Ioan Flueras
Encyclopedia
Ioan Flueraş (or Fluieraş) (November 2, 1882—June 7, 1953) was a Romania
n social democratic
politician and a victim of the communist regime
.
, in Transylvania
(which was at the time part of Austria-Hungary
), he trained as a wheelwright
and settled in Arad
, where he became active in socialist
circles. In 1901, he joined the Social Democratic Party of Hungary
, and began contributing to its press in Hungary
; with Iosif Jumanca and Tiron Albani, he led the Party's ethnic Romanian
wing. The latter eventually reformed itself as the Social Democratic Party of Transylvania and Banat. At the time, Flueraş unsuccessfully ran in elections for the Hungarian diet
.
Between 1906 and 1914, he was editor-in-chief of Adevărul (the party newspaper), until it was closed down by Hungarian authorities. Living in Budapest
, Flueraş was conscripted
after the outbreak of World War I
, and worked for the Austro-Hungarian Air Service
in a factory on Csepel Island
.
, became connected with the fight for emancipation of Romanians in Transylvania and Banat
, and their eventual union with Romania
. Before the Aster Revolution
, Flueraş and Jumanca were charged with contacting the Romanian National Party
, negotiations which led, in early October, to the creation of Consiliul Naţional Român Central (CNRC, the Central Romanian National Council). The CNRC was instrumental in convoking the Alba Iulia Assembly of December 1, 1918, one which confirmed Transylvania's secession from the Hungarian Republic, and its will to join with Romania; Flueraş was the Assembly's vice president, and subsequently served as Chief of Department of Social Security
and Hygiene
in the Directory Council (the de facto
government of the region, led by Iuliu Maniu
). Among the other Social Democrats in the Council were Jumanca, Albani, and Enea Grapini.
On the very day of the Alba Iulia Assembly, he was elected general secretary of the Social Democratic Party of Transylvania and Banat. Later in the same month, after a strike
was worker's rally broken up in Bucharest
and the newly-created Socialist Party of Romania
(PS) repressed, Flueraş and Jumanca, urged by Constantin Titel Petrescu
, met with King
Ferdinand I
and Premier Ion I. C. Brătianu
, persuading them to grant concessions to the labor movement. In 1920, he was one of Romania's envoys to the Paris Peace Conference
.
's People's League and the Socialist groups; talks were mediated by Constantin Argetoianu
.
Alongside Gheorghe Cristescu
, Alexandru Dobrogeanu-Gherea
and others, Flueraş was a delegate to the Second Congress of the Comintern
in Moscow
, where the matter of the PSR's joining of the international body and its support of Bolshevik
lines were debated. The Transylvanian delegates and, as a former member of the Directory Council, Flueraş first and foremost, were the target of Nikolai Bukharin
and Christian Rakovsky
's attacks, given that they supported a Greater Romania
in front of Bolshevik principles; upon their return, Flueraş, Leon Ghelerter, Gheorghe Popovici, and others were expelled from the PS (despite Cristescu's reserves) — the remaining group reformed itself as the Romanian Communist Party
(PCR).
After the reestablishment of the Romanian Social Democratic Party
(PSD) as a socialist group opposed to the PCR, Flueraş served several terms as a party representative to the Chamber of Deputies of Romania
. He settled in Bucharest in 1922, and worked for the Labor Ministry. With Moscovici, Şerban Voinea, and Iacob Pistiner
, Flueraş represented the PSD to the 1924 Congress of the Labor and Socialist International
in Marseille
.
When the authoritarian regime
of King
Carol II
was imposed in 1938, he supported the change and remained active in the guild
s established by the new corporatist
structure of the National Renaissance Front
(as a member of the Upper Economic Council and the Senate
).
A potential target of Iron Guard
reprisals during the National Legionary State
, Flueraş survived the Legionnaires' Rebellion
, and, upon the Guard's defeat, sent a congratulatory telegram to Conducător
Ion Antonescu
. He retreated from public life for the rest of World War II
.
