List of ancient Greek philosophers - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

This list of ancient Greek philosophers contains philosophers who studied in ancient Greece

Ancient Greece

Ancient Greece is a civilization belonging to a period of Greek history that lasted from the Archaic period of the 8th to 6th centuries BC to the end of antiquity. Immediately following this period was the beginning of the Early Middle Ages and the Byzantine era. Included in Ancient Greece is the...

or spoke Greek

Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek is the stage of the Greek language in the periods spanning the times c. 9th–6th centuries BC, , c. 5th–4th centuries BC , and the c. 3rd century BC – 6th century AD of ancient Greece and the ancient world; being predated in the 2nd millennium BC by Mycenaean Greek...

. Ancient Greek philosophy began in Miletus

Miletus

Miletus was an ancient Greek city on the western coast of Anatolia , near the mouth of the Maeander River in ancient Caria...

with the pre-Socratic

Pre-Socratic philosophy

Pre-Socratic philosophy is Greek philosophy before Socrates . In Classical antiquity, the Presocratic philosophers were called physiologoi...

philosopher Thales

Thales

Thales of Miletus was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher from Miletus in Asia Minor, and one of the Seven Sages of Greece. Many, most notably Aristotle, regard him as the first philosopher in the Greek tradition...

and lasted through Late Antiquity

Late Antiquity

Late Antiquity is a periodization used by historians to describe the time of transition from Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages, in both mainland Europe and the Mediterranean world. Precise boundaries for the period are a matter of debate, but noted historian of the period Peter Brown proposed...

. Some of the most famous and influential philosophers of all time were from the ancient Greek world, including Socrates

Socrates

Socrates was a classical Greek Athenian philosopher. Credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, he is an enigmatic figure known chiefly through the accounts of later classical writers, especially the writings of his students Plato and Xenophon, and the plays of his contemporary ...

, Plato

Plato

Plato , was a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with his mentor, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the...

, and Aristotle

Aristotle

Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, linguistics, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology...

