The following is a list of the "C" codes for MeSH

Mesh

Mesh consists of semi-permeable barrier made of connected strands of metal, fiber, or other flexible/ductile material. Mesh is similar to web or net in that it has many attached or woven strands.-Types of mesh:...

. It is a product of the United States National Library of Medicine

United States National Library of Medicine

The United States National Library of Medicine , operated by the United States federal government, is the world's largest medical library. Located in Bethesda, Maryland, the NLM is a division of the National Institutes of Health...

.

Source for content is here. (File "2006 MeSH Trees".)

--- pathological conditions, signs and symptoms

--- pathological conditions, anatomical

--- calculi

Calculus (medicine)

A calculus is a stone that forms in an organ or duct of the body. Formation of calculi is known as lithiasis...

--- dental calculus --- gallstones --- salivary calculi --- salivary duct calculi --- salivary gland calculi --- urinary calculi --- bladder calculi --- kidney calculi --- ureteral calculi

--- diverticulum

Diverticulum

A diverticulum is medical or biological term for an outpouching of a hollow structure in the body. Depending upon which layers of the structure are involved, they are described as being either true or false....

--- diverticulum, colon --- diverticulum, esophageal --- zenker diverticulum --- diverticulum, stomach --- meckel diverticulum

--- fistula

Fistula

In medicine, a fistula is an abnormal connection or passageway between two epithelium-lined organs or vessels that normally do not connect. It is generally a disease condition, but a fistula may be surgically created for therapeutic reasons.-Locations:Fistulas can develop in various parts of the...

--- cutaneous fistula --- digestive system fistula --- biliary fistula

Biliary fistula

A biliary fistula is a type of fistula where bile leaks from the bile ducts into outside areas.-Causes:It can occur as a complication following biliary trauma , either iatrogenic or a result of a penetrating injury.-Presentation:...

 --- esophageal fistula --- tracheoesophageal fistula

Tracheoesophageal fistula

A tracheoesophageal fistula is an abnormal connection between the esophagus and the trachea...

 --- gastric fistula --- intestinal fistula --- rectal fistula --- rectovaginal fistula

Rectovaginal fistula

A rectovaginal fistula is a medical condition where there is a fistula or abnormal connection between the rectum and the vagina. Rectovaginal fistula may be extremely debilitating. If the opening between the rectum and vagina is wide it will allow both flatulence and feces to escape through the...

 --- pancreatic fistula

Pancreatic fistula

A pancreatic fistula is an abnormal communication between the pancreas and other organs due to leakage of pancreatic secretions from damaged pancreatic ducts. An external pancreatic fistula is one that communicates with the skin, and is also known as a pancreaticocutaneous fistula, whereas an...

 --- oral fistula --- dental fistula --- oroantral fistula --- salivary gland fistula --- respiratory tract fistula --- bronchial fistula --- urinary fistula --- bladder fistula --- vesicovaginal fistula

Vesicovaginal fistula

Vesicovaginal fistula is a subtype of female urogenital fistula .-Presentation:VVF is an abnormal fistulous tract extending between the bladder and the vagina that allows the continuous involuntary discharge of urine into the vaginal vault....

 --- vaginal fistula --- rectovaginal fistula

Rectovaginal fistula

A rectovaginal fistula is a medical condition where there is a fistula or abnormal connection between the rectum and the vagina. Rectovaginal fistula may be extremely debilitating. If the opening between the rectum and vagina is wide it will allow both flatulence and feces to escape through the...

 --- vesicovaginal fistula

Vesicovaginal fistula

Vesicovaginal fistula is a subtype of female urogenital fistula .-Presentation:VVF is an abnormal fistulous tract extending between the bladder and the vagina that allows the continuous involuntary discharge of urine into the vaginal vault....

 --- vascular fistula --- arterio-arterial fistula --- arteriovenous fistula

Arteriovenous fistula

An arteriovenous fistula is an abnormal connection or passageway between an artery and a vein. It may be congenital, surgically created for hemodialysis treatments, or acquired due to pathologic process, such as trauma or erosion of an arterial aneurysm....

--- hernia

Hernia

A hernia is the protrusion of an organ or the fascia of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it. A hiatal hernia occurs when the stomach protrudes into the mediastinum through the esophageal opening in the diaphragm....

--- hernia, abdominal --- gastroschisis

Gastroschisis

Gastroschisis represents a congenital defect characterized by a defect in the anterior abdominal wall through which the abdominal contents freely protrude. There is no overlying sac and the size of the defect is usually less than 4 cm...

 --- hernia, femoral --- hernia, inguinal --- hernia, ventral --- hernia, umbilical --- hernia, diaphragmatic --- hernia, diaphragmatic, traumatic --- hernia, hiatal --- hernia, obturator

--- hypertrophy

Hypertrophy

Hypertrophy is the increase in the volume of an organ or tissue due to the enlargement of its component cells. It should be distinguished from hyperplasia, in which the cells remain approximately the same size but increase in number...

--- cardiomegaly

Cardiomegaly

Cardiomegaly is a medical condition wherein the heart is enlarged. It is generally categorized in the following manner:* Cardiomegaly due to dilation* Cardiomegaly due to ventricular hypertrophy** Left ventricular hypertrophy...

 --- hepatomegaly

Hepatomegaly

Hepatomegaly is the condition of having an enlarged liver. It is a nonspecific medical sign having many causes, which can broadly be broken down into infection, direct toxicity, hepatic tumours, or metabolic disorder. Often, hepatomegaly will present as an abdominal mass...

 --- splenomegaly

Splenomegaly

Splenomegaly is an enlargement of the spleen. The spleen usually lies in the left upper quadrant of the human abdomen. It is one of the four cardinal signs of hypersplenism, some reduction in the number of circulating blood cells affecting granulocytes, erythrocytes or platelets in any...

--- polyps

--- intestinal polyps --- colonic polyps --- nasal polyps

--- arrhythmia

--- arrhythmia, sinus --- atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation is the most common cardiac arrhythmia . It is a common cause of irregular heart beat, identified clinically by taking a pulse. Chaotic electrical activity in the two upper chambers of the heart result in the muscle fibrillating , instead of achieving coordinated contraction...

 --- atrial flutter

Atrial flutter

Atrial flutter is an abnormal heart rhythm that occurs in the atria of the heart. When it first occurs, it is usually associated with a fast heart rate or tachycardia , and falls into the category of supra-ventricular tachycardias. While this rhythm occurs most often in individuals with...

 --- bradycardia

Bradycardia

Bradycardia , in the context of adult medicine, is the resting heart rate of under 60 beats per minute, though it is seldom symptomatic until the rate drops below 50 beat/min. It may cause cardiac arrest in some patients, because those with bradycardia may not be pumping enough oxygen to their heart...

 --- cardiac complexes, premature --- atrial premature complexes --- ventricular premature complexes --- heart block

Heart block

A heart block can be a blockage at any level of the electrical conduction system of the heart .* Blocks that occur within the sinoatrial node are described as SA nodal blocks....

 --- adams-stokes syndrome --- bundle-branch block --- sinoatrial block

Sinoatrial block

A sinoatrial block is a disease which involves an impairment of conduction at the sinoatrial node. An absent P wave on an ECG can indicate sinoatrial block....

 --- parasystole

Parasystole

Parasystole is a kind of arrhythmia caused by the presence and function of a secondary pacemaker in the heart, which works in parallel with the SA node. Parasystolic pacemakers are protected from depolarization by the SA node by some kind of entrance block. This block can be complete or...

 --- tachycardia

Tachycardia

Tachycardia comes from the Greek words tachys and kardia . Tachycardia typically refers to a heart rate that exceeds the normal range for a resting heart rate...

 --- tachycardia, paroxysmal --- tachycardia, supraventricular --- accelerated idioventricular rhythm

Accelerated idioventricular rhythm

In accelerated idioventricular rhythm, the rate of cardiac contraction is determined by the intrinsic rate of depolarisation of the cardiac cells.It can be present at birth.-Pathophysiology:...