's pro-Nazi
regime and placed Romania in the Allies
camp, Flueraş and George Grigorovici founded the Socialist Democratic Party, which claimed legitimacy inside the socialist camp and denounced collaboration with the Communists. It was dissolved in September 1946. Flueraş again joined the PSD, remained opposed to the growing Soviet
influence which had found its advocates inside the latter political group (the wing led by Lothar Rădăceanu
and Ştefan Voitec
), refused office in the Communist-backed Petru Groza
government, and ultimately rallied with Constantin Titel Petrescu
's Independent Social Democrats.
He was arrested in late 1948, presented as a dissident PSD member, tried for "having collaborated with a fascist
regime", and held in various prisons inside the country, where he was routinely tortured, being ultimately murdered by two fellow inmates, Constantin Juberian and Ștefan Rek in Gherla prison (according to one testimony, he was beaten to death with sandbags). Juberian was sentenced to death and executed in 1954 for the crime, while Rek was sentenced to 12 years in prison.
Romania
Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea...
n social democratic
Social democracy
Social democracy is a political ideology of the center-left on the political spectrum. Social democracy is officially a form of evolutionary reformist socialism. It supports class collaboration as the course to achieve socialism...
politician and a victim of the communist regime
Communist Romania
Communist Romania was the period in Romanian history when that country was a Soviet-aligned communist state in the Eastern Bloc, with the dominant role of Romanian Communist Party enshrined in its successive constitutions...
.
Early activities
Born in Chereluş, Şicula, Arad CountyArad County
Arad is an administrative division of Romania roughly translated into county in the western part of the country on the border with Hungary, mostly in the region of Crişana and few villages in Banat. The administrative center of the county lies in the city of Arad...
, in Transylvania
Transylvania
Transylvania is a historical region in the central part of Romania. Bounded on the east and south by the Carpathian mountain range, historical Transylvania extended in the west to the Apuseni Mountains; however, the term sometimes encompasses not only Transylvania proper, but also the historical...
(which was at the time part of Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary , more formally known as the Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council and the Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of Saint Stephen, was a constitutional monarchic union between the crowns of the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary in...
), he trained as a wheelwright
Wheelwright
A wheelwright is a person who builds or repairs wheels. The word is the combination of "wheel" and the archaic word "wright", which comes from the Old English word "wryhta", meaning a worker or maker...
and settled in Arad
Arad, Romania
Arad is the capital city of Arad County, in western Romania, in the Crişana region, on the river Mureş.An important industrial center and transportation hub, Arad is also the seat of a Romanian Orthodox archbishop and features two universities, a Romanian Orthodox theological seminary, a training...
, where he became active in socialist
Socialism
Socialism is an economic system characterized by social ownership of the means of production and cooperative management of the economy; or a political philosophy advocating such a system. "Social ownership" may refer to any one of, or a combination of, the following: cooperative enterprises,...
circles. In 1901, he joined the Social Democratic Party of Hungary
Social Democratic Party (Hungary)
The Social Democratic Party often known as the "Historical" Social Democratic Party is a Hungarian political party that emerged following a split within the Hungarian Social Democratic Party in 1989...
, and began contributing to its press in Hungary
Hungary
Hungary , officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine and Romania to the east, Serbia and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. The...
; with Iosif Jumanca and Tiron Albani, he led the Party's ethnic Romanian
Romanians
The Romanians are an ethnic group native to Romania, who speak Romanian; they are the majority inhabitants of Romania....
wing. The latter eventually reformed itself as the Social Democratic Party of Transylvania and Banat. At the time, Flueraş unsuccessfully ran in elections for the Hungarian diet
Diet of Hungary
The Diet of Hungary was a legislative institution in the medieval kingdom of Hungary from the 15th century, and in its successor states, Royal Hungary and the Habsburg kingdom of Hungary throughout the Early Modern period...
.
Between 1906 and 1914, he was editor-in-chief of Adevărul (the party newspaper), until it was closed down by Hungarian authorities. Living in Budapest
Budapest
Budapest is the capital of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary, it is the country's principal political, cultural, commercial, industrial, and transportation centre. In 2011, Budapest had 1,733,685 inhabitants, down from its 1989 peak of 2,113,645 due to suburbanization. The Budapest Commuter...
