The following is a list of the "A" codes for MeSH

Mesh

Mesh consists of semi-permeable barrier made of connected strands of metal, fiber, or other flexible/ductile material. Mesh is similar to web or net in that it has many attached or woven strands.-Types of mesh:...

. It is a product of the United States National Library of Medicine

United States National Library of Medicine

The United States National Library of Medicine , operated by the United States federal government, is the world's largest medical library. Located in Bethesda, Maryland, the NLM is a division of the National Institutes of Health...

.

Source for content is here. (File "2006 MeSH Trees".)

--- brain

Brain

The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals—only a few primitive invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, sea squirts and starfishes do not have one. It is located in the head, usually close to primary sensory apparatus such as vision, hearing,...

--- blood-brain barrier

Blood-brain barrier

The blood–brain barrier is a separation of circulating blood and the brain extracellular fluid in the central nervous system . It occurs along all capillaries and consists of tight junctions around the capillaries that do not exist in normal circulation. Endothelial cells restrict the diffusion...

 --- brain stem

Brain stem

In vertebrate anatomy the brainstem is the posterior part of the brain, adjoining and structurally continuous with the spinal cord. The brain stem provides the main motor and sensory innervation to the face and neck via the cranial nerves...

 --- mesencephalon

Mesencephalon

The midbrain or mesencephalon is a portion of the central nervous system associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal , and temperature regulation....

 --- corpora quadrigemina

Corpora quadrigemina

In the brain, the corpora quadrigemina are the four colliculi—two inferior, two superior—located on the tectum of the dorsal aspect of the midbrain.They are respectively named the inferior and superior colliculus....

 --- inferior colliculus

Inferior colliculus

The inferior colliculus is the principal midbrain nucleus of the auditory pathway and receives input from several more peripheral brainstem nuclei in the auditory pathway, as well as inputs from the auditory cortex...

 --- superior colliculus

Superior colliculus

The optic tectum or simply tectum is a paired structure that forms a major component of the vertebrate midbrain. In mammals this structure is more commonly called the superior colliculus , but, even in mammals, the adjective tectal is commonly used. The tectum is a layered structure, with a...

 --- locus coeruleus --- raphe nuclei

Raphe nuclei

The raphe nuclei are a moderate-size cluster of nuclei found in the brain stem. Their main function is to release serotonin to the rest of the brain...

 --- substantia nigra

Substantia nigra

The substantia nigra is a brain structure located in the mesencephalon that plays an important role in reward, addiction, and movement. Substantia nigra is Latin for "black substance", as parts of the substantia nigra appear darker than neighboring areas due to high levels of melanin in...

 --- tegmentum mesencephali --- cerebral aqueduct

Cerebral aqueduct

The mesencephalic duct, also known as the aqueductus mesencephali, aqueduct of Sylvius or the cerebral aqueduct, contains cerebrospinal fluid , is within the mesencephalon and connects the third ventricle in the diencephalon to the fourth ventricle in the mesencephalon, which is between the pons...

 --- pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus --- periaqueductal gray

Periaqueductal gray

Periaqueductal gray is the gray matter located around the cerebral aqueduct within the tegmentum of the midbrain. It plays a role in the descending modulation of pain and in defensive behaviour...

 --- red nucleus

Red nucleus

The red nucleus is a structure in the rostral midbrain involved in motor coordination. It comprises a caudal magnocellular and a rostral parvocellular part.-Function:...

 --- ventral tegmental area --- reticular formation

Reticular formation

The reticular formation is a part of the brain that is involved in actions such as awaking/sleeping cycle, and filtering incoming stimuli to discriminate irrelevant background stimuli...

 --- respiratory center

Respiratory center

The respiratory center is located in the medulla oblongata, which is the lowermost part of the brain stem. The RC receives controlling signals of neural, chemical and hormonal nature and controls the rate and depth of respiratory movements of the diaphragm and other respiratory muscles...

 --- rhombencephalon

Rhombencephalon

The rhombencephalon is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates.The rhombencephalon can be subdivided in a variable number of transversal swellings called rhombomeres...

 --- medulla oblongata

Medulla oblongata

The medulla oblongata is the lower half of the brainstem. In discussions of neurology and similar contexts where no ambiguity will result, it is often referred to as simply the medulla...

 --- area postrema

Area postrema

The area postrema is a medullary structure in the brain that controls vomiting. Its privileged location in the brain also allows the area postrema to play a vital role in the control of autonomic functions by the central nervous system.-Anatomy:...

 --- olivary nucleus --- solitary nucleus

Solitary nucleus

The solitary tract and nucleus are structures in the brainstem that carry and receive visceral sensation and taste from the facial , glossopharyngeal and vagus cranial nerves.-Anatomy:...

 --- metencephalon

Metencephalon

The metencephalon is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system. The metencephalon is composed of the pons and the cerebellum; contains a portion of the fourth ventricle; and the trigeminal nerve , abducens nerve , facial nerve , and a portion of the vestibulocochlear...

 --- cerebellum

Cerebellum

The cerebellum is a region of the brain that plays an important role in motor control. It may also be involved in some cognitive functions such as attention and language, and in regulating fear and pleasure responses, but its movement-related functions are the most solidly established...

 --- cerebellar cortex --- purkinje cells --- cerebellar nuclei --- cerebellopontine angle

Cerebellopontine angle

The cerebellopontine angle is a structure at the margin of the cerebellum and pons.Breast cancer can metastasize to the cerebellopontine angle.It can be a site for lipoma.It is where acoustic neuromas are usually found.-External links:...

 --- pons

Pons

The pons is a structure located on the brain stem, named after the Latin word for "bridge" or the 16th-century Italian anatomist and surgeon Costanzo Varolio . It is superior to the medulla oblongata, inferior to the midbrain, and ventral to the cerebellum. In humans and other bipeds this means it...

