List of Portuguese monarchs
Encyclopedia
This is a list of Portuguese
Portugal
Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the...
monarch
Monarch
A monarch is the person who heads a monarchy. This is a form of government in which a state or polity is ruled or controlled by an individual who typically inherits the throne by birth and occasionally rules for life or until abdication...
s dating from the independence of Portugal
Portugal
Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the...
from the kingdom of León
Kingdom of León
The Kingdom of León was an independent kingdom situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula. It was founded in AD 910 when the Christian princes of Asturias along the northern coast of the peninsula shifted their capital from Oviedo to the city of León...
under Afonso Henriques, who proclaimed himself King in 1139, until the proclamation of the Portuguese Republic on 5 October 1910, during the reign of Manuel II
Manuel II of Portugal
Manuel II , named Manuel Maria Filipe Carlos Amélio Luís Miguel Rafael Gabriel Gonzaga Francisco de Assis Eugénio de Bragança Orleães Sabóia e Saxe-Coburgo-Gotha — , was the last King of Portugal from 1908 to 1910, ascending the throne after the assassination of his father and elder brother Manuel...
, "the Patriot", or "the Missed King". Afonso I was recognized as king, in 1143, by Alfonso VII of León and Castile and, in 1179, by the Pope Alexander III
Pope Alexander III
Pope Alexander III , born Rolando of Siena, was Pope from 1159 to 1181. He is noted in history for laying the foundation stone for the Notre Dame de Paris.-Church career:...
.
It includes the Portuguese rulers from the:
- The Kings of the Portuguese House of BurgundyHouse of BurgundyThe House of Burgundy was a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty, descending from Robert I, Duke of Burgundy, a younger son of Robert II of France....
, or Afonsine Dynasty (1143–1383/1385) - The Kings of the House of AvizHouse of AvizThe House of Aviz is a dynasty of kings of Portugal. In 1385, the Interregnum of the 1383-1385 crisis ended with the acclamation of the Master of the Order of Aviz, John, natural son of king Peter I and Dona Teresa Lourenço as king...
, or Joannine Dynasty (1385–ca. 1580) - The Kings of the Portuguese House of Habsburg, or Philippine Dynasty (1580–1640)
- The Kings of the House of BraganzaHouse of BraganzaThe Most Serene House of Braganza , an important Portuguese noble family, ruled the Kingdom of Portugal and its colonial Empire, from 1640 to 1910...
, (1640–1834) and - The Kings of the House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and GothaHouse of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and GothaThe House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha was a branch of the House of Braganza that ruled the Kingdom of Portugal from 1853 until the declaration of the republic in 1910....
, or Braganza-Coburg (1834–1910)
House of Burgundy, or Afonsine Dynasty, 1143–1383
When to date the beginning of the House of Burgundy is subject to debate. Some date it as early as the appointment of Henry of Burgundy as Count of Portugal, yet he never used any title but Count of Portugal. His widow Theresa briefly called herself, Queen Theresa of Portugal, daughter of the great Emperor Alfonso of León, but she had been forced to recognize her lands as a fief of León. In 1139, Afonso proclaimed himself King, and in 1143, his cousin and nominal overlord Alfonso VII of LeónAlfonso VII of León
Alfonso VII , born Alfonso Raimúndez, called the Emperor , became the King of Galicia in 1111 and King of León and Castile in 1126. Alfonso first used the title Emperor of All Spain, alongside his mother Urraca, once his mother vested him with the direct rule of Toledo in 1116...
granted formal recognition to this claim, maintaining vassalage only over the Leonese exclave town of Astorga
Astorga, Spain
Astorga is a town in the province of León, northern Spain. It lies southwest of the provincial capital of León, and is the head of the council of La Maragatería. The river Tuerto flows through it. , its population was about 12,100 people....
. Papal recognition was not granted until 1179, when Alexander III's papal bull
Papal bull
A Papal bull is a particular type of letters patent or charter issued by a Pope of the Catholic Church. It is named after the bulla that was appended to the end in order to authenticate it....
Manifestis Probatum
Manifestis Probatum
Manifestis Probatum was an papal bull dated May 23, 1179 in which Pope Alexander III officially recognised Afonso Henriques as the first King of Portugal.-Text:...
placed Astorga under papal vassalage.
In 1128, with the Battle of São Mamede and the end of the civil war, by the deposition of Queen Theresa, power was taken by Infante Dom Afonso Henriques as the sole ruler, officially styling himself Prince of Portugal, grandson of Emperor Alfonso VI of León. He proclaimed himself King of Portugal in 1139. This is commonly accepted as the date of the foundation of the first Portuguese royal house. With Afonso's victory in the Battle of Ourique
Battle of Ourique
The Battle of Ourique saw the forces of Portuguese Prince Afonso Henriques defeat the Almoravid Moors led by Ali ibn Yusuf.-Background:...
he was acclaimed King of Portugal by his soldiers and the Portuguese people. In the same year, according to the legend, he summoned the cortes (estates-general) at Lamego
Lamego
Lamego is a municipality in northern Portugal, with a population of 27,054 inhabitants Lamego is a municipality in northern Portugal, with a population of 27,054 inhabitants Lamego is a municipality in northern Portugal, with a population of 27,054 inhabitants (the catchment of the city of...
, where he was crowned by the archbishop of Braga
Braga
Braga , a city in the Braga Municipality in northwestern Portugal, is the capital of the Braga District, the oldest archdiocese and the third major city of the country. Braga is the oldest Portuguese city and one of the oldest Christian cities in the World...
.
The year of 1143 is also a significant date in the foundation of the House of Burgundy as the Portuguese royal house. In that year Afonso I declared himself the direct liegeman of the Papacy and swore himself and the kingdom servants of the Church, even if the pope did not immediately recognise his allegiance. It was also in that year that the Treaty of Zamora
Treaty of Zamora
The Treaty of Zamora recognized Portuguese independence from the Kingdom of León. Based on the terms of the accord, King Alfonso VII of León and Castille recognized the Kingdom of Portugal in the presence of King Afonso I of Portugal, witnessed by the papal representative, Cardinal Guido de Vico,...
established peace between the Portuguese and León and Castile with Alfonso VII of León and Castile recognizing Afonso as a king. However, as the Church did not recognize Portugal in the dignity of a kingdom with the right to conquer territories from the Moors
Moors
The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of the Maghreb region who are predominately of Berber and Arab descent. They came to conquer and rule the Iberian Peninsula for nearly 800 years. At that time they were Muslim, although earlier the people had followed...
until 1179 when Pope Alexander III acknowledged Afonso as King of Portugal, some argue that that event marks the beginning of the first royal dynasty of Portugal.
The House of Burgundy ruled during a complex period in the History of Portugal
History of Portugal
The history of Portugal, a European and an Atlantic nation, dates back to the Early Middle Ages. In the 15th and 16th centuries, it ascended to the status of a world power during Europe's "Age of Discovery" as it built up a vast empire including possessions in South America, Africa, Asia and...
when the monarchy was established and Moorish lands to the south were conquered; this period ended in 1249. In this period were set up necessary structures, such as international diplomacy, agriculture, population, commerce, education and culture, all that existed in the Portuguese territory a long time ago, particularly during the regency of Count Henrique of Burgundy
Henry, Count of Portugal
Henry of Burgundy, Count of Portugal was Count of Portugal from 1093 to his death. He was brother of Hugh I, Duke of Burgundy, and Odo I, Duke of Burgundy, all sons of Henry, the heir of Robert I, Duke of Burgundy. His name is Henri in modern French, Henricus in Latin, Enrique in modern Spanish...
. Count Henrique of Burgundy travelled to Rome and Jerusalem, France and other Hispanic kingdoms, and was the nephew of the most powerful diplomat of his time, Saint Bernard, leading Henrique to bring the cosmopolitan Order of the Temple to his fief when it was just created.
The end of the House of Burgundy arrived in October of 1383 with the death of Ferdinand I
Ferdinand I of Portugal
Ferdinand I , sometimes referred to as the Handsome or rarely as the Inconstant , was the ninth King of Portugal and the Algarve, the second son of Peter I and his wife, Constance of Castile...