 --- tachycardia, atrioventricular nodal reentry --- tachycardia, ectopic atrial --- tachycardia, ectopic junctional --- tachycardia, sinoatrial nodal reentry --- tachycardia, sinus --- tachycardia, ventricular --- torsades de pointes

Torsades de pointes

Torsades de pointes, or simply torsades, is a French term that literally means "twisting of the points". It was first described by Dessertenne in 1966 and refers to a specific, rare variety of ventricular tachycardia that exhibits distinct characteristics on the electrocardiogram .- Presentation...

 --- ventricular fibrillation

Ventricular fibrillation

Ventricular fibrillation is a condition in which there is uncoordinated contraction of the cardiac muscle of the ventricles in the heart, making them quiver rather than contract properly. Ventricular fibrillation is a medical emergency and most commonly identified arrythmia in cardiac arrest...

--- chromosome aberrations

--- aneuploidy

Aneuploidy

Aneuploidy is an abnormal number of chromosomes, and is a type of chromosome abnormality. An extra or missing chromosome is a common cause of genetic disorders . Some cancer cells also have abnormal numbers of chromosomes. Aneuploidy occurs during cell division when the chromosomes do not separate...

 --- monosomy

Monosomy

Monosomy is a form of aneuploidy with the presence of only one chromosome from a pair. Partial monosomy occurs when only a portion of the chromosome has one copy, while the rest has two copies.-Human monosomy:...

 --- trisomy

Trisomy

A trisomy is a type of polysomy in which there are three copies, instead of the normal two, of a particular chromosome. A trisomy is a type of aneuploidy .-Description and causes:...

 --- chromosomal instability --- chromosome fragility --- chromosome breakage --- chromosome deletion --- inversion, chromosome --- isochromosomes --- micronuclei, chromosome-defective --- nondisjunction, genetic --- uniparental disomy

Uniparental disomy

Uniparental disomy occurs when a person receives two copies of a chromosome, or part of a chromosome, from one parent and no copies from the other parent.. UPD could involve isodisomy or heterodisomy ....

 --- ring chromosomes --- sex chromosome aberrations --- xyy karyotype --- translocation, genetic --- philadelphia chromosome

Philadelphia chromosome

Philadelphia chromosome or Philadelphia translocation is a specific chromosomal abnormality that is associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia . It is the result of a reciprocal translocation between chromosome 9 and 22, and is specifically designated t...

--- death

Death

Death is the permanent termination of the biological functions that sustain a living organism. Phenomena which commonly bring about death include old age, predation, malnutrition, disease, and accidents or trauma resulting in terminal injury....

--- asphyxia

Asphyxia

Asphyxia or asphyxiation is a condition of severely deficient supply of oxygen to the body that arises from being unable to breathe normally. An example of asphyxia is choking. Asphyxia causes generalized hypoxia, which primarily affects the tissues and organs...

 --- brain death

Brain death

Brain death is the irreversible end of all brain activity due to total necrosis of the cerebral neurons following loss of brain oxygenation. It should not be confused with a persistent vegetative state...

 --- cadaver

Cadaver

A cadaver is a dead human body.Cadaver may also refer to:* Cadaver tomb, tomb featuring an effigy in the form of a decomposing body* Cadaver , a video game* cadaver A command-line WebDAV client for Unix....

 --- postmortem changes --- autolysis --- rigor mortis

Rigor mortis

Rigor mortis is one of the recognizable signs of death that is caused by a chemical change in the muscles after death, causing the limbs of the corpse to become stiff and difficult to move or manipulate...

 --- death, sudden --- death, sudden, cardiac --- sudden infant death --- drowning

Drowning

Drowning is death from asphyxia due to suffocation caused by water entering the lungs and preventing the absorption of oxygen leading to cerebral hypoxia....

 --- embryo loss --- fetal death --- fetal resorption

--- disease attributes

--- acute disease --- catastrophic illness

Catastrophic illness

A catastrophic illness is a severe illness requiring prolonged hospitalization or recovery. Examples would include coma, cancer, leukemia, heart attack or stroke. These illnesses usually involve high costs for hospitals, doctors and medicines and may incapacitate the person from working, creating a...

 --- chronic disease --- convalescence

Convalescence

Convalescence is the gradual recovery and of health and strength after illness. It refers to the later stage of an infectious disease or illness when the patient recovers and returns to normal, but may continue to be a source of infection even if feeling better...

 --- critical illness --- disease progression --- disease susceptibility --- genetic predisposition to disease --- anticipation, genetic --- diseases in twins --- emergencies

Medical emergency

A medical emergency is an injury or illness that is acute and poses an immediate risk to a person's life or long term health. These emergencies may require assistance from another person, who should ideally be suitably qualified to do so, although some of these emergencies can be dealt with by the...

 --- facies

Facies

In geology, facies are a body of rock with specified characteristics. Ideally, a facies is a distinctive rock unit that forms under certain conditions of sedimentation, reflecting a particular process or environment....

 --- iatrogenic disease --- rare diseases --- recurrence

Recurrence

Recurrence and recurrent may refer to:*Recurrence relation, an equation which defines a sequence recursively*Poincaré recurrence theorem, Henri Poincaré's theorem on dynamical systems...

--- emphysema

Emphysema

Emphysema is a long-term, progressive disease of the lungs that primarily causes shortness of breath. In people with emphysema, the tissues necessary to support the physical shape and function of the lungs are destroyed. It is included in a group of diseases called chronic obstructive pulmonary...

--- mediastinal emphysema --- subcutaneous emphysema

Subcutaneous emphysema

Subcutaneous emphysema, sometimes abbreviated SCE or SE and also called tissue emphysema, or Sub Q air, occurs when gas or air is present in the subcutaneous layer of the skin. Subcutaneous refers to the tissue beneath the cutis of the skin, and emphysema refers to trapped air...

--- extravasation of diagnostic and therapeutic materials

--- genomic instability

--- chromosomal instability --- chromosome fragility

--- granuloma

Granuloma

Granuloma is a medical term for a tiny collection of immune cells known as macrophages. Granulomas form when the immune system attempts to wall off substances that it perceives as foreign but is unable to eliminate. Such substances include infectious organisms such as bacteria and fungi as well as...

--- eosinophilic granuloma --- granuloma annulare

Granuloma annulare

Granuloma annulare is a chronic skin disease consisting of a rash with reddish bumps arranged in a circle or ring. Granuloma annulare is different from warts, and cryotherapy treatment will not work...

 --- granuloma, foreign-body --- granuloma, giant cell --- granuloma, lethal midline --- granuloma, plasma cell --- granuloma, plasma cell, orbital --- granuloma, plasma cell, pulmonary --- granuloma, pyogenic --- granuloma, respiratory tract --- granuloma, laryngeal

--- growth disorders

--- failure to thrive

Failure to thrive

Failure to thrive is a medical term which is used in both pediatric and adult human medicine, as well as veterinary medicine ....

 --- fetal growth retardation

--- hemorrhage

--- blood loss, surgical --- ecchymosis

Ecchymosis

An ecchymosis is the medical term for a subcutaneous purpura larger than 1 centimeter or a hematoma, commonly called a bruise. It can be located in the skin or in a mucous membrane.-Presentation:...

 --- epistaxis --- eye hemorrhage --- choroid hemorrhage --- hyphema

Hyphema

Hyphema is blood in the front chamber of the eye. It may appear as a reddish tinge, or it may appear as a small pool of blood at the bottom of the iris or in the cornea.-Causes:...

 --- retinal hemorrhage --- vitreous hemorrhage

Vitreous Hemorrhage

Vitreous Hemorrhage is the extravasation of blood into the areas in and around the vitreous humor of the eye. The vitreous humor is the clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina of the eye...

 --- gastrointestinal hemorrhage --- hematemesis

Hematemesis

Hematemesis or haematemesis is the vomiting of blood. The source is generally the upper gastrointestinal tract. Patients can easily confuse it with hemoptysis , although the latter is more common.-Signs:...

 --- melena

Melena

In medicine, melena or melaena refers to the black, "tarry" feces that are associated with gastrointestinal hemorrhage. The black color is caused by oxidation of the iron in hemoglobin during its passage through the ileum and colon.-Melena vs...

