Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia
Encyclopedia
The Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia or Croatia Slavonia was an autonomous kingdom within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It was part of the Hungarian Kingdom within the dual Austro-Hungarian state, being within the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen
or Transleithania. The kingdom was ruled by the Habsburg King-Emperor of Austria-Hungary
(Kaiser und König), under his title as King of Hungary. The monarch's title was "King of Croatia and Slavonia". The King's appointed steward was the Ban
of Croatia and Slavonia.
The kingdom pressed its claim on the Kingdom of Dalmatia
under the title the Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia, and Dalmatia within the Hungarian part of the monarchy, which was also a historic name for a Croatian Kingdom
. Dalmatia was a Kronland within the imperial Austrian part of Austria-Hungary (also known as Cisleithania
). The claim was, for most of the time, supported by the Hungarian government which backed Croatia-Slavonia in an effort to increase its share of the dual state. The union between the two primarily Croatian lands of Austria-Hungary never took place however. According to the Article 53 of the Croatian–Hungarian Agreement
, that governed Croatia's political status in the Hungarian-ruled part of Austria-Hungary, ban's
official title was "Ban of Kingdom of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia".
The Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia was created in 1868, when the former kingdoms of Croatia
and Slavonia
were joined into one single kingdom. The Croatian parliament, elected in a questionable manner, confirmed the subordination of Croatia-Slavonia to Hungary in 1868 with signing of Hungarian-Croatian union constitution called the Nagodba. This kingdom included parts of present-day Croatia
and Serbia
(eastern part of Syrmia
).
After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 the only remaining open question of the new state was the status of Croatia, which would be solved with the Hungarian-Croatian compromise of 1868 when agreement was reached between the Parliament of Hungary on one hand and the Parliament of Croatia-Slavonia on the other hand, with regard to the composition by a joint enactment of the constitutional questions at issue between them.
With this compromise the parliament of personal union (in which Croatia-Slavonia had only twenty-nine deputies) controlled the military, the financial system, legislation and administration, Sea Law, Commercial Law, the law of Bills of Exchange and Mining Law, and generally matters of commerce, customs, telegraphs, Post Office, railways, harbors, shipping, and those roads and rivers which jointly concern Hungary and Croatia-Slavonia.
Similarly to these affairs, trade matters including hawking, likewise with regard to societies which do not exist for public gain, and also with regard to passports, frontier police, citizenship and naturalization, the legislation was joint, but the executive in respect of these affairs was reserved to Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia.
In the end, fifty-five per cent of the total income of Croatia-Slavonia were assigned to the Joint Treasury.
The Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia held independent elections for Croatian Parliament in 1865, 1867, 1871, 1872, 1878, 1881, 1883
, 1884
, 1887, 1892, 1897
, 1901, 1906, 1908
, 1910
, 1911, 1913
.
The kingdom existed until 1918 when it joined the newly formed State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs
, which together with the Kingdom of Serbia
formed the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The new Serb-Croat-Slovene Kingdom was divided into counties between 1918 and 1922 and into oblasts between 1922 and 1929. With the formation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia
in 1929, most of the territory of the former Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia became a part of the Sava Banate.
s that passed and maintained separate laws. Each region had its own government, headed by its own prime minister. The "common monarchy" consisted of the emperor-king and the common ministers of foreign affairs, defense and finance in Vienna. The Compromise confirmed Croatia-Slavonia's historic, eight-centuries-old relationship with Hungary and perpetuated the division of the Croat lands, for both Dalmatia
and Istria
remained under Austrian administration.
At Franz Joseph's insistence, Hungary and Croatia reached the Compromise (or Nagodba)) in 1868, giving the Croats a special status in Hungary. The agreement granted the Croats autonomy over their internal affairs. The Croatian ban would now be nominated by the Hungarian prime minister and appointed by the king. Areas of "common" concern to Hungarians and Croats included finance, currency matters, commercial policy, the post office, and the railroad. Croatian became the official language of Croatia's government, and Croatian representatives discussing "common" affairs before the Hungarian diet were permitted to speak Croatian. A ministry of Croatian Affairs
was created within the Hungarian government.
Although the Nagodba provided a measure of political autonomy to Croatia-Slavonia, it was subordinated politically and economically to Hungary.
, until 1914 it possessed three departments:
In 1914 a fourth department was added for national economy .