, Flueraş was conscripted
Conscription
Conscription is the compulsory enlistment of people in some sort of national service, most often military service. Conscription dates back to antiquity and continues in some countries to the present day under various names...
after the outbreak of World War I
World War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
, and worked for the Austro-Hungarian Air Service
Austro-Hungarian Air Service
The Imperial and Royal Aviation Troops was the air force of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire until the empire's demise in 1918. It saw combat on both the Eastern Front and Italian Front during World War I...
in a factory on Csepel Island
Csepel Island
Csepel Island is the largest island of the River Danube in Hungary. It is 48 km long; its width is 6–8 km. Its area comprises 257 km². The word Csepel is pronounced CHE-pel....
.
Transylvanian politics
In the summer of 1918, he and Jumanca became involved in reestablishing Adevărul, which, inspired by the Fourteen PointsFourteen Points
The Fourteen Points was a speech given by United States President Woodrow Wilson to a joint session of Congress on January 8, 1918. The address was intended to assure the country that the Great War was being fought for a moral cause and for postwar peace in Europe...
, became connected with the fight for emancipation of Romanians in Transylvania and Banat
Banat
The Banat is a geographical and historical region in Central Europe currently divided between three countries: the eastern part lies in western Romania , the western part in northeastern Serbia , and a small...
, and their eventual union with Romania
Romania
Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea...
. Before the Aster Revolution
Aster Revolution
The Aster Revolution or Chrysanthemum Revolution was a revolution in Hungary led by leftist liberal count Mihály Károlyi, who founded the Hungarian Democratic Republic....
, Flueraş and Jumanca were charged with contacting the Romanian National Party
Romanian National Party
The Romanian National Party , initially known as the Romanian National Party in Transylvania and Banat , was a political party which was initially designed to offer ethnic representation to Romanians in the Kingdom of Hungary, the Transleithanian half of Austria-Hungary, and especially to those in...
, negotiations which led, in early October, to the creation of Consiliul Naţional Român Central (CNRC, the Central Romanian National Council). The CNRC was instrumental in convoking the Alba Iulia Assembly of December 1, 1918, one which confirmed Transylvania's secession from the Hungarian Republic, and its will to join with Romania; Flueraş was the Assembly's vice president, and subsequently served as Chief of Department of Social Security
Social security
Social security is primarily a social insurance program providing social protection or protection against socially recognized conditions, including poverty, old age, disability, unemployment and others. Social security may refer to:...
and Hygiene
Hygiene
Hygiene refers to the set of practices perceived by a community to be associated with the preservation of health and healthy living. While in modern medical sciences there is a set of standards of hygiene recommended for different situations, what is considered hygienic or not can vary between...
in the Directory Council (the de facto
De facto
De facto is a Latin expression that means "concerning fact." In law, it often means "in practice but not necessarily ordained by law" or "in practice or actuality, but not officially established." It is commonly used in contrast to de jure when referring to matters of law, governance, or...
government of the region, led by Iuliu Maniu
Iuliu Maniu
Iuliu Maniu was an Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian politician. A leader of the National Party of Transylvania and Banat before and after World War I, he served as Prime Minister of Romania for three terms during 1928–1933, and, with Ion Mihalache, co-founded the National Peasants'...
). Among the other Social Democrats in the Council were Jumanca, Albani, and Enea Grapini.
On the very day of the Alba Iulia Assembly, he was elected general secretary of the Social Democratic Party of Transylvania and Banat. Later in the same month, after a strike
Strike action
Strike action, also called labour strike, on strike, greve , or simply strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of employees to work. A strike usually takes place in response to employee grievances. Strikes became important during the industrial revolution, when mass labour became...
was worker's rally broken up in Bucharest
Bucharest
Bucharest is the capital municipality, cultural, industrial, and financial centre of Romania. It is the largest city in Romania, located in the southeast of the country, at , and lies on the banks of the Dâmbovița River....
and the newly-created Socialist Party of Romania
Socialist Party of Romania
The Socialist Party of Romania was a Romanian socialist political party, created on December 11, 1918 by members of the Romanian Social Democratic Party , after the latter emerged from clandestinity...