. The heiress to the throne was Infanta Beatrice
Beatrice of Portugal
Beatrice was the only surviving child of King Ferdinand I of Portugal and his wife, Leonor Telles de Menezes. She married King John I of Castile. In the absence of a male heir, she claimed the throne of Portugal, supported by her husband. This led to the 1383–1385 Crisis, in which the Portuguese...
, sole daughter of Ferdinand and wife of John I of Castile
John I of Castile
John I was the king of Crown of Castile, was the son of Henry II and of his wife Juana Manuel of Castile, daughter of Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena, head of a younger branch of the royal house of Castile...
. Leonor Tellez
Leonor Telles de Menezes
Leonor Telles de Menezes was a queen consort of Portugal and regent during the years 1383–1385. She was the wife of a Portuguese nobleman from whom she was forcibly divorced by King Ferdinand I, who afterward married her...
, king Ferdinand's widow, becomes regent in the name of her daughter Beatrice. At the request of John I of Castile, when he had knowledge of his father-in-law's decease, the Regent ordered the acclaim for Beatrice across the country. But the pretensions of John I of Castile to rule Portugal impeached Beatrice of ascending to the throne. The very real possibility of loss of independence to Castile due to her marriage triggered a civil war followed by another war against Castile, an Interregnum
Interregnum
An interregnum is a period of discontinuity or "gap" in a government, organization, or social order...
period known as the 1383-1385 Crisis.
| # | Name | Started | Ended | Alternative names | Epithet(s) | Relationship with predecessor(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Afonso I Afonso I of Portugal Afonso I or Dom Afonso Henriques , more commonly known as Afonso Henriques , nicknamed "the Conqueror" , "the Founder" or "the Great" by the Portuguese, and El-Bortukali and Ibn-Arrik by the Moors whom he fought, was the first King of Portugal... |
 |
25 July 1139 | 6 December 1185 | Alphonso or Alphonse I (English), Afonso Henriques (Portuguese alternative), Affonso I (Old Portuguese Galician-Portuguese Galician-Portuguese or Old Portuguese was a West Iberian Romance language spoken in the Middle Ages, in the northwest area of the Iberian Peninsula. It was first spoken in the area bounded in the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean and the Douro River in the south but it was later extended south... ), |
the Conqueror (o Conquistador) The Founder (o Fundador) the Great (o Grande) |
son of Henry, Count of Portugal Henry, Count of Portugal Henry of Burgundy, Count of Portugal was Count of Portugal from 1093 to his death. He was brother of Hugh I, Duke of Burgundy, and Odo I, Duke of Burgundy, all sons of Henry, the heir of Robert I, Duke of Burgundy. His name is Henri in modern French, Henricus in Latin, Enrique in modern Spanish... |
| 2 | Sancho I Sancho I of Portugal Sancho I , nicknamed the Populator , second monarch of Portugal, was born on 11 November 1154 in Coimbra and died on 26 March 1212 in the same city. He was the second but only surviving legitimate son and fourth child of Afonso I of Portugal by his wife, Maud of Savoy. Sancho succeeded his father... |
 |
6 December 1185 | 27 March 1211 | the Populator (o Povoador) | son of Afonso I | |
| 3 | Afonso II Afonso II of Portugal Afonso II , or Affonso , Alfonso or Alphonso or Alphonsus , nicknamed "the Fat" , third king of Portugal, was born in Coimbra on 23 April 1185 and died on 25 March 1223 in the same city. He was the second but eldest surviving son of Sancho I of Portugal by his wife, Dulce, Infanta of Aragon... |
 |
27 March 1211 | 25 March 1223 | Alphonso or Alphonse II (English), Affonso II (Galician-Portuguese), |
the Fat (o Gordo) | son of Sancho I |
|- style="background:lavender;"
|align=center| 4 || Sancho II
Sancho II of Portugal
Sancho II , nicknamed "the Pious" and "the Caped" or "the Capuched" , , fourth King of Portugal, was the eldest son of Afonso II of Portugal by his wife, Infanta Urraca of Castile...
||
|| 25 March 1223 || 3 January 1248 || || the Pious (o Capelo)
the Piteous (o Piedoso) || son of Afonso II
|- style="background:lavender;"
|align=center| 5 || Afonso III
Afonso III of Portugal
Afonso III , or Affonso , Alfonso or Alphonso or Alphonsus , the Bolognian , the fifth King of Portugal and the first to use the title King of Portugal and the Algarve, from 1249...
||
|| 3 January 1248 || 16 February 1279 || Alphonso or Alphonse III (English),
Affonso III (Old Portuguese),
|| the Bolognian (o Bolonhês) || brother of Sancho II
younger son of Afonso II
|- style="background:lavender;"
|align=center| 6 || Dinis
Denis of Portugal
Dinis , called the Farmer King , was the sixth King of Portugal and the Algarve. The eldest son of Afonso III of Portugal by his second wife, Beatrice of Castile and grandson of king Alfonso X of Castile , Dinis succeeded his father in 1279.-Biography:As heir to the throne, Infante Dinis was...
||
|| 16 February 1279 || 7 January 1325 || Denis (English) or
Diniz (Old Portuguese) || the Farmer (o Lavrador)
the Poet-King (o Rei-Poeta)
the Troubadour-King (o Rei-Trovador) || son of Afonso III
|- style="background:lavender;"
|align=center| 7 || Afonso IV
Afonso IV of Portugal
Afonso IV , called the Brave , was the seventh king of Portugal and the Algarve from 1325 until his death. He was the only legitimate son of King Denis of Portugal by his wife Elizabeth of Aragon.-Biography:...
||
|| 7 January 1325 || 28 May 1357 || Alphonso or Alphonse IV (English),
Affonso IV (Old Portuguese),
the Brave (o Bravo) || son of Dinis
|- style="background:lavender;"
|align=center| 8 || Pedro I
Peter I of Portugal
Peter I , called the Just , was the eighth King of Portugal and the Algarve from 1357 until his death. He was the third but only surviving son of Afonso IV of Portugal and his wife, princess Beatrice of Castile....
||
|| 28 May 1357 || 18 January 1367 || Peter I (English) || the Just (o Justiceiro)
or the Cruel (o Cruel)
the Vengeful (o Vingativo) or
the Until-the-End-of-the-World-In-Love
(o Até-ao-Fim-do-Mundo-Apaixonado) || son of Afonso IV
|- style="background:lavender;"
|align=center| 9 || Fernando I
Ferdinand I of Portugal
Ferdinand I , sometimes referred to as the Handsome or rarely as the Inconstant , was the ninth King of Portugal and the Algarve, the second son of Peter I and his wife, Constance of Castile...
||
|| 18 January 1367 || 22 October 1383 || Ferdinand I (English) || the Handsome (o Formoso)
the Beautiful (o Belo)
the Fickle (o Inconstante)
the Reckless (o Inconsciente) || son of Pedro I
|}
House of Aviz, or Joannine Dynasty, (1385–ca. 1580)
Struggle for the throne of Portugal
The 1580 Portuguese succession crisis came about as a result of the 1578 death of young King Sebastian I of Portugal in the Battle of Ksar El Kebir...
.
The second dynasty of Portuguese Royalty is known as the House of Aviz
House of Aviz
The House of Aviz is a dynasty of kings of Portugal. In 1385, the Interregnum of the 1383-1385 crisis ended with the acclamation of the Master of the Order of Aviz, John, natural son of king Peter I and Dona Teresa Lourenço as king...
, after John, Master of the military Order of Aviz, who later became John I of Portugal.
The institution of House of Aviz followed the dynastic crisis that originated from the death of Ferdinand I in 1383. With the Portuguese victory in the Battle of Aljubarrota
Battle of Aljubarrota
The Battle of Aljubarrota was a battle fought between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Crown of Castile on 14 August 1385. Forces commanded by King John I of Portugal and his general Nuno Álvares Pereira, with the support of English allies, opposed the army of King John I of Castile with its...
in 1385, John I, half-brother of Ferdinand and natural son of Pedro I, confirmed the kingship which had been bestowed upon him at the Cortes of Coimbra
Coimbra
Coimbra is a city in the municipality of Coimbra in Portugal. Although it served as the nation's capital during the High Middle Ages, it is better-known for its university, the University of Coimbra, which is one of the oldest in Europe and the oldest academic institution in the...
in April 1385.