At the head of the Autonomous Government in Croatia-Slavonia stood the Ban, who was responsible to the Croatian-Slavonian-Dalmatian Diet
.
The Ban was appointed by the King, on the proposal and under the counter-signature of the Joint Hungarian minister-president.
List of bans
(viceroys) from 1868 until 1918:
Ivan Mažuranić
, Croatia-Slavonia was divided into eight counties (known as comitatus
):
Lika-Krbava became a county after the incorporation of the Croatian Military Frontier into Croatia-Slavonia in 1881. The counties were subsequently divided into a total of 77 districts, which were then divided into okrugs and municipalities.
According to the Croatian–Hungarian Agreement
in 1868:
included Field Marshal Svetozar Boroević
, commander of the Imperial and Royal Aviation Troops Emil Uzelac
, and commander of the Austro-Hungarian Navy
Maximilian Njegovan
.
was founded in 1874. The Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts and Matica hrvatska
were the main cultural institutions in the kingdom. In 1911 the main cultural institution in the Kingdom of Dalmatia
, Matica dalmatinska, marged with Matica hrvatska. Vijenac
was one of the most important cultural magazines in the kingdom. The building of the Croatian National Theatre in Zagreb was opened in 1895. The Croatian National Theatre in Osijek
was established in 1907. The Sisters of Charity Hospital in Zagreb was the first established in the kingdom.
was built.
-Zagreb
-Sisak
route which began operations in 1862. The Zaprešić
-Varaždin
-Čakovec
line was opened in 1886 and the Vinkovci
-Osijek
line was opened in 1910.
as its president. While Austria-Hungary had competed in the modern Olympics since the inaugural games in 1896, the Austrian Olympic Committee
and Hungarian Olympic Committee
held the exclusive right to send their athletes to the games. The association organized a national football league
in 1912.
, Croatian parliament abolished the Hungarian-Croatian personal union, and both parts of the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia and the Kingdom of Dalmatia
(excluding Zadar
and Lastovo
), became part of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs
, which together with the Kingdom of Serbia
, formed the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later known as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia
). The new Serb-Croat-Slovene Kingdom was divided into counties between 1918 and 1922 and into oblasts between 1922 and 1929. With the formation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia
in 1929, most of the territory of the former Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia became a part of the Sava Banovina
, and most of the former Kingdom of Dalmatia became part of the Littoral Banovina
.
Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen
The historical term Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen was used to denote a group of territories connected to the Kingdom of Hungary within Austria-Hungary...
or Transleithania. The kingdom was ruled by the Habsburg King-Emperor of Austria-Hungary
Emperor of Austria
The Emperor of Austria was a hereditary imperial title and position proclaimed in 1804 by the Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, a member of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, and continually held by him and his heirs until the last emperor relinquished power in 1918. The emperors retained the title of...
(Kaiser und König), under his title as King of Hungary. The monarch's title was "King of Croatia and Slavonia". The King's appointed steward was the Ban
Ban (title)
Ban was a title used in several states in central and south-eastern Europe between the 7th century and the 20th century.-Etymology:The word ban has entered the English language probably as a borrowing from South Slavic ban, meaning "lord, master; ruler". The Slavic word is probably borrowed from...
of Croatia and Slavonia.
The kingdom pressed its claim on the Kingdom of Dalmatia
Kingdom of Dalmatia
The Kingdom of Dalmatia was an administrative division of the Habsburg Monarchy from 1815 to 1918. Its capital was Zadar.-History:...
under the title the Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia, and Dalmatia within the Hungarian part of the monarchy, which was also a historic name for a Croatian Kingdom
Kingdom of Croatia (medieval)
The Kingdom of Croatia , also known as the Kingdom of the Croats , was a medieval kingdom covering most of what is today Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Balkans.Established in 925, it ruled as a sovereign state for almost two centuries...
. Dalmatia was a Kronland within the imperial Austrian part of Austria-Hungary (also known as Cisleithania
Cisleithania
Cisleithania was a name of the Austrian part of Austria-Hungary, the Dual Monarchy created in 1867 and dissolved in 1918. The name was used by politicians and bureaucrats, but it had no official status...