 --- peptic ulcer hemorrhage --- hemarthrosis

Hemarthrosis

Hemarthrosis is a bleeding into joint spaces.-Causes:It usually follows injury but occurs mainly in patients with a predisposition to hemorrhage such as those being treated with warfarin and patients with hemophilia.It can be associated with knee joint arthroplasty.-Treatment:In hemophilia it may...

 --- hematocele

Hematocele

A hematocele is a collection of blood in a body cavity. The term is generally used to refer to the collection of blood in the tunica vaginalis around the testicle. Hematoceles are often more painful than a hydrocele....

 --- hematoma

Hematoma

A hematoma, or haematoma, is a localized collection of blood outside the blood vessels, usually in liquid form within the tissue. This distinguishes it from an ecchymosis, which is the spread of blood under the skin in a thin layer, commonly called a bruise...

 --- hematoma, epidural, cranial --- hematoma, epidural, spinal --- hematoma, subdural --- hematoma, subdural, acute --- hematoma, subdural, chronic --- hematoma, subdural, intracranial --- hematoma, subdural, spinal --- hematuria

Hematuria

In medicine, hematuria, or haematuria, is the presence of red blood cells in the urine. It may be idiopathic and/or benign, or it can be a sign that there is a kidney stone or a tumor in the urinary tract , ranging from trivial to lethal...

 --- hemobilia --- hemoperitoneum

Hemoperitoneum

Hemoperitoneum is the presence of blood in the peritoneal cavity. The blood accumulates in the space between the inner lining of the abdominal wall and the internal abdominal organs. Hemoperitoneum is generally classified as a surgical emergency; in most cases, urgent laparotomy is needed to...

 --- hemoptysis

Hemoptysis

Hemoptysis or haemoptysis is the expectoration of blood or of blood-stained sputum from the bronchi, larynx, trachea, or lungs Hemoptysis or haemoptysis is the expectoration (coughing up) of blood or of blood-stained sputum from the bronchi, larynx, trachea, or lungs Hemoptysis or haemoptysis ...

 --- hemothorax

Hemothorax

A hemothorax is a condition that results from blood accumulating in the pleural cavity.-Cause and presentation:Its cause is usually traumatic, from a blunt or penetrating injury to the thorax, resulting in a rupture of the serous membrane either lining the thorax or covering the lungs...

 --- hemopneumothorax

Hemopneumothorax

Hemopneumothorax, or haemopneumothorax, is a medical term describing the combination of two conditions: pneumothorax, or air in the chest cavity, and hemothorax , or blood in the chest cavity....

 --- intracranial hemorrhages --- cerebral hemorrhage --- basal ganglia hemorrhage --- putaminal hemorrhage --- hematoma, epidural, cranial --- hematoma, subdural --- hematoma, subdural, acute --- hematoma, subdural, chronic --- hematoma, subdural, intracranial --- subarachnoid hemorrhage

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

A subarachnoid hemorrhage , or subarachnoid haemorrhage in British English, is bleeding into the subarachnoid space—the area between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater surrounding the brain...

 --- oral hemorrhage --- gingival hemorrhage --- postoperative hemorrhage --- retrobulbar hemorrhage --- shock, hemorrhagic --- uterine hemorrhage --- metrorrhagia

Metrorrhagia

Metrorrhagia, also known as breakthrough bleeding or spotting, is uterine bleeding at irregular intervals, particularly between the expected menstrual periods.In some women, menstrual spotting between periods occurs as a normal and harmless part of ovulation...

 --- postpartum hemorrhage

Postpartum hemorrhage

Hemorrhage after delivery, or postpartum hemorrhage, is the loss of greater than 500 ml of blood following vaginal delivery, or 1000 ml of blood following cesarean section...

--- hyperbilirubinemia

--- hyperbilirubinemia, neonatal --- jaundice, neonatal --- jaundice

Jaundice

Jaundice is a yellowish pigmentation of the skin, the conjunctival membranes over the sclerae , and other mucous membranes caused by hyperbilirubinemia . This hyperbilirubinemia subsequently causes increased levels of bilirubin in the extracellular fluid...

 --- jaundice, obstructive --- kernicterus

Kernicterus

Kernicterus is damage to the brain centers of infants caused by increased levels of unconjugated bilirubin. This may be due to several underlying pathologic processes. Newborn babies are often polycythemic. When they break down the erythrocytes, one of the byproducts is bilirubin, which circulates...

--- inflammation

Inflammation

Inflammation is part of the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. Inflammation is a protective attempt by the organism to remove the injurious stimuli and to initiate the healing process...

--- acute-phase reaction --- foreign-body reaction --- neurogenic inflammation

Neurogenic inflammation

Neurogenic inflammation is inflammation arising from the local release from afferent neurons of inflammatory mediators such as Substance P and Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide ....

 --- seroma

Seroma

A seroma is a pocket of clear serous fluid that sometimes develops in the body after surgery. When small blood vessels are ruptured, blood plasma can seep out; inflammation caused by dying injured cells also contributes to the fluid....

 --- serositis

Serositis

Serositis refers to inflammation of the serous tissues of the body, the tissues lining the lungs , heart , and the inner lining of the abdomen and organs within...

 --- suppuration --- abscess

Abscess

An abscess is a collection of pus that has accumulated in a cavity formed by the tissue in which the pus resides due to an infectious process or other foreign materials...

 --- cellulitis

Cellulitis

Cellulitis is a diffuse inflammation of connective tissue with severe inflammation of dermal and subcutaneous layers of the skin. Cellulitis can be caused by normal skin flora or by exogenous bacteria, and often occurs where the skin has previously been broken: cracks in the skin, cuts, blisters,...

 --- empyema

Empyema

Pleural empyema is an accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity. Most pleural empyemas arise from an infection within the lung , often associated with parapneumonic effusions. There are three stages: exudative, fibrinopurulent and organizing. In the exudative stage, the pus accumulates...

--- intraoperative complications

--- blood loss, surgical

--- menstruation disturbances

--- amenorrhea --- dysmenorrhea

Dysmenorrhea

Dysmenorrhea is a gynecological medical condition of pain during menstruation that interferes with daily activities, as defined by ACOG and others. Still, dysmenorrhea is often defined simply as menstrual pain, or at least menstrual pain that is excessive...

 --- menorrhagia

Menorrhagia

Menorrhagia is an abnormally heavy and prolonged menstrual period at regular intervals. Causes may be due to abnormal blood clotting, disruption of normal hormonal regulation of periods or disorders of the endometrial lining of the uterus...

 --- oligomenorrhea

Oligomenorrhea

Oligomenorrhea is infrequent menstruation. More strictly, it is menstrual periods occurring at intervals of greater than 35 days, with only four to nine periods in a year. Also, menstrual periods should have been regularly established previously before the development of infrequent flow...

 --- premenstrual syndrome

--- metaplasia

Metaplasia

Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with another mature differentiated cell type. The change from one type of cell to another may generally be a part of normal maturation process or caused by some sort of abnormal stimulus...

--- neovascularization, pathologic --- choroidal neovascularization

Choroidal neovascularization

Choroidal neovascularization is the creation of new blood vessels in the choroid layer of the eye. This is a common symptom of the degenerative maculopathy wet AMD .-Causes:...

 --- retinal neovascularization

--- multiple organ failure

--- shock --- sepsis syndrome --- shock, cardiogenic --- shock, hemorrhagic --- shock, septic --- shock, surgical --- shock, traumatic

--- necrosis

Necrosis

Necrosis is the premature death of cells in living tissue. Necrosis is caused by factors external to the cell or tissue, such as infection, toxins, or trauma. This is in contrast to apoptosis, which is a naturally occurring cause of cellular death...

--- dental pulp necrosis --- fat necrosis

Fat necrosis

Fat necrosis is a form of necrosis characterized by the action upon fat by digestive enzymes.In fat necrosis the enzyme lipase releases fatty acids from triglycerides. The fatty acids then complex with calcium to form soaps...

 --- gangrene

Gangrene

Gangrene is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that arises when a considerable mass of body tissue dies . This may occur after an injury or infection, or in people suffering from any chronic health problem affecting blood circulation. The primary cause of gangrene is reduced blood...