This period of Portuguese history is considered to include the ascent of Portugal to the status of a European and world power. The first act of expansion was the conquest of Ceuta
Ceuta
Ceuta is an autonomous city of Spain and an exclave located on the north coast of North Africa surrounded by Morocco. Separated from the Iberian peninsula by the Strait of Gibraltar, Ceuta lies on the border of the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Ceuta along with the other Spanish...
in 1415 and was followed by the exploration, colonization and commerce exercised in Africa
Africa
Africa is the world's second largest and second most populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km² including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area...
, Asia
Asia
Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres. It covers 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area and with approximately 3.879 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current human population...
and Brazil
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
. It also includes the height of the Portuguese Empire
Portuguese Empire
The Portuguese Empire , also known as the Portuguese Overseas Empire or the Portuguese Colonial Empire , was the first global empire in history...
during the reign of Manuel I and the beginning of its decline during John III's reign.
John III was succeeded in 1557 by his grandson Sebastian, who died, aged 24 and childless, in the Battle of Alcácer Quibir
Battle of Alcácer Quibir
The Battle of Ksar El Kebir, also known as Battle of Three Kings, or "Battle of Oued El Makhazeen" in Morocco, and Battle of Alcácer Quibir in Portugal , was fought in northern Morocco, near the town of Ksar-el-Kebir and Larache, on 4 August 1578...
. He was succeeded by his great-uncle Henry, aged 66, who, as a Catholic Cardinal, had no children either. Cardinal-King Henry died two years later and the struggle for the throne started between the different claimants, including Catherine, Duchess of Braganza
Catherine, Duchess of Braganza
Infanta Catherine of Guimarães, Duchess of Braganza by marriage was a Portuguese infanta claimant to the throne following the death of King Henry of Portugal in 1580....
, Philip II of Spain and Anthony, Prior of Crato.
Anthony was acclaimed king in several cities around the country in 1580, 20 days before Philip II of Spain invaded Portugal and defeated the supporters of Anthony in the Battle of Alcântara
Battle of Alcântara (1580)
The Battle of Alcântara took place on August 25, 1580, near the brook of Alcântara, in the vicinity of Lisbon, Portugal, and was a decisive victory of the Spanish Habsburg King Philip II over the Portuguese pretender to the Portuguese throne, Dom António, Prior of Crato.-Background:In Portugal, the...
. Although Anthony continued to "rule the country" from the Azores Islands until 1583, the date of 1580 is generally accepted as the end of the House of Aviz as a Portuguese Royal House. The last king of the House of Aviz is subject to debate, with only a minority of historians (also in Portugal) accepting the period of 20 days between Anthony's acclamation and the Battle of Alcântara as the reign of Anthony I of Portugal.
House of Aviz
| # | Name | Started | Ended | Alternative names | Epithet(s) | Relationship with predecessor | | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10 | João I John I of Portugal John I KG , called the Good or of Happy Memory, more rarely and outside Portugal the Bastard, was the tenth King of Portugal and the Algarve and the first to use the title Lord of Ceuta... |
 |
6 April 1385 | 14 August 1433 | John I (English) | the Master of Avis (o Mestre de Avis), the One of Good Memory (o de Boa Memória), the Good (o Bom) or the Great (o Grande) |
Half-brother of Fernando I Illegitimate son of Pedro I |
|
| 11 | Duarte |  |
14 August 1433 | 9 September 1438 | Edward (English) | the Eloquent (o Eloquente) or the Philosopher-King (o Rei-Filósofo) |
son of João I | |
| 12 | Afonso V Afonso V of Portugal Afonso V KG , called the African , was the twelfth King of Portugal and the Algarves. His sobriquet refers to his conquests in Northern Africa.-Early life:... |
 |
9 September 1438 | 11 November 1477 | Alphonzo V (English), Alphonse V (English), Affonso V (Old Portuguese) |
the African (o Africano) | son of Duarte | Abdicated in favor of his son, who has assumed the duties of a regent of the kingdom. |
| 13 | João II John II of Portugal John II , the Perfect Prince , was the thirteenth king of Portugal and the Algarves... |
11 November 1477 | 15 November 1477 | John II (English) | the Perfect Prince (o Príncipe Perfeito) or the Tyrant (o Tirano) |
son of Afonso V | Acclaimed King by the Cortes of Santarém, only to abdicate and return the throne to his father. | |
| 12 | Afonso V Afonso V of Portugal Afonso V KG , called the African , was the twelfth King of Portugal and the Algarves. His sobriquet refers to his conquests in Northern Africa.-Early life:... |
|
15 November 1477 | 28 August 1481 | Alphonzo V (English), Alphonse V (English), Affonso V (Old Portuguese) |
the African (o Africano) | son of Duarte | Resumed reign until death. |
| 13 | João II John II of Portugal John II , the Perfect Prince , was the thirteenth king of Portugal and the Algarves... |
28 August 1481 | 25 October 1495 | John II (English) | the Perfect Prince (o Príncipe Perfeito) or the Tyrant (o Tirano) |
son of Afonso V |
House of Aviz-Beja
| 14 | Manuel I Manuel I of Portugal Manuel I , the Fortunate , 14th king of Portugal and the Algarves was the son of Infante Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu, , by his wife, Infanta Beatrice of Portugal... |
 |
25 October 1495 | 13 December 1521 | Emmanuel I (English), Manoel I (Old Portuguese) |
the Fortunate (o Venturoso, o Bem-Aventurado or o Afortunado) |
first cousin and brother-in-law of João II grandson of Duarte |
| 15 | João III John III of Portugal John III , nicknamed o Piedoso , was the fifteenth King of Portugal and the Algarves. He was the son of King Manuel I and Maria of Aragon, the third daughter of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile... |
 |
13 December 1521 | 11 June 1557 | John III (English) | the Pious (o Piedoso or o Pio) |
son of Manuel I |
| 16 | Sebastião Sebastian of Portugal Sebastian "the Desired" was the 16th king of Portugal and the Algarves. He was the son of Prince John of Portugal and his wife, Joan of Spain... |
 |
11 June 1557 | 4 August 1578 | Sebastian (English) | the Desired (o Desejado) | grandson of João III |
| 17 | Henrique |  |
27 August 1578 | 31 January 1580 | Henry (English) | the Chaste (o Casto) or the Cardinal-King (o Cardeal-Rei) |
granduncle of Sebastian younger son of Manuel I |
| (18?) | António (disputed) |
 |
24 July 1580 | 25 August 1580 (in continental Portugal) 27 July 1583 (in the Azores) |
Anthony (English) | the Prior of Crato (o Prior do Crato) the Determined (o Determinado) the Fighter (o Lutador) the Independentist (o Independentista) |
nephew of João III and Henrique grandson of Manuel I |
Portuguese House of Habsburg, or Philippine Dynasty (1580–1640)
The Portuguese House of Habsburg is known in Portugal as the Philippine Dynasty after the three Spanish kings named Philip who ruled from 1580 to 1640. The dynasty began with the acclamation of Philip II of Spain as Philip I of Portugal in 1580, officially recognized in 1581 by the Cortes of TomarTomar
Tomar Municipality has a total area of 351.0 km² and a total population of 43,007 inhabitants.The municipality is composed of 16 parishes, and is located in Santarém District...
. Philip I swore to rule Portugal as a kingdom separate from his Spanish domains, under the system known as a Personal Union; these promises were to be progressively forgotten by his successors.
Under Philip II, the Portuguese Empire began to fall apart because of the pressure from the enemies of Spain. Philip II and Philip III of Portugal did not rule by themselves, and had powerful Castilian validos (Castilian name for favourite prime-ministers).
Even if Portugal was ruled apart from the other realms of the Habsburgs in Madrid, by the Council of Portugal, exclusively by Portuguese nobles or by royal family ones, and kept its empire to itself, its own currency, its arms and flag, its taxes at the Castilian borderline, sometimes its own ambassadors, the Portuguese nobles remaining in Portugal feel they lost political and economic strength, differently from those Portuguese nobles staying at the court in Madrid, very rich and powerful. Especially after Castilian military support to Portuguese empire against Dutch occupation in northern Brazil showed to be a failure.
