIL-10 activates PI3K which in turn activates PKB
(Akt). PKB may then activate mTOR, which may target Stat3 for phosphorylation on the S727 residue.
(ER). The MHC cannot reach the cell surface and therefore cannot activate the T cell
response. The MHCs can also be targeted for destruction in the proteasome
or lysosome
. The ER protein TAP
also plays a role in MHC down regulation. Viral proteins inhibit TAP preventing the MHC from picking up a viral antigen peptide. This prevents proper folding of the MHC and therefore the MHC does not reach the cell surface.
It is important to note that HLA-G
is often up regulated in addition to downregulation of MHC I and MHC II. This prevents the natural killer cell response.
es in this family known to cause disease
in humans.
in humans, some viruses associated primarily with animals may infect humans. These are zoonotic
infections:
the most important herpesviruses belong to the Alphaherpesvirinae
. Research on pseudorabies virus (PrV), the causative agent of Aujeszky's disease in pigs, has pioneered animal disease control with genetically modified vaccines. PrV is now extensively studied as a model for basic processes during lytic herpesvirus infection, and for unravelling molecular mechanisms of herpesvirus neurotropism, whereas bovine herpesvirus 1
, the causative agent of bovine infectious rhinotracheitis and pustular vulvovaginitis, is analyzed to elucidate molecular mechanisms of latency. The avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus is phylogenetically distant from these two viruses and serves to underline similarity and diversity within the Alphaherpesvirinae.
Family (biology)
In biological classification, family is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus, and species, with family fitting between order and genus. As for the other well-known ranks, there is the option of an immediately lower rank, indicated by the...
of DNA virus
DNA virus
A DNA virus is a virus that has DNA as its genetic material and replicates using a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase. The nucleic acid is usually double-stranded DNA but may also be single-stranded DNA . DNA viruses belong to either Group I or Group II of the Baltimore classification system for viruses...
es that cause diseases in animals, including humans. The members of this family are also known as herpesviruses. The family name is derived from the Greek word herpein ("to creep"), referring to the latent, recurring infection
Infection
An infection is the colonization of a host organism by parasite species. Infecting parasites seek to use the host's resources to reproduce, often resulting in disease...
s typical of this group of viruses. Herpesviridae can cause latent
Virus latency
Virus latency is the ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell, denoted as the lysogenic part of the viral life cycle. A latent viral infection is a type of persistent viral infection which is distinguished from a chronic viral infection...
or lytic
Lytic cycle
The lytic cycle is one of the two cycles of viral reproduction, the other being the lysogenic cycle. The lytic cycle is typically considered the main method of viral replication, since it results in the destruction of the infected cell...
infections.
Viral structure
Herpesviruses all share a common structure—all herpesviruses are composed of relatively large double-stranded, linear DNADNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms . The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes, but other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in...
genome
Genome
In modern molecular biology and genetics, the genome is the entirety of an organism's hereditary information. It is encoded either in DNA or, for many types of virus, in RNA. The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA/RNA....
s encoding 100-200 gene
Gene
A gene is a molecular unit of heredity of a living organism. It is a name given to some stretches of DNA and RNA that code for a type of protein or for an RNA chain that has a function in the organism. Living beings depend on genes, as they specify all proteins and functional RNA chains...
s encased within an icosahedral
Icosahedron
In geometry, an icosahedron is a regular polyhedron with 20 identical equilateral triangular faces, 30 edges and 12 vertices. It is one of the five Platonic solids....
protein cage called the capsid
Capsid
A capsid is the protein shell of a virus. It consists of several oligomeric structural subunits made of protein called protomers. The observable 3-dimensional morphological subunits, which may or may not correspond to individual proteins, are called capsomeres. The capsid encloses the genetic...
which is itself wrapped in a protein layer called the tegument containing both viral proteins and viral mRNAs and a lipid bilayer
Lipid bilayer
The lipid bilayer is a thin membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules. These membranes are flat sheets that form a continuous barrier around cells. The cell membrane of almost all living organisms and many viruses are made of a lipid bilayer, as are the membranes surrounding the cell nucleus...
membrane called the envelope. This whole particle is known as a virion.
Herpes virus life-cycle
All herpesviruses are nuclear-replicating—the viral DNADNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms . The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes, but other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in...
is transcribed
Transcription (genetics)
Transcription is the process of creating a complementary RNA copy of a sequence of DNA. Both RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, which use base pairs of nucleotides as a complementary language that can be converted back and forth from DNA to RNA by the action of the correct enzymes...
to RNA
RNA
Ribonucleic acid , or RNA, is one of the three major macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life....
within the infected cell's nucleus.
Infection is initiated when a viral particle contacts a cell with specific types of receptor molecules on the cell surface. Following binding of viral envelope glycoproteins to cell membrane receptors, the virion is internalized and dismantled, allowing viral DNA to migrate to the cell nucleus. Within the nucleus, replication
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms . The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes, but other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in...
of viral DNA and transcription
Transcription (genetics)
Transcription is the process of creating a complementary RNA copy of a sequence of DNA. Both RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, which use base pairs of nucleotides as a complementary language that can be converted back and forth from DNA to RNA by the action of the correct enzymes...
of viral genes occurs.
During symptomatic infection, infected cells transcribe lytic
Lytic cycle
The lytic cycle is one of the two cycles of viral reproduction, the other being the lysogenic cycle. The lytic cycle is typically considered the main method of viral replication, since it results in the destruction of the infected cell...
viral genes. In some host cells, a small number of viral genes termed latency associated transcript (LAT) accumulate instead. In this fashion the virus can persist in the cell (and thus the host) indefinitely. While primary infection is often accompanied by a self-limited period of clinical illness, long-term latency is symptom-free.
Reactivation of latent viruses has been implicated in a number of diseases (e.g. Shingles
Herpes zoster
Herpes zoster , commonly known as shingles and also known as zona, is a viral disease characterized by a painful skin rash with blisters in a limited area on one side of the body, often in a stripe...
, Pityriasis Rosea
Pityriasis rosea
Pityriasis rosea is a skin rash. It is non-dangerous but may inflict substantial discomfort on some people...