 --- infarction

Infarction

In medicine, infarction refers to tissue death that is caused by a local lack of oxygen due to obstruction of the tissue's blood supply. The resulting lesion is referred to as an infarct.-Causes:...

 --- osteonecrosis --- femur head necrosis

--- neoplastic processes

--- anaplasia

Anaplasia

Anaplasia refers to a reversion of differentiation in cells and is characteristic of malignant neoplasms . Sometimes, the term also includes an increased capacity for multiplication. Lack of differentiation is considered a hallmark of aggressive malignancies. The term anaplasia literally means "to...

 --- cell transformation, neoplastic --- blast crisis --- cell transformation, viral --- cocarcinogenesis --- neoplasm invasiveness --- leukemic infiltration --- neoplasm metastasis --- lymphatic metastasis --- neoplasm circulating cells --- neoplasm seeding --- neoplasms, unknown primary --- neoplasm recurrence, local --- neoplasm regression, spontaneous --- neoplasm, residual

--- nerve degeneration

--- retrograde degeneration --- wallerian degeneration

Wallerian degeneration

Wallerian degeneration is a process that results when a nerve fiber is cut or crushed, in which the part of the axon separated from the neuron's cell body degenerates distal to the injury. This is also known as anterograde degeneration, or orthograde degeneration...

--- ossification, heterotopic

--- ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament

--- postoperative complications

--- afferent loop syndrome --- graft occlusion, vascular --- malignant hyperthermia

Malignant hyperthermia

Malignant hyperthermia or malignant hyperpyrexia is a rare life-threatening condition that is usually triggered by exposure to certain drugs used for general anesthesia; specifically, the volatile anesthetic agents and the neuromuscular blocking agent, succinylcholine...

 --- pain, postoperative --- postcholecystectomy syndrome

Postcholecystectomy syndrome

Postcholecystectomy syndrome describes the presence of abdominal symptoms after surgical removal of the gallbladder .Symptoms of postcholecystectomy syndrome may include:* Upset stomach, nausea, and vomiting....

 --- postgastrectomy syndromes --- dumping syndrome --- postoperative hemorrhage --- postoperative nausea and vomiting

Postoperative nausea and vomiting

Postoperative nausea and vomiting is an unpleasant complication affecting about a third of the 10% of the population undergoing general anaesthesia each year. This equates to about two million people in the United Kingdom annually.-Impact:...

 --- postpericardiotomy syndrome

Postpericardiotomy syndrome

Postpericardiotomy syndrome is a medical syndrome referring to an immune phenomenon that occurs days to months after surgical incision of the pericardium...

 --- prosthesis failure --- prosthesis-related infections --- reperfusion injury

Reperfusion injury

Reperfusion injury is the tissue damage caused when blood supply returns to the tissue after a period of ischemia or lack of oxygen. The absence of oxygen and nutrients from blood during the ischemic period creates a condition in which the restoration of circulation results in inflammation and...

 --- myocardial reperfusion injury --- shock, surgical --- short bowel syndrome

Short bowel syndrome

Short bowel syndrome is a malabsorption disorder caused by the surgical removal of the small intestine, or rarely due to the complete dysfunction of a large segment of bowel. Most cases are acquired, although some children are born with a congenital short bowel...

 --- surgical wound dehiscence --- surgical wound infection

--- body temperature changes

--- fever

Fever

Fever is a common medical sign characterized by an elevation of temperature above the normal range of due to an increase in the body temperature regulatory set-point. This increase in set-point triggers increased muscle tone and shivering.As a person's temperature increases, there is, in...

 --- fever of unknown origin

Fever of unknown origin

Fever of unknown origin , pyrexia of unknown origin or febris e causa ignota refers to a condition in which the patient has an elevated temperature but despite investigations by a physician no explanation has been found....

 --- sweating sickness

Sweating sickness

Sweating sickness, also known as "English sweating sickness" or "English sweate" , was a mysterious and highly virulent disease that struck England, and later continental Europe, in a series of epidemics beginning in 1485. The last outbreak occurred in 1551, after which the disease apparently...

 --- hypothermia

Hypothermia

Hypothermia is a condition in which core temperature drops below the required temperature for normal metabolism and body functions which is defined as . Body temperature is usually maintained near a constant level of through biologic homeostasis or thermoregulation...

--- body weight

Body weight

The term body weight is used in daily English speech as well as in the contexts of biological and medical sciences to describe the mass of an organism's body. Body weight is measured in kilograms throughout the world, although in some countries it is still measured in pounds or stones and pounds...

--- birth weight

Birth weight

Birth weight is the body weight of a baby at its birth.There have been numerous studies that have attempted, with varying degrees of success, to show links between birth weight and later-life conditions, including diabetes, obesity, tobacco smoking and intelligence.-Determinants:There are...

 --- fetal macrosomia --- body weight changes --- weight gain

Weight gain

Weight gain is an increase in body weight. This can be either an increase in muscle mass, fat deposits, or excess fluids such as water.-Description:...

 --- weight loss

Weight loss

Weight loss, in the context of medicine, health or physical fitness, is a reduction of the total body mass, due to a mean loss of fluid, body fat or adipose tissue and/or lean mass, namely bone mineral deposits, muscle, tendon and other connective tissue...

 --- emaciation

Emaciation

Emaciation occurs when an organism loses substantial amounts of much needed fat and often muscle tissue, making that organism look extremely thin. The cause of emaciation is a lack of nutrients, starvation, or disease....

 --- cachexia

Cachexia

Cachexia or wasting syndrome is loss of weight, muscle atrophy, fatigue, weakness, and significant loss of appetite in someone who is not actively trying to lose weight...

 --- fetal weight --- overweight

Overweight

Overweight is generally defined as having more body fat than is optimally healthy. Being overweight is a common condition, especially where food supplies are plentiful and lifestyles are sedentary...

 --- obesity

Obesity

Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems...

 --- obesity, morbid --- thinness

--- eye manifestations

--- eye hemorrhage

--- neurologic manifestations

--- bladder, neurogenic --- cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea --- cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea --- decerebrate state --- dyskinesias --- ataxia

Ataxia

Ataxia is a neurological sign and symptom that consists of gross lack of coordination of muscle movements. Ataxia is a non-specific clinical manifestation implying dysfunction of the parts of the nervous system that coordinate movement, such as the cerebellum...

 --- cerebellar ataxia

Cerebellar ataxia

Cerebellar ataxia is a form of ataxia originating in the cerebellum.-References:...

 --- gait ataxia --- athetosis

Athetosis

Athetosis is a symptom characterized by involuntary convoluted, writhing movements of the fingers, arms, legs, and neck. Movements typical of athetosis are sometimes called athetoid movements. Lesions to the brain are most often the direct cause of the symptoms, particularly to thecorpus striatum...

 --- catalepsy

Catalepsy

Catalepsy is also a term used by hypnotists to refer to the state of making a hypnotised subject's arm, leg or back rigid. "Arm catalepsy" is often a pre-hypnotic test performed prior to an induction into a full trance.-Causes:...

 --- chorea --- dystonia

Dystonia

Dystonia is a neurological movement disorder, in which sustained muscle contractions cause twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures. The disorder may be hereditary or caused by other factors such as birth-related or other physical trauma, infection, poisoning or reaction to...

 --- torticollis

Torticollis

Torticollis, or wryneck, is a stiff neck associated with muscle spasm, classically causing lateral flexion contracture of the cervical spine musculature...

 --- hyperkinesis

Hyperkinesis

Hyperkinesia, also known as hyperkinesis, refers to an increase in muscular activity that can result in excessive abnormal movements, excessive normal movements, or a combination of both...

 --- hypokinesia

Hypokinesia

Hypokinesia refers to decreased bodily movement. It is associated with basal ganglia diseases , mental health disorders and prolonged inactivity due to illness, amongst other diseases.Hypokinesia describes a spectrum of disorders:...

 --- myoclonus

Myoclonus

Myoclonus is brief, involuntary twitching of a muscle or a group of muscles. It describes a medical sign and, generally, is not a diagnosis of a disease. Brief twitches are perfectly normal. The myoclonic twitches are usually caused by sudden muscle contractions; they also can result from brief...