And when the Castilian valido Olivares
Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares
Don Gaspar de Guzmán y Pimentel Ribera y Velasco de Tovar, Count-Duke of Olivares and Duke of San Lúcar la Mayor , was a Spanish royal favourite of Philip IV and minister. As prime minister from 1621 to 1643, he over-exerted Spain in foreign affairs and unsuccessfully attempted domestic reform...
, following Richelieu model in France, established a plan to unify the administration, military service, and taxes of all distinct monarchies of Philip III in Europe, not respectful of the Dual Monarchy between Lisbon and Madrid, the fact provoked a rising by the nobility in 1640, known after the 19th century by romantic historians as the Restoration of Independence
Portuguese Restoration War
Portuguese Restoration War was the name given by nineteenth-century 'romantic' historians to the war between Portugal and Spain that began with the Portuguese revolution of 1640 and ended with the Treaty of Lisbon . The revolution of 1640 ended the sixty-year period of dual monarchy in Portugal...
. In the 17th century and afterwards, it was simply known as the Acclamation War
Portuguese Restoration War
Portuguese Restoration War was the name given by nineteenth-century 'romantic' historians to the war between Portugal and Spain that began with the Portuguese revolution of 1640 and ended with the Treaty of Lisbon . The revolution of 1640 ended the sixty-year period of dual monarchy in Portugal...
, as it simply restored in their stolen royal rights the House of Braganza
House of Braganza
The Most Serene House of Braganza , an important Portuguese noble family, ruled the Kingdom of Portugal and its colonial Empire, from 1640 to 1910...
, deposing a tyrant king, and acclaiming (or electing) another more suitable to the country, as it has been done already several times before in Portuguese history. The bloodless revolution began joyfully in Lisbon on 1 December 1640, and was soon supported throughout the country and its colonies, bringing Portugal to the Thirty Years War scene until peace was finally settled, after twenty eight years of War with Castile in Europe, and with Holland in Asia, America and Africa, in 1668.
| # | Name | Started | Ended | Alternative names | Epithet(s) | Relationship with predecessor(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 18 | Filipe I Philip II of Spain Philip II was King of Spain, Portugal, Naples, Sicily, and, while married to Mary I, King of England and Ireland. He was lord of the Seventeen Provinces from 1556 until 1581, holding various titles for the individual territories such as duke or count.... |
25 March 1581 | 13 September 1598 | Philip I (English) Felipe II (in Spain) |
the Prudent (o Prudente) | grandson of Manuel I |
|
| 19 | Filipe II Philip III of Spain Philip III , also known as Philip the Pious, was the King of Spain and King of Portugal and the Algarves, where he ruled as Philip II , from 1598 until his death... |
13 September 1598 | 31 March 1621 | Philip II (English) Felipe III (in Spain) |
the Cruel (o Cruel) (in Portugal) the Pious (el Pio) (in Spain) |
son of Filipe I | |
| 20 | Filipe III Philip IV of Spain Philip IV was King of Spain between 1621 and 1665, sovereign of the Spanish Netherlands, and King of Portugal until 1640... |
31 March 1621 | 15 December 1640 | Philip III (English) Felipe IV (in Spain) |
the Oppressor (o Opressor) (in Portugal) the Great (el Grande) (in Spain) |
son of Filipe II |
House of Braganza, or Brigantine Dynasty (1640–1910)
- Main articles: Portugal from the Restoration to the 1755 Earthquake, Portugal from the Napoleonic Invasions to the Civil War
The House of Braganza
House of Braganza
The Most Serene House of Braganza , an important Portuguese noble family, ruled the Kingdom of Portugal and its colonial Empire, from 1640 to 1910...
(Portuguese: Casa de Bragança) traced its origins to 1442 when the Duchy of Braganza
Duchy of Braganza
The Duchy of Braganza, in Portuguese: Ducado de Bragança, has been the fief of an important Portuguese noble family: the House of Braganza, and is one of the most important Dukedoms of Portugal...
was created by the Regent, Infante Dom Pedro, Duke of Coimbra, and offered to his half-brother Afonso, Count of Barcelos, a natural son of John I. The royal lineage of dukes that followed married into the House of Aviz and became one of the most important noble families of the country. Infanta Catarina, granddaughter of Manuel I and Duchess of Braganza by marriage to John, 6th Duke of Braganza
John, 6th Duke of Braganza
John, Duke of Braganza may also mean John II, 8th Duke of BragançaJohn I, 6th Duke of Braganza KGF was the eldest son of Teodósio I, 5th Duke of Braganza....
(himself the heir of the dynastic rights of Jaime, Duke of Braganza
Jaime, Duke of Braganza
James was the older son of Ferdinand II, 3rd Duke of Braganza and of his wife, Isabella of Viseu and he became the fourth Duke of Braganza following his father's death.His father and one of his uncles were...
, acclaimed heir to the throne in 1495 by the Cortes), joined the two houses in 1565. In 1580, she was one of the claimants to the throne, but lost it by military force to Philip I of Habsburg.
In 1640, with the Restoration of Independence, John, grandson of Catarina and 8th Duke of Braganza, was acknowledged as the legitimate heir to the throne as the great great grandson of Manuel I. The Spanish finally recognized Portuguese independence in 1668. The fourth dynasty saw the growth of the importance of Brazilian gold, the 1755 Lisbon earthquake
1755 Lisbon earthquake
The 1755 Lisbon earthquake, also known as the Great Lisbon Earthquake, was a megathrust earthquake that took place on Saturday 1 November 1755, at around 9:40 in the morning. The earthquake was followed by fires and a tsunami, which almost totally destroyed Lisbon in the Kingdom of Portugal, and...
, the Napoleonic invasion, the independence of Brazil and a civil war followed by Liberalism
Liberalism
Liberalism is the belief in the importance of liberty and equal rights. Liberals espouse a wide array of views depending on their understanding of these principles, but generally, liberals support ideas such as constitutionalism, liberal democracy, free and fair elections, human rights,...
.
The growth of a republican movement during the end of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th culminated in the 1908 assassination of the second last King of Portugal, Carlos I. Two years later in 1910 the republican revolution forced Manuel II into exile, thus putting an end to the Portuguese fourth dynasty. The House of Braganza continues unofficially until today, and the title of Duke of Braganza is still used by Duarte Pio
Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza
Dom Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza , is the 24th Duke of Braganza and a pretender to the throne of Portugal.-Birth and education:...
, the 24th Duke of Bragança and the presumptive heir to the throne of Portugal.