 --- cochlear nucleus --- locus coeruleus --- vestibular nuclei

Vestibular nuclei

The vestibular nuclei are the cranial nuclei for the vestibular nerve.In Terminologia Anatomica they are grouped in both the pons and medulla.-Subnuclei:There are 4 subnuclei; they are situated at the floor of the fourth ventricle....

 --- vestibular nucleus, lateral --- raphe nuclei

Raphe nuclei

The raphe nuclei are a moderate-size cluster of nuclei found in the brain stem. Their main function is to release serotonin to the rest of the brain...

 --- trigeminal nuclei --- trigeminal nucleus, spinal --- trigeminal caudal nucleus --- cerebellum

Cerebellum

The cerebellum is a region of the brain that plays an important role in motor control. It may also be involved in some cognitive functions such as attention and language, and in regulating fear and pleasure responses, but its movement-related functions are the most solidly established...

 --- cerebral ventricles --- cerebral aqueduct

Cerebral aqueduct

The mesencephalic duct, also known as the aqueductus mesencephali, aqueduct of Sylvius or the cerebral aqueduct, contains cerebrospinal fluid , is within the mesencephalon and connects the third ventricle in the diencephalon to the fourth ventricle in the mesencephalon, which is between the pons...

 --- choroid plexus

Choroid plexus

The choroid plexus is a structure in the ventricles of the brain where cerebrospinal fluid is produced...

 --- ependyma

Ependyma

Ependyma is the thin epithelial membrane lining the ventricular system of the brain and the spinal cord. Ependyma is one of the four types of neuroglia in the central nervous system. It is involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid ....

 --- fourth ventricle

Fourth ventricle

The fourth ventricle is one of the four connected fluid-filled cavities within the human brain. These cavities, known collectively as the ventricular system, consist of the left and right lateral ventricles, the third ventricle, and the fourth ventricle...

 --- lateral ventricles

Lateral ventricles

The lateral ventricles are part of the ventricular system of the brain. Classified as part of the telencephalon, they are the largest of the ventricles....

 --- septum pellucidum

Septum pellucidum

The septum pellucidum , and not to be confused with the medial septum, is a thin, triangular, vertical membrane separating the anterior horns of the left and right lateral ventricles of the brain...

 --- third ventricle

Third ventricle

The third ventricle is one of four connected fluid-filled cavities comprising the ventricular system within the human brain. It is a median cleft between the two thalami, and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid ....

 --- limbic system

Limbic system

The limbic system is a set of brain structures including the hippocampus, amygdala, anterior thalamic nuclei, septum, limbic cortex and fornix, which seemingly support a variety of functions including emotion, behavior, long term memory, and olfaction. The term "limbic" comes from the Latin...

 --- amygdala

Amygdala

The ' are almond-shaped groups of nuclei located deep within the medial temporal lobes of the brain in complex vertebrates, including humans. Shown in research to perform a primary role in the processing and memory of emotional reactions, the amygdalae are considered part of the limbic system.-...

 --- epithalamus

Epithalamus

The epithalamus is a dorsal posterior segment of the diencephalon which includes the habenula, the stria medullaris and the pineal body...

 --- habenula

Habenula

In neuroanatomy, habenula originally denoted the stalk of the pineal gland , but gradually came to refer to a neighboring group of nerve cells with which the pineal gland was believed to be associated, the habenular nucleus...

 --- fornix (brain) --- gyrus cinguli --- hippocampus

Hippocampus

The hippocampus is a major component of the brains of humans and other vertebrates. It belongs to the limbic system and plays important roles in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory and spatial navigation. Humans and other mammals have two hippocampi, one in...

 --- dentate gyrus

Dentate gyrus

The dentate gyrus is part of the hippocampal formation. It is thought to contribute to new memories as well as other functional roles. It is notable as being one of a select few brain structures currently known to have high rates of neurogenesis in adult rats, .The dentate gyrus cells receive...

 --- mossy fibers, hippocampal --- pyramidal cells --- hypothalamus

Hypothalamus

The Hypothalamus is a portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions...

 --- olfactory pathways --- islands of calleja

Islands of Calleja

The islands of Calleja are a group of neural granule cells located within the ventral striatum in the brains of most animals. This region of the brain is part of the limbic system, where it aids in the reinforcing effects of reward-like activities...

 --- olfactory bulb

Olfactory bulb

The olfactory bulb is a structure of the vertebrate forebrain involved in olfaction, the perception of odors.-Anatomy:In most vertebrates, the olfactory bulb is the most rostral part of the brain. In humans, however, the olfactory bulb is on the inferior side of the brain...

 --- parahippocampal gyrus

Parahippocampal gyrus

The parahippocampal gyrus is a grey matter cortical region of the brain that surrounds the hippocampus. This region plays an important role in memory encoding and retrieval....

 --- entorhinal cortex

Entorhinal cortex

The entorhinal cortex is located in the medial temporal lobe and functions as a hub in a widespread network for memory and navigation. The EC is the main interface between the hippocampus and neocortex...

 --- septum of brain --- septal nuclei

Septal nuclei

The septal area are structures that lie below the rostrum of corpus callosum in front of lamina terminalis , composed of medium-size neurons grouped into medial, lateral, and posterior groups...

 --- substantia innominata

Substantia innominata

The substantia innominata of Meynert is a stratum in the human brain consisting partly of gray and partly of white substance, which lies below the anterior part of the thalamus and lentiform nucleus...

 --- prosencephalon

Prosencephalon

In the anatomy of the brain of vertebrates, the prosencephalon is the rostral-most portion of the brain. The prosencephalon, the mesencephalon , and rhombencephalon are the three primary portions of the brain during early development of the central nervous system...