). The claim was, for most of the time, supported by the Hungarian government which backed Croatia-Slavonia in an effort to increase its share of the dual state. The union between the two primarily Croatian lands of Austria-Hungary never took place however. According to the Article 53 of the Croatian–Hungarian Agreement
Croatian–Hungarian Agreement
Croatian–Hungarian Settlement was a pact signed in 1868, that governed Croatia's political status in the Hungarian-ruled part of Austria-Hungary...
, that governed Croatia's political status in the Hungarian-ruled part of Austria-Hungary, ban's
Ban (title)
Ban was a title used in several states in central and south-eastern Europe between the 7th century and the 20th century.-Etymology:The word ban has entered the English language probably as a borrowing from South Slavic ban, meaning "lord, master; ruler". The Slavic word is probably borrowed from...
official title was "Ban of Kingdom of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia".
History
Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)
The Kingdom of Croatia was an administrative division that existed between 1527 and 1868 within the Habsburg Monarchy . The Kingdom was a part of the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen, but was subject to direct Imperial Austrian rule for significant periods of time, including its final years...
and Slavonia
Kingdom of Slavonia
The Kingdom of Slavonia was a province of the Habsburg Monarchy and the Austrian Empire that existed from 1699 to 1868. The province included northern parts of present-day regions of Slavonia and Syrmia...
were joined into one single kingdom. The Croatian parliament, elected in a questionable manner, confirmed the subordination of Croatia-Slavonia to Hungary in 1868 with signing of Hungarian-Croatian union constitution called the Nagodba. This kingdom included parts of present-day Croatia
Croatia
Croatia , officially the Republic of Croatia , is a unitary democratic parliamentary republic in Europe at the crossroads of the Mitteleuropa, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. The country is divided into 20 counties and the city of Zagreb. Croatia covers ...
and Serbia
Serbia
Serbia , officially the Republic of Serbia , is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, covering the southern part of the Carpathian basin and the central part of the Balkans...
(eastern part of Syrmia
Syrmia
Syrmia is a fertile region of the Pannonian Plain in Europe, between the Danube and Sava rivers. It is divided between Serbia in the east and Croatia in the west....
).
After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 the only remaining open question of the new state was the status of Croatia, which would be solved with the Hungarian-Croatian compromise of 1868 when agreement was reached between the Parliament of Hungary on one hand and the Parliament of Croatia-Slavonia on the other hand, with regard to the composition by a joint enactment of the constitutional questions at issue between them.
With this compromise the parliament of personal union (in which Croatia-Slavonia had only twenty-nine deputies) controlled the military, the financial system, legislation and administration, Sea Law, Commercial Law, the law of Bills of Exchange and Mining Law, and generally matters of commerce, customs, telegraphs, Post Office, railways, harbors, shipping, and those roads and rivers which jointly concern Hungary and Croatia-Slavonia.
Similarly to these affairs, trade matters including hawking, likewise with regard to societies which do not exist for public gain, and also with regard to passports, frontier police, citizenship and naturalization, the legislation was joint, but the executive in respect of these affairs was reserved to Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia.
In the end, fifty-five per cent of the total income of Croatia-Slavonia were assigned to the Joint Treasury.
The Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia held independent elections for Croatian Parliament in 1865, 1867, 1871, 1872, 1878, 1881, 1883
Croatian parliamentary by-election, 1883
Croatian parliamentary by-election for the Croatian Military Frontier districts which had been incorporated into the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia in 1881 were held over three days between 19 and 21 April 1883.-Results:-Representatives:-References:*...
, 1884
Croatian parliamentary election, 1884
Croatian parliamentary elections were held on September 16-19, 1884. The People's Party emerged as the victor.According to the 1881 electoral law, the franchise was limited to males over 24 years of age who paid at least 15 F in taxes.-Results:...
, 1887, 1892, 1897
Croatian parliamentary election, 1897
Croatian parliamentary elections were held from the 19th to the 22nd of May 1897. The People's Party emerged as the victor.-Results:- Sources :*Ivo Perić: Hrvatski državni sabor: 1848-2000, GIPA, Zagreb 2002....
, 1901, 1906, 1908
Croatian parliamentary election, 1908
Croatian parliamentary elections were held on February 27 and 28, 1908. The elections were called early under ban Pavao Rauch.-Results:...