Name	Life	School	Notes
Acrion Acrion Acrion was a Locrian and a Pythagorean philosopher. He is mentioned by Valerius Maximus under the name of Arion. According to William Smith, Arion is a false reading, instead of Acrion....	fifth / 4th century BC	Pythagorean Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were considerably influenced by mathematics. Pythagoreanism originated in the 5th century BCE and greatly influenced Platonism...	visited by Plato Plato Plato , was a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with his mentor, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the...
Adrastus of Aphrodisias Adrastus of Aphrodisias Adrastus of Aphrodisias was a Peripatetic philosopher who lived in the 2nd century AD. He was the author of a treatise on the arrangement of Aristotle's writings and his system of philosophy, quoted by Simplicius, and by Achilles Tatius. Some commentaries of his on the Timaeus of Plato are also...	2nd century AD	Peripatetic	wrote commentaries on Aristotle's works Corpus Aristotelicum The Corpus Aristotelicum is the collection of Aristotle's works that have survived from antiquity through Medieval manuscript transmission. These texts, as opposed to Aristotle's lost works, are technical philosophical treatises from within Aristotle's school... and a commentary on Plato's Timmeus Timaeus (dialogue) Timaeus is one of Plato's dialogues, mostly in the form of a long monologue given by the title character, written circa 360 BC. The work puts forward speculation on the nature of the physical world and human beings. It is followed by the dialogue Critias.Speakers of the dialogue are Socrates,...
Aedesia Aedesia Aedesia was a female philosopher of the Neoplatonic school who lived in Alexandria in the fifth century. She was a relation of Syrianus and the wife of Hermias, and was equally celebrated for her beauty and her virtues. After the death of her husband, she devoted herself to relieving the wants...	5th century	Neoplatonic	wife of Hermias Hermias (philosopher) Hermias was a Neoplatonist philosopher who was born in Alexandria c. 410 AD. He went to Athens and studied philosophy under Syrianus. He married Aedesia, who was a relative of Syrianus, and who had originally been betrothed to Proclus, but Proclus broke the engagement off after receiving a divine... , and mother of Ammonius Ammonius Hermiae Ammonius Hermiae was a Greek philosopher, and the son of the Neoplatonist philosophers Hermias and Aedesia. He was a pupil of Proclus in Athens, and taught at Alexandria for most of his life, writing commentaries on Plato, Aristotle, and other philosophers.... and Heliodorus Heliodorus of Alexandria Heliodorus of Alexandria was a Neoplatonist philosopher who lived in the 5th century. He was the son of Hermias and Aedesia, and the younger brother of Ammonius. His father, Hermias, died when he was young, and his mother, Aedesia, raised him and his brother in their home city of Alexandria until...
Aedesius Aedesius Aedesius was a Neoplatonist philosopher and mystic born of a noble Cappadocian family.-Career:He migrated to Syria, attracted by the lectures of Iamblichus, of whom he became a follower. According to Eunapius, he differed from Iamblichus on certain points connected with theurgy and magic...	3rd / 4th century	Neoplatonic	studied under Iamblichus before founding his own school in Pergamum
Aeneas of Gaza Aeneas of Gaza Aeneas of Gaza was a Neo-Platonic philosopher, a convert to Christianity, who flourished towards the end of the fifth century. In a dialogue entitled Theophrastus he alludes to Hierocles of Alexandria as his teacher, and in some of his letters mentions as his contemporaries writers whom we know to...	5th / 6th century	Neoplatonic	a Christian convert who studied under Hierocles Hierocles of Alexandria Hierocles of Alexandria was a Greek Neoplatonist writer who was active around AD 430.He studied under Plutarch at Athens in the early 5th century, and taught for some years in his native city. He seems to have been banished from Alexandria and to have taken up his abode in Constantinople, where he...
Aenesidemus Aenesidemus Aenesidemus was a Greek sceptical philosopher, born in Knossos on the island of Crete. He lived in the 1st century BC, taught in Alexandria and flourished shortly after the life of Cicero...	1st century BC?	Pyrrhonist	wrote a book called Pyrrhonist Discourses which became a central text for the skeptics
Aesara Aesara Aesara of Lucania was a Pythagorean philosopher, who wrote a work On Human Nature, of which a fragment is preserved by Stobaeus.-Life:...	5th / 4th century BC	Pythagorean Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were considerably influenced by mathematics. Pythagoreanism originated in the 5th century BCE and greatly influenced Platonism...
Aeschines of Neapolis Aeschines of Neapolis Aeschines of Neapolis was an Academic philosopher who shared the leadership of the Academy at Athens together with Charmadas and Clitomachus about 110 BC, when Clitomachus was an old man. Diogenes Laertius says that he was a pupil and favourite of Melanthius of Rhodes....	2nd / 1st century BC	Academic skeptic
Aeschines of Sphettus	5th / 4th century BC	Socratic	part of Socrates' circle and likely present at his death
Aetius Aetius Aetius or Aëtius may refer to:* Aetius , 1st- or 2nd-century doxographer and Eclectic philosopher* Aëtius of Antioch, 4th-century Anomean theologian, called "Aetius the Atheist" by his Trinitarian enemies...	4th century AD	Peripatetic Peripatetic The Peripatetics were members of a school of philosophy in ancient Greece. Their teachings derived from their founder, the Greek philosopher, Aristotle, and Peripatetic is a name given to his followers. The school originally derived its name Peripatos from the peripatoi of the Lyceum gymnasium in...	Antiochean convert to Christianity who studied in Alexandria
Agapius Agapius (philosopher) Agapius was a Neoplatonist philosopher who lived in Athens. He was a notable philosopher in the Neoplatonist school in Athens when Marinus of Neapolis was scholarch after the death of Proclus...	5th / 6th century AD	Neoplatonic	studied under Marinus of Neapolis Marinus of Neapolis Marinus was a Neoplatonist philosopher born in Flavia Neapolis , Palestine in around 450 AD. He was probably a Samaritan, or possibly a Jew.... . known for his learning