). Following activation, transcription of viral genes transitions from latency-associated LAT to multiple lytic genes; these lead to enhanced replication and virus production. Often, lytic activation leads to cell death. Clinically, lytic activation is often accompanied by emergence of non-specific symptoms such as low grade fever, headache, sore throat, malaise
Malaise
Malaise is a feeling of general discomfort or uneasiness, of being "out of sorts", often the first indication of an infection or other disease. Malaise is often defined in medicinal research as a "general feeling of being unwell"...
, and rash as well as clinical signs such as swollen or tender lymph node
Lymph node
A lymph node is a small ball or an oval-shaped organ of the immune system, distributed widely throughout the body including the armpit and stomach/gut and linked by lymphatic vessels. Lymph nodes are garrisons of B, T, and other immune cells. Lymph nodes are found all through the body, and act as...
s and immunological findings such as reduced levels of natural killer cell
Natural killer cell
Natural killer cells are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte that constitute a major component of the innate immune system. NK cells play a major role in the rejection of tumors and cells infected by viruses...
s.
Taxonomy
The genus Herpesvirus was established in 1971 in the first report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). This genus consisted of 23 viruses and 4 groups of viruses. In the second ICTV report in 1976 this genus was elevated to family level - the Herpetoviridae. Because of possible confusion with viruses derived from reptileReptile
Reptiles are members of a class of air-breathing, ectothermic vertebrates which are characterized by laying shelled eggs , and having skin covered in scales and/or scutes. They are tetrapods, either having four limbs or being descended from four-limbed ancestors...
s this name was changed in the third report in 1979 to Herpesviridae. In this report the family Herpesviridae was divided into 3 subfamilies (Alphaherpesvirinae, Betaherpesvirinae and Gammaherpesvirinae) and 5 unnamed genera: 21 viruses were listed. In 2009 the family Herpesviridae was elevated to the order Herpesvirales. This elevation was necessitated by the discovery that the herpes viruses of fish
Fish
Fish are a paraphyletic group of organisms that consist of all gill-bearing aquatic vertebrate animals that lack limbs with digits. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish, as well as various extinct related groups...
and molluscs were only distantly related to those of bird
Bird
Birds are feathered, winged, bipedal, endothermic , egg-laying, vertebrate animals. Around 10,000 living species and 188 families makes them the most speciose class of tetrapod vertebrates. They inhabit ecosystems across the globe, from the Arctic to the Antarctic. Extant birds range in size from...
s and mammal
Mammal
Mammals are members of a class of air-breathing vertebrate animals characterised by the possession of endothermy, hair, three middle ear bones, and mammary glands functional in mothers with young...
s. Two new families were created - the family Alloherpesviridae which incorporates bony fish and frog viruses and the family Malacoherpesviridae which contains those of molluscs.
This order currently has 3 families, 3 subfamilies plus 1 unassigned, 17 genera, 90 species and plus 48 as yet unassigned viruses.
Virus naming system
The system of naming herpes viruses was originated in 1973 and has been elaborated considerably since. The recommended naming system specified that each herpes virus should be named after the taxon (family or subfamily) to which its primary natural host belongs. The subfamily name is used for viruses from members of the family Bovidae or from primatePrimate
A primate is a mammal of the order Primates , which contains prosimians and simians. Primates arose from ancestors that lived in the trees of tropical forests; many primate characteristics represent adaptations to life in this challenging three-dimensional environment...
s (the virus name ending in –ine, e.g. bovine) and the host family name for other viruses (ending in –id, e.g. equid). Human herpes viruses have been treated as an exception (human rather than hominid). Following the host-derived term, the word herpes virus is added, followed by an arabic number (1,2,3,...). These last two additions bear no implied meaning about taxonomic or biological properties of the virus.
Some exceptions to this system exist. A number of viruses' names (e.g. Epstein–Barr virus) are so widely used that it is impractical to attempt to insist on their replacement. This has led to the a dual nomenclature in the literature for some herpes viruses. All herpes viruses described since this system was adopted have been named in accordance with it.
cmvIL-10
Herpesviruses are known for their ability to establish lifelong infections. One way this is possible is through immune evasion. Herpesviruses have found many different ways to evade the immune system. One such way is by encoding a protein mimicking human interleukin 10Interleukin 10
Interleukin-10 , also known as human cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor , is an anti-inflammatory cytokine. In humans IL-10 is encoded by the IL10 gene....
(hIL-10) and another is by downregulation of the Major Histocompatibility Complex
Major histocompatibility complex
Major histocompatibility complex is a cell surface molecule encoded by a large gene family in all vertebrates. MHC molecules mediate interactions of leukocytes, also called white blood cells , which are immune cells, with other leukocytes or body cells...
II (MHC II) in infected cells.
Research conducted on cytomegalovirus (CMV) indicates that the viral human IL-10 homolog, cmvIL-10, is important in inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis. The cmvIL-10 protein has 27% identity with hIL-10 and only one conserved residue out of the nine amino acids that make up the functional site for cytokine synthesis inhibition on hIL-10. There is, however, much similarity in the functions of hIL-10 and cmvIL-10. Both have been shown to down regulate IFN-γ, IL-1α, GM-CSF, IL-6
Interleukin 6
Interleukin-6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL6 gene.IL-6 is an interleukin that acts as both a pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine. It is secreted by T cells and macrophages to stimulate immune response, e.g. during infection and after trauma, especially burns or other...
and TNF- α, which are all pro-inflammatory cytokines. They have also been shown to play a role in downregulating MHC I and MHC II and up regulating HLA-G
HLA-G
HLA-G histocompatibility antigen, class I, G, also known as human leukocyte antigen G , is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-G gene....
(non-classical MHC I). These two events allow for immune evasion by suppressing the cell-mediated immune response and natural killer cell
Natural killer cell
Natural killer cells are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte that constitute a major component of the innate immune system. NK cells play a major role in the rejection of tumors and cells infected by viruses...
response, respectively. The similarities between hIL-10 and cmvIL-10 may be explained by the fact that hIL-10 and cmvIL-10 both use the same cell surface receptor, the hIL-10 receptor. One difference in the function of hIL-10 and cmvIL-10 is that hIL-10 causes human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC
PBMC
A peripheral blood mononuclear cell is any blood cell having a round nucleus. For example: a lymphocyte, a monocyte or a macrophage. These blood cells are a critical component in the immune system to fight infection and adapt to intruders. The lymphocyte population consists of T cells , B cells...