 --- psychomotor agitation

Psychomotor agitation

Psychomotor agitation is a series of unintentional and purposeless motions that stem from mental tension and anxiety of an individual. This includes pacing around a room, wringing one's hands, pulling off clothing and putting it back on and other similar actions...

 --- akathisia, drug-induced --- synkinesis

Synkinesis

Synkinesis is the result from miswiring of nerves after trauma. This result is manifested through involuntary muscular movements accompanying voluntary movements...

 --- tics --- tremor

Tremor

A tremor is an involuntary, somewhat rhythmic, muscle contraction and relaxation involving to-and-fro movements of one or more body parts. It is the most common of all involuntary movements and can affect the hands, arms, eyes, face, head, vocal folds, trunk, and legs. Most tremors occur in the...

 --- gait disorders, neurologic --- gait apraxia --- gait ataxia --- meningism

Meningism

Meningism is the triad of nuchal rigidity , photophobia and headache. It is a sign of irritation of the meninges, such as seen in meningitis, subarachnoid hemorrhages and various other diseases...

 --- neurobehavioral manifestations --- apraxias --- catatonia

Catatonia

Catatonia is a state of neurogenic motor immobility, and behavioral abnormality manifested by stupor. It was first described in 1874: Die Katatonie oder das Spannungsirresein ....

 --- communication disorders --- language disorders --- agraphia --- anomia --- dyslexia

Dyslexia

Dyslexia is a very broad term defining a learning disability that impairs a person's fluency or comprehension accuracy in being able to read, and which can manifest itself as a difficulty with phonological awareness, phonological decoding, orthographic coding, auditory short-term memory, or rapid...

 --- dyslexia, acquired --- alexia, pure --- language development disorders --- speech disorders --- aphasia

Aphasia

Aphasia is an impairment of language ability. This class of language disorder ranges from having difficulty remembering words to being completely unable to speak, read, or write....

 --- aphasia, broca --- aphasia, conduction --- aphasia, primary progressive --- aphasia, wernicke --- articulation disorders --- dysarthria

Dysarthria

Dysarthria is a motor speech disorder resulting from neurological injury of the motor component of the motor-speech system and is characterized by poor articulation of phonemes...

 --- echolalia

Echolalia

Echolalia is the automatic repetition of vocalizations made by another person. It is closely related to echopraxia, the automatic repetition of movements made by another person....

 --- mutism --- stuttering

Stuttering

Stuttering , also known as stammering , is a speech disorder in which the flow of speech is disrupted by involuntary repetitions and prolongations of sounds, syllables, words or phrases, and involuntary silent pauses or blocks in which the stutterer is unable to produce sounds...

 --- learning disorders --- dyslexia

Dyslexia

Dyslexia is a very broad term defining a learning disability that impairs a person's fluency or comprehension accuracy in being able to read, and which can manifest itself as a difficulty with phonological awareness, phonological decoding, orthographic coding, auditory short-term memory, or rapid...

 --- dyslexia, acquired --- confusion

ConFusion

ConFusion is an annual science fiction convention organized by the Stilyagi Air Corps and its parent organization, the Ann Arbor Science Fiction Association. Commonly, it is held the third weekend of January. It is the oldest science fiction convention in Michigan, a regional, general SF con...

 --- delirium

Delirium

Delirium or acute confusional state is a common and severe neuropsychiatric syndrome with core features of acute onset and fluctuating course, attentional deficits and generalized severe disorganization of behavior...

 --- consciousness disorders --- unconsciousness

Unconsciousness

Unconsciousness is the condition of being not conscious—in a mental state that involves complete or near-complete lack of responsiveness to people and other environmental stimuli. Being in a comatose state or coma is a type of unconsciousness. Fainting due to a drop in blood pressure and a...

 --- coma

Coma

In medicine, a coma is a state of unconsciousness, lasting more than 6 hours in which a person cannot be awakened, fails to respond normally to painful stimuli, light or sound, lacks a normal sleep-wake cycle and does not initiate voluntary actions. A person in a state of coma is described as...

 --- persistent vegetative state

Persistent vegetative state

A persistent vegetative state is a disorder of consciousness in which patients with severe brain damage are in a state of partial arousal rather than true awareness. It is a diagnosis of some uncertainty in that it deals with a syndrome. After four weeks in a vegetative state , the patient is...

 --- syncope

Syncope (medicine)

Syncope , the medical term for fainting, is precisely defined as a transient loss of consciousness and postural tone characterized by rapid onset, short duration, and spontaneous recovery due to global cerebral hypoperfusion that most often results from hypotension.Many forms of syncope are...

 --- syncope, vasovagal --- memory disorders --- amnesia

Amnesia

Amnesia is a condition in which one's memory is lost. The causes of amnesia have traditionally been divided into categories. Memory appears to be stored in several parts of the limbic system of the brain, and any condition that interferes with the function of this system can cause amnesia...

 --- amnesia, anterograde --- amnesia, retrograde --- amnesia, transient global --- korsakoff syndrome --- mental retardation

Mental retardation

Mental retardation is a generalized disorder appearing before adulthood, characterized by significantly impaired cognitive functioning and deficits in two or more adaptive behaviors...

 --- perceptual disorders --- agnosia

Agnosia

Agnosia is a loss of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells while the specific sense is not defective nor is there any significant memory loss...

 --- gerstmann syndrome

Gerstmann syndrome

Gerstmann syndrome is a neurological disorder that is characterized by a constellation of symptoms that suggests the presence of a lesion in a particular area of the brain...

 --- prosopagnosia

Prosopagnosia

Prosopagnosia is a disorder of face perception where the ability to recognize faces is impaired, while the ability to recognize other objects may be relatively intact...

 --- auditory perceptual disorders --- hallucinations --- illusion

Illusion

An illusion is a distortion of the senses, revealing how the brain normally organizes and interprets sensory stimulation. While illusions distort reality, they are generally shared by most people....

s --- phantom limb

Phantom limb

A phantom limb is the sensation that an amputated or missing limb is still attached to the body and is moving appropriately with other body parts. 2 out of 3 combat veterans report this feeling. Approximately 60 to 80% of individuals with an amputation experience phantom sensations in their...

 --- psychomotor disorders

Psychomotor disorders

*Psychomotor retardation comprises a slowing down of thought and a reduction of physical movements in a person.*Psychomotor agitation is a series of unintentional and purposeless motions that stem from mental tension and anxiety of an individual....

 --- apraxias --- apraxia, ideomotor --- gait apraxia --- psychomotor agitation

Psychomotor agitation

Psychomotor agitation is a series of unintentional and purposeless motions that stem from mental tension and anxiety of an individual. This includes pacing around a room, wringing one's hands, pulling off clothing and putting it back on and other similar actions...

 --- neuromuscular manifestations --- fasciculation

Fasciculation

A fasciculation , or "muscle twitch", is a small, local, involuntary muscle contraction and relaxation visible under the skin arising from the spontaneous discharge of a bundle of skeletal muscle fibers...

 --- muscle cramp --- muscle hypertonia --- muscle rigidity --- muscle spasticity --- muscle hypotonia --- muscle weakness

Muscle weakness

Muscle weakness or myasthenia is a lack of muscle strength. The causes are many and can be divided into conditions that have true or perceived muscle weakness...

 --- muscular atrophy --- myokymia

Myokymia

Myokymia, is an involuntary, spontaneous, localized quivering of a few muscles bundles within a muscle, but which are insufficient to move a joint.One type is superior oblique myokymia....

 --- myotonia

Myotonia

Myotonia is a symptom of a small handful of certain neuromuscular disorders characterized by the slow relaxation of the muscles after voluntary contraction or electrical stimulation. Generally, repeated effort is needed to relax the muscles, and the condition improves after the muscles have warmed...

 --- spasm

Spasm

In medicine a spasm is a sudden, involuntary contraction of a muscle, a group of muscles, or a hollow organ, or a similarly sudden contraction of an orifice. It is sometimes accompanied by a sudden burst of pain, but is usually harmless and ceases after a few minutes...