Agathobulus Agathobulus Agathobulus of Alexandria, who lived c. 125 AD, was a Cynic philosopher and teacher of Demonax and Peregrinus Proteus....	1st / 2nd century AD	Cynicism	Known for his severe asceticism Asceticism Asceticism describes a lifestyle characterized by abstinence from various sorts of worldly pleasures often with the aim of pursuing religious and spiritual goals... and teacher of Demonax Demonax Demonax was a Cynic philosopher. Born in Cyprus, he moved to Athens, where his wisdom, and his skill in solving disputes, earned him the admiration of the citizens. He taught Lucian, who wrote a Life of Demonax in praise of his teacher...
Agathosthenes Agathosthenes Agathosthenes was a Greek historian or philosopher of uncertain date, who is referred to by Tzetzes as his authority in matters connected with geography...
Agrippa the Skeptic	1st / 2nd century AD	Pyrrhonist	thought to be the creator of the "five grounds of doubt"
Albinus Albinus (philosopher) Albinus was a Platonist philosopher, who lived at Smyrna, and was teacher of Galen. A short tract by him, entitled Introduction to Plato's dialogues, has come down to us. From the title of one of the extant manuscripts we learn that Albinus was a pupil of Gaius the Platonist...	2nd century AD	Middle Platonist
Alcinous Alcinous (philosopher) __FORCETOC__Alcinous , or Alcinoos, or Alkinoos, was a Middle Platonist philosopher. He probably lived in the 2nd century AD, although nothing is known about his life. He is the author of The Handbook of Platonism, an epitome of Middle Platonism intended as a manual for teachers...	2nd century AD?	Middle Platonist
Alcmaeon of Croton Alcmaeon of Croton Alcmaeon of Croton was one of the most eminent natural philosophers and medical theorists of antiquity. His father's name was Peirithus . He is said by some to have been a pupil of Pythagoras, and he may have been born around 510 BC...	5th / 5th century BC	Pythagorean Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were considerably influenced by mathematics. Pythagoreanism originated in the 5th century BCE and greatly influenced Platonism...	interested in medicine
Alexamenus of Teos Alexamenus of Teos For other uses, see AlexamenusAlexamenus of Teos, was, according to Aristotle in his dialogue, On Poets, the first person who wrote Socratic dialogues before the time of Plato. An Aristotelian papyrus from Oxyrhynchus claims that this is merely malicious gossip by Aristotle....	5th century BC?	Socratic	may have been the first to write philosophical dialogues
Alexander of Aegae Alexander of Aegae Alexander of Aegae was a Peripatetic philosopher who flourished in Rome in the 1st century, and was a disciple of the celebrated mathematician Sosigenes of Alexandria. He was tutor to the emperor Nero. He wrote commentaries on the Categories and the De Caelo of Aristotle...	1st century AD	Peripatetic school	tutored the emperor Nero Nero Nero , was Roman Emperor from 54 to 68, and the last in the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Nero was adopted by his great-uncle Claudius to become his heir and successor, and succeeded to the throne in 54 following Claudius' death....
Alexander of Aphrodisias Alexander of Aphrodisias Alexander of Aphrodisias was a Peripatetic philosopher and the most celebrated of the Ancient Greek commentators on the writings of Aristotle. He was a native of Aphrodisias in Caria, and lived and taught in Athens at the beginning of the 3rd century, where he held a position as head of the...	2nd / 3rd century AD	Peripatetic school	influential commentator on the Corpus Aristotelicum Corpus Aristotelicum The Corpus Aristotelicum is the collection of Aristotle's works that have survived from antiquity through Medieval manuscript transmission. These texts, as opposed to Aristotle's lost works, are technical philosophical treatises from within Aristotle's school...
Alexicrates Alexicrates Alexicrates was a Pythagorean philosopher who lived at the time of Plutarch , and whose disciples continued to observe the ancient diet of the Pythagoreans, abstaining from fish altogether. Another person of this name occurs in Plutarch....	1st / 2nd century AD	Pythagorean Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were considerably influenced by mathematics. Pythagoreanism originated in the 5th century BCE and greatly influenced Platonism...
Alexinus Alexinus Alexinus of Elis, was a philosopher of Megarian school and a disciple of Eubulides. From his argumentative nature he was facetiously named the wrangler , From Elis he went to Olympia, in the vain hope it is said, of founding a sect which might be called the Olympian; but his disciples soon became...	4th / 3rd century BC	Megarian	founded his own school which did not fare well
Amelius Amelius Amelius , whose family name was Gentilianus, was a Neoplatonist philosopher and writer of the second half of the 3rd century. He was a native of Tuscany...	3rd century AD	Neoplatonic	student of Plotinus Plotinus Plotinus was a major philosopher of the ancient world. In his system of theory there are the three principles: the One, the Intellect, and the Soul. His teacher was Ammonius Saccas and he is of the Platonic tradition... who wrote voluminously
Ammonius Hermiae Ammonius Hermiae Ammonius Hermiae was a Greek philosopher, and the son of the Neoplatonist philosophers Hermias and Aedesia. He was a pupil of Proclus in Athens, and taught at Alexandria for most of his life, writing commentaries on Plato, Aristotle, and other philosophers....	5th / 6th century AD	Neoplatonic
Ammonius of Athens	1st century AD	Middle Platonist	teacher of Plutarch Plutarch Plutarch then named, on his becoming a Roman citizen, Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus , c. 46 – 120 AD, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist known primarily for his Parallel Lives and Moralia...