, 1910
Croatian parliamentary election, 1910
Croatian parliamentary elections were held on October 28, 1910. The elections were called by ban Nikola Tomašić after the adoption of a new Law of the Electoral Order of the Kingdom of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia.-Results:-References:...
, 1911, 1913
Croatian parliamentary election, 1913
Croatian parliamentary elections were held on 16th and 17 December 1913. There were 209,618 eligible male voters. According to the census of December 31, 1910, the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia had a population of 2,621,954....
.
The kingdom existed until 1918 when it joined the newly formed State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs
State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs
The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs was a short-lived state formed from the southernmost parts of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy after its dissolution at the end of the World War I by the resident population of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs...
, which together with the Kingdom of Serbia
Kingdom of Serbia
The Kingdom of Serbia was created when Prince Milan Obrenović, ruler of the Principality of Serbia, was crowned King in 1882. The Principality of Serbia was ruled by the Karađorđevic dynasty from 1817 onwards . The Principality, suzerain to the Porte, had expelled all Ottoman troops by 1867, de...
formed the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The new Serb-Croat-Slovene Kingdom was divided into counties between 1918 and 1922 and into oblasts between 1922 and 1929. With the formation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was a state stretching from the Western Balkans to Central Europe which existed during the often-tumultuous interwar era of 1918–1941...
in 1929, most of the territory of the former Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia became a part of the Sava Banate.
Government and politics
Political status
The Austro-Hungarian Compromise (Ausgleich) of 1867 created the Dual Monarchy. Under the Compromise, Austria and Hungary each had separate parliamentParliament
A parliament is a legislature, especially in those countries whose system of government is based on the Westminster system modeled after that of the United Kingdom. The name is derived from the French , the action of parler : a parlement is a discussion. The term came to mean a meeting at which...
s that passed and maintained separate laws. Each region had its own government, headed by its own prime minister. The "common monarchy" consisted of the emperor-king and the common ministers of foreign affairs, defense and finance in Vienna. The Compromise confirmed Croatia-Slavonia's historic, eight-centuries-old relationship with Hungary and perpetuated the division of the Croat lands, for both Dalmatia
Dalmatia
Dalmatia is a historical region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea. It stretches from the island of Rab in the northwest to the Bay of Kotor in the southeast. The hinterland, the Dalmatian Zagora, ranges from fifty kilometers in width in the north to just a few kilometers in the south....
and Istria
Istria
Istria , formerly Histria , is the largest peninsula in the Adriatic Sea. The peninsula is located at the head of the Adriatic between the Gulf of Trieste and the Bay of Kvarner...
remained under Austrian administration.
At Franz Joseph's insistence, Hungary and Croatia reached the Compromise (or Nagodba)) in 1868, giving the Croats a special status in Hungary. The agreement granted the Croats autonomy over their internal affairs. The Croatian ban would now be nominated by the Hungarian prime minister and appointed by the king. Areas of "common" concern to Hungarians and Croats included finance, currency matters, commercial policy, the post office, and the railroad. Croatian became the official language of Croatia's government, and Croatian representatives discussing "common" affairs before the Hungarian diet were permitted to speak Croatian. A ministry of Croatian Affairs
Minister of Croatian Affairs of Hungary
The Minister of Croatian Affairs of Hungary was a member of the Hungarian cabinet.Croatia was part of Hungary since 1102. After the Croatian–Hungarian Agreement in 1868 this position was created. The minister was appointed by the Parliament of Croatia, the Sabor. The officeholder kept a connection...
was created within the Hungarian government.
Although the Nagodba provided a measure of political autonomy to Croatia-Slavonia, it was subordinated politically and economically to Hungary.
Autonomous Government
The Autonomous Government or Land Government , established in 1868 with seat in ZagrebZagreb
Zagreb is the capital and the largest city of the Republic of Croatia. It is in the northwest of the country, along the Sava river, at the southern slopes of the Medvednica mountain. Zagreb lies at an elevation of approximately above sea level. According to the last official census, Zagreb's city...
, until 1914 it possessed three departments:
- Department for internal affairs ;
- Department for religion and education ;
- Department for justice .
In 1914 a fourth department was added for national economy .
At the head of the Autonomous Government in Croatia-Slavonia stood the Ban, who was responsible to the Croatian-Slavonian-Dalmatian Diet
Parliament of Croatia
The Parliament of Croatia or the Sabor is the unicameral representative body of the citizens of the Republic of Croatia and legislature of the country. Under the terms of the Croatian Constitution, represents the people and is vested with the legislative power...