(PS) repressed, Flueraş and Jumanca, urged by Constantin Titel Petrescu
Constantin Titel Petrescu
Constantin Titel Petrescu was a Romanian politician and lawyer. He was the leader of the Romanian Social Democratic Party.He was born in Craiova, the son of an employee of the National Bank in Bucharest...
, met with King
King of Romania
King of the Romanians , rather than King of Romania , was the official title of the ruler of the Kingdom of Romania from 1881 until 1947, when Romania was proclaimed a republic....
Ferdinand I
Ferdinand I of Romania
Ferdinand was the King of Romania from 10 October 1914 until his death.-Early life:Born in Sigmaringen in southwestern Germany, the Roman Catholic Prince Ferdinand Viktor Albert Meinrad of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, later simply of Hohenzollern, was a son of Leopold, Prince of...
and Premier Ion I. C. Brătianu
Ion I. C. Bratianu
Ion I. C. Brătianu was a Romanian politician, leader of the National Liberal Party , the Prime Minister of Romania for five terms, and Foreign Minister on several occasions; he was the eldest son of statesman and PNL leader Ion Brătianu, the brother of Vintilă and Dinu Brătianu, and the father of...
, persuading them to grant concessions to the labor movement. In 1920, he was one of Romania's envoys to the Paris Peace Conference
Paris Peace Conference, 1919
The Paris Peace Conference was the meeting of the Allied victors following the end of World War I to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers following the armistices of 1918. It took place in Paris in 1919 and involved diplomats from more than 32 countries and nationalities...
.
Interwar Romania
In late 1918, the Transylvanian and Banat socialists agreed to join the PS as a distinct section. In late 1919, Flueraş, Jumanca, and Ilie Moscovici carried unsuccessful negotiations for a merger between Alexandru AverescuAlexandru Averescu
Alexandru Averescu was a Romanian marshal and populist politician. A Romanian Armed Forces Commander during World War I, he served as Prime Minister of three separate cabinets . He first rose to prominence during the peasant's revolt of 1907, which he helped repress in violence...
's People's League and the Socialist groups; talks were mediated by Constantin Argetoianu
Constantin Argetoianu
Constantin Argetoianu was a Romanian politician, one of the best-known personalities of interwar Greater Romania, who served as the Prime Minister between September 28 and November 23, 1939. His memoirs, Memorii. Pentru cei de mâine. Amintiri din vremea celor de ieri Constantin Argetoianu...
.
Alongside Gheorghe Cristescu
Gheorghe Cristescu
Gheorghe Cristescu was a Romanian socialist and, for a part of his life, communist militant. Nicknamed "Plăpumarul" , he is also occasionally referred to as "Omul cu lavaliera roşie" , after the most notable of his accessories.-Early activism:Born in Copaciu Gheorghe Cristescu (October 10, 1882...
, Alexandru Dobrogeanu-Gherea
Alexandru Dobrogeanu-Gherea
Alexandru Dobrogeanu-Gherea or Alexandru Gherea was a Romanian communist militant and son of socialist, sociologist and literary critic Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea...
and others, Flueraş was a delegate to the Second Congress of the Comintern
Comintern
The Communist International, abbreviated as Comintern, also known as the Third International, was an international communist organization initiated in Moscow during March 1919...
in Moscow
Moscow
Moscow is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, scientific, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the continent...
, where the matter of the PSR's joining of the international body and its support of Bolshevik
Bolshevik
The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists , derived from bol'shinstvo, "majority") were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903....
lines were debated. The Transylvanian delegates and, as a former member of the Directory Council, Flueraş first and foremost, were the target of Nikolai Bukharin
Nikolai Bukharin
Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin , was a Russian Marxist, Bolshevik revolutionary, and Soviet politician. He was a member of the Politburo and Central Committee , chairman of the Communist International , and the editor in chief of Pravda , the journal Bolshevik , Izvestia , and the Great Soviet...
and Christian Rakovsky
Christian Rakovsky
Christian Rakovsky was a Bulgarian socialist revolutionary, a Bolshevik politician and Soviet diplomat; he was also noted as a journalist, physician, and essayist...