 --- diencephalon

Diencephalon

The diencephalon is the region of the vertebrate neural tube which gives rise to posterior forebrain structures. In development, the forebrain develops from the prosencephalon, the most anterior vesicle of the neural tube which later forms both the diencephalon and the...

 --- epithalamus

Epithalamus

The epithalamus is a dorsal posterior segment of the diencephalon which includes the habenula, the stria medullaris and the pineal body...

 --- habenula

Habenula

In neuroanatomy, habenula originally denoted the stalk of the pineal gland , but gradually came to refer to a neighboring group of nerve cells with which the pineal gland was believed to be associated, the habenular nucleus...

 --- pineal gland

Pineal gland

The pineal gland is a small endocrine gland in the vertebrate brain. It produces the serotonin derivative melatonin, a hormone that affects the modulation of wake/sleep patterns and seasonal functions...

 --- hypothalamus

Hypothalamus

The Hypothalamus is a portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions...

 --- hypothalamic area, lateral --- hypothalamus, anterior --- anterior hypothalamic nucleus

Anterior hypothalamic nucleus

The anterior hypothalamic nucleus is a nucleus of the hypothalamus.Its function is thermoregulation of the body.The anterior hypothalamus plays a role in regulating sleep....

 --- paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus --- preoptic area

Preoptic area

The preoptic area is a region of the hypothalamus. According to the MeSH classification, it is considered part of the anterior hypothalamus. There are four nuclei in this region, according to Terminologia Anatomica .-Functions:The preoptic area is responsible for thermoregulation and receives...

 --- suprachiasmatic nucleus

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

The suprachiasmatic nucleus or nuclei, abbreviated SCN, is a tiny region on the brain's midline, situated directly above the optic chiasm. It is responsible for controlling circadian rhythms...

 --- supraoptic nucleus

Supraoptic nucleus

The supraoptic nucleus is a nucleus of magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus of the mammalian brain. The nucleus is situated at the base of the brain, adjacent to the optic chiasm...

 --- hypothalamus, middle --- arcuate nucleus

Arcuate nucleus

The arcuate nucleus is an aggregation of neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus, adjacent to the third ventricle and the median eminence...

 --- dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus

Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus

The Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus is a nucleus of the hypothalamus. It is involved in feeding, drinking, and body weight regulation....

 --- hypothalamo-hypophyseal system --- median eminence

Median eminence

The median eminence is part of the inferior boundary for the hypothalamus part of the human brain. A small swelling on the tuber cinereum posterior to the infundibulum - atop the pituitary stalk - the median eminence lies in the area roughly bounded on its posterolateral region by the cerebral...

 --- pituitary gland

Pituitary gland

In vertebrate anatomy the pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing 0.5 g , in humans. It is a protrusion off the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brain, and rests in a small, bony cavity covered by a dural fold...

 --- pituitary gland, anterior --- pituitary gland, posterior --- tuber cinereum

Tuber cinereum

The tuber cinereum is a hollow eminence of gray matter situated between the mammillary bodies and the optic chiasm. The tuber cinereum is part of the hypothalamus.-Structure:...

 --- ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus --- hypothalamus, posterior --- mamillary bodies --- subthalamus

Subthalamus

The subthalamus is a part of the diencephalon. Its major part is the subthalamic nucleus. Functionally, it also encompasses the globus pallidus, which is topographically part of the telencephalon.-Anatomy:...

 --- entopeduncular nucleus --- subthalamic nucleus

Subthalamic nucleus

The subthalamic nucleus is a small lens-shaped nucleus in the brain where it is, from a functional point of view, part of the basal ganglia system. Anatomically, it is the major part of subthalamus. As suggested by its name, the subthalamic nucleus is located ventral to the thalamus. It is also...

 --- thalamus

Thalamus

The thalamus is a midline paired symmetrical structure within the brains of vertebrates, including humans. It is situated between the cerebral cortex and midbrain, both in terms of location and neurological connections...

 --- thalamic nuclei --- anterior thalamic nuclei --- geniculate bodies --- intralaminar thalamic nuclei --- lateral thalamic nuclei --- pulvinar

Pulvinar

The pulvinar nuclei are a collection of nuclei located in the pulvinar thalamus. The pulvinar part is the most posterior region of the thalamus....

 --- mediodorsal thalamic nucleus --- midline thalamic nuclei --- posterior thalamic nuclei --- ventral thalamic nuclei --- telencephalon

Telencephalon

The cerebrum or telencephalon, together with the diencephalon, constitutes the forebrain. The cerebrum is the most anterior region of the vertebrate central nervous system. Telencephalon refers to the embryonic structure, from which the mature cerebrum develops...

 --- basal ganglia

Basal ganglia

The basal ganglia are a group of nuclei of varied origin in the brains of vertebrates that act as a cohesive functional unit. They are situated at the base of the forebrain and are strongly connected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus and other brain areas...

 --- amygdala

Amygdala

The ' are almond-shaped groups of nuclei located deep within the medial temporal lobes of the brain in complex vertebrates, including humans. Shown in research to perform a primary role in the processing and memory of emotional reactions, the amygdalae are considered part of the limbic system.-...

 --- corpus striatum --- globus pallidus

Globus pallidus

The globus pallidus also known as paleostriatum, is a sub-cortical structure of the brain. Topographically, it is part of the telencephalon, but retains close functional ties with the subthalamus - both of which are part of the extrapyramidal motor system...

 --- neostriatum --- caudate nucleus

Caudate nucleus

The caudate nucleus is a nucleus located within the basal ganglia of the brains of many animal species. The caudate nucleus is an important part of the brain's learning and memory system.-Anatomy:...