) to both increase and decrease in proliferation whereas cmvIL-10 only causes a decrease in proliferation of PBMCs. This indicates that cmvIL-10 may lack the stimulatory effects that hIL-10 has on these cells.
It was found that cmvIL-10 functions through phosphorylation of the Stat3
STAT3
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 also known as STAT3 is a transcription factor which in humans is encoded by the STAT3 gene.- Function :The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the STAT protein family...
protein. It was originally thought that this phosphorylation was a result of the JAK-STAT pathway. However, despite evidence that JAK does indeed phosphorylate Stat3, its inhibition has no significant influence on cytokine synthesis inhibition. Another protein, PI3K, was also found to phosphorylate Stat3. PI3K inhibition, unlike JAK inhibition, did have a significant impact on cytokine synthesis. The difference between PI3K and JAK in Stat3 phosphorylation is that PI3K phosphorylates Stat3 on the S727 residue whereas JAK phosphorylates Stat3 on the Y705 residue. This difference in phosphorylation positions seems to be the key factor in Stat3 activation leading to inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis. In fact, when a PI3K inhibitor is added to cells, the cytokine synthesis levels are significantly restored. The fact that cytokine levels are not completely restored indicates there is another pathway activated by cmvIL-10 that is inhibiting cytokine synthesis. The proposed mechanism is that cmvIL-10 activates PI3K which in turn activates PKB
AKT
Akt, also known as Protein Kinase B , is a serine/threonine protein kinase that plays a key role in multiple cellular processes such as glucose metabolism, cell proliferation, apoptosis, transcription and cell migration.-Family members:...
(Akt). PKB may then activate mTOR, which may target Stat3 for phosphorylation on the S727 residue.
MHC downregulation
Another one of the many ways in which herpes viruses evade the immune system is by down regulation of MHC I and MHC II. This is observed in almost every human herpesvirus. Down regulation of MHC I and MHC II can come about by many different mechanisms, most causing the MHC to be absent from the cell surface. As discussed above, one way is by a viral chemokine homolog such as IL-10. Another mechanism to down regulate MHCs is to encode viral proteins that detain the newly formed MHC in the endoplasmic reticulumEndoplasmic reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle of cells in eukaryotic organisms that forms an interconnected network of tubules, vesicles, and cisternae...
(ER). The MHC cannot reach the cell surface and therefore cannot activate the T cell
T cell
T cells or T lymphocytes belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes, and play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They can be distinguished from other lymphocytes, such as B cells and natural killer cells , by the presence of a T cell receptor on the cell surface. They are...
response. The MHCs can also be targeted for destruction in the proteasome
Proteasome
Proteasomes are very large protein complexes inside all eukaryotes and archaea, and in some bacteria. In eukaryotes, they are located in the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The main function of the proteasome is to degrade unneeded or damaged proteins by proteolysis, a chemical reaction that breaks...
or lysosome
Lysosome
thumb|350px|Schematic of typical animal cell, showing subcellular components. [[Organelle]]s: [[nucleoli]] [[cell nucleus|nucleus]] [[ribosomes]] [[vesicle |vesicle]] rough [[endoplasmic reticulum]]...
. The ER protein TAP
Transporter associated with antigen processing
Transporter associated with antigen processing is a member of the ATP-binding-cassette transporter family. It delivers cytosolic peptides into the endoplasmic reticulum , where they bind to nascent MHC class I molecules....
also plays a role in MHC down regulation. Viral proteins inhibit TAP preventing the MHC from picking up a viral antigen peptide. This prevents proper folding of the MHC and therefore the MHC does not reach the cell surface.
It is important to note that HLA-G
HLA-G
HLA-G histocompatibility antigen, class I, G, also known as human leukocyte antigen G , is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-G gene....
is often up regulated in addition to downregulation of MHC I and MHC II. This prevents the natural killer cell response.
Human herpesviridae infections
There are eight distinct virusVirus
A virus is a small infectious agent that can replicate only inside the living cells of organisms. Viruses infect all types of organisms, from animals and plants to bacteria and archaea...
es in this family known to cause disease
Disease
A disease is an abnormal condition affecting the body of an organism. It is often construed to be a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs. It may be caused by external factors, such as infectious disease, or it may be caused by internal dysfunctions, such as autoimmune...
in humans.