's attacks, given that they supported a Greater Romania
Greater Romania
The Greater Romania generally refers to the territory of Romania in the years between the First World War and the Second World War, the largest geographical extent of Romania up to that time and its largest peacetime extent ever ; more precisely, it refers to the territory of the Kingdom of...
in front of Bolshevik principles; upon their return, Flueraş, Leon Ghelerter, Gheorghe Popovici, and others were expelled from the PS (despite Cristescu's reserves) — the remaining group reformed itself as the Romanian Communist Party
Romanian Communist Party
The Romanian Communist Party was a communist political party in Romania. Successor to the Bolshevik wing of the Socialist Party of Romania, it gave ideological endorsement to communist revolution and the disestablishment of Greater Romania. The PCR was a minor and illegal grouping for much of the...
(PCR).
After the reestablishment of the Romanian Social Democratic Party
Romanian Social Democratic Party (defunct)
The Romanian Social Democratic Party was a social-democratic political party in Romania. It published the magazine România Muncitoare, and later Socialismul, Lumea Nouă, and Libertatea.-Early party:...
(PSD) as a socialist group opposed to the PCR, Flueraş served several terms as a party representative to the Chamber of Deputies of Romania
Chamber of Deputies of Romania
The Chamber of Deputies is the lower house in Romania's bicameral parliament. It has 315 seats, to which deputies are elected by direct popular vote on a proportional representation basis to serve four-year terms...
. He settled in Bucharest in 1922, and worked for the Labor Ministry. With Moscovici, Şerban Voinea, and Iacob Pistiner
Iacob Pistiner
Jacob Pistiner was a Romanian politician and lawyer.He was born in Chernivtsi, 1882, then part of Austro-Hungarian Empire, in a Jewish family....
, Flueraş represented the PSD to the 1924 Congress of the Labor and Socialist International
Socialist International
The Socialist International is a worldwide organization of democratic socialist, social democratic and labour political parties. It was formed in 1951.- History :...
in Marseille
Marseille
Marseille , known in antiquity as Massalia , is the second largest city in France, after Paris, with a population of 852,395 within its administrative limits on a land area of . The urban area of Marseille extends beyond the city limits with a population of over 1,420,000 on an area of...
.
When the authoritarian regime
Authoritarianism
Authoritarianism is a form of social organization characterized by submission to authority. It is usually opposed to individualism and democracy...
of King
King of Romania
King of the Romanians , rather than King of Romania , was the official title of the ruler of the Kingdom of Romania from 1881 until 1947, when Romania was proclaimed a republic....
Carol II
Carol II of Romania
Carol II reigned as King of Romania from 8 June 1930 until 6 September 1940. Eldest son of Ferdinand, King of Romania, and his wife, Queen Marie, a daughter of Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, the second eldest son of Queen Victoria...
was imposed in 1938, he supported the change and remained active in the guild
Guild
A guild is an association of craftsmen in a particular trade. The earliest types of guild were formed as confraternities of workers. They were organized in a manner something between a trade union, a cartel, and a secret society...
s established by the new corporatist
Corporatism
Corporatism, also known as corporativism, is a system of economic, political, or social organization that involves association of the people of society into corporate groups, such as agricultural, business, ethnic, labor, military, patronage, or scientific affiliations, on the basis of common...
structure of the National Renaissance Front
National Renaissance Front
The National Renaissance Front was a fascist Romanian political party created by King Carol II in 1938 as the single monopoly party of government following his decision to ban all other political parties and suspend the 1923 Constitution, and the passing of the 1938 Constitution of Romania...
(as a member of the Upper Economic Council and the Senate
Senate of Romania
The Senate of Romania is the upper house in the bicameral Parliament of Romania. It has 137 seats , to which members are elected by direct popular vote, using Mixed member proportional representation in 42 electoral districts , to serve four-year terms.-Former location:After the Romanian...