Ammonius Saccas Ammonius Saccas Ammonius Saccas was a Greek philosopher from Alexandria who was often referred to as one of the founders of Neoplatonism. He is mainly known as the teacher of Plotinus, whom he taught for eleven years from 232 to 243. He was undoubtably the biggest influence on Plotinus in his development of...	2nd / 3rd century AD	Neoplatonic	Plotinus Plotinus Plotinus was a major philosopher of the ancient world. In his system of theory there are the three principles: the One, the Intellect, and the Soul. His teacher was Ammonius Saccas and he is of the Platonic tradition... ' teacher
Anaxagoras Anaxagoras Anaxagoras was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. Born in Clazomenae in Asia Minor, Anaxagoras was the first philosopher to bring philosophy from Ionia to Athens. He attempted to give a scientific account of eclipses, meteors, rainbows, and the sun, which he described as a fiery mass larger than...	5th century BC	Pluralist Pluralist School The Pluralist School was a school of pre-Socratic philosophers who attempted to reconcile Parmenides' rejection of change with the apparently changing world of sense experience. The school consisted of Anaxagoras, Archelaus, and Empedocles. It can also be said to have included the Atomists,...
Anaxarchus Anaxarchus Anaxarchus was a Greek philosopher of the school of Democritus. Together with Pyrrho, he accompanied Alexander the Great into Asia. The reports of his philosophical views suggest that he was a forerunner of the Greek skeptics.-Life:...	4th century BC	Atomism Atomism Atomism is a natural philosophy that developed in several ancient traditions. The atomists theorized that the natural world consists of two fundamental parts: indivisible atoms and empty void.According to Aristotle, atoms are indestructible and immutable and there are an infinite variety of shapes...
Anaxilaus Anaxilaus Anaxilaus of Larissa was a physician and Pythagorean philosopher. According to Eusebius, he was banished from Rome in 28 BC by Augustus on the charge of practicing magic. Anaxilaus wrote about the "magical" properties of minerals, herbs, and other substances and derived drugs, and is cited by...	1st century BC / 1st century AD	Pythagorean Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were considerably influenced by mathematics. Pythagoreanism originated in the 5th century BCE and greatly influenced Platonism...
Anaximander Anaximander Anaximander was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who lived in Miletus, a city of Ionia; Milet in modern Turkey. He belonged to the Milesian school and learned the teachings of his master Thales...	7th / 6th century BC	Milesian Milesian school The Milesian school was a school of thought founded in the 6th century BC. The ideas associated with it are exemplified by three philosophers from the Ionian town of Miletus, on the Aegean coast of Anatolia: Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes...
Anaximenes of Miletus Anaximenes of Miletus Anaximenes of Miletus was an Archaic Greek Pre-Socratic philosopher active in the latter half of the 6th century BC. One of the three Milesian philosophers, he is identified as a younger friend or student of Anaximander. Anaximenes, like others in his school of thought, practiced material monism...	6th century BC	Milesian Milesian school The Milesian school was a school of thought founded in the 6th century BC. The ideas associated with it are exemplified by three philosophers from the Ionian town of Miletus, on the Aegean coast of Anatolia: Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes...
Androcydes Androcydes (Pythagorean) Androcydes was a Pythagorean whose work On Pythagorean Symbols survives only in scattered fragments. The dating of his life is uncertain; he lived before the 1st century BC but possibly as early as the 4th...	2nd century BC?	Pythagorean Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were considerably influenced by mathematics. Pythagoreanism originated in the 5th century BCE and greatly influenced Platonism...
Andronicus of Rhodes Andronicus of Rhodes Andronicus of Rhodes was a Greek philosopher from Rhodes who was also the eleventh scholarch of the Peripatetic school.He was at the head of the Peripatetic school at Rome, about 58 BC, and was the teacher of Boethus of Sidon, with whom Strabo studied...	1st century BC	Peripatetic
Anniceris Anniceris Anniceris was a Cyrenaic philosopher. He argued that pleasure is achieved through individual acts of gratification which are sought for the pleasure that they produce, but he also laid great emphasis on the love of family, country, friendship and gratitude, which provide pleasure even when they...	4th / 3rd century BC	Cyrenaic Cyrenaics The Cyrenaics were an ultra-hedonist Greek school of philosophy founded in the 4th century BC, supposedly by Aristippus of Cyrene, although many of the principles of the school are believed to have been formalized by his grandson of the same name, Aristippus the Younger. The school was so called...
Antiochus of Ascalon Antiochus of Ascalon Antiochus , of Ascalon, , was an Academic philosopher. He was a pupil of Philo of Larissa at the Academy, but he diverged from the Academic skepticism of Philo and his predecessors...	2nd / 1st century BC	Middle Platonist
Antipater of Cyrene Antipater of Cyrene Antipater of Cyrene was one of the disciples of Aristippus, the founder of the Cyrenaic school of philosophy. He had a pupil called Epitimedes of Cyrene. According to Cicero, he was blind, and when some women bewailed the fact, he replied, "What do you mean? Do you think the night can furnish no...	4th century BC	Cyrenaic Cyrenaics The Cyrenaics were an ultra-hedonist Greek school of philosophy founded in the 4th century BC, supposedly by Aristippus of Cyrene, although many of the principles of the school are believed to have been formalized by his grandson of the same name, Aristippus the Younger. The school was so called...
Antipater of Tarsus Antipater of Tarsus Antipater of Tarsus was a Stoic philosopher. He was the pupil and successor of Diogenes of Babylon as leader of the Stoic school, and was the teacher of Panaetius...	2nd century BC	Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...