| Human Herpesvirus (HHV) classification | ||||||
| Type | Synonym | Subfamily | Primary Target Cell | Pathophysiology Pathophysiology Pathophysiology is the study of the changes of normal mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions, either caused by a disease, or resulting from an abnormal syndrome... | Site of Latency | Means of Spread |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HHV‑1 | Herpes simplex virus Herpes simplex virus Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 , also known as Human herpes virus 1 and 2 , are two members of the herpes virus family, Herpesviridae, that infect humans. Both HSV-1 and HSV-2 are ubiquitous and contagious... -1 (HSV-1) |
α (Alpha) | Mucoepithelial | Oral and/or genital herpes (predominantly orofacial), as well as other herpes simplex Herpes simplex Herpes simplex is a viral disease caused by both Herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 . Infection with the herpes virus is categorized into one of several distinct disorders based on the site of infection. Oral herpes, the visible symptoms of which are colloquially called cold sores or fever... infections |
Neuron Neuron A neuron is an electrically excitable cell that processes and transmits information by electrical and chemical signaling. Chemical signaling occurs via synapses, specialized connections with other cells. Neurons connect to each other to form networks. Neurons are the core components of the nervous... |
Close contact (sexually transmitted disease Sexually transmitted disease Sexually transmitted disease , also known as a sexually transmitted infection or venereal disease , is an illness that has a significant probability of transmission between humans by means of human sexual behavior, including vaginal intercourse, oral sex, and anal sex... ) |
| HHV-2 | Herpes simplex virus Herpes simplex virus Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 , also known as Human herpes virus 1 and 2 , are two members of the herpes virus family, Herpesviridae, that infect humans. Both HSV-1 and HSV-2 are ubiquitous and contagious... -2 (HSV-2) |
α | Mucoepithelial | Oral and/or genital herpes (predominantly genital), as well as other herpes simplex infections | Neuron | Close contact (sexually transmitted disease) |
| HHV-3 | Varicella zoster virus Varicella zoster virus Varicella zoster virus is one of eight herpes viruses known to infect humans . It commonly causes chicken-pox in children and Herpes zoster in adults and rarely in children.-Nomenclature:... (VZV) |
α | Mucoepithelial | Chickenpox Chickenpox Chickenpox or chicken pox is a highly contagious illness caused by primary infection with varicella zoster virus . It usually starts with vesicular skin rash mainly on the body and head rather than at the periphery and becomes itchy, raw pockmarks, which mostly heal without scarring... and shingles Herpes zoster Herpes zoster , commonly known as shingles and also known as zona, is a viral disease characterized by a painful skin rash with blisters in a limited area on one side of the body, often in a stripe... |
Neuron | Respiratory and close contact (including sexually transmitted disease) |
| HHV-4 | Epstein-Barr virus Epstein-Barr virus The Epstein–Barr virus , also called human herpesvirus 4 , is a virus of the herpes family and is one of the most common viruses in humans. It is best known as the cause of infectious mononucleosis... (EBV), lymphocryptovirus |
γ (Gamma) | B cell B cell B cells are lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response . The principal functions of B cells are to make antibodies against antigens, perform the role of antigen-presenting cells and eventually develop into memory B cells after activation by antigen interaction... s and epithelial cells |
Infectious mononucleosis Infectious mononucleosis Infectious mononucleosis is an infectious, widespread viral... , Burkitt's lymphoma Burkitt's lymphoma Burkitt's lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system... , CNS lymphoma Primary central nervous system lymphoma A primary central nervous system lymphoma , also known as microglioma and primary brain lymphoma, is a primary intracranial tumor appearing mostly in patients with severe immunosuppression . PCNSLs represent around 20% of all cases of lymphomas in HIV infections... in AIDS AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus... patients, post-transplant lymphoproliferative syndrome Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder is the name given to a B-cell proliferation due to therapeutic immunosupression after organ transplantation. These patients may develop infectious mononucleosis-like lesions or polyclonal polymorphic B-cell hyperplasia... (PTLD), nasopharyngeal carcinoma Nasopharyngeal carcinoma Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is the most common cancer originating in the nasopharynx, the uppermost region of the pharynx , behind the nose where the nasal passages and auditory tubes join the remainder of the upper respiratory tract. NPC differs significantly from other cancers of the head and neck... , HIV-associated hairy leukoplakia Hairy leukoplakia Hairy leukoplakia is a white patch on the side of the tongue with a corrugated or hairy appearance.-Causes:... |
B cell | Close contact, transfusions, tissue transplant, and congenital |
| HHV-5 | Cytomegalovirus Cytomegalovirus Cytomegalovirus is a viral genus of the viral group known as Herpesviridae or herpesviruses. It is typically abbreviated as CMV: The species that infects humans is commonly known as human CMV or human herpesvirus-5 , and is the most studied of all cytomegaloviruses... (CMV) |
β (Beta) | Monocyte Monocyte Monocytes are a type of white blood cell and are part of the innate immune system of vertebrates including all mammals , birds, reptiles, and fish. Monocytes play multiple roles in immune function... , lymphocyte Lymphocyte A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell in the vertebrate immune system.Under the microscope, lymphocytes can be divided into large lymphocytes and small lymphocytes. Large granular lymphocytes include natural killer cells... , and epithelial cells |
Infectious mononucleosis Infectious mononucleosis Infectious mononucleosis is an infectious, widespread viral... -like syndrome, retinitis, etc. |
Monocyte, lymphocyte, and ? | Saliva Saliva Saliva , referred to in various contexts as spit, spittle, drivel, drool, or slobber, is the watery substance produced in the mouths of humans and most other animals. Saliva is a component of oral fluid. In mammals, saliva is produced in and secreted from the three pairs of major salivary glands,... |
| HHV-6 | Roseolovirus Roseolovirus Roseolovirus refers to both Human herpesvirus 6 and Human herpesvirus 7, both members of the Betaherpesviridae subfamily of herpesvirus. They can both cause the childhood disease of roseola.-External links:* , New York Times* *... , Herpes lymphotropic virus |
β | T cell T cell T cells or T lymphocytes belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes, and play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They can be distinguished from other lymphocytes, such as B cells and natural killer cells , by the presence of a T cell receptor on the cell surface. They are... s and ? |
Sixth disease (roseola infantum or exanthem subitum) | T cells and ? | Respiratory and close contact? |
| HHV-7 | Roseolovirus Roseolovirus Roseolovirus refers to both Human herpesvirus 6 and Human herpesvirus 7, both members of the Betaherpesviridae subfamily of herpesvirus. They can both cause the childhood disease of roseola.-External links:* , New York Times* *... |
β | T cells and ? | Sixth disease (roseola infantum or exanthem subitum) | T cells and ? | ? |
| HHV-8 | Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is one of seven currently known human cancer viruses, or oncoviruses. It is also the eighth human herpesvirus; its formal name according to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses is HHV-8. Like other herpesviruses, its informal name is used... (KSHV), a type of rhadinovirus Rhadinovirus Rhadinoviruses are a genus of herpesviruses that include the Human herpesvirus 8 , also known as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus , which causes Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman's disease. Other names for the Rhadinovirus genus include Rhadinoviridae... |
γ | Lymphocyte and other cells | Kaposi's sarcoma Kaposi's sarcoma Kaposi's sarcoma is a tumor caused by Human herpesvirus 8 , also known as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus . It was originally described by Moritz Kaposi , a Hungarian dermatologist practicing at the University of Vienna in 1872. It became more widely known as one of the AIDS defining... , primary effusion lymphoma Primary effusion lymphoma -Causes:It is caused by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus , also known as human herpesvirus 8 .In most cases, the lymphoma cells are also infected with Epstein Barr virus .... , some types of multicentric Castleman's disease Castleman's disease Castleman's disease is an uncommon lymphoproliferative disorder that can involve single lymph node stations or... |
B cell | Close contact (sexual), saliva? |
Herpesviruses of other animals
In addition to the herpesviruses considered endemicEndemic (epidemiology)
In epidemiology, an infection is said to be endemic in a population when that infection is maintained in the population without the need for external inputs. For example, chickenpox is endemic in the UK, but malaria is not...