.
Ban (viceroy)
List of bans
Ban (title)
Ban was a title used in several states in central and south-eastern Europe between the 7th century and the 20th century.-Etymology:The word ban has entered the English language probably as a borrowing from South Slavic ban, meaning "lord, master; ruler". The Slavic word is probably borrowed from...
(viceroys) from 1868 until 1918:
- Baron Levin RauchLevin RauchBaron Levin Rauch de Nyék was a politician from the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia in the late 19th century, the viceroy of Croatia-Slavonia from 1867 to 1871....
de Nyék 1868 - 1871 - Koloman BedekovićKoloman BedekovićKoloman Bedeković was a Croatian politician, who served as Minister without portfolio of Croatian Affairs twice: between 1868–1871 and between 1876–1889. He had significant role in the creation of Croatian-Hungarian Agreement...
1871 - 1872 - Ivan MažuranićIvan MažuranicIvan Mažuranić was a Croatian poet, linguist and politician—probably the most important figure in Croatia's cultural life in the mid-19th century...
1873 - 1880 - Ladislav PejačevićLadislav PejačevićCount Ladislav Pejačević of Virovitica ; Sopron, April 5, 1824 – Našice, April 7, 1901) was a Croatian aristocrat, politician and statesman, a member of the Pejačević noble family, remarkable and influential in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia within the Austro-Hungarian Empire...
1880 - 1883 - Dragutin Khuen-HéderváryKároly Khuen-HéderváryDragutin Károly Khuen-Héderváry, also known as Károly Count Khuen-Héderváry de Hédervár , was a Hungarian politician, the ban of Croatia in the late nineteenth century. He succeeded the temporary reign of Ban Hermann Ramberg in 1883. Khuen's reign was marked by a strong magyarization...
1883 - 1903 - Teodor PejačevićTeodor PejačevićCount Teodor Pejačević of Virovitica was a Croatian politician who served as Ban of Croatia-Slavonia between 1903 and 1907....
1903 - 1907 - Aleksandar RakodczayAleksandar RakodczayAleksandar Rakodczay was a Croatian politician who served as Ban of Croatia-Slavonia between 1907 and 1908....
1907 - 1908 - Pavao RauchPavao RauchBaron Pavao Rauch was a Croatian politician who served as Ban of Croatia-Slavonia between 1908 and 1910.His was the son of Levin Rauch. Pavao Rauch was appointed as vice-roy on 8 January 1908. Ten thousand protesters met Rauch upon his arrival in Zagreb on 15 January, hurling abuse and throwing...
1908 - 1910 - Nikola TomašićNikola TomašićNikola Tomašić was a Croatian politician, who served as ban of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia. In 1903 he served as Minister without portfolio of Croatian Affairs.-References:*...
1910 - 1912 - Slavko CuvajSlavko CuvajBaron Slavko Cuvaj de Ivanska was a Croatian politician who used to be the ban of Croatia-Slavonia and royal commissioner for Austria-Hungary....
1912 - 1913 - Ivan SkerleczIván SkerleczIván Skerlecz de Lomnicza was the last Hungarian to be ban of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia.Skerlecz was born in Oroszló, Baranya County, Hungary in 1873...
de Lomnica 1913 - 1917 - Antun MihalovićAntun MihalovićAntun Mihalović was a politician from Croatia. He served as ban of Croatia from 29 June 1917 until 20 January 1919. He was a member of a noble family Mihalović, which oldest known member came from Macedonia to Croatia in 1733.-External links:* at Rulers.org...
1917 - 1918
Law
The supreme court of kingdom was the Stol sedmorice (Table of Seven), while the second-level court was the Banski stol (Ban's Table) headed by the ban.Counties
In November 1874, under Croatian banBan (title)
Ban was a title used in several states in central and south-eastern Europe between the 7th century and the 20th century.-Etymology:The word ban has entered the English language probably as a borrowing from South Slavic ban, meaning "lord, master; ruler". The Slavic word is probably borrowed from...
Ivan Mažuranić
Ivan Mažuranic
Ivan Mažuranić was a Croatian poet, linguist and politician—probably the most important figure in Croatia's cultural life in the mid-19th century...