 --- putamen

Putamen

The putamen is a round structure located at the base of the forebrain . The putamen and caudate nucleus together form the dorsal striatum. It is also one of the structures that comprises the basal ganglia. Through various pathways, the putamen is connected to the substantia nigra and globus pallidus...

 --- nucleus accumbens

Nucleus accumbens

The nucleus accumbens , also known as the accumbens nucleus or as the nucleus accumbens septi , is a collection of neurons and forms the main part of the ventral striatum...

 --- substantia innominata

Substantia innominata

The substantia innominata of Meynert is a stratum in the human brain consisting partly of gray and partly of white substance, which lies below the anterior part of the thalamus and lentiform nucleus...

 --- basal nucleus of meynert --- cerebral cortex

Cerebral cortex

The cerebral cortex is a sheet of neural tissue that is outermost to the cerebrum of the mammalian brain. It plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. It is constituted of up to six horizontal layers, each of which has a different...

 --- frontal lobe

Frontal lobe

The frontal lobe is an area in the brain of humans and other mammals, located at the front of each cerebral hemisphere and positioned anterior to the parietal lobe and superior and anterior to the temporal lobes...

 --- motor cortex

Motor cortex

Motor cortex is a term that describes regions of the cerebral cortex involved in the planning, control, and execution of voluntary motor functions.-Anatomy of the motor cortex :The motor cortex can be divided into four main parts:...

 --- prefrontal cortex

Prefrontal cortex

The prefrontal cortex is the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain, lying in front of the motor and premotor areas.This brain region has been implicated in planning complex cognitive behaviors, personality expression, decision making and moderating correct social behavior...

 --- neocortex

Neocortex

The neocortex , also called the neopallium and isocortex , is a part of the brain of mammals. It is the outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres, and made up of six layers, labelled I to VI...

 --- occipital lobe

Occipital lobe

The occipital lobe is the visual processing center of the mammalian brain containing most of the anatomical region of the visual cortex. The primary visual cortex is Brodmann area 17, commonly called V1...

 --- visual cortex

Visual cortex

The visual cortex of the brain is the part of the cerebral cortex responsible for processing visual information. It is located in the occipital lobe, in the back of the brain....

 --- parietal lobe

Parietal lobe

The parietal lobe is a part of the Brain positioned above the occipital lobe and behind the frontal lobe.The parietal lobe integrates sensory information from different modalities, particularly determining spatial sense and navigation. For example, it comprises somatosensory cortex and the...

 --- somatosensory cortex --- pyramidal cells --- temporal lobe

Temporal lobe

The temporal lobe is a region of the cerebral cortex that is located beneath the Sylvian fissure on both cerebral hemispheres of the mammalian brain....

 --- auditory cortex --- parahippocampal gyrus

Parahippocampal gyrus

The parahippocampal gyrus is a grey matter cortical region of the brain that surrounds the hippocampus. This region plays an important role in memory encoding and retrieval....

 --- entorhinal cortex

Entorhinal cortex

The entorhinal cortex is located in the medial temporal lobe and functions as a hub in a widespread network for memory and navigation. The EC is the main interface between the hippocampus and neocortex...

 --- corpus callosum

Corpus callosum

The corpus callosum , also known as the colossal commissure, is a wide, flat bundle of neural fibers beneath the cortex in the eutherian brain at the longitudinal fissure. It connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres and facilitates interhemispheric communication...

 --- diagonal band of broca

Diagonal band of Broca

The diagonal band of Broca forms the medial margin of the anterior perforated substance.-Contents:It consists of fibers that are said to arise in the parolfactory area, the gyrus subcallosus and the anterior perforated substance, and course backward in the longitudinal striae to the dentate gyrus...

 --- fornix (brain) --- internal capsule

Internal capsule

The internal capsule is an area of white matter in the brain that separates the caudate nucleus and the thalamus from the lenticular nucleus. The internal capsule contains both ascending and descending axons....

 --- islands of calleja

Islands of Calleja

The islands of Calleja are a group of neural granule cells located within the ventral striatum in the brains of most animals. This region of the brain is part of the limbic system, where it aids in the reinforcing effects of reward-like activities...

 --- olfactory pathways --- islands of calleja

Islands of Calleja

The islands of Calleja are a group of neural granule cells located within the ventral striatum in the brains of most animals. This region of the brain is part of the limbic system, where it aids in the reinforcing effects of reward-like activities...

 --- olfactory bulb

Olfactory bulb

The olfactory bulb is a structure of the vertebrate forebrain involved in olfaction, the perception of odors.-Anatomy:In most vertebrates, the olfactory bulb is the most rostral part of the brain. In humans, however, the olfactory bulb is on the inferior side of the brain...

 --- septum of brain --- septal nuclei

Septal nuclei

The septal area are structures that lie below the rostrum of corpus callosum in front of lamina terminalis , composed of medium-size neurons grouped into medial, lateral, and posterior groups...

 --- septum pellucidum

Septum pellucidum

The septum pellucidum , and not to be confused with the medial septum, is a thin, triangular, vertical membrane separating the anterior horns of the left and right lateral ventricles of the brain...

--- meninges

Meninges

The meninges is the system of membranes which envelopes the central nervous system. The meninges consist of three layers: the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. The primary function of the meninges and of the cerebrospinal fluid is to protect the central nervous system.-Dura...

--- arachnoid

Arachnoid

Arachnoid may refer to:*Relating to arachnids*Arachnoid mater, a layer of the meninges, membranes that contain the central nervous system*Arachnoid , a geological structure found only on the planet Venus...

 --- subarachnoid space

Subarachnoid space

In the central nervous system, the subarachnoid cavity is the interval between the arachnoid membrane and pia mater....

 --- cisterna magna

Cisterna magna

The cisterna magna is one of three principal openings in the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid and pia mater layers of the meninges surrounding the brain. The openings are collectively referred to as cisterns. The cisterna magna is located between the cerebellum and the dorsal surface of...