Antipater of Tyre Antipater of Tyre Antipater of Tyre was a Stoic philosopher, and a contemporary of Cato the Younger and Cicero. Antipater is said to have befriended Cato when the latter was a young man. He appears to be the same as the Antipater of Tyre mentioned by Strabo....	1st century BC	Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...
Antisthenes Antisthenes Antisthenes was a Greek philosopher and a pupil of Socrates. Antisthenes first learned rhetoric under Gorgias before becoming an ardent disciple of Socrates. He adopted and developed the ethical side of Socrates' teachings, advocating an ascetic life lived in accordance with virtue. Later writers...	5th / 4th century BC	Cynic
Antoninus Antoninus (philosopher) Antoninus was a Neoplatonist philosopher who lived in the 4th century. He was a son of Eustathius and Sosipatra, and had a school at Canopus, Egypt. He was an older contemporary of Hypatia who lived and worked nearby in Alexandria...	4th century AD	Neoplatonic
Apollodorus Apollodorus Apollodorus of Athens son of Asclepiades, was a Greek scholar and grammarian. He was a pupil of Diogenes of Babylon, Panaetius the Stoic, and the grammarian Aristarchus of Samothrace...	2nd century BC	Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...
Apollodorus of Seleucia Apollodorus of Seleucia Apollodorus of Seleucia, , was a Stoic philosopher, and a pupil of Diogenes of Babylon.He wrote a number of handbooks on Stoicism, including ones on Ethics and Physics which are frequently cited by Diogenes Laërtius....	2nd century BC	Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...
Apollodorus the Epicurean Apollodorus the Epicurean Apollodorus was an Epicurean philosopher, and head of the Epicurean school in Athens.He was according to Diogenes Laërtius surnamed Tyrant of the Garden from his exercising a kind of tyranny or supremacy in the garden or school of Epicurus. He was the teacher of Zeno of Sidon, who succeeded him...	2nd century BC	Epicurean
Apollonius Cronus Apollonius Cronus Apollonius Cronus from Cyrene was a philosopher of the Megarian school.Very little is known about him. He was the pupil of Eubulides, and was the teacher of Diodorus Cronus, as Strabo relates:Apollonius Cronus, was from Cyrene, .....	4th century BC	Megarian
Apollonius of Tyana Apollonius of Tyana Apollonius of Tyana was a Greek Neopythagorean philosopher from the town of Tyana in the Roman province of Cappadocia in Asia Minor. Little is certainly known about him...	1st century AD	Neopythagorean
Apollonius of Tyre	1st century BC	Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...
Arcesilaus Arcesilaus Arcesilaus was a Greek philosopher and founder of the Second or Middle Academy—the phase of Academic skepticism. Arcesilaus succeeded Crates as the sixth head of the Academy c. 264 BC. He did not preserve his thoughts in writing, so his opinions can only be gleaned second-hand from what is...	4th / 3rd century BC	Academic skeptic
Archedemus of Tarsus Archedemus of Tarsus Archedemus of Tarsus, a Stoic philosopher who flourished c. 140 BC. Two of his works: On the Voice and On Elements , are mentioned by Diogenes Laërtius....	2nd century BC	Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...
Archelaus Archelaus (philosopher) Archelaus was an Ancient Greek philosopher, a pupil of Anaxagoras, and said by some to have been a teacher of Socrates. He asserted that the principle of motion was the separation of hot from cold, from which he endeavoured to explain the formation of the Earth and the creation of animals and...	5th century BC	Pluralist Pluralist School The Pluralist School was a school of pre-Socratic philosophers who attempted to reconcile Parmenides' rejection of change with the apparently changing world of sense experience. The school consisted of Anaxagoras, Archelaus, and Empedocles. It can also be said to have included the Atomists,...
Archytas Archytas Archytas was an Ancient Greek philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, statesman, and strategist. He was a scientist of the Pythagorean school and famous for being the reputed founder of mathematical mechanics, as well as a good friend of Plato....	5th / 4th century BC	Pythagorean Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were considerably influenced by mathematics. Pythagoreanism originated in the 5th century BCE and greatly influenced Platonism...
Arete of Cyrene Arete of Cyrene Arete of Cyrene was a Cyrenaic philosopher, and the daughter of Aristippus of Cyrene.She learned philosophy from her father, Aristippus, who had himself learned philosophy from Socrates. Arete, in turn, taught philosophy to her son - Aristippus the Younger - hence her son was nicknamed...	4th century BC	Cyrenaic Cyrenaics The Cyrenaics were an ultra-hedonist Greek school of philosophy founded in the 4th century BC, supposedly by Aristippus of Cyrene, although many of the principles of the school are believed to have been formalized by his grandson of the same name, Aristippus the Younger. The school was so called...
Arignote Arignote Arignote was a Pythagorean philosopher, a student of Pythagoras and Theano, and, according to some traditions, their daughter as well.According to the Suda, she wrote a Bacchica concerning the mysteries of Demeter, which was also entitled the Sacred Narrative. The Suda mentions a separate work...	6th / 5th century BC	Pythagorean Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were considerably influenced by mathematics. Pythagoreanism originated in the 5th century BCE and greatly influenced Platonism...
Aristippus Aristippus Aristippus of Cyrene, , was the founder of the Cyrenaic school of Philosophy. He was a pupil of Socrates, but adopted a very different philosophical outlook, teaching that the goal of life was to seek pleasure by adapting circumstances to oneself and by maintaining proper control over both...	5th / 4th century BC	Cyrenaic Cyrenaics The Cyrenaics were an ultra-hedonist Greek school of philosophy founded in the 4th century BC, supposedly by Aristippus of Cyrene, although many of the principles of the school are believed to have been formalized by his grandson of the same name, Aristippus the Younger. The school was so called...