House of Braganza
| # | Name | Started | Ended | Alternative names | Epithet(s) | Relationship with predecessor(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 21 | João IV John IV of Portugal |-|John IV was the King of Portugal and the Algarves from 1640 to his death. He was the grandson of Catherine, Duchess of Braganza, who had in 1580 claimed the Portuguese crown and sparked the struggle for the throne of Portugal. John was nicknamed John the Restorer... |
 |
15 December 1640 | 6 November 1656 | John IV (English) | the Restoring King (o Restaurador) the Fortunate (o Afortunado) |
great-great-grandson of Manuel I |
| 22 | Afonso VI |  |
6 November 1656 | 12 September 1683 | Afonso VI (Portuguese), Alphonse VI (English), Affonso VI (Old Portuguese) |
the Victorious (o Vitorioso) | son of João IV |
| 23 | Pedro II | 12 September 1683 | 9 December 1706 | Peter II (English) | the Pacific (o Pacífico) | brother of Afonso VI younger son of João IV |
|
| 24 | João V | 9 December 1706 | 31 July 1750 | John V (English) | the Magnanimous (o Magnânimo) the Magnific (o Magnífico) the Portuguese Sun-King (o Rei-Sol Português) |
son of Pedro II | |
| 25 | José I |  |
31 July 1750 | 24 February 1777 | Joseph I (English) | the Reformer (o Reformador) | son of John V |
| 26 | Maria I |  |
24 February 1777 | 20 March 1816 | Mary I (English) | the Pious (a Piedosa or a Pia) the Mad (a Louca) (in Brazil) |
daughter of José I |
| Pedro III Peter III of Portugal Peter III became King of the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves by the accession of his wife and niece Queen Maria I in 1777, and co-reigned alongside her until his death.-Biography:... |
24 February 1777 | 25 May 1786 | Peter III (English) | son of João V husband of Maria I |
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| 27 | João VI John VI of Portugal John VI John VI John VI (full name: João Maria José Francisco Xavier de Paula Luís António Domingos Rafael; (13 May 1767 – 10 March 1826) was King of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (later changed to just King of Portugal and the Algarves, after Brazil was recognized... |
 |
20 March 1816 | 10 March 1826 | John VI (English) | the Clement (o Clemente) | son of Pedro III and Maria I |
| 28 | Pedro IV | 10 March 1826 | 5 May 1826 | Peter IV (English) or Pedro I (in Brazil) |
the Soldier-King (o Rei-Soldado) the Emperor-King (o Rei-Imperador) the Liberator (o Libertador) |
son of João VI | |
| 29 | Maria II |  |
5 May 1826 | 30 June 1828 | Mary II (English) | the Educator (a Educadora) the Good-Mother (a Boa-Mãe) |
daughter of Pedro IV |
| 30 | Miguel Miguel of Portugal Dom Miguel I, sometimes Michael , was the King of Portugal between 1828 and 1834, the seventh child and second son of King John VI and his queen, Charlotte of Spain.... |
 |
30 June 1828 | 26 May 1834 | Michael (English) | the Traditionalist (o Tradicionalista), the Usurper (o Usurpador) or the Absolutist (o Absolutista) the Absolut-King (o Rei Absoluto) |
brother of Pedro IV younger son of João VI |
| - | Maria II | |
26 May 1834 | 15 November 1853 | Mary II (English) | the Educator (a Educadora) | daughter of Pedro IV |
| Fernando II Ferdinand II of Portugal Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha , named Prince Ferdinand Augustus Francis Anthony of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha-Koháry, was King of Portugal as husband of Queen Maria II of Portugal from the birth of their son in 1837 to her death in 1853.In keeping with Portuguese law, only after the birth of his son in... |
16 September 1837 | 15 November 1853 | Ferdinand II (English) | husband of Maria II |
House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
With the marriage of Mary II, Queen of Portugal, to Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha during the 4th Dynasty, the House of Braganza continued in Portugal, as in this country is familiar with family names being passed by female lines. The surname Braganza continued to be present in all royals, and the Royal House was still known in Portugal as The House of Braganza. However, some foreign historians consider the existence of a House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and GothaHouse of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
The House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha was a branch of the House of Braganza that ruled the Kingdom of Portugal from 1853 until the declaration of the republic in 1910....
.
| # | Name | Started | Ended | Alternative names | Epithet(s) | Relationship with predecessor(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 31 | Pedro V | 15 November 1853 | 11 November 1861 | Peter V (English) | the Hopeful (o Esperançoso) the Loved One (o Bem-Amado) the Much Loved (o Muito Amado) |
son of Fernando II and Maria II | |
| 32 | Luís I | 11 November 1861 | 19 October 1889 | Louis (English), Luiz (Old Portuguese) |
the Popular (o Popular) the Good (o Bom) |
brother of Pedro V son of Fernando II and Maria II |
|
| 33 | Carlos I | 19 October 1889 | 1 February 1908 | Charles (English) | the Martyred (o Martirizado) or the Diplomat (o Diplomata) the Martyr (o Mártir) the Oceanographer (o Oceanógrafo) |
son of Luís I | |
| 34 | Manuel II Manuel II of Portugal Manuel II , named Manuel Maria Filipe Carlos Amélio Luís Miguel Rafael Gabriel Gonzaga Francisco de Assis Eugénio de Bragança Orleães Sabóia e Saxe-Coburgo-Gotha — , was the last King of Portugal from 1908 to 1910, ascending the throne after the assassination of his father and elder brother Manuel... |
1 February 1908 | 5 October 1910 | Emmanuel II (English), Manoel II (Old Portuguese) |
the Patriot (o Patriota) the Unfortunate (o Desventurado) the Scholar (o Estudioso) or the Missed King (o Rei-Saudade Saudade Saudade ) is a unique Galician-Portuguese word that has no immediate translation in English. Saudade describes a deep emotional state of nostalgic longing for an absent something or someone that one loves. It often carries a repressed knowledge that the object of longing might never return... ) |
son of Carlos I |
The chronology of the heads of state
Head of State
A head of state is the individual that serves as the chief public representative of a monarchy, republic, federation, commonwealth or other kind of state. His or her role generally includes legitimizing the state and exercising the political powers, functions, and duties granted to the head of...
of Portugal continues on List of Presidents of Portugal.
Style
During the history of Portuguese monarchy, the Portuguese kings used the following styles:| Time | Style | Portuguese Portuguese people The Portuguese are a nation and ethnic group native to the country of Portugal, in the west of the Iberian peninsula of south-west Europe. Their language is Portuguese, and Roman Catholicism is the predominant religion.... (Dei Gratiæ, Rex Portugalensium) | Afonso I Afonso I of Portugal Afonso I or Dom Afonso Henriques , more commonly known as Afonso Henriques , nicknamed "the Conqueror" , "the Founder" or "the Great" by the Portuguese, and El-Bortukali and Ibn-Arrik by the Moors whom he fought, was the first King of Portugal... , Sancho I Sancho I of Portugal Sancho I , nicknamed the Populator , second monarch of Portugal, was born on 11 November 1154 in Coimbra and died on 26 March 1212 in the same city. He was the second but only surviving legitimate son and fourth child of Afonso I of Portugal by his wife, Maud of Savoy. Sancho succeeded his father... |
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| 1189–1191 | By the Grace of God, King of Portugal Portugal Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the... and Silves (Dei Gratiæ, Rex Portugalliæ et Silbis) |
Sancho I Sancho I of Portugal Sancho I , nicknamed the Populator , second monarch of Portugal, was born on 11 November 1154 in Coimbra and died on 26 March 1212 in the same city. He was the second but only surviving legitimate son and fourth child of Afonso I of Portugal by his wife, Maud of Savoy. Sancho succeeded his father... |
Conquest of Silves (1189) | |
| 1191–1248 | By the Grace of God, King of Portugal (Dei Gratiæ, Rex Portugaliæ) |
Sancho I Sancho I of Portugal Sancho I , nicknamed the Populator , second monarch of Portugal, was born on 11 November 1154 in Coimbra and died on 26 March 1212 in the same city. He was the second but only surviving legitimate son and fourth child of Afonso I of Portugal by his wife, Maud of Savoy. Sancho succeeded his father... , Afonso II Afonso II of Portugal Afonso II , or Affonso , Alfonso or Alphonso or Alphonsus , nicknamed "the Fat" , third king of Portugal, was born in Coimbra on 23 April 1185 and died on 25 March 1223 in the same city. He was the second but eldest surviving son of Sancho I of Portugal by his wife, Dulce, Infanta of Aragon... , Sancho II Sancho II of Portugal Sancho II , nicknamed "the Pious" and "the Caped" or "the Capuched" , , fourth King of Portugal, was the eldest son of Afonso II of Portugal by his wife, Infanta Urraca of Castile... |
Loss of Silves to the Almohads (1191) | |
| 1248–1249 | By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and Count of Boulogne Count of Boulogne The county of Boulogne was a historical region in the Low Countries. It consisted of a part of the present-day French département of the Pas-de-Calais , in parts of which there is still a Dutch-speaking minority.... (Dei Gratiæ, Rex Portugaliæ & Comes Boloniæ) |
Afonso III Afonso III of Portugal Afonso III , or Affonso , Alfonso or Alphonso or Alphonsus , the Bolognian , the fifth King of Portugal and the first to use the title King of Portugal and the Algarve, from 1249... |