 --- dura mater

Dura mater

The dura mater , or dura, is the outermost of the three layers of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is derived from Mesoderm. The other two meningeal layers are the pia mater and the arachnoid mater. The dura surrounds the brain and the spinal cord and is responsible for...

 --- subdural space

Subdural space

The subdural space is an artificial space created by the separation of the arachnoid mater from the dura mater as the result of trauma, pathologic process, or the absence of cerebrospinal fluid as seen in a cadaver. In the cadaver, due to the absence of cerebrospinal fluid, the arachnoid mater...

 --- pia mater

Pia mater

Pia mater often referred to as simply the pia, is the delicate innermost layer of the meninges, the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. The word finds its roots in Latin, meaning literally "tender mother." The other two meningeal membranes are the dura mater and the arachnoid mater....

--- spinal cord

Spinal cord

The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the brain . The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system...

--- anterior horn cells --- extrapyramidal tracts --- posterior horn cells --- substantia gelatinosa

Substantia gelatinosa

Substantia gelatinosa can refer to:* Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando * Substantia gelatinosa centralisSubstantia gelatinosa is a structure involved in pain transmission....

 --- pyramidal tracts --- spinothalamic tracts

--- ganglia, autonomic

--- ganglia, parasympathetic --- ganglia, sympathetic --- stellate ganglion

Stellate ganglion

The stellate ganglion is a sympathetic ganglion formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical ganglion and the first thoracic ganglion...

 --- superior cervical ganglion

Superior cervical ganglion

The superior cervical ganglion , the largest of the cervical ganglia, is placed opposite the second and third cervical vertebræ. It contains neurons that supply sympathetic innervation to the face....

--- ganglia, sensory

--- ganglia, spinal --- geniculate ganglion

Geniculate ganglion

The geniculate ganglion is an L-shaped collection of fibers and sensory neurons of the facial nerve located in the facial canal of the head...

 --- nodose ganglion

Nodose ganglion

The nodose ganglion is cylindrical in form, of a reddish color, and in length...

 --- spiral ganglion

Spiral ganglion

The spiral ganglion is the group of nerve cells that serve the sense of hearing by sending a representation of sound from the cochlea to the brain...

 --- trigeminal ganglion

Trigeminal ganglion

The trigeminal ganglion is a sensory ganglion of the trigeminal nerve that occupies a cavity in the dura mater, covering the trigeminal impression near the apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone.-Relations:It is somewhat crescentic in shape, with its convexity...

--- satellite cells, perineuronal

--- afferent pathways

--- auditory pathways --- olfactory pathways --- spinocerebellar tracts --- spinothalamic tracts --- visceral afferents --- visual pathways

--- efferent pathways

--- extrapyramidal tracts --- pyramidal tracts

--- satellite cells, perineuronal

--- schwann cells

--- myelin sheath --- neurilemma --- ranvier's nodes

--- dendrites

--- dendritic spines --- neurites

--- interneurons

--- amacrine cells --- retinal bipolar cells

--- nerve fibers

--- adrenergic fibers --- sympathetic fibers, postganglionic --- autonomic fibers, postganglionic --- parasympathetic fibers, postganglionic --- sympathetic fibers, postganglionic --- autonomic fibers, preganglionic --- axons --- neurites --- presynaptic terminals --- mossy fibers, hippocampal --- cholinergic fibers --- autonomic fibers, preganglionic --- parasympathetic fibers, postganglionic --- nerve fibers, myelinated --- myelin sheath --- neurilemma --- ranvier's nodes --- nerve fibers, unmyelinated

--- neurons, afferent

--- hair cells --- hair cells, inner --- hair cells, outer --- hair cells, vestibular --- olfactory receptor neurons --- photoreceptors --- photoreceptors, invertebrate --- photoreceptors, vertebrate --- cones (retina) --- rods (retina) --- rod outer segments --- retinal ganglion cells --- posterior horn cells --- substantia gelatinosa

Substantia gelatinosa

Substantia gelatinosa can refer to:* Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando * Substantia gelatinosa centralisSubstantia gelatinosa is a structure involved in pain transmission....

 --- retinal ganglion cells

--- neurons, efferent

--- motor neurons --- anterior horn cells --- motor neurons, gamma

--- hypothalamo-hypophyseal system

--- median eminence

Median eminence

The median eminence is part of the inferior boundary for the hypothalamus part of the human brain. A small swelling on the tuber cinereum posterior to the infundibulum - atop the pituitary stalk - the median eminence lies in the area roughly bounded on its posterolateral region by the cerebral...

 --- pituitary gland

Pituitary gland

In vertebrate anatomy the pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing 0.5 g , in humans. It is a protrusion off the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brain, and rests in a small, bony cavity covered by a dural fold...

 --- pituitary gland, anterior --- pituitary gland, posterior

--- autonomic nervous system

Autonomic nervous system

The autonomic nervous system is the part of the peripheral nervous system that acts as a control system functioning largely below the level of consciousness, and controls visceral functions. The ANS affects heart rate, digestion, respiration rate, salivation, perspiration, diameter of the pupils,...

--- autonomic pathways --- autonomic fibers, postganglionic --- parasympathetic fibers, postganglionic --- sympathetic fibers, postganglionic --- autonomic fibers, preganglionic --- celiac plexus

Celiac plexus

The celiac plexus or coeliac plexus, also known as the solar plexus, is a complex network of nerves located in the abdomen, where the celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and renal arteries branch from the abdominal aorta...

 --- hypogastric plexus

Hypogastric plexus

Hypogastric plexus can refer to:* Superior hypogastric plexus* Inferior hypogastric plexus...