Aristippus the Younger Aristippus the Younger Aristippus the Younger, of Cyrene, was the grandson of Aristippus of Cyrene, and is widely believed to have formalized the principles of Cyrenaic philosophy.He lived in the second half of the 4th century BC...	4th century BC	Cyrenaic Cyrenaics The Cyrenaics were an ultra-hedonist Greek school of philosophy founded in the 4th century BC, supposedly by Aristippus of Cyrene, although many of the principles of the school are believed to have been formalized by his grandson of the same name, Aristippus the Younger. The school was so called...
Aristoclea Aristoclea Aristoclea , wasa Greek priestess at Delphi in Ancient Greece. She was cited by many ancient writers as a tutor of the philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras ....	fl. 6th century BC
Aristocles of Messene Aristocles of Messene Aristocles of Messene in Sicily, a Peripatetic philosopher, who probably lived in the 1st century AD. He may have been the teacher of Alexander of Aphrodisias.According to the Suda and Eudokia, he wrote several works:...	1st century AD?	Peripatetic
Aristocreon Aristocreon Aristocreon was a Stoic philosopher and the nephew of Chrysippus.He was a son of the sister of Chrysippus, and became his pupil. Chrysippus dedicated several of his works to him. Of the few facts known about Aristocreon's life, it is known that between 229 and 190 BC, he was in Athens, where he...	3rd / 2nd century BC	Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...
Aristo of Alexandria Aristo of Alexandria Aristo of Alexandria, was a Peripatetic philosopher, and a contemporary of Strabo in the 1st century. He wrote a work on the Nile. Eudorus, a contemporary of his, wrote a book on the same subject, and the two works were so much alike, that the authors charged each other with plagiarism...	2nd /1st century BC	Peripatetic
Aristo of Ceos Aristo of Ceos Aristo of Ceos was a Peripatetic philosopher and a native of the island of Ceos, where his birthplace was the town of Ioulis. He is not to be confused with Aristo of Chios, a Stoic philosopher of the mid 3rd century BC....	3rd / 2nd century BC	Peripatetic
Aristo of Chios	4th / 3rd century BC	Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...
Aristotle Aristotle Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, linguistics, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology...	4th century BC	Peripatetic	founder of Peripatetic school
Aristotle of Cyrene Aristotle of Cyrene Aristotle of Cyrene was a Greek philosopher who may have belonged to the Cyrenaic school.He was a native of Cyrene, and a contemporary of Stilpo. He taught Cleitarchus and Simmias of Syracuse before they became pupils of Stilpo. It has generally been assumed that Aristotle was a member of the...	4th / 3rd century BC	Cyrenaic Cyrenaics The Cyrenaics were an ultra-hedonist Greek school of philosophy founded in the 4th century BC, supposedly by Aristippus of Cyrene, although many of the principles of the school are believed to have been formalized by his grandson of the same name, Aristippus the Younger. The school was so called...
Aristotle of Mytilene Aristotle of Mytilene Aristotle of Mytilene was a distinguished Peripatetic philosopher in the time of Galen. It has been argued that he was a teacher of Alexander of Aphrodisias.Galen Aristotle of Mytilene (or Aristoteles, ; fl. 2nd century) was a distinguished Peripatetic philosopher in the time of Galen. It has been...	2nd century AD	Peripatetic
Aristoxenus Aristoxenus Aristoxenus of Tarentum was a Greek Peripatetic philosopher, and a pupil of Aristotle. Most of his writings, which dealt with philosophy, ethics and music, have been lost, but one musical treatise, Elements of Harmony, survives incomplete, as well as some fragments concerning rhythm and...	4th century BC	Peripatetic
Arius Didymus Arius Didymus Arius Didymus of Alexandria, was a Stoic philosopher and teacher of Augustus. Fragments of his handbooks summarizing Stoic and Peripatetic doctrines are preserved by Stobaeus and Eusebius.-Life:...	1st century BC	Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...
Asclepiades of Phlius Asclepiades of Phlius Asclepiades of Phlius was a Greek philosopher in the Eretrian school of philosophy. He was the friend of Menedemus of Eretria, and they both went to live in Megara and studied under Stilpo, before sailing to Elis to join Phaedo's school. His friendship with Menedemus was said to have been hardly...	4th / 3rd century BC	Eretrian
Asclepiades the Cynic Asclepiades the Cynic Asclepiades was a Cynic philosopher. He is mentioned by the emperor Julian whom Asclepiades visited at Antioch in 362. Ammianus Marcellinus describes how Asclepiades accidentally destroyed the temple of Apollo at Daphne in Antioch, when some candles he lit set light to the woodwork, burning down...	4th century AD	Cynicism
Asclepigenia Asclepigenia Asclepigenia was an Athenian philosopher and mystic whose life is known from an account in Marinus' Life of Proclus. Her father, Plutarch of Athens was head of the Neoplatonist school at Athens, and instructed Asclepigenia and her brother Hierius in the philosophies of Plato and Aristotle...	5th / 6th century AD	Neoplatonic
Asclepiodotus	1st century BC
Asclepiodotus of Alexandria Asclepiodotus of Alexandria Asclepiodotus of Alexandria was a Neoplatonic philosopher who lived in the second half of the 5th century. He was a native of Alexandria who studied under Proclus in Athens. He eventually moved to Aphrodisias where he maintained a philosophy school jointly with another man also called...	5th century AD	Neoplatonic
Aspasius Aspasius Aspasius was a Peripatetic philosopher. Boethius, who frequently refers to his works, says that Aspasius wrote commentaries on most of the works of Aristotle. The following commentaries are expressly mentioned: on De Interpretatione, the Physica, Metaphysica, Categoriae, and the Nicomachean Ethics...	2nd century AD	Peripatetic
Athenaeus of Seleucia Athenaeus of Seleucia Athenaeus Mechanicus is the author of a book on siegecraft, On Machines . He is identified by modern scholars with Athenaeus of Seleucia, a member of the Peripatetic school active in the mid-to-late 1st century BC, at Rome and elsewhere.-Life:...	1st century BC	Peripatetic