Afonso, married to Matilda II Matilda II of Boulogne Mahaut or Matilda II of Boulogne was Countess of Boulogne in her own right and Queen of Portugal by marriage to King Afonso III from 1248 until their divorce in 1253.... , Countess of Boulogne-sur-Mer Boulogne-sur-Mer -Road:* Metropolitan bus services are operated by the TCRB* Coach services to Calais and Dunkerque* A16 motorway-Rail:* The main railway station is Gare de Boulogne-Ville and located in the south of the city.... , succeeds his brother Sancho on the Portuguese throne (January 1248) |
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| 1249–1253 | By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarve, Count of Boulogne (Dei Gratiæ, Rex Portugaliæ & Algarbii & Comes Boloniæ) |
Afonso III Afonso III of Portugal Afonso III , or Affonso , Alfonso or Alphonso or Alphonsus , the Bolognian , the fifth King of Portugal and the first to use the title King of Portugal and the Algarve, from 1249... |
Conquest of the Moorish kingdom of Algarve (Al'Garb Al'Andalus Al'Garb Al'Andalus The Al-Gharb Al-Andalus , or just Al-Gharb , was the name given by the Moors of Iberia to the modern region of Algarve and, by extension, to most of Portugal.-See also:*Timeline of Portuguese history... ) (1249) |
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| 1253–1369 | By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarve (Dei Gratiæ, Rex Portugaliæ & Algarbii) |
Afonso III Afonso III of Portugal Afonso III , or Affonso , Alfonso or Alphonso or Alphonsus , the Bolognian , the fifth King of Portugal and the first to use the title King of Portugal and the Algarve, from 1249... , Denis Denis of Portugal Dinis , called the Farmer King , was the sixth King of Portugal and the Algarve. The eldest son of Afonso III of Portugal by his second wife, Beatrice of Castile and grandson of king Alfonso X of Castile , Dinis succeeded his father in 1279.-Biography:As heir to the throne, Infante Dinis was... , Afonso IV Afonso IV of Portugal Afonso IV , called the Brave , was the seventh king of Portugal and the Algarve from 1325 until his death. He was the only legitimate son of King Denis of Portugal by his wife Elizabeth of Aragon.-Biography:... , Peter I Peter I of Portugal Peter I , called the Just , was the eighth King of Portugal and the Algarve from 1357 until his death. He was the third but only surviving son of Afonso IV of Portugal and his wife, princess Beatrice of Castile.... , Ferdinand I Ferdinand I of Portugal Ferdinand I , sometimes referred to as the Handsome or rarely as the Inconstant , was the ninth King of Portugal and the Algarve, the second son of Peter I and his wife, Constance of Castile... |
Afonso III repudiates Matilda and relinquishes his title of Count (1253) | |
| 1369–1371 | By the Grace of God, King of Castile Kingdom of Castile Kingdom of Castile was one of the medieval kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula. It emerged as a political autonomous entity in the 9th century. It was called County of Castile and was held in vassalage from the Kingdom of León. Its name comes from the host of castles constructed in the region... , León Kingdom of León The Kingdom of León was an independent kingdom situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula. It was founded in AD 910 when the Christian princes of Asturias along the northern coast of the peninsula shifted their capital from Oviedo to the city of León... , Portugal, Toledo Toledo, Spain Toledo's Alcázar became renowned in the 19th and 20th centuries as a military academy. At the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936 its garrison was famously besieged by Republican forces.-Economy:... , Galicia Kingdom of Galicia The Kingdom of Galicia was a political entity located in southwestern Europe, which at its territorial zenith occupied the entire northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. Founded by Suebic king Hermeric in the year 409, the Galician capital was established in Braga, being the first kingdom which... , Seville Seville Seville is the artistic, historic, cultural, and financial capital of southern Spain. It is the capital of the autonomous community of Andalusia and of the province of Seville. It is situated on the plain of the River Guadalquivir, with an average elevation of above sea level... , Córdoba Córdoba, Spain -History:The first trace of human presence in the area are remains of a Neanderthal Man, dating to c. 32,000 BC. In the 8th century BC, during the ancient Tartessos period, a pre-urban settlement existed. The population gradually learned copper and silver metallurgy... , Murcia Murcia -History:It is widely believed that Murcia's name is derived from the Latin words of Myrtea or Murtea, meaning land of Myrtle , although it may also be a derivation of the word Murtia, which would mean Murtius Village... , Jaén Jaén, Spain Jaén is a city in south-central Spain, the name is derived from the Arabic word Jayyan, . It is the capital of the province of Jaén. It is located in the autonomous community of Andalusia.... , the Algarve, Algeciras Algeciras Algeciras is a port city in the south of Spain, and is the largest city on the Bay of Gibraltar . Port of Algeciras is one of the largest ports in Europe and in the world in three categories: container,... and Lord of Molina Molina Molina is a Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian surname. It can possibly refer to:-A:*Alfonso Quiñónez Molina , President of El Salvador twice 1918–1927*Alfred Molina , English actor... |
Ferdinand I Ferdinand I of Portugal Ferdinand I , sometimes referred to as the Handsome or rarely as the Inconstant , was the ninth King of Portugal and the Algarve, the second son of Peter I and his wife, Constance of Castile... |
Ferndinand I of Portugal is a pretender to the Castilian Crown, being a legitimate great-grandson of Sancho IV of Castile Sancho IV of Castile Sancho IV the Brave was the King of Castile, León and Galicia from 1284 to his death. He was the second son of Alfonso X and Yolanda, daughter of James I of Aragon.-Biography:... (1369) |
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| 1371–1383 | By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarve | Ferdinand I Ferdinand I of Portugal Ferdinand I , sometimes referred to as the Handsome or rarely as the Inconstant , was the ninth King of Portugal and the Algarve, the second son of Peter I and his wife, Constance of Castile... |
Renunciation of Castilian titles after the Peace of Alcoutim (1371) | |
| 1383–1385 | (none) | (none) | Civil war followed by a war between the Master of Avis John I of Portugal John I KG , called the Good or of Happy Memory, more rarely and outside Portugal the Bastard, was the tenth King of Portugal and the Algarve and the first to use the title Lord of Ceuta... and John I of Castile John I of Castile John I was the king of Crown of Castile, was the son of Henry II and of his wife Juana Manuel of Castile, daughter of Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena, head of a younger branch of the royal house of Castile... |
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| 1385–1415 | By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarve | John I John I of Portugal John I KG , called the Good or of Happy Memory, more rarely and outside Portugal the Bastard, was the tenth King of Portugal and the Algarve and the first to use the title Lord of Ceuta... |
Election of the Portuguese king (6 April 1385) | |
| 1415–1458 | By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarve, and Lord of Ceuta Ceuta Ceuta is an autonomous city of Spain and an exclave located on the north coast of North Africa surrounded by Morocco. Separated from the Iberian peninsula by the Strait of Gibraltar, Ceuta lies on the border of the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Ceuta along with the other Spanish... |
John I John I of Portugal John I KG , called the Good or of Happy Memory, more rarely and outside Portugal the Bastard, was the tenth King of Portugal and the Algarve and the first to use the title Lord of Ceuta... , Edward I, Afonso V Afonso V of Portugal Afonso V KG , called the African , was the twelfth King of Portugal and the Algarves. His sobriquet refers to his conquests in Northern Africa.-Early life:... |
Conquest of Ceuta Ceuta Ceuta is an autonomous city of Spain and an exclave located on the north coast of North Africa surrounded by Morocco. Separated from the Iberian peninsula by the Strait of Gibraltar, Ceuta lies on the border of the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Ceuta along with the other Spanish... (1415) |
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| 1458–1471 | By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarve, and Lord of Ceuta and Alcácer in Africa | Afonso V Afonso V of Portugal Afonso V KG , called the African , was the twelfth King of Portugal and the Algarves. His sobriquet refers to his conquests in Northern Africa.-Early life:... |
Conquest of El Ksar as-Saghir (Alcácer-Ceguer) (1458) | |
| 1471–1475 | By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa | Afonso V Afonso V of Portugal Afonso V KG , called the African , was the twelfth King of Portugal and the Algarves. His sobriquet refers to his conquests in Northern Africa.-Early life:... |
Conquest of Asilah and Tangiers (1471) and elevation of the Portuguese lordship in northern Africa to the condition of Kingdom of the Algarve Beyond the Sea | |