 --- myenteric plexus --- splanchnic nerves

Splanchnic nerves

The splanchnic nerves are paired nerves that contribute to the innervation of the viscera, carrying fibers of the autonomic nervous system as well as sensory fibers from the organs...

 --- submucous plexus

Submucous plexus

The nerves of the small intestines are derived from the plexuses of parasympathetic nerves around the superior mesenteric artery. From this source, they run to the myenteric plexus of nerves and ganglia situated between the circular muscular fibers and the longitudinal muscle fibers of the...

 --- vagus nerve

Vagus nerve

The vagus nerve , also called pneumogastric nerve or cranial nerve X, is the tenth of twelve paired cranial nerves...

 --- laryngeal nerves --- recurrent laryngeal nerve

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

The recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch of the vagus nerve that supplies motor function and sensation to the larynx . It travels within the endoneurium...

 --- nodose ganglion

Nodose ganglion

The nodose ganglion is cylindrical in form, of a reddish color, and in length...

 --- enteric nervous system

Enteric nervous system

The enteric nervous system is a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that directly controls the gastrointestinal system in vertebrates.It is derived from neural crest.-Function:...

 --- myenteric plexus --- submucous plexus

Submucous plexus

The nerves of the small intestines are derived from the plexuses of parasympathetic nerves around the superior mesenteric artery. From this source, they run to the myenteric plexus of nerves and ganglia situated between the circular muscular fibers and the longitudinal muscle fibers of the...

 --- ganglia, autonomic --- ganglia, parasympathetic --- ganglia, sympathetic --- stellate ganglion

Stellate ganglion

The stellate ganglion is a sympathetic ganglion formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical ganglion and the first thoracic ganglion...

 --- superior cervical ganglion

Superior cervical ganglion

The superior cervical ganglion , the largest of the cervical ganglia, is placed opposite the second and third cervical vertebræ. It contains neurons that supply sympathetic innervation to the face....

 --- parasympathetic nervous system

Parasympathetic nervous system

The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system . The ANS is responsible for regulation of internal organs and glands, which occurs unconsciously...

 --- ganglia, parasympathetic --- parasympathetic fibers, postganglionic --- vagus nerve

Vagus nerve

The vagus nerve , also called pneumogastric nerve or cranial nerve X, is the tenth of twelve paired cranial nerves...

 --- laryngeal nerves --- recurrent laryngeal nerve

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

The recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch of the vagus nerve that supplies motor function and sensation to the larynx . It travels within the endoneurium...

 --- nodose ganglion

Nodose ganglion

The nodose ganglion is cylindrical in form, of a reddish color, and in length...

 --- sympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system

The sympathetic nervous system is one of the three parts of the autonomic nervous system, along with the enteric and parasympathetic systems. Its general action is to mobilize the body's nervous system fight-or-flight response...

 --- ganglia, sympathetic --- stellate ganglion

Stellate ganglion

The stellate ganglion is a sympathetic ganglion formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical ganglion and the first thoracic ganglion...

 --- superior cervical ganglion

Superior cervical ganglion

The superior cervical ganglion , the largest of the cervical ganglia, is placed opposite the second and third cervical vertebræ. It contains neurons that supply sympathetic innervation to the face....

 --- splanchnic nerves

Splanchnic nerves

The splanchnic nerves are paired nerves that contribute to the innervation of the viscera, carrying fibers of the autonomic nervous system as well as sensory fibers from the organs...

 --- vasomotor system --- pressoreceptors

--- ganglia, sensory

--- ganglia, spinal --- geniculate ganglion

Geniculate ganglion

The geniculate ganglion is an L-shaped collection of fibers and sensory neurons of the facial nerve located in the facial canal of the head...

 --- nodose ganglion

Nodose ganglion

The nodose ganglion is cylindrical in form, of a reddish color, and in length...

 --- spiral ganglion

Spiral ganglion

The spiral ganglion is the group of nerve cells that serve the sense of hearing by sending a representation of sound from the cochlea to the brain...

 --- trigeminal ganglion

Trigeminal ganglion

The trigeminal ganglion is a sensory ganglion of the trigeminal nerve that occupies a cavity in the dura mater, covering the trigeminal impression near the apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone.-Relations:It is somewhat crescentic in shape, with its convexity...

--- nerve endings

--- neuroeffector junction

Neuroeffector junction

A neuroeffector junction is the site where a motor neuron releases a neurotransmitter to affect a target cell. This junction functions like a synapse. Somatic efferent motor neurons innervate skeletal muscle, and are always excitatory. Visceral efferent neurons innervate smooth muscle, cardiac...

 --- neuromuscular junction

Neuromuscular junction

A neuromuscular junction is the synapse or junction of the axon terminal of a motor neuron with the motor end plate, the highly-excitable region of muscle fiber plasma membrane responsible for initiation of action potentials across the muscle's surface, ultimately causing the muscle to contract...

 --- motor endplate --- receptors, sensory --- chemoreceptors --- neuroepithelial cells --- neuroepithelial bodies --- olfactory receptor neurons --- paraganglia, nonchromaffin --- aortic bodies --- carotid body

Carotid body

The carotid body is a small cluster of chemoreceptors and supporting cells located near the fork of the carotid artery ....

 --- glomus jugulare --- glomus tympanicum --- taste buds --- mechanoreceptors --- golgi-mazzoni corpuscles --- merkel cells --- muscle spindles --- neuroepithelial cells --- hair cells --- hair cells, inner --- hair cells, outer --- hair cells, vestibular --- pacinian corpuscles --- pressoreceptors --- pulmonary stretch receptors

Pulmonary stretch receptors

Pulmonary stretch receptors are mechanoreceptors found in the lungs.When the lung expands, the receptors imitate the Hering-Breuer reflex, which reduces the respiratory rate...