, Croatia-Slavonia was divided into eight counties (known as comitatus
Comitatus (Kingdom of Hungary)
A county is the name of a type of administrative units in the Kingdom of Hungary and in Hungary from the 10th century until the present day....
):
- Modruš-Rijeka County
- Zagreb County
- Varaždin County
- Bjelovar-Križevci County
- Virovitica County
- Požega County
- Srijem County
- Lika-Krbava County
Lika-Krbava became a county after the incorporation of the Croatian Military Frontier into Croatia-Slavonia in 1881. The counties were subsequently divided into a total of 77 districts, which were then divided into okrugs and municipalities.
Symbols
Croatian–Hungarian Agreement
Croatian–Hungarian Settlement was a pact signed in 1868, that governed Croatia's political status in the Hungarian-ruled part of Austria-Hungary...
in 1868:
Nationality
In the 1910 census, the total population numbered 2,621,954, of the following nationalities:- CroatsCroatsCroats are a South Slavic ethnic group mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries. There are around 4 million Croats living inside Croatia and up to 4.5 million throughout the rest of the world. Responding to political, social and economic pressure, many Croats have...
: 1,638,354 (62.5%) - SerbsSerbsThe Serbs are a South Slavic ethnic group of the Balkans and southern Central Europe. Serbs are located mainly in Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and form a sizable minority in Croatia, the Republic of Macedonia and Slovenia. Likewise, Serbs are an officially recognized minority in...
: 644,955 (24.6%) - GermansGermansThe Germans are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe. The English term Germans has referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages....
: 134,078 (5%) - Hungarians: 105,948 (4.1%)
- Others: 98,619 (3.8%)
Religion
Data taken from the 1910 census.- Roman Catholic: 1,877,833
- Serbian Orthodox: 653,184
- Protestant: 51,707
- Uniate: 17,592
Literacy
In the 1910 census, the illiteracy rates were as follows:- Males: 38.2%
- Females: 53.7%
- Total: 46.2%
Military
The Croatian Home Guard was the military of the Kingdom. Notable Croatians in the Austro-Hungarian ArmyAustro-Hungarian Army
The Austro-Hungarian Army was the ground force of the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy from 1867 to 1918. It was composed of three parts: the joint army , the Austrian Landwehr , and the Hungarian Honvédség .In the wake of fighting between the...
included Field Marshal Svetozar Boroević
Svetozar Boroevic
Svetozar Boroević von Bojna was an Austro-Hungarian field marshal who was described as one of the finest defensive strategists of the First World War....
, commander of the Imperial and Royal Aviation Troops Emil Uzelac
Emil Uzelac
Milan Emil Uzelac was a Croatian soldier and military commander who was a leading figure in the air forces of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the Independent State of Croatia.-Life:...
, and commander of the Austro-Hungarian Navy
Austro-Hungarian Navy
The Austro-Hungarian Navy was the naval force of Austria-Hungary. Its official name in German was Kaiserliche und Königliche Kriegsmarine , abbreviated as k.u.k. Kriegsmarine....
Maximilian Njegovan
Maximilian Njegovan
Maksimilijan Njegovan was a Croatian admiral in the Austro-Hungarian Navy. He was the Navy's senior administrator as well as its fleet commander in 1917-18.-Background:Njegovan was born in 1858 in Agram...
.
Culture
The modern University of ZagrebUniversity of Zagreb
The University of Zagreb is the biggest Croatian university and the oldest continuously operating university in the area covering Central Europe south of Vienna and all of Southeastern Europe...
was founded in 1874. The Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts and Matica hrvatska
Matica hrvatska
Matica hrvatska is one of the oldest Croatian cultural institutions, dating back to 1842. The name is somewhat idiosyncratic, best translated as "The Croatian Centre" . It is the largest publisher of Croatian language books...
were the main cultural institutions in the kingdom. In 1911 the main cultural institution in the Kingdom of Dalmatia
Kingdom of Dalmatia
The Kingdom of Dalmatia was an administrative division of the Habsburg Monarchy from 1815 to 1918. Its capital was Zadar.-History:...