Athenodoros Cananites Athenodoros Cananites Athenodorus Cananites was a Stoic philosopher. He was born in Canana, near Tarsus ; his father was Sandon...	1st century BC	Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...
Athenodoros Cordylion Athenodoros Cordylion Athenodoros Cordylion was a Stoic philosopher, born in Tarsus. He was the keeper of the library at Pergamon, where he was known to cut out passages from books on Stoic philosophy if he disagreed with them:...	2nd /1st century BC	Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...
Athenodorus of Soli Athenodorus of Soli Athenodorus of Soli was a Stoic philosopher, and disciple of Zeno of Citium, who lived in the 3rd century BC.He was the son of Athenodorus, and was born in the town of Soli, Cilicia, and was the compatriot of another disciple of Zeno, Chrysippus. Athenodorus was the brother of the poet Aratus of...	3rd century BC	Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...
Attalus Attalus (Stoic) Attalus was a Stoic philosopher in the reign of Tiberius , who was defrauded of his property by Sejanus, and reduced to cultivating the ground. He taught the philosopher Seneca, who frequently quotes him, and speaks of him in the highest terms. The elder Seneca describes him as a man of great...	1st century BC / 1st century AD	Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...
Atticus	2nd century AD	Middle Platonist
Basilides (Stoic) Basilides (Stoic) Basilides , was a Stoic philosopher who denied the existence of incorporeal entities.Nothing is known about the life of Basilides. From a table of contents in one of the medieval manuscripts, we know that he was listed in the missing part of Book VII of Diogenes Laërtius' Lives and Opinions of...	2nd century BC	Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...	Denied the existence of incorporeal entities
Basilides the Epicurean Basilides the Epicurean Basilides was an Epicurean philosopher, who succeeded Dionysius of Lamptrai as the head of the Epicurean school at Athens c. 205 BC. It is not certain who succeeded Basilides: Apollodorus is the next Epicurean leader we can be certain about, but there may have been at least one intermediate...	3rd / 2nd century BC	Epicurean	Succeeded Dionysius of Lamptrai as the head of the Epicurean school at Athens
Batis of Lampsacus Batis of Lampsacus Batis of Lampsacus, was a student of Epicurus at Lampsacus in the early 3rd century BC. She was the sister of Metrodorus and wife of Idomeneus...	3rd century BC	Epicurean
Bion of Borysthenes Bion of Borysthenes Bion of Borysthenes , c. 325 – c. 250 BC, was a Greek philosopher. After being sold into slavery, and then released, he moved to Athens, where he studied in almost every school of philosophy. It is, however, for his Cynic-style diatribes that he is chiefly remembered...	4th / 3rd century BC	Cynic	Once was a slave, later to be released
Boethus of Sidon Boethus of Sidon Boethus of Sidon was a Peripatetic philosopher from Sidon, who lived towards the end of the 1st century BC.As he was a disciple of Andronicus of Rhodes, he must have travelled at an early age to Rome and Athens, in which cities Andronicus is known to have taught...	1st century BC	Peripatetic
Boethus of Sidon (Stoic) Boethus of Sidon (Stoic) Boethus was a Stoic philosopher from Sidon, and a pupil of Diogenes of Babylon.He is said to have denied, contrary to the standard Stoic view, that the cosmos is an animate being, and he suggested that it was not the whole world which was divine, but only the ether or sphere of the fixed stars...	2nd century BC	Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...
Bolus of Mendes Bolus of Mendes Bolus of Mendes was an ancient Greek philosopher and writer of medical works. The Suda, and Eudocia after him, mention a Pythagorean philosopher of Mendes in Egypt, who wrote on marvels, potent remedies, and astronomical phenomena...		Pythagorean Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were considerably influenced by mathematics. Pythagoreanism originated in the 5th century BCE and greatly influenced Platonism...
Brontinus Brontinus Brontinus or Brotinus of Metapontum, was a Pythagorean philosopher, and a friend and disciple of Pythagoras himself. Alcmaeon dedicated his works to Brontinus as well as to Leon and Bathyllus. Accounts vary as to whether he was the father or the husband of Theano.Some Orphic poems were ascribed...		Pythagorean Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were considerably influenced by mathematics. Pythagoreanism originated in the 5th century BCE and greatly influenced Platonism...
Bryson of Achaea Bryson of Achaea Bryson of Achaea was an ancient Greek philosopher.Very little information is known about him. He was said to have been a pupil of Stilpo and Clinomachus, which would mean that he was a philosopher of the Megarian school. He was said to have taught Crates the Cynic, Pyrrho the Skeptic, and...		Megarian
Callicles Callicles Callicles is a character in Plato’s dialogue Gorgias. He is an Athenian citizen, who is a student of the sophist Gorgias. In the dialogue, he argues the position of an oligarchic, proto-"Nietzschean" amoralism: it is natural and just for the strong to dominate the weak and that it is unfair for...	5th century BCE	Sophist?
Calliphon Calliphon Calliphon was a Greek philosopher, who probably belonged to the Peripatetic school and lived in the 2nd century BC. He is mentioned several times and condemned by Cicero as making the chief good of man to consist in a union of virtue and bodily pleasure , or, as Cicero says, in the union of the...		Peripatetic
Calliphon of Croton Calliphon of Croton Calliphon of Croton was a Pythagorean physician. He was apparently the chief priest at Croton and a man of great importance in civic affairs. Hermippus reports that he was an associate of Pythagoras, and he appears in Iamblichus's catalogue of Pythagoreans; thus he is one of the few Pythagoreans...		Pythagorean Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were considerably influenced by mathematics. Pythagoreanism originated in the 5th century BCE and greatly influenced Platonism...