 --- hemifacial spasm

Hemifacial spasm

Hemifacial spasm or HFS is a neurological disorder in which blood vessels constrict the seventh cranial nerve and cause varying degrees of facial spasm, typically originating around the eye of the afflicted side of the face...

 --- trismus

Trismus

-Common causes:*Pericoronitis is the most common cause of trismus.*Inflammation of muscles of mastication. It is a frequent sequel to surgical removal of mandibular third molars . The condition is usually resolved on its own in 10–14 days, during which time eating and oral hygiene are compromised...

 --- tetany

Tetany

Tetany has two meanings, though both are related to the muscular system.* Tetany * Tetany The terms "tetany" and "tetanus" are distinct....

 --- pain

Pain

Pain is an unpleasant sensation often caused by intense or damaging stimuli such as stubbing a toe, burning a finger, putting iodine on a cut, and bumping the "funny bone."...

 --- back pain

Back pain

Back pain is pain felt in the back that usually originates from the muscles, nerves, bones, joints or other structures in the spine.The pain can often be divided into neck pain, upper back pain, lower back pain or tailbone pain...

 --- low back pain

Low back pain

Low back pain or lumbago is a common musculoskeletal disorder affecting 80% of people at some point in their lives. In the United States it is the most common cause of job-related disability, a leading contributor to missed work, and the second most common neurological ailment — only headache is...

 --- facial pain --- headache

Headache

A headache or cephalalgia is pain anywhere in the region of the head or neck. It can be a symptom of a number of different conditions of the head and neck. The brain tissue itself is not sensitive to pain because it lacks pain receptors. Rather, the pain is caused by disturbance of the...

 --- labor pain --- metatarsalgia

Metatarsalgia

Metatarsalgia is a general term used to refer to any painful foot condition affecting the metatarsal region of the foot. This is a common problem that can affect the joints and bones of the metatarsals. Metatarsalgia is most often localized to the first metatarsal head...

 --- neck pain

Neck pain

Neck pain is a common problem, with two-thirds of the population having neck pain at some point in their lives.Neck pain, although felt in the neck, can be caused by numerous other spinal problems. Neck pain may arise due to muscular tightness in both the neck and upper back, or pinching of the...

 --- neuralgia

Neuralgia

Neuralgia is pain in one or more nerves that occurs without stimulation of pain receptor cells. Neuralgia pain is produced by a change in neurological structure or function rather than by the excitation of pain receptors that causes nociceptive pain. Neuralgia falls into two categories: central...

 --- neuralgia, postherpetic --- sciatica

Sciatica

Sciatica is a set of symptoms including pain that may be caused by general compression or irritation of one of five spinal nerve roots that give rise to each sciatic nerve, or by compression or irritation of the left or right or both sciatic nerves. The pain is felt in the lower back, buttock, or...

 --- pain, intractable --- paralysis

Paralysis

Paralysis is loss of muscle function for one or more muscles. Paralysis can be accompanied by a loss of feeling in the affected area if there is sensory damage as well as motor. A study conducted by the Christopher & Dana Reeve Foundation, suggests that about 1 in 50 people have been diagnosed...

 --- facial paralysis --- gastroparesis

Gastroparesis

Gastroparesis, also called delayed gastric emptying, is a medical condition consisting of a paresis of the stomach, resulting in food remaining in the stomach for a longer period of time than normal. Normally, the stomach contracts to move food down into the small intestine for digestion. The...

 --- hemiplegia

Hemiplegia

Hemiplegia /he.mə.pliː.dʒiə/ is total paralysis of the arm, leg, and trunk on the same side of the body. Hemiplegia is more severe than hemiparesis, wherein one half of the body has less marked weakness....

 --- ophthalmoplegia --- ophthalmoplegia, chronic progressive external --- supranuclear palsy, progressive --- paraplegia

Paraplegia

Paraplegia is an impairment in motor or sensory function of the lower extremities. The word comes from Ionic Greek: παραπληγίη "half-striking". It is usually the result of spinal cord injury or a congenital condition such as spina bifida that affects the neural elements of the spinal canal...

 --- brown-sequard syndrome

Brown-Séquard syndrome

Brown-Séquard syndrome, also known as Brown-Séquard's hemiplegia and Brown-Séquard's paralysis, is a loss of sensation and motor function that is caused by the lateral hemisection of the spinal cord...

 --- pseudobulbar palsy

Pseudobulbar palsy

Pseudobulbar palsy results from an upper motor neuron lesion to the corticobulbar pathways in the pyramidal tract. Patients have difficulty chewing, swallowing and demonstrate slurred speech...

 --- quadriplegia

Quadriplegia

Tetraplegia, also known as quadriplegia, is paralysis caused by illness or injury to a human that results in the partial or total loss of use of all their limbs and torso; paraplegia is similar but does not affect the arms...

 --- respiratory paralysis --- vocal cord paralysis --- paresis

Paresis

Paresis is a condition typified by partial loss of voluntary movement or by impaired movement. When used without qualifiers, it usually refers to the limbs, but it also can be used to describe the muscles of the eyes , the stomach , and also the vocal cords...

 --- paraparesis --- paraparesis, spastic --- psychophysiologic disorders --- pupil disorders --- anisocoria

Anisocoria

-Causes:In the absence of the iris or eyeball proper, anisocoria is usually the result of a defect in efferent nervous pathways controlling the pupil traveling in the oculomotor nerve or the sympathetic pathways...

 --- miosis

Miosis

Miosis is the constriction of the pupil of the eye to two millimeters or less...

 --- horner syndrome --- tonic pupil --- reflex, abnormal --- reflex, babinski --- seizures --- sensation disorders --- dizziness

Dizziness

Dizziness refers to an impairment in spatial perception and stability. The term is somewhat imprecise. It can be used to mean vertigo, presyncope, disequilibrium, or a non-specific feeling such as giddiness or foolishness....

 --- hearing disorders --- hearing loss --- deafness --- hearing loss, bilateral --- hearing loss, conductive --- hearing loss, functional --- hearing loss, high-frequency --- hearing loss, mixed conductive-sensorineural --- hearing loss, sensorineural --- hearing loss, central --- hearing loss, noise-induced --- presbycusis

Presbycusis

Presbycusis, or age-related hearing loss, is the cumulative effect of aging on hearing. Also known as presbyacusis, it is defined as a progressive bilateral symmetrical age-related sensorineural hearing loss. The hearing loss is most marked at higher frequencies...

 --- usher syndromes --- hearing loss, sudden --- hearing loss, unilateral --- hyperacusis

Hyperacusis

Hyperacusis is a health condition characterized by an over-sensitivity to certain frequency ranges of sound...

 --- tinnitus

Tinnitus

Tinnitus |ringing]]") is the perception of sound within the human ear in the absence of corresponding external sound.Tinnitus is not a disease, but a symptom that can result from a wide range of underlying causes: abnormally loud sounds in the ear canal for even the briefest period , ear...

 --- olfaction disorders --- somatosensory disorders --- hyperalgesia

Hyperalgesia

Hyperalgesia is an increased sensitivity to pain, which may be caused by damage to nociceptors or peripheral nerves. Temporary increased sensitivity to pain also occurs as part of sickness behavior, the evolved response to infection.-Types:...

 --- hyperesthesia

Hyperesthesia

Hyperesthesia is a condition that involves an abnormal increase in sensitivity to stimuli of the sense. "When a non-noxious stimulus causes the sensation of pain the area will be termed hyperaesthetic". Stimuli of the senses can include sound that one hears, foods that one tastes, textures that...

 --- hypesthesia --- paresthesia

Paresthesia

Paresthesia , spelled "paraesthesia" in British English, is a sensation of tingling, burning, pricking, or numbness of a person's skin with no apparent long-term physical effect. It is more generally known as the feeling of "pins and needles" or of a limb "falling asleep"...

 --- taste disorders --- ageusia

Ageusia

Ageusia is the loss of taste functions of the tongue, particularly the inability to detect sweetness, sourness, bitterness, saltiness, and umami . It is sometimes confused with anosmia - a loss of the sense of smell...