in humans, some viruses associated primarily with animals may infect humans. These are zoonotic
Zoonosis
A zoonosis or zoonoseis any infectious disease that can be transmitted from non-human animals to humans or from humans to non-human animals . In a study of 1415 pathogens known to affect humans, 61% were zoonotic...
infections:
| Zoonotic Herpesviruses | ||||
| Species | Type | Synonym | Subfamily | Human Pathophysiology |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Macaque monkey | CeHV-1 | Cercopithecine herpesvirus-1, (Monkey B virus) | α | Very unusual, with only approximately 25 human cases reported. Untreated infection is often deadly; sixteen of the 25 cases resulted in fatal encephalomyelitis Encephalomyelitis Encephalomyelitis is a general term for inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, describing a number of disorders:* Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis or postinfectious encephalomyelitis, a demyelinating disease of the brain and spinal cord, possibly triggered by vaccination or viral... . At least four cases resulted in survival with severe neurologic impairment. Symptom awareness and early treatment are important for laboratory workers facing exposure. |
| Mouse Mouse A mouse is a small mammal belonging to the order of rodents. The best known mouse species is the common house mouse . It is also a popular pet. In some places, certain kinds of field mice are also common. This rodent is eaten by large birds such as hawks and eagles... |
MuHV‑4 | Murine gammaherpesvirus-68 (MHV-68) | γ | Zoonotic infection found in 4.5% of general population and more common in laboratory workers handling infected mice. ELISA tests show factor-of-four (x4) false positive results, due to antibody cross-reaction with other Herpes viruses. |
Animal herpesviridae
In animal virologyAnimal virology
The study of animal viruses is important from a veterinary viewpoint and many of these viruses cause diseases that are economically devastating. Many animal viruses are also important from a human medical perspective...
the most important herpesviruses belong to the Alphaherpesvirinae
Alphaherpesvirinae
Alphaherpesvirinae is a subfamily of Herpesviridae primarily distinguished by reproducing more quickly than other subfamilies of Herpesviridae. In animal virology the most important herpesviruses belong to the Alphaherpesvirinae...
. Research on pseudorabies virus (PrV), the causative agent of Aujeszky's disease in pigs, has pioneered animal disease control with genetically modified vaccines. PrV is now extensively studied as a model for basic processes during lytic herpesvirus infection, and for unravelling molecular mechanisms of herpesvirus neurotropism, whereas bovine herpesvirus 1
Bovine herpesvirus 1
-Introduction:Bovine herpesvirus 1 is a virus of the family Herpesviridae and the subfamily Alphaherpesviridae, known to cause several diseases worldwide in cattle, including rhinotracheitis, vaginitis, balanoposthitis, abortion, conjunctivitis, and enteritis...
, the causative agent of bovine infectious rhinotracheitis and pustular vulvovaginitis, is analyzed to elucidate molecular mechanisms of latency. The avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus is phylogenetically distant from these two viruses and serves to underline similarity and diversity within the Alphaherpesvirinae.
- Subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae
- Genus Simplexvirus
- Bovine herpesvirus 2Bovine herpesvirus 2Bovine herpesvirus 2 is a virus of the family Herpesviridae that causes two diseases in cattle, bovine mammillitis and pseudo-lumpyskin disease. BHV-2 is similar in structure to human herpes simplex virus...
causes bovine mammillitis and pseudo-lumpyskin disease. - Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1, also known as Herpes B virusHerpes B VirusHerpes Simian B virus is the endemic simplexvirus of macaque monkeys. B virus is an alphaherpesvirus, which consists of a subset of herpesviruses that travel within hosts using the peripheral nerves...
, causes a Herpes simplex-like disease in MacaqueMacaqueThe macaques constitute a genus of Old World monkeys of the subfamily Cercopithecinae. - Description :Aside from humans , the macaques are the most widespread primate genus, ranging from Japan to Afghanistan and, in the case of the barbary macaque, to North Africa...
s, usually fatal if symptomatic and untreated in humans. - Ateline herpesvirus 1, Spider monkeySpider monkeySpider monkeys of the genus Ateles are New World monkeys in the subfamily Atelinae, family Atelidae. Like other atelines, they are found in tropical forests of Central and South America, from southern Mexico to Brazil...
herpesvirus.
- Bovine herpesvirus 2
- Genus VaricellovirusVaricellovirusVaricellovirus is a genus of Alphaherpesvirinae.The varicellovirus genus contains several closely related viruses, including Varicella zoster virus , the causative agent of chickenpox in humans, and Pseudorabies virus , the causative agent of Aujeszky's disease.- Morphology :As with other...
- Bovine herpesvirus 1Bovine herpesvirus 1-Introduction:Bovine herpesvirus 1 is a virus of the family Herpesviridae and the subfamily Alphaherpesviridae, known to cause several diseases worldwide in cattle, including rhinotracheitis, vaginitis, balanoposthitis, abortion, conjunctivitis, and enteritis...
causes infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, vaginitisVaginitisVaginitis is an inflammation of the vagina. It can result in discharge, itching and pain, and is often associated with an irritation or infection of the vulva. It is usually due to infection. The three main kinds of vaginitis are bacterial vaginosis , vaginal candidiasis, and trichomoniasis. A...
, balanoposthitisBalanoposthitis-Background:Balenoposthitis is defined as the inflammation of the foreskin and glans in uncircumcised males. Balanoposthitis occurs over a wide age range and may have any of multiple bacterial or fungal origins or be caused by contact dermatitis...