 --- nociceptors --- photoreceptors --- photoreceptors, invertebrate --- photoreceptors, vertebrate --- cones (retina) --- rods (retina) --- rod outer segments --- thermoreceptors

--- peripheral nerves

--- autonomic pathways --- autonomic fibers, postganglionic --- parasympathetic fibers, postganglionic --- sympathetic fibers, postganglionic --- autonomic fibers, preganglionic --- celiac plexus

Celiac plexus

The celiac plexus or coeliac plexus, also known as the solar plexus, is a complex network of nerves located in the abdomen, where the celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and renal arteries branch from the abdominal aorta...

 --- hypogastric plexus

Hypogastric plexus

Hypogastric plexus can refer to:* Superior hypogastric plexus* Inferior hypogastric plexus...

 --- myenteric plexus --- splanchnic nerves

Splanchnic nerves

The splanchnic nerves are paired nerves that contribute to the innervation of the viscera, carrying fibers of the autonomic nervous system as well as sensory fibers from the organs...

 --- submucous plexus

Submucous plexus

The nerves of the small intestines are derived from the plexuses of parasympathetic nerves around the superior mesenteric artery. From this source, they run to the myenteric plexus of nerves and ganglia situated between the circular muscular fibers and the longitudinal muscle fibers of the...

 --- vagus nerve

Vagus nerve

The vagus nerve , also called pneumogastric nerve or cranial nerve X, is the tenth of twelve paired cranial nerves...

 --- laryngeal nerves --- recurrent laryngeal nerve

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

The recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch of the vagus nerve that supplies motor function and sensation to the larynx . It travels within the endoneurium...

 --- nodose ganglion

Nodose ganglion

The nodose ganglion is cylindrical in form, of a reddish color, and in length...

 --- blood-nerve barrier --- cranial nerves

Cranial nerves

Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain, in contrast to spinal nerves, which emerge from segments of the spinal cord. In humans, there are traditionally twelve pairs of cranial nerves...

 --- abducens nerve --- accessory nerve

Accessory nerve

In anatomy, the accessory nerve is a nerve that controls specific muscles of the shoulder and neck. As part of it was formerly believed to originate in the brain, it is considered a cranial nerve...

 --- facial nerve

Facial nerve

The facial nerve is the seventh of twelve paired cranial nerves. It emerges from the brainstem between the pons and the medulla, and controls the muscles of facial expression, and functions in the conveyance of taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and oral cavity...

 --- chorda tympani nerve --- geniculate ganglion

Geniculate ganglion

The geniculate ganglion is an L-shaped collection of fibers and sensory neurons of the facial nerve located in the facial canal of the head...

 --- glossopharyngeal nerve

Glossopharyngeal nerve

The glossopharyngeal nerve is the ninth of twelve pairs of cranial nerves . It exits the brainstem out from the sides of the upper medulla, just rostral to the vagus nerve...

 --- hypoglossal nerve

Hypoglossal nerve

The hypoglossal nerve is the twelfth cranial nerve , leading to the tongue. The nerve arises from the hypoglossal nucleus and emerges from the medulla oblongata in the preolivary sulcus separating the olive and the pyramid. It then passes through the hypoglossal canal...

 --- oculomotor nerve

Oculomotor nerve

The oculomotor nerve is the 3rd of 12 paired cranial nerves. It enters the orbit via the superior orbital fissure and controls most of the eye's movements, including constriction of the pupil and maintaining an open eyelid by innervating the Levator palpebrae superiors muscle. The optic nerve is...

 --- olfactory nerve

Olfactory nerve

The olfactory nerve, or cranial nerve I, is the first of twelve cranial nerves. It is instrumental in the sense of smell. Derived from the embryonic nasal placode, the olfactory nerve is capable of regeneration.-Anatomy:...

 --- optic nerve

Optic nerve

The optic nerve, also called cranial nerve 2, transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. Derived from the embryonic retinal ganglion cell, a diverticulum located in the diencephalon, the optic nerve doesn't regenerate after transection.-Anatomy:The optic nerve is the second of...

 --- optic chiasm

Optic chiasm

The optic chiasm or optic chiasma is the part of the brain where the optic nerves partially cross...

 --- optic disk --- trigeminal nerve

Trigeminal nerve

The trigeminal nerve contains both sensory and motor fibres. It is responsible for sensation in the face and certain motor functions such as biting, chewing, and swallowing. Sensory information from the face and body is processed by parallel pathways in the central nervous system...

 --- mandibular nerve

Mandibular nerve

The mandibular nerve is the largest of the three branches of the trigeminal nerve.-Roots:It is made up of two roots:* a large sensory root proceeding from the inferior angle of the trigeminal ganglion....

 --- lingual nerve

Lingual nerve

The lingual nerve is a branch of the mandibular nerve , itself a branch of the trigeminal nerve, which supplies sensory innervation to the tongue...

 --- maxillary nerve --- ophthalmic nerve

Ophthalmic nerve

The ophthalmic nerve is one of the three branches of the trigeminal nerve, the fifth cranial nerve. The ophthalmic nerve carries only sensory fibers.-Branches:*Nasociliary nerve**sensory root of ciliary ganglion**posterior ethmoidal nerve...

 --- trigeminal ganglion

Trigeminal ganglion

The trigeminal ganglion is a sensory ganglion of the trigeminal nerve that occupies a cavity in the dura mater, covering the trigeminal impression near the apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone.-Relations:It is somewhat crescentic in shape, with its convexity...

 --- trochlear nerve

Trochlear nerve

The trochlear nerve is a motor nerve that innervates a single muscle: the superior oblique muscle of the eye....

 --- vagus nerve

Vagus nerve

The vagus nerve , also called pneumogastric nerve or cranial nerve X, is the tenth of twelve paired cranial nerves...