, Matica dalmatinska, marged with Matica hrvatska. Vijenac
Vijenac
Vijenac is a biweekly magazine for literature, art and science, established in December 1993 and published by Matica hrvatska, the central national cultural institution in Croatia.-Historical background:...
was one of the most important cultural magazines in the kingdom. The building of the Croatian National Theatre in Zagreb was opened in 1895. The Croatian National Theatre in Osijek
Croatian National Theatre in Osijek
The Croatian National Theatre is a theatre building in Osijek, capital of the Croatian region of Slavonia....
was established in 1907. The Sisters of Charity Hospital in Zagreb was the first established in the kingdom.
Catholic Church
Roughly 75% of the population were Roman Catholic, with the remaining 25% Serbian Orthodox. The Catholic Church had the following hierarchy within the kingdom:| Dioceses | Croatian name | Est. | Cathedral |
|---|---|---|---|
| Archdiocese of Zagreb Archdiocese of Zagreb The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Zagreb is the central archdiocese of the Catholic Church in Croatia, centered in the capital city Zagreb. It is the metropolitan see of Croatia, and the present archbishop is Josip Bozanić.... |
Zagrebačka nadbiskupija | 1093 | Zagreb Cathedral Zagreb cathedral Zagreb Cathedral on Kaptol is the most famous building in Zagreb, and the tallest building in Croatia. It is dedicated to the Holy Virgin's Ascension and to St. Stephen and St. Ladislaus. The cathedral is typically Gothic, as is its sacristy, which is of great architectonic value... |
| Eparchy of Križevci Eparchy of Križevci The Eparchy of Križevci, sometimes referred to as the Croatian Greek Catholic Church or the Croatian Byzantine Catholic Church, is a recognized sui iuris Catholic Church listed in the Annuario Pontificio among the Eastern Catholic Churches of Constantinopolitan or Byzantine tradition as the Church... (Greek-Catholic) |
Križevačka biskupija | 1777 | |
| Diocese of Srijem Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Djakovo-Osijek The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Đakovo-Osijek ; is an archdiocese of the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church in Croatia.The archdiocese is centred on the cities of Đakovo and Osijek, in Croatia.... |
Srijemska biskupija | 4th century | Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul in Đakovo The Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul , the co-cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Đakovo-Osijek, is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Đakovo, Croatia. It is sometimes referred only as the Cathedral of St. Peter.... |
| Diocese of Senj-Modruš Roman Catholic Diocese of Senj-Modruš The diocese of Senj-Modruš was located in the historical Kingdom of Croatia, while it was in personal union with Kingdom of Hungary, and it was suffragan of Zagreb.... |
Senjsko-modruška biskupija | 1168 | |
Judaism
In 1890, there were 17,261 Jews living in the kingdom. In 1867 the Zagreb SynagogueZagreb synagogue
The Zagreb Synagogue was the main place of worship for the Jewish community of Zagreb in modern-day Croatia, from its construction in 1867 in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia within the Austrian Empire, until its demolition by the fascist authorities in 1941 in the Axis-aligned Independent State of...
was built.
Transportation
The first railway line opened in the kingdom was the Zidani MostZidani Most
Zidani Most is a settlement in the Municipality of Laško in eastern Slovenia. It lies at the confluence of the Sava and Savinja rivers. The area was traditionally part of the Lower Styria region. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Savinja statistical region. It is an...
-Zagreb
Zagreb
Zagreb is the capital and the largest city of the Republic of Croatia. It is in the northwest of the country, along the Sava river, at the southern slopes of the Medvednica mountain. Zagreb lies at an elevation of approximately above sea level. According to the last official census, Zagreb's city...
-Sisak
Sisak
Sisak is a city in central Croatia. The city's population in 2011 was 33,049, with a total of 49,699 in the administrative region and it is also the administrative centre of the Sisak-Moslavina county...
route which began operations in 1862. The Zaprešić
Zaprešic
Zaprešić is a city in Zagreb County in Croatia. Its population is 25.875 inhabitants for the city proper, and over 51,000 for its seven-municipality metropolitan area. Zaprešić is the third-largest, and most densely populated division of the county. It is located northwest of the Croatian capital...
-Varaždin
Varaždin
Varaždin is a city in north Croatia, north of Zagreb on the highway A4. The total population is 47,055, with 38,746 on of the city settlement itself . The centre of Varaždin county is located near the Drava river, at...