, and abortion in cattle. - Bovine herpesvirus 5Bovine herpesvirus 5Caused By: BHV-5 — Bovine Encephalitis Virus — Bovine Encephalitis Herpesvirus-Introduction:Bovine herpesvirus 5 is virus species of the Varicellovirus genus and Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily. It causes meningoencephalitis and respiratory disease in cattle and sheep...
causes encephalitisEncephalitisEncephalitis is an acute inflammation of the brain. Encephalitis with meningitis is known as meningoencephalitis. Symptoms include headache, fever, confusion, drowsiness, and fatigue...
in cattle. - Caprine herpesvirus 1 causes conjunctivitisConjunctivitisConjunctivitis refers to inflammation of the conjunctiva...
and respiratory disease in goats. - Porcine herpesvirus 1 causes pseudorabiesPseudorabiesPseudorabies is a viral disease in swine that is endemic in most parts of the world. It is caused by Suid herpesvirus 1 , which is also called Pseudorabies virus and is also known as Aujeszky's disease, and in cattle as mad itch. PRV is considered to be the most economically important viral...
. - Equine herpesvirus 1Equine herpesvirus 1Equine herpesvirus 1 is a virus of the family Herpesviridae that causes abortion, respiratory disease and occasionally neonatal mortality in horses. Initial spread of EHV-1 by a newly introduced horse through direct and indirect contact can lead to abortion and perinatal infection in up to 70...
causes respiratory disease, neurological disease/paralysis, and spontaneous abortion in horses. - Equine herpesvirus 3Equine herpesvirus 3Equine herpesvirus 3 is a virus of the family Herpesviridae that affects horses. It causes a disease known as equine coital exanthema. The disease is spread through direct and sexual contact and possibly through flies carrying infected vaginal discharge. EHV-3 has an incubation period of as...
causes coital exanthema in horses. - Equine herpesvirus 4Equine herpesvirus 4Equine herpesvirus 4 is a virus of the family Herpesviridae that cause rhinopneumonitis in horses. It is the most important viral cause of respiratory infection in foals. Like other herpes viruses, EHV-4 causes a lifelong latent infection in affected animals. These horses are usually the source...
causes rhinopneumonitis in horses. - Canine herpesvirus 1Canine herpesvirusCanine herpesvirus ' is a virus of the family Herpesviridae which most importantly causes a fatal hemorrhagic disease in puppies less than two to three weeks old. It is known to exist in the United States, Canada, Australia, Japan, England and Germany...
causes a severe hemorrhagic disease in puppies. - Feline herpesvirus 1 causes feline viral rhinotracheitisFeline viral rhinotracheitisFeline viral rhinotracheitis is an upper respiratory infection of cats caused by feline herpesvirus 1, of the family Herpesviridae. It is also known as feline influenza and feline coryza. Viral respiratory diseases in cats can be serious, especially in catteries and kennels...
and keratitisKeratitisKeratitis is a condition in which the eye's cornea, the front part of the eye, becomes inflamed. The condition is often marked by moderate to intense pain and usually involves impaired eyesight.-Types:...
in cats. - Duck herpesvirus 1 causes duck plagueDuck plague-Introduction:Duck plague is a worldwide disease caused by duck herpesvirus 1 of the family Herpesviridae that causes acute disease with high mortality rates in flocks of ducks, geese and swans. It is spread both vertically and horizontally - through contaminated water and direct contact...
.
- Bovine herpesvirus 1
- Genus MardivirusMardivirusMardivirus is a recently established genus within the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily. It is made up of the Marek's disease virus , which causes a lymphoproliferative disease in chickens, and two other closely related viruses including gallid herpesvirus 3 and the herpesvirus of turkeys...
- Gallid herpesvirus 2 causes Marek's diseaseMarek's diseaseMarek's disease is a highly contagious viral neoplastic disease in chickens. It is named after József Marek, a Hungarian veterinarian. Occasionally misdiagnosed as an abtissue pathology it is caused by an alphaherpesvirus known as 'Marek's disease virus' or Gallid herpesvirus 2...
. - Gallid herpesvirus 3 (GaHV-3 or MDV-2)
- Herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT)
- Gallid herpesvirus 2 causes Marek's disease
- Genus Iltovirus
- Gallid herpesvirus 1Gallid herpesvirus 1Gallid herpesvirus 1 is a virus of the family Herpesviridae that causes avian infectious laryngotracheitis. It was originally recognized as a disease of chickens in the United States in 1926...
causes infectious laryngotracheitis in birds.
- Gallid herpesvirus 1
- Genus Simplexvirus
- Subfamily Betaherpesvirinae
- Porcine herpesvirus 2 causes inclusion body rhinitisInclusion body rhinitisInclusion Body Rhinitis, also known as IBR or Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease, is a pig disease caused by porcine cytomegalovirus, which is a member of the herpesvirus family. It is a notifiable disease that is found worldwide...
in swine.
- Porcine herpesvirus 2 causes inclusion body rhinitis
- Subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae
- Genus RhadinovirusRhadinovirusRhadinoviruses are a genus of herpesviruses that include the Human herpesvirus 8 , also known as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus , which causes Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman's disease. Other names for the Rhadinovirus genus include Rhadinoviridae...
- Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 causes bovine malignant catarrhal feverBovine malignant catarrhal feverBovine malignant catarrhal fever is a fatal lymphoproliferative disease caused by a group of ruminant gamma herpes viruses including Alcelaphine Herpes Virus 1 and Ovine Herpes Virus 2 These viruses cause inapparent infection in their reservoir hosts, but are usually fatal in cattle and other...
. - Alcelaphine herpesvirus 2Alcelaphine herpesvirus 2Alcelaphine herpesvirus 2 is a type of rhadinovirus that is believed to be responsible for causing hartebeest infections of malignant catarrhal fever.-Clinical Definition:...
causes an antelope and hartebeest version of MCF. - Bovine herpesvirus 4Bovine herpesvirus 4-Introduction:Bovine herpesvirus 4 is a member of the Herpesviridae family. It is part of the subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae and genus Rhadinovirus....
- Equine herpesvirus 2Equine herpesvirus 2Equine herpesvirus 2 is a virus of the family Herpesviridae, originally known as equine cytomegalovirus due to its slow replication in tissue culture. However, complete sequencing of the EHV-2 genome has demonstrated that it is a member of the subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae, in the genus...
causes equine cytomegalovirus infection. - Equine herpesvirus 5
- Murid herpesvirus 4Murid herpesvirus 4Murid herpesvirus 4 is a virus in the genus Rhadinovirus. It is a member of the subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae in the family Herpesviridae...