 --- dysgeusia

Dysgeusia

Dysgeusia is the distortion of the sense of taste. Dysgeusia is also often associated with ageusia, which is the complete lack of taste, and hypogeusia, which is the decrease in taste sensitivity. An alteration in taste or smell may be a secondary process in various disease states, or it may be...

 --- vision disorders --- amblyopia

Amblyopia

Amblyopia, also known as lazy eye, is a disorder of the visual system that is characterized by a vision deficiency in an eye that is otherwise physically normal, or out of proportion to associated structural abnormalities of the eye...

 --- blindness

Blindness

Blindness is the condition of lacking visual perception due to physiological or neurological factors.Various scales have been developed to describe the extent of vision loss and define blindness...

 --- amaurosis fugax

Amaurosis fugax

Amaurosis fugax is a transient monocular visual loss.-Pathophysiology and etiology:...

 --- blindness, cortical --- color vision defects --- diplopia

Diplopia

Diplopia, commonly known as double vision, is the simultaneous perception of two images of a single object that may be displaced horizontally, vertically, or diagonally in relation to each other...

 --- hemianopsia

Hemianopsia

Hemianopia, or hemianopsia, is a type of anopsia where the decreased vision or blindness takes place in half the visual field of one or both eyes. In most cases, the visual field loss respects the vertical midline...

 --- photophobia

Photophobia

Photophobia is a symptom of abnormal intolerance to visual perception of light. As a medical symptom photophobia is not a morbid fear or phobia, but an experience of discomfort or pain to the eyes due to light exposure or by presence of actual physical photosensitivity of the eyes, though the term...

 --- scotoma

Scotoma

A scotoma is an area of partial alteration in one's field of vision consisting of a partially diminished or entirely degenerated visual acuity which is surrounded by a field of normal - or relatively well-preserved - vision.Every normal mammalian eye has a scotoma in its field of vision, usually...

 --- vision, low --- sleep disorders --- sleep deprivation

Sleep deprivation

Sleep deprivation is the condition of not having enough sleep; it can be either chronic or acute. A chronic sleep-restricted state can cause fatigue, daytime sleepiness, clumsiness and weight loss or weight gain. It adversely affects the brain and cognitive function. Few studies have compared the...

 --- vertigo

Vertigo (medical)

Vertigo is a type of dizziness, where there is a feeling of motion when one is stationary. The symptoms are due to a dysfunction of the vestibular system in the inner ear...

 --- voice disorders --- aphonia

Aphonia

Aphonia is the inability to speak. It is considered more severe than dysphonia. A primary cause of aphonia is bilateral disruption of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, which supplies nearly all the muscles in the larynx...

 --- hoarseness

--- oral manifestations

--- oral hemorrhage

--- pain

Pain

Pain is an unpleasant sensation often caused by intense or damaging stimuli such as stubbing a toe, burning a finger, putting iodine on a cut, and bumping the "funny bone."...

--- abdominal pain

Abdominal pain

Abdominal pain can be one of the symptoms associated with transient disorders or serious disease. Making a definitive diagnosis of the cause of abdominal pain can be difficult, because many diseases can result in this symptom. Abdominal pain is a common problem...

 --- abdomen, acute --- colic

Colic

Colic is a form of pain which starts and stops abruptly. Types include:*Baby colic, a condition, usually in infants, characterized by incessant crying*Renal colic, a pain in the flank, characteristic of kidney stones...

 --- arthralgia

Arthralgia

Arthralgia literally means joint pain; it is a symptom of injury, infection, illnesses or an allergic reaction to medication....

 --- shoulder pain --- back pain

Back pain

Back pain is pain felt in the back that usually originates from the muscles, nerves, bones, joints or other structures in the spine.The pain can often be divided into neck pain, upper back pain, lower back pain or tailbone pain...

 --- low back pain

Low back pain

Low back pain or lumbago is a common musculoskeletal disorder affecting 80% of people at some point in their lives. In the United States it is the most common cause of job-related disability, a leading contributor to missed work, and the second most common neurological ailment — only headache is...

 --- chest pain

Chest pain

Chest pain may be a symptom of a number of serious conditions and is generally considered a medical emergency. Even though it may be determined that the pain is non-cardiac in origin, this is often a diagnosis of exclusion made after ruling out more serious causes of the pain.-Differential...

 --- angina pectoris --- angina, unstable --- angina pectoris, variant --- earache --- facial pain --- toothache

Toothache

A toothache, also known as odontalgia or, less frequently, as odontalgy, is an aching pain in or around a tooth.-Causes:* Dental etiology, In most cases toothaches are caused by problems in the tooth or jaw, such as** Dental caries...

 --- flank pain --- glossalgia --- headache

Headache

A headache or cephalalgia is pain anywhere in the region of the head or neck. It can be a symptom of a number of different conditions of the head and neck. The brain tissue itself is not sensitive to pain because it lacks pain receptors. Rather, the pain is caused by disturbance of the...

 --- labor pain --- metatarsalgia

Metatarsalgia

Metatarsalgia is a general term used to refer to any painful foot condition affecting the metatarsal region of the foot. This is a common problem that can affect the joints and bones of the metatarsals. Metatarsalgia is most often localized to the first metatarsal head...

 --- neck pain

Neck pain

Neck pain is a common problem, with two-thirds of the population having neck pain at some point in their lives.Neck pain, although felt in the neck, can be caused by numerous other spinal problems. Neck pain may arise due to muscular tightness in both the neck and upper back, or pinching of the...

 --- neuralgia

Neuralgia

Neuralgia is pain in one or more nerves that occurs without stimulation of pain receptor cells. Neuralgia pain is produced by a change in neurological structure or function rather than by the excitation of pain receptors that causes nociceptive pain. Neuralgia falls into two categories: central...

 --- neuralgia, postherpetic --- sciatica

Sciatica

Sciatica is a set of symptoms including pain that may be caused by general compression or irritation of one of five spinal nerve roots that give rise to each sciatic nerve, or by compression or irritation of the left or right or both sciatic nerves. The pain is felt in the lower back, buttock, or...

 --- pain, intractable --- pain, postoperative --- pelvic pain

Pelvic pain

Pelvic pain is a symptom that can affect both women and men. The pelvic pain that persists for a period of 3 months or more to be considered chronic while less than this duration is considered acute. The pain may indicate the existence of poorly-understood conditions that likely represent abnormal...

 --- dysmenorrhea

Dysmenorrhea

Dysmenorrhea is a gynecological medical condition of pain during menstruation that interferes with daily activities, as defined by ACOG and others. Still, dysmenorrhea is often defined simply as menstrual pain, or at least menstrual pain that is excessive...

 --- shoulder pain

--- signs and symptoms, digestive

--- abdominal pain

Abdominal pain

Abdominal pain can be one of the symptoms associated with transient disorders or serious disease. Making a definitive diagnosis of the cause of abdominal pain can be difficult, because many diseases can result in this symptom. Abdominal pain is a common problem...

 --- abdomen, acute --- colic

Colic

Colic is a form of pain which starts and stops abruptly. Types include:*Baby colic, a condition, usually in infants, characterized by incessant crying*Renal colic, a pain in the flank, characteristic of kidney stones...

 --- aerophagy --- anorexia

Anorexia (symptom)

Anorexia is the decreased sensation of appetite...

 --- constipation

Constipation

Constipation refers to bowel movements that are infrequent or hard to pass. Constipation is a common cause of painful defecation...

 --- coprophagia

Coprophagia

Coprophagia or coprophagy is the consumption of feces, from the Greek κόπρος copros and φαγεῖν phagein . Many animal species practice coprophagia as a matter of course; other species do not normally consume feces but may do so under unusual conditions...

 --- diarrhea

Diarrhea

Diarrhea , also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having three or more loose or liquid bowel movements per day. It is a common cause of death in developing countries and the second most common cause of infant deaths worldwide. The loss of fluids through diarrhea can cause dehydration and...

 --- diarrhea, infantile --- dyspepsia

Dyspepsia

Dyspepsia , also known as upset stomach or indigestion, refers to a condition of impaired digestion. It is a medical condition characterized by chronic or recurrent pain in the upper abdomen, upper abdominal fullness and feeling full earlier than expected when eating...