| 1475–1479 | By the Grace of God, King of Castile, León, Portugal, Toledo, Galicia, , Seville, Cordoba, Jaén, Murcia, the Algarves of either side of the sea in Africa, Gibraltar Gibraltar Gibraltar is a British overseas territory located on the southern end of the Iberian Peninsula at the entrance of the Mediterranean. A peninsula with an area of , it has a northern border with Andalusia, Spain. The Rock of Gibraltar is the major landmark of the region... , Algeciras Algeciras Algeciras is a port city in the south of Spain, and is the largest city on the Bay of Gibraltar . Port of Algeciras is one of the largest ports in Europe and in the world in three categories: container,... , and Lord of Biscay and Molina |
Afonso V Afonso V of Portugal Afonso V KG , called the African , was the twelfth King of Portugal and the Algarves. His sobriquet refers to his conquests in Northern Africa.-Early life:... |
Pretension of Afonso V to the Castilian Crown, due to his marriage with Juana, la Beltraneja Joan, Princess of Castile Joanna of Castile, known also as la Beltraneja was a princess and claimant to the throne of Castile. She was also Queen consort of Portugal.-Birth:... (1475) |
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| 1479–1485 | By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa | Afonso V Afonso V of Portugal Afonso V KG , called the African , was the twelfth King of Portugal and the Algarves. His sobriquet refers to his conquests in Northern Africa.-Early life:... , John II John II of Portugal John II , the Perfect Prince , was the thirteenth king of Portugal and the Algarves... |
Renunciation of the Castilian titles after the Treaty of Alcáçovas Treaty of Alcaçovas The Treaty of Alcáçovas put an end to the War of the Castilian Succession in favor of Isabella I of Castile, and confirmed Castilian control of the Canary Islands and Portuguese control of the Madeira , Azores and Cape Verde islands , all in the Atlantic Ocean The Treaty of Alcáçovas (also known... (1479) |
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| 1485–1499 | By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, and Lord of Guinea Guinea (region) Guinea is a traditional name for the region of Africa that lies along the Gulf of Guinea. It stretches north through the forested tropical regions and ends at the Sahel.-History:... |
John II John II of Portugal John II , the Perfect Prince , was the thirteenth king of Portugal and the Algarves... , Manuel I Manuel I of Portugal Manuel I , the Fortunate , 14th king of Portugal and the Algarves was the son of Infante Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu, , by his wife, Infanta Beatrice of Portugal... |
Erection of Lordship of Guinea, with the Portuguese colonies on the Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Guinea The Gulf of Guinea is the northeasternmost part of the tropical Atlantic Ocean between Cape Lopez in Gabon, north and west to Cape Palmas in Liberia. The intersection of the Equator and Prime Meridian is in the gulf.... (1485) |
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| 1499–1580 | By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation and Commerce of Ethiopia Ethiopia Ethiopia , officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is the second-most populous nation in Africa, with over 82 million inhabitants, and the tenth-largest by area, occupying 1,100,000 km2... , Arabia, Persia and India India India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world... , etc. |
Manuel I Manuel I of Portugal Manuel I , the Fortunate , 14th king of Portugal and the Algarves was the son of Infante Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu, , by his wife, Infanta Beatrice of Portugal... , John III John III of Portugal John III , nicknamed o Piedoso , was the fifteenth King of Portugal and the Algarves. He was the son of King Manuel I and Maria of Aragon, the third daughter of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile... , Sebastian Sebastian of Portugal Sebastian "the Desired" was the 16th king of Portugal and the Algarves. He was the son of Prince John of Portugal and his wife, Joan of Spain... , Henry, António, Prior of Crato António, Prior of Crato António, Prior of Crato , was a grandson of King Manuel I of Portugal, claimant of the Portuguese throne during the 1580 dynastic crisis, who was King of Portugal as António I of Portugal during 33 days in the continent in 1580, and, after the crowning of Philip II of Spain as King of Portugal,... |
After the return of Vasco da Gama Vasco da Gama Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira was a Portuguese explorer, one of the most successful in the Age of Discovery and the commander of the first ships to sail directly from Europe to India... from India India India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world... , in 1499, the royal style is changed once more to become the most magnificent |
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| 1580–1640 | By the Grace of God, King of Castile, León, Aragon Kingdom of Aragon The Kingdom of Aragon was a medieval and early modern kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula, corresponding to the modern-day autonomous community of Aragon, in Spain... , Two Sicilies, Jerusalem Kingdom of Jerusalem The Kingdom of Jerusalem was a Catholic kingdom established in the Levant in 1099 after the First Crusade. The kingdom lasted nearly two hundred years, from 1099 until 1291 when the last remaining possession, Acre, was destroyed by the Mamluks, but its history is divided into two distinct periods.... , Portugal, Navarre Kingdom of Navarre The Kingdom of Navarre , originally the Kingdom of Pamplona, was a European kingdom which occupied lands on either side of the Pyrenees alongside the Atlantic Ocean.... , Granada, Toledo, Valencia Kingdom of Valencia The Kingdom of Valencia , located in the eastern shore of the Iberian Peninsula, was one of the component realms of the Crown of Aragon. When the Crown of Aragon merged by dynastic union with the Crown of Castile to form the Kingdom of Spain, the Kingdom of Valencia became a component realm of the... , Galicia, Majorca Kingdom of Majorca The Kingdom of Majorca was founded by James I of Aragon, also known as James The Conqueror. After the death of his first-born son Alfonso, a will was written in 1262 which created the kingdom in order to cede it to his son James... , Seville, Sardinia Kingdom of Sardinia The Kingdom of Sardinia consisted of the island of Sardinia first as a part of the Crown of Aragon and subsequently the Spanish Empire , and second as a part of the composite state of the House of Savoy . Its capital was originally Cagliari, in the south of the island, and later Turin, on the... , Cordoba Córdoba, Spain -History:The first trace of human presence in the area are remains of a Neanderthal Man, dating to c. 32,000 BC. In the 8th century BC, during the ancient Tartessos period, a pre-urban settlement existed. The population gradually learned copper and silver metallurgy... , Corsica Corsica Corsica is an island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is located west of Italy, southeast of the French mainland, and north of the island of Sardinia.... , Murcia, Jaén, the Algarves, Algeciras, Gibraltar, the Canary Islands Canary Islands The Canary Islands , also known as the Canaries , is a Spanish archipelago located just off the northwest coast of mainland Africa, 100 km west of the border between Morocco and the Western Sahara. The Canaries are a Spanish autonomous community and an outermost region of the European Union... , the Eastern East Indies East Indies is a term used by Europeans from the 16th century onwards to identify what is now known as Indian subcontinent or South Asia, Southeastern Asia, and the islands of Oceania, including the Malay Archipelago and the Philippines... & Western Indies, the Islands & Mainland of the Ocean sea, Count of Barcelona, Lord of Biscay and Molina, Duke of Athens and Neopatria, Count of Roussillon, Cerdagne, Margrave of Oristano Oristano Oristano is a town and comune, capital of the Province of Oristano, on the island of Sardinia, Italy. It has approximately 32,500 inhabitants.Its economy is mainly based on fishing, agriculture and, to a certain extent, tourism.-History:... and Goceano Goceano The Goceano is a historical and geographical region of center-north of Sardinia island, Italy.It covers a surface of 480 km² and has a population of 13,000 inhabitants... , Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy Duke of Burgundy Duke of Burgundy was a title borne by the rulers of the Duchy of Burgundy, a small portion of traditional lands of Burgundians west of river Saône which in 843 was allotted to Charles the Bald's kingdom of West Franks... , Brabant Duke of Brabant The Duchy of Brabant was formally erected in 1183/1184. The title "Duke of Brabant" was created by the German Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in favor of Henry I, son of Godfrey III of Leuven . The Duchy of Brabant was a feudal elevation of the since 1085/1086 existing title of Landgrave of Brabant... and Milan, Count of Habsburg Habsburg The House of Habsburg , also found as Hapsburg, and also known as House of Austria is one of the most important royal houses of Europe and is best known for being an origin of all of the formally elected Holy Roman Emperors between 1438 and 1740, as well as rulers of the Austrian Empire and... , Flanders County of Flanders The County of Flanders was one of the territories constituting the Low Countries. The county existed from 862 to 1795. It was one of the original secular fiefs of France and for centuries was one of the most affluent regions in Europe.... , Tyrol County of Tyrol The County of Tyrol, Princely County from 1504, was a State of the Holy Roman Empire, from 1814 a province of the Austrian Empire and from 1867 a Cisleithanian crown land of Austria-Hungary... , etc. |