Also known as Murine gammaherpesvirus-68 (MHV-68)
- Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 causes bovine malignant catarrhal fever
- Genus Rhadinovirus
Family Herpesviridae
The following genera are included in the family Herpesviridae:- Subfamily AlphaherpesvirinaeAlphaherpesvirinaeAlphaherpesvirinae is a subfamily of Herpesviridae primarily distinguished by reproducing more quickly than other subfamilies of Herpesviridae. In animal virology the most important herpesviruses belong to the Alphaherpesvirinae...
- Genus Iltovirus; type species: Gallid herpesvirus 1Gallid herpesvirus 1Gallid herpesvirus 1 is a virus of the family Herpesviridae that causes avian infectious laryngotracheitis. It was originally recognized as a disease of chickens in the United States in 1926...
- Species: Gallid herpesvirus 1Gallid herpesvirus 1Gallid herpesvirus 1 is a virus of the family Herpesviridae that causes avian infectious laryngotracheitis. It was originally recognized as a disease of chickens in the United States in 1926...
, Psittacid herpesvirus 1
- Species: Gallid herpesvirus 1
- Genus MardivirusMardivirusMardivirus is a recently established genus within the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily. It is made up of the Marek's disease virus , which causes a lymphoproliferative disease in chickens, and two other closely related viruses including gallid herpesvirus 3 and the herpesvirus of turkeys...
; type species: Gallid herpesvirus 2- Species: Columbid herpesvirus 1, Gallid herpesvirus 2, Gallid herpesvirus 3, Meleagrid herpesvirus 1
- Genus Simplexvirus; type species: Human herpesvirus 1
- Species: Ateline herpesvirus 1, Bovine herpesvirus 2Bovine herpesvirus 2Bovine herpesvirus 2 is a virus of the family Herpesviridae that causes two diseases in cattle, bovine mammillitis and pseudo-lumpyskin disease. BHV-2 is similar in structure to human herpes simplex virus...
, Cercopithecine herpesvirus 2, Human herpesvirus 1, Human herpesvirus 2, Leporid herpesvirus 4, Macacine herpesvirus 1, Macropodid herpesvirus 1, Macropodid herpesvirus 2, Papiine herpesvirus 2, Saimiriine herpesvirus 1
- Species: Ateline herpesvirus 1, Bovine herpesvirus 2
- Genus Unassigned
- Species: Chelonid herpesvirus 5, Chelonid herpesvirus 6
- Genus VaricellovirusVaricellovirusVaricellovirus is a genus of Alphaherpesvirinae.The varicellovirus genus contains several closely related viruses, including Varicella zoster virus , the causative agent of chickenpox in humans, and Pseudorabies virus , the causative agent of Aujeszky's disease.- Morphology :As with other...
; type species: Human herpesvirus 3- Species: Bovine herpesvirus 1Bovine herpesvirus 1-Introduction:Bovine herpesvirus 1 is a virus of the family Herpesviridae and the subfamily Alphaherpesviridae, known to cause several diseases worldwide in cattle, including rhinotracheitis, vaginitis, balanoposthitis, abortion, conjunctivitis, and enteritis...
, Bovine herpesvirus 5Bovine herpesvirus 5Caused By: BHV-5 — Bovine Encephalitis Virus — Bovine Encephalitis Herpesvirus-Introduction:Bovine herpesvirus 5 is virus species of the Varicellovirus genus and Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily. It causes meningoencephalitis and respiratory disease in cattle and sheep...
, Bubaline herpesvirus 1, Canid herpesvirus 1, Caprine herpesvirus 1, Cercopithecine herpesvirus 9, Cervid herpesvirus 1, Cervid herpesvirus 2, Equid herpesvirus 1, Equid herpesvirus 3, Equid herpesvirus 4, Equid herpesvirus 8, Equid herpesvirus 9, Felid herpesvirus 1, Human herpesvirus 3, Phocid herpesvirus 1, Suid herpesvirus
- Species: Bovine herpesvirus 1
- Genus Iltovirus; type species: Gallid herpesvirus 1
- Subfamily BetaherpesvirinaeBetaherpesvirinaeBetaherpesvirinae is a subfamily of Herpesviridae distinguished by reproducing less quickly than other subfamilies of Herpesviridae.Betaherpesvirinae establish latency in leukocytes...
- Genus CytomegalovirusCytomegalovirusCytomegalovirus is a viral genus of the viral group known as Herpesviridae or herpesviruses. It is typically abbreviated as CMV: The species that infects humans is commonly known as human CMV or human herpesvirus-5 , and is the most studied of all cytomegaloviruses...
; type species: Human herpesvirus 5- Species: Cercopithecine herpesvirus 5, Human herpesvirus 5, Macacine herpesvirus 3, Panine herpesvirus 2
- Genus MuromegalovirusMuromegalovirusMuromegalovirus is a genus of viruses found in rodents that belong to the betaherpesviridae subfamily of herpesviruses. Murid viruses murid herpesvirus 1 and murid herpesvirus 2 --previously defined as mouse cytomegalovirus and rat cytomegalovirus --belong to this genus....
; type species: Murid herpesvirus 1- Species: Murid herpesvirus 1, Murid herpesvirus 2
- Genus Proboscivirus; type species: Elephantid herpesvirus 1
- Genus RoseolovirusRoseolovirusRoseolovirus refers to both Human herpesvirus 6 and Human herpesvirus 7, both members of the Betaherpesviridae subfamily of herpesvirus. They can both cause the childhood disease of roseola.-External links:* , New York Times* *...
; type species: Human herpesvirus 6- Species: Human herpesvirus 6, Human herpesvirus 7Human herpesvirus 7Human herpesvirus 7 is one of eight known members of the Herpesviridae family, also known as human herpes virus. HHV-7 is a member of Betaherpesviridae, a subfamily of the Herpesviridae that also includes HHV-6 and Cytomegalovirus . HHV-7 often acts together with HHV-6, and the viruses together...
- Species: Human herpesvirus 6, Human herpesvirus 7
- Genus Unassigned
- Species: Caviid herpesvirus 2, Suid herpesvirus 2, Tupaiid herpesvirus 1
- Genus Cytomegalovirus
- Subfamily GammaherpesvirinaeGammaherpesvirinaeGammaherpesvirinae is a subfamily of Herpesviridae distinguished by reproducing at a more variable rate than other subfamilies of Herpesviridae...