 --- encopresis

Encopresis

Encopresis is involuntary fecal soiling in adults and children who have usually already been toilet trained. Persons with encopresis often leak stool into their undergarments.-Prevalence:The estimated prevalence of encopresis in four-year-olds is between one and three percent...

 --- eructation --- flatulence

Flatulence

Flatulence is the expulsion through the rectum of a mixture of gases that are byproducts of the digestion process of mammals and other animals. The medical term for the mixture of gases is flatus, informally known as a fart, or simply gas...

 --- gagging --- halitosis

Halitosis

Halitosis is a term used to describe noticeably unpleasant odors exhaled in breathing. Halitosis is estimated to be the third most frequent reason for seeking dental aid, following tooth decay and periodontal disease.- General :...

 --- heartburn

Heartburn

Heartburn, also known as pyrosis or acid indigestion is a burning sensation in the chest, just behind the breastbone or in the epigastrium...

 --- hiccup

Hiccup

A hiccup or hiccough is a myoclonus of the diaphragm that repeats several times per minute. In humans, the abrupt rush of air into the lungs causes the vocal cords to close, creating a "hic" sound....

 --- hyperphagia --- bulimia --- nausea

Nausea

Nausea , is a sensation of unease and discomfort in the upper stomach with an involuntary urge to vomit. It often, but not always, precedes vomiting...

 --- postoperative nausea and vomiting

Postoperative nausea and vomiting

Postoperative nausea and vomiting is an unpleasant complication affecting about a third of the 10% of the population undergoing general anaesthesia each year. This equates to about two million people in the United Kingdom annually.-Impact:...

 --- vomiting

Vomiting

Vomiting is the forceful expulsion of the contents of one's stomach through the mouth and sometimes the nose...

 --- hematemesis

Hematemesis

Hematemesis or haematemesis is the vomiting of blood. The source is generally the upper gastrointestinal tract. Patients can easily confuse it with hemoptysis , although the latter is more common.-Signs:...

 --- morning sickness

Morning sickness

Morning sickness, also called nausea gravidarum, nausea, vomiting of pregnancy , or pregnancy sickness is a condition that affects more than half of all pregnant women. Related to increased oestrogen levels, a similar form of nausea is also seen in some women who use hormonal contraception or...

 --- hyperemesis gravidarum

Hyperemesis gravidarum

Hyperemesis gravidarum is a severe form of morning sickness, with "unrelenting, excessive pregnancy-related nausea and/or vomiting that prevents adequate intake of food and fluids." Hyperemesis is considered a rare complication of pregnancy but, because nausea and vomiting during pregnancy exist...

 --- postoperative nausea and vomiting

Postoperative nausea and vomiting

Postoperative nausea and vomiting is an unpleasant complication affecting about a third of the 10% of the population undergoing general anaesthesia each year. This equates to about two million people in the United Kingdom annually.-Impact:...

 --- vomiting, anticipatory

--- signs and symptoms, respiratory

--- anoxia

Hypoxia (medical)

Hypoxia, or hypoxiation, is a pathological condition in which the body as a whole or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply. Variations in arterial oxygen concentrations can be part of the normal physiology, for example, during strenuous physical exercise...

 --- altitude sickness

Altitude sickness

Altitude sickness—also known as acute mountain sickness , altitude illness, hypobaropathy, or soroche—is a pathological effect of high altitude on humans, caused by acute exposure to low partial pressure of oxygen at high altitude...

 --- anoxemia --- apnea

Apnea

Apnea, apnoea, or apnœa is a term for suspension of external breathing. During apnea there is no movement of the muscles of respiration and the volume of the lungs initially remains unchanged...

 --- cheyne-stokes respiration

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

Cheyne-Stokes respiration is an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by progressively deeper and sometimes faster breathing, followed by a gradual decrease that results in a temporary stop in breathing called an apnea. The pattern repeats, with each cycle usually taking 30 seconds to 2...

 --- cough

Cough

A cough is a sudden and often repetitively occurring reflex which helps to clear the large breathing passages from secretions, irritants, foreign particles and microbes...

 --- dyspnea

Dyspnea

Dyspnea , shortness of breath , or air hunger, is the subjective symptom of breathlessness.It is a normal symptom of heavy exertion but becomes pathological if it occurs in unexpected situations...

 --- dyspnea, paroxysmal --- hemoptysis

Hemoptysis

Hemoptysis or haemoptysis is the expectoration of blood or of blood-stained sputum from the bronchi, larynx, trachea, or lungs Hemoptysis or haemoptysis is the expectoration (coughing up) of blood or of blood-stained sputum from the bronchi, larynx, trachea, or lungs Hemoptysis or haemoptysis ...

 --- hoarseness --- hypercapnia

Hypercapnia

Hypercapnia or hypercapnea , also known as hypercarbia, is a condition where there is too much carbon dioxide in the blood...

 --- hyperoxia

Hyperoxia

Hyperoxia is excess oxygen or higher than normal partial pressure of oxygen.In medicine, it refers to excess oxygen in the lungs or other body tissues, which can be caused by breathing air or oxygen at pressures greater than normal atmospheric pressure...

 --- hyperventilation

Hyperventilation

Hyperventilation or overbreathing is the state of breathing faster or deeper than normal, causing excessive expulsion of circulating carbon dioxide. It can result from a psychological state such as a panic attack, from a physiological condition such as metabolic acidosis, can be brought about by...

 --- hypocapnia

Hypocapnia

Hypocapnia or hypocapnea also known as hypocarbia, sometimes incorrectly called acapnia, is a state of reduced carbon dioxide in the blood. Hypocapnia usually results from deep or rapid breathing, known as hyperventilation....

 --- hypoventilation

Hypoventilation

In medicine, hypoventilation occurs when ventilation is inadequate to perform needed gas exchange...

 --- mouth breathing

Mouth breathing

Mouth breathing refers to the state of inhaling and exhaling through the mouth.A healthy individual normally breathes through the nose while resting or doing light exercise, and breathes simultaneously through both the nose and mouth during vigorous aerobic exercise, in order to supply sufficient...

 --- respiratory sounds --- snoring

Snoring

Snoring is the vibration of respiratory structures and the resulting sound, due to obstructed air movement during breathing while sleeping. In some cases the sound may be soft, but in other cases, it can be loud and unpleasant...

 --- sneezing

--- skin manifestations

--- cafe-au-lait spots --- ecchymosis

Ecchymosis

An ecchymosis is the medical term for a subcutaneous purpura larger than 1 centimeter or a hematoma, commonly called a bruise. It can be located in the skin or in a mucous membrane.-Presentation:...

 --- jaundice

Jaundice

Jaundice is a yellowish pigmentation of the skin, the conjunctival membranes over the sclerae , and other mucous membranes caused by hyperbilirubinemia . This hyperbilirubinemia subsequently causes increased levels of bilirubin in the extracellular fluid...

 --- jaundice, obstructive --- pallor

Pallor

Pallor is a reduced amount of oxyhaemoglobin in skin or mucous membrane, a pale color which can be caused by illness, emotional shock or stress, stimulant use, lack of exposure to sunlight, anaemia or genetics....

 --- pruritus --- tinea pedis --- purpura

Purpura

Purpura is the appearance of red or purple discolorations on the skin that do not blanch on applying pressure. They are caused by bleeding underneath the skin...

--- urological manifestations

--- anuria

Anuria

Anuria means nonpassage of urine, in practice is defined as passage of less than 50 milliliters of urine in a day. Anuria is often caused by failure in the function of kidneys. It may also occur because of some severe obstruction like kidney stones or tumours. It may occur with end stage renal...

 --- oliguria

Oliguria

Oliguria is the low output of urine, It is clinically classified as an output below 300-500ml/day. The decreased output of urine may be a sign of dehydration, renal failure, hypovolemic shock, HHNS Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, urinary...

 --- polyuria

Polyuria

Polyuria is a condition usually defined as excessive or abnormally large production or passage of urine . Frequent urination is sometimes included by definition, but is nonetheless usually an accompanying symptom...