-Čakovec
Cakovec
Čakovec is a city in northern Croatia, located around 90 kilometres north of Zagreb, the Croatian capital. Čakovec is both the county seat and largest city of Međimurje County, the northernmost, smallest and most densely populated Croatian county.-Population:...
line was opened in 1886 and the Vinkovci
Vinkovci
Vinkovci is a city in Croatia, in the Vukovar-Syrmia County. In the 2011 census, the total population of the city was 35,375, making it the largest town of the county...
-Osijek
Osijek
Osijek is the fourth largest city in Croatia with a population of 83,496 in 2011. It is the largest city and the economic and cultural centre of the eastern Croatian region of Slavonia, as well as the administrative centre of Osijek-Baranja county...
line was opened in 1910.
Sports
The Croatian Sports Association was formed in 1909 with Franjo BučarFranjo Bucar
Franjo Bučar was a Croatian writer and sports popularizer of Slovenian origin. He is considered to be the father of Croatian sport and olympism....
as its president. While Austria-Hungary had competed in the modern Olympics since the inaugural games in 1896, the Austrian Olympic Committee
Austrian Olympic Committee
The Austrian Olympic Committee The Austrian Olympic Committee The Austrian Olympic Committee (Österreichisches Olympisches Comité (ÖOC in ) is the non-profit organization representing Austrian athletes in the International Olympic Committee (IOC). It was formally recognized by the IOC in 1912...
and Hungarian Olympic Committee
Hungarian Olympic Committee
Hungarian Olympic Committee is the National Olympic Committee representing Hungary.György Szepesi was a Hungarian Olympic Committee member from 1962 into the year 2000....
held the exclusive right to send their athletes to the games. The association organized a national football league
Croatian First League 1912
The 1912 Croatian First League season was the first to be organized by the Croatian Football Federation. Despite the championship being abandoned before its completion, HAŠK Zagreb was declared the champion.-League:-External links:*...
in 1912.
Legacy
In 1918, during last days of World War IWorld War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
, Croatian parliament abolished the Hungarian-Croatian personal union, and both parts of the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia and the Kingdom of Dalmatia
Kingdom of Dalmatia
The Kingdom of Dalmatia was an administrative division of the Habsburg Monarchy from 1815 to 1918. Its capital was Zadar.-History:...
(excluding Zadar
Zadar
Zadar is a city in Croatia on the Adriatic Sea. It is the centre of Zadar county and the wider northern Dalmatian region. Population of the city is 75,082 citizens...
and Lastovo
Lastovo
Lastovo is an island municipality in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County in Croatia. The municipality consists of 46 islands with a total population of 792 people, of which 93% are ethnic Croats, and a land area of approximately . The biggest island in the municipality is also named Lastovo, as is the...
), became part of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs
State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs
The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs was a short-lived state formed from the southernmost parts of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy after its dissolution at the end of the World War I by the resident population of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs...
, which together with the Kingdom of Serbia
Kingdom of Serbia
The Kingdom of Serbia was created when Prince Milan Obrenović, ruler of the Principality of Serbia, was crowned King in 1882. The Principality of Serbia was ruled by the Karađorđevic dynasty from 1817 onwards . The Principality, suzerain to the Porte, had expelled all Ottoman troops by 1867, de...
, formed the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later known as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was a state stretching from the Western Balkans to Central Europe which existed during the often-tumultuous interwar era of 1918–1941...
). The new Serb-Croat-Slovene Kingdom was divided into counties between 1918 and 1922 and into oblasts between 1922 and 1929. With the formation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was a state stretching from the Western Balkans to Central Europe which existed during the often-tumultuous interwar era of 1918–1941...
in 1929, most of the territory of the former Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia became a part of the Sava Banovina
Sava Banovina
The Sava Banovina or Sava Banate was a province of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia between 1929 and 1939. This province consisted of much of present-day Croatia and was named for the Sava River...
, and most of the former Kingdom of Dalmatia became part of the Littoral Banovina
Littoral Banovina
The Littoral Banovina or Littoral Banate was a province of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia between 1929 and 1939. This province consisted of much of the historical region of Dalmatia, now in Croatia, and parts of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina and was named for its coastal location...
.
External links
- Codex diplomaticus Regni Croatiae, Slavoniae et Dalmatiae, Internet Archive - digital library
- Euratlas Maps
- Erdélyi Magyar Adatbank Map
- Map
- Ethnic map