Philip I Philip II of Spain Philip II was King of Spain, Portugal, Naples, Sicily, and, while married to Mary I, King of England and Ireland. He was lord of the Seventeen Provinces from 1556 until 1581, holding various titles for the individual territories such as duke or count.... , Philip II Philip III of Spain Philip III , also known as Philip the Pious, was the King of Spain and King of Portugal and the Algarves, where he ruled as Philip II , from 1598 until his death... , Philip III Philip III of Spain Philip III , also known as Philip the Pious, was the King of Spain and King of Portugal and the Algarves, where he ruled as Philip II , from 1598 until his death... |
During the Philippine dynasty Philippine Dynasty The Portuguese House of Habsburg, commonly known as the Philippine Dynasty, is the third royal dynasty of Portugal. It was named after the three Spanish kings who ruled Portugal between 1580 and 1640 in a dynastic union of the two crowns... , the style of the Spanish Crown is merged with that of Portugal |
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| 1640–1815 | By the Grace of God, King/Queen of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India, etc. | John IV John IV of Portugal |-|John IV was the King of Portugal and the Algarves from 1640 to his death. He was the grandson of Catherine, Duchess of Braganza, who had in 1580 claimed the Portuguese crown and sparked the struggle for the throne of Portugal. John was nicknamed John the Restorer... , Afonso VI, Peter II, João V, Joseph I, Maria I Maria I of Portugal Maria I was Queen regnant of Portugal and the Algarves from 1777 until her death. Known as Maria the Pious , or Maria the Mad , she was the first undisputed Queen regnant of Portugal... (with Peter III Peter III of Portugal Peter III became King of the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves by the accession of his wife and niece Queen Maria I in 1777, and co-reigned alongside her until his death.-Biography:... ) |
After the Restoration Portuguese Restoration War Portuguese Restoration War was the name given by nineteenth-century 'romantic' historians to the war between Portugal and Spain that began with the Portuguese revolution of 1640 and ended with the Treaty of Lisbon . The revolution of 1640 ended the sixty-year period of dual monarchy in Portugal... (1640), return to the old style adopted by Manuel I |
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| 1815–1825 | By the Grace of God, King/Queen of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil Brazil Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people... , and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India, etc. |
Maria I Maria I of Portugal Maria I was Queen regnant of Portugal and the Algarves from 1777 until her death. Known as Maria the Pious , or Maria the Mad , she was the first undisputed Queen regnant of Portugal... , John VI John VI of Portugal John VI John VI John VI (full name: João Maria José Francisco Xavier de Paula Luís António Domingos Rafael; (13 May 1767 – 10 March 1826) was King of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (later changed to just King of Portugal and the Algarves, after Brazil was recognized... |
Elevation of Brazil as a kingdom inside the Portuguese Empire, thus making a United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarve The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was a monarchy consisting of the kingdoms of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarve, as well as colonial possessions of the Portuguese Empire.-Establishment:... (1815) |
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| 1825–1826 | By the Grace of God, King/Queen of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India, etc. | John VI John VI of Portugal John VI John VI John VI (full name: João Maria José Francisco Xavier de Paula Luís António Domingos Rafael; (13 May 1767 – 10 March 1826) was King of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (later changed to just King of Portugal and the Algarves, after Brazil was recognized... , Pedro IV |
After the recognition of the independence of Brazil by John VI (1825), return to the old style | |
| 1826 | By the Grace of God and Unanimous Acclamation of the People, Constitutional Emperor and Perpetual Defender of Brazil, King of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India, etc. | Pedro IV | After the death of his father, Pedro, Emperor of Brazil, inherits the Portuguese throne, thus making a change once more in the royal title, until his abdication (1826) | |
| 1826–1910 | By the Grace of God, King/Queen of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India, etc. | Maria II, Miguel I Miguel of Portugal Dom Miguel I, sometimes Michael , was the King of Portugal between 1828 and 1834, the seventh child and second son of King John VI and his queen, Charlotte of Spain.... , Maria II (with Ferdinand II Ferdinand II of Portugal Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha , named Prince Ferdinand Augustus Francis Anthony of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha-Koháry, was King of Portugal as husband of Queen Maria II of Portugal from the birth of their son in 1837 to her death in 1853.In keeping with Portuguese law, only after the birth of his son in... ), Pedro V Pedro V of Portugal * Duke of Barcelos* Marquis of Vila Viçosa* Count of Ourém* Count of Barcelos* Count of Arraiolos* Count of Guimarães-Honours:* Knight of the Garter* Knight of the Golden Fleece-Ancestry:... , Luís I Luís I of Portugal |-... , Carlos I Carlos I of Portugal -Assassination:On 1 February 1908 the royal family returned from the palace of Vila Viçosa to Lisbon. They travelled by train to Barreiro and, from there, they took a steamer to cross the Tagus River and disembarked at Cais do Sodré in central Lisbon. On their way to the royal palace, the open... , Manuel II Manuel II of Portugal Manuel II , named Manuel Maria Filipe Carlos Amélio Luís Miguel Rafael Gabriel Gonzaga Francisco de Assis Eugénio de Bragança Orleães Sabóia e Saxe-Coburgo-Gotha — , was the last King of Portugal from 1908 to 1910, ascending the throne after the assassination of his father and elder brother Manuel... |
After the abdication of Peter in favour of his daughter, return to the old style, until the collapse of the monarchy with the Portuguese First Republic Portuguese First Republic The Portuguese First Republic spans a complex 16 year period in the history of Portugal, between the end of the period of constitutional monarchy marked by the 5 October 1910 revolution and the 28 May coup d'état of 1926... (1910) |
The style of address to the sovereign is as follows:
| Time | |
|---|---|
| 1139–c. 1433 | Mercy Mercy Mercy is broad term that refers to benevolence, forgiveness and kindness in a variety of ethical, religious, social and legal contexts.The concept of a "Merciful God" appears in various religions from Christianity to... (HM-YM) |
| c. 1433–1577 | Highness Highness Highness, often used with a possessive adjective , is an attribute referring to the rank of the dynasty in an address... (HH-YH) |
| 1577–1578 | Majesty Majesty Majesty is an English word derived ultimately from the Latin maiestas, meaning "greatness".- Origin :Originally, during the Roman republic, the word maiestas was the legal term for the supreme status and dignity of the state, to be respected above everything else... (HM-YM) |
| 1578–1580 | Highness Highness Highness, often used with a possessive adjective , is an attribute referring to the rank of the dynasty in an address... (HH-YH) |
| 1580–1748 | Majesty Majesty Majesty is an English word derived ultimately from the Latin maiestas, meaning "greatness".- Origin :Originally, during the Roman republic, the word maiestas was the legal term for the supreme status and dignity of the state, to be respected above everything else... (HM-YM) |
| 1748–1825 | Most Faithful Majesty Faithful Majesty The sobriquet Most Faithful King was a title awarded by the Pope as spiritual head of the Catholic Church to a monarch. In practice only one monarchy, Portugal, has ever received it.... (HFM-YFM) |
| 1825–1826 | Imperial and Most Faithful Majesty Faithful Majesty The sobriquet Most Faithful King was a title awarded by the Pope as spiritual head of the Catholic Church to a monarch. In practice only one monarchy, Portugal, has ever received it.... (HI&RFM-YI&RFM) |
| 1826–1910 | Most Faithful Majesty Faithful Majesty The sobriquet Most Faithful King was a title awarded by the Pope as spiritual head of the Catholic Church to a monarch. In practice only one monarchy, Portugal, has ever received it.... (HFM-YFM) |
See also
- List of Portuguese monarchs by longevity
- List of Portuguese monarchs by age at accession to the throne
- Kings of Portugal family treeKings of Portugal family treeThis is a collection of the family trees of the kingdom of Portugal.See also: Portugal - History of Portugal - List of Portuguese monarchs...
- List of Portuguese royal consorts
- History of PortugalHistory of PortugalThe history of Portugal, a European and an Atlantic nation, dates back to the Early Middle Ages. In the 15th and 16th centuries, it ascended to the status of a world power during Europe's "Age of Discovery" as it built up a vast empire including possessions in South America, Africa, Asia and...
- Timeline of Portuguese historyTimeline of Portuguese historyThis is a historical timeline of Portugal.*Timeline of Iberian prehistory*Pre-Roman Iberia *Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia *Germanic Kingdoms...
- Lists of incumbents
- Burial sites of Portuguese monarchs
- :Category:Pretenders to the Portuguese throne
- List of Portuguese Cortes