 --- laryngeal nerves --- recurrent laryngeal nerve

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

The recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch of the vagus nerve that supplies motor function and sensation to the larynx . It travels within the endoneurium...

 --- nodose ganglion

Nodose ganglion

The nodose ganglion is cylindrical in form, of a reddish color, and in length...

 --- vestibulocochlear nerve

Vestibulocochlear nerve

The vestibulocochlear nerve is the eighth of twelve cranial nerves, and is responsible for transmitting sound and equilibrium information from the inner ear to the brain...

 --- cochlear nerve

Cochlear nerve

The cochlear nerve is a nerve in the head that carries signals from the cochlea of the inner ear to the brain...

 --- spiral ganglion

Spiral ganglion

The spiral ganglion is the group of nerve cells that serve the sense of hearing by sending a representation of sound from the cochlea to the brain...

 --- vestibular nerve

Vestibular nerve

The vestibular nerve is one of the two branches of the Vestibulocochlear nerve . It goes to the semicircular canals via the vestibular ganglion...

 --- schwann cells --- myelin sheath --- neurilemma --- ranvier's nodes --- spinal nerves --- brachial plexus

Brachial plexus

The brachial plexus is a network of nerve fibers, running from the spine, formed by the ventral rami of the lower four cervical and first thoracic nerve roots...

 --- median nerve

Median nerve

The median nerve is a nerve in humans and other animals. It is in the upper limb. It is one of the five main nerves originating from the brachial plexus....

 --- musculocutaneous nerve

Musculocutaneous nerve

The musculocutaneous nerve arises from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus, opposite the lower border of the Pectoralis major, its fibers being derived from C5, C6 and C7.-Path:...

 --- radial nerve

Radial nerve

The radial nerve is a nerve in the human body that supplies the upper limb. It supplies the medial and lateral heads of the triceps brachii muscle of the arm, as well as all 12 muscles in the posterior osteofascial compartment of the forearm and the associated joints and overlying skin.It...

 --- ulnar nerve

Ulnar nerve

In human anatomy, the ulnar nerve is a nerve which runs near the ulna bone. The ulnar collateral ligament of elbow joint is in relation with the ulnar nerve. The nerve is the largest unprotected nerve in the human body , so injury is common...

 --- cervical plexus

Cervical plexus

The cervical plexus is a plexus of the ventral rami of the first four cervical spinal nerves which are located from C1 to C4 cervical segment in the neck. They are located laterally to the transverse processes between prevertebral muscles from the medial side and vertebral from lateral side...

 --- phrenic nerve

Phrenic nerve

The phrenic nerve originates mainly from the 4th cervical nerve, but also receives contributions from the 5th and 3rd cervical nerves in humans....

 --- lumbosacral plexus

Lumbosacral plexus

The anterior divisions of the lumbar nerves, sacral nerves, and coccygeal nerve form the lumbosacral plexus, the first lumbar nerve being frequently joined by a branch from the twelfth thoracic. For descriptive purposes this plexus is usually divided into three parts:* lumbar plexus* sacral plexus*...

 --- femoral nerve

Femoral nerve

The femoral nerve, the largest branch of the lumbar plexus, arises from the dorsal divisions of the ventral rami of the second, third, and fourth lumbar nerves...

 --- obturator nerve

Obturator nerve

The obturator nerve in human anatomy arises from the ventral divisions of the second, third, and fourth lumbar nerves; the branch from the third is the largest, while that from the second is often very small.-Path:...

 --- sciatic nerve

Sciatic nerve

The sciatic nerve is a large nerve fiber in humans and other animals. It begins in the lower back and runs through the buttock and down the lower limb...

 --- peroneal nerve --- tibial nerve

Tibial nerve

The tibial nerve is a branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve passes through the popliteal fossa to pass below the arch of soleus.In the popliteal fossa the nerve gives off branches to gastrocnemius, popliteus, soleus and plantaris muscles, an articular branch to the knee joint, and a...

 --- sural nerve

Sural nerve

The sural nerve , formed by the junction of the medial sural cutaneous with the peroneal anastomotic branch of the lateral sural cutaneous nerve, passes downward near the lateral margin of the tendo calcaneus, lying close to the small saphenous vein, to the interval between the lateral malleolus...

 --- spinal nerve roots --- cauda equina

Cauda equina

The cauda equina is a structure within the lower end of the spinal column of most vertebrates, that consists of nerve roots and rootlets from above...

 --- ganglia, spinal --- thoracic nerves

Thoracic nerves

The thoracic nerves are the spinal nerves emerging from the thoracic vertebrae. Branches also exit the spine and go directly to the Sympathetic Chain Ganglia of the Autonomic Nervous System where they are involved in the functions of organs and glands in the head, neck, thorax and abdomen.-Anterior...

 --- intercostal nerves

Intercostal nerves

The intercostal nerves are the anterior divisions of the thoracic spinal nerves from T1 to T11.Each nerve is connected with the adjoining ganglion of the sympathetic trunk by a gray and a white ramus communicans...

--- neuroeffector junction

Neuroeffector junction

A neuroeffector junction is the site where a motor neuron releases a neurotransmitter to affect a target cell. This junction functions like a synapse. Somatic efferent motor neurons innervate skeletal muscle, and are always excitatory. Visceral efferent neurons innervate smooth muscle, cardiac...

--- neuromuscular junction

Neuromuscular junction

A neuromuscular junction is the synapse or junction of the axon terminal of a motor neuron with the motor end plate, the highly-excitable region of muscle fiber plasma membrane responsible for initiation of action potentials across the muscle's surface, ultimately causing the muscle to contract...

 --- motor endplate

--- presynaptic terminals

--- mossy fibers, hippocampal