- Genus LymphocryptovirusLymphocryptovirusLymphocryptoviruses are a genus of herpesviruses that include the human Epstein-Barr virus as well as viruses that infect both Old World monkeys and New World monkeys...
; type species: Human herpesvirus 4- Species: Callitrichine herpesvirus 3, Cercopithecine herpesvirus 14, Gorilline herpesvirus 1, Human herpesvirus 4, Macacine herpesvirus 4, Panine herpesvirus 1, Papiine herpesvirus 1, Pongine herpesvirus 2
- Genus Macavirus; type species: Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1
- Species: Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1, Alcelaphine herpesvirus 2Alcelaphine herpesvirus 2Alcelaphine herpesvirus 2 is a type of rhadinovirus that is believed to be responsible for causing hartebeest infections of malignant catarrhal fever.-Clinical Definition:...
, Bovine herpesvirus 6, Caprine herpesvirus 2, Hippotragine herpesvirus 1, Ovine herpesvirus 2, Suid herpesvirus 3, Suid herpesvirus 4, Suid herpesvirus 5
- Species: Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1, Alcelaphine herpesvirus 2
- Genus Percavirus; type species: Equid herpesvirus 2
- Species: Equid herpesvirus 2, Equid herpesvirus 5, Mustelid herpesvirus 1
- Genus RhadinovirusRhadinovirusRhadinoviruses are a genus of herpesviruses that include the Human herpesvirus 8 , also known as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus , which causes Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman's disease. Other names for the Rhadinovirus genus include Rhadinoviridae...
; type species: Saimiriine herpesvirus 2- Species: Ateline herpesvirus 2, Ateline herpesvirus 3, Bovine herpesvirus 4Bovine herpesvirus 4-Introduction:Bovine herpesvirus 4 is a member of the Herpesviridae family. It is part of the subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae and genus Rhadinovirus....
, Human herpesvirus 8, Macacine herpesvirus 5, Murid herpesvirus 4Murid herpesvirus 4Murid herpesvirus 4 is a virus in the genus Rhadinovirus. It is a member of the subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae in the family Herpesviridae...
, Saimiriine herpesvirus 2
- Species: Ateline herpesvirus 2, Ateline herpesvirus 3, Bovine herpesvirus 4
- Genus Unassigned
- Species: Equid herpesvirus 7, Phocid herpesvirus 2, Saguinine herpesvirus 1
- Genus Lymphocryptovirus
- Subfamily Unassigned
- Genus Unassigned
- Species: Iguanid herpesvirus 2
- Species: duck enteritis virus
- Genus Unassigned
Research
Research is currently ongoing into a variety of side-effect or co-conditions related to the herpesviruses. These include:- Alzheimer's diseaseAlzheimer's diseaseAlzheimer's disease also known in medical literature as Alzheimer disease is the most common form of dementia. There is no cure for the disease, which worsens as it progresses, and eventually leads to death...
(This database compiles Alzheimer's disease susceptibility genes related to the Herpes simplex life cycle) - atherosclerosisAtherosclerosisAtherosclerosis is a condition in which an artery wall thickens as a result of the accumulation of fatty materials such as cholesterol...
- cholangiocarcinomaCholangiocarcinomaCholangiocarcinoma is a cancer of the bile ducts which drain bile from the liver into the small intestine. Other biliary tract cancers include pancreatic cancer, gallbladder cancer, and cancer of the ampulla of Vater...
- Crohn's diseaseCrohn's diseaseCrohn's disease, also known as regional enteritis, is a type of inflammatory bowel disease that may affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus, causing a wide variety of symptoms...
- chronic fatigue syndromeChronic fatigue syndromeChronic fatigue syndrome is the most common name used to designate a significantly debilitating medical disorder or group of disorders generally defined by persistent fatigue accompanied by other specific symptoms for a minimum of six months, not due to ongoing exertion, not substantially...
- dysautonomiaDysautonomiaDysautonomia is a broad term that describes any disease or malfunction of the autonomic nervous system. This includes postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome , inappropriate sinus tachycardia , vasovagal syncope, mitral valve prolapse dysautonomia, pure autonomic failure, neurocardiogenic...
- fibromyalgiaFibromyalgiaFibromyalgia is a medical disorder characterized by chronic widespread pain and allodynia, a heightened and painful response to pressure. It is an example of a diagnosis of exclusion...
- Irritable bowel syndromeIrritable bowel syndromeIrritable bowel syndrome is a diagnosis of exclusion. It is a functional bowel disorder characterized by chronic abdominal pain, discomfort, bloating, and alteration of bowel habits in the absence of any detectable organic cause. In some cases, the symptoms are relieved by bowel movements...
- multiple sclerosisMultiple sclerosisMultiple sclerosis is an inflammatory disease in which the fatty myelin sheaths around the axons of the brain and spinal cord are damaged, leading to demyelination and scarring as well as a broad spectrum of signs and symptoms...
- labile hypertension
- lupusLupusLupus most commonly refers to the disease systemic lupus erythematosus.Lupus may also refer to:-Medicine:* Lupus erythematosus, a chronic autoimmune disease with several different forms...
- pancreatic cancerPancreatic cancerPancreatic cancer refers to a malignant neoplasm of the pancreas. The most common type of pancreatic cancer, accounting for 95% of these tumors is adenocarcinoma, which arises within the exocrine component of the pancreas. A minority arises from the islet cells and is classified as a...
- pancreatitisPancreatitisPancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas. It occurs when pancreatic enzymes that digest food are activated in the pancreas instead of the small intestine. It may be acute – beginning suddenly and lasting a few days, or chronic – occurring over many years...
- pityriasis roseaPityriasis roseaPityriasis rosea is a skin rash. It is non-dangerous but may inflict substantial discomfort on some people...
- Type II Diabetes
External links
- ICTV International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (official site)
- Viralzone: Herpesviridae
- Animal viruses
- Article on Cercopithecine herpesvirus
- International Herpes Management Forum
- National B Virus Resource Center
- Pityriasis Rosea overview
- Herpes simplex: Host viral protein interactions.A database of Host/HSV-1 interactions
- Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Herpesviridae