).
A potential target of Iron Guard
Iron Guard
The Iron Guard is the name most commonly given to a far-right movement and political party in Romania in the period from 1927 into the early part of World War II. The Iron Guard was ultra-nationalist, fascist, anti-communist, and promoted the Orthodox Christian faith...
reprisals during the National Legionary State
National Legionary State
The National Legionary State was the Romanian government from September 6, 1940 to January 23, 1941. It was a single-party regime dictatorship dominated by the overtly fascist Iron Guard in uneasy conjunction with the head of government and Conducător Ion Antonescu, the leader of the Romanian...
, Flueraş survived the Legionnaires' Rebellion
Legionnaires' Rebellion and Bucharest Pogrom
The Legionnaires' rebellion and the Bucharest pogrom occurred in Bucharest, Romania, between 21 and 23 January 1941.As the privileges of the Iron Guard were being cut off by Conducător Ion Antonescu, members of the Iron Guard, also known as the Legionnaires, revolted...
, and, upon the Guard's defeat, sent a congratulatory telegram to Conducător
Conducator
Conducător was the title used officially in two instances by Romanian politicians, and earlier by Carol II.-History:...
Ion Antonescu
Ion Antonescu
Ion Victor Antonescu was a Romanian soldier, authoritarian politician and convicted war criminal. The Prime Minister and Conducător during most of World War II, he presided over two successive wartime dictatorships...
. He retreated from public life for the rest of World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
.
After World War II
In early 1945, after the royal coup that toppled Ion AntonescuIon Antonescu
Ion Victor Antonescu was a Romanian soldier, authoritarian politician and convicted war criminal. The Prime Minister and Conducător during most of World War II, he presided over two successive wartime dictatorships...
's pro-Nazi
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany , also known as the Third Reich , but officially called German Reich from 1933 to 1943 and Greater German Reich from 26 June 1943 onward, is the name commonly used to refer to the state of Germany from 1933 to 1945, when it was a totalitarian dictatorship ruled by...
regime and placed Romania in the Allies
Allies of World War II
The Allies of World War II were the countries that opposed the Axis powers during the Second World War . Former Axis states contributing to the Allied victory are not considered Allied states...
camp, Flueraş and George Grigorovici founded the Socialist Democratic Party, which claimed legitimacy inside the socialist camp and denounced collaboration with the Communists. It was dissolved in September 1946. Flueraş again joined the PSD, remained opposed to the growing Soviet
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
influence which had found its advocates inside the latter political group (the wing led by Lothar Rădăceanu
Lothar Radaceanu
Lothar or Lotar Rădăceanu was a Romanian journalist and linguist, best known as a socialist and communist politician.-Early life and politics:...
and Ştefan Voitec
Stefan Voitec
Ştefan Voitec was a Romanian socialist and communist journalist, politician, and statesman of Communist Romania.-Biography:...
), refused office in the Communist-backed Petru Groza
Petru Groza
Petru Groza was a Romanian politician, best known as the Prime Minister of the first Communist Party-dominated governments under Soviet occupation during the early stages of the Communist regime in Romania....
government, and ultimately rallied with Constantin Titel Petrescu
Constantin Titel Petrescu
Constantin Titel Petrescu was a Romanian politician and lawyer. He was the leader of the Romanian Social Democratic Party.He was born in Craiova, the son of an employee of the National Bank in Bucharest...
's Independent Social Democrats.
He was arrested in late 1948, presented as a dissident PSD member, tried for "having collaborated with a fascist
Fascism
Fascism is a radical authoritarian nationalist political ideology. Fascists seek to rejuvenate their nation based on commitment to the national community as an organic entity, in which individuals are bound together in national identity by suprapersonal connections of ancestry, culture, and blood...
regime", and held in various prisons inside the country, where he was routinely tortured, being ultimately murdered by two fellow inmates, Constantin Juberian and Ștefan Rek in Gherla prison (according to one testimony, he was beaten to death with sandbags). Juberian was sentenced to death and executed in 1954 for the crime, while Rek was sentenced to 12 years in prison.