Callistratus Callistratus (sophist) Callistratus, Greek sophist and rhetorician, probably flourished in the 3rd century AD. He wrote Ekphraseis , descriptions of fourteen works of art in stone or brass by distinguished artists...		Sophist
Carneades Carneades Carneades was an Academic skeptic born in Cyrene. By the year 159 BC, he had started to refute all previous dogmatic doctrines, especially Stoicism, and even the Epicureans whom previous skeptics had spared. As head of the Academy, he was one of three philosophers sent to Rome in 155 BC where his...	c. 214 BC – 129/8 BC	Academic skeptic
Carneiscus Carneiscus Carneiscus, was an Epicurean philosopher, and disciple of Epicurus, who lived c. 300 BC. He is known as the author of an essay, fragments of which were found among the charred remains at the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum. The essay is entitled Philistas, and is a work on friendship which deals...		Epicurean
Cassius Longinus	c. 213–273	Middle Platonist
Cebes Cebes Cebes of Thebes was a disciple of Socrates in the late 5th-century BCE. One work, known as the Pinax or Tabula, attributed to Cebes still survives, but it is believed to be a composition by an anonymous author of the 1st or 2nd century....		Pythagorean Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were considerably influenced by mathematics. Pythagoreanism originated in the 5th century BCE and greatly influenced Platonism...
Celsus Celsus Celsus was a 2nd century Greek philosopher and opponent of Early Christianity. He is known for his literary work, The True Word , written about by Origen. This work, c. 177 is the earliest known comprehensive attack on Christianity.According to Origen, Celsus was the author of an...
Cercidas Cercidas Cercidas was a poet, Cynic philosopher, and legislator for his native city Megalopolis. A papyrus roll containing fragments from seven of his Cynic poems was discovered at Oxyrhynchus in 1906.-Life:...		Cynic
Cercops Cercops Cercops was one of the oldest Orphic poets. He was called a Pythagorean by Clement of Alexandria and Cicero, was said by Epigenes of Alexandria to have been the author of an Orphic epic poem entitled "the Descent to Hades" which seems to have been extant in the Alexandrian period...		Pythagorean Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were considerably influenced by mathematics. Pythagoreanism originated in the 5th century BCE and greatly influenced Platonism...
Chaerephon Chaerephon Chaerephon , of the Athenian deme Sphettus, was a loyal friend and follower of Socrates. He is known only through brief descriptions by classical writers and was "an unusual man by all accounts", though a man of loyal democratic values.-Life:...		Socratic
Chamaeleon Chamaeleon (philosopher) Chamaeleon , was a Peripatetic philosopher of Heraclea Pontica. He was one of the immediate disciples of Aristotle...		Peripatetic
Charmadas Charmadas Charmadas, was an Academic philosopher and a disciple of Clitomachus at the Academy in Athens. He was a friend and companion of Philo of Larissa. He was teaching in Athens by 110 BC, and was clearly an important philosopher. He was still alive in 103 BC, but was dead by 91 BC...	164 BC - c. 95 BC	Academic skeptic
Chrysanthius Chrysanthius Chrysanthius of Sardis was a Greek philosopher of the 4th century AD who studied at the school of Iamblichus. He was one of the favorite pupils of Aedesius, and devoted himself mainly to the mystical side of Neoplatonism. The emperor Julian went to him by the advice of Aedesius, and subsequently...	fl. 4th century	Neoplatonic
Chrysippus Chrysippus Chrysippus of Soli was a Greek Stoic philosopher. He was a native of Soli, Cilicia, but moved to Athens as a young man, where he became a pupil of Cleanthes in the Stoic school. When Cleanthes died, around 230 BC, Chrysippus became the third head of the school...		Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...
Cleanthes Cleanthes Cleanthes , of Assos, was a Greek Stoic philosopher and the successor to Zeno as the second head of the Stoic school in Athens. Originally a boxer, he came to Athens where he took up philosophy, listening to Zeno's lectures. He supported himself by working as water-carrier at night. After the...		Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...
Clearchus of Soli Clearchus of Soli Clearchus of Soli was a Greek philosopher of the 4th-3rd century BCE, belonging to Aristotle's Peripatetic school. He was born in Soli in Cyprus....		Peripatetic
Cleinias of Tarentum Cleinias of Tarentum Cleinias of Tarentum was a Pythagorean philosopher, and a contemporary and friend of Plato, as appears from the story which Diogenes Laërtius gives on the authority of Aristoxenus, to the effect that Plato wished to burn all the writings of Democritus which he could collect, but was prevented by...		Pythagorean Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were considerably influenced by mathematics. Pythagoreanism originated in the 5th century BCE and greatly influenced Platonism...
Cleomedes Cleomedes Cleomedes was a Greek astronomer who is known chiefly for his book On the Circular Motions of the Celestial Bodies.-Placing his work chronologically:...		Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...
Cleomenes Cleomenes the Cynic Cleomenes was a Cynic philosopher. He was a pupil of Crates of Thebes, and is said to have taught Timarchus of Alexandria and Echecles of Ephesus, the latter of whom would go on to teach Menedemus....		Cynic
Clinomachus Clinomachus Clinomachus , was a Megarian philosopher from Thurii. He is said by Diogenes Laërtius to have been the first who composed treatises on the fundamental principles of dialectics, and he is described as the founder of the Dialectical school. According to the Suda, he was the disciple of Euclid of...		Megarian
Clitomachus	187 BC - 109 BC	Academic skeptic
Colotes Colotes Colotes of Lampsacus was a pupil of Epicurus, and one of the most famous of his disciples. He wrote a work to prove That it is impossible even to live according to the doctrines of the other philosophers . It was dedicated to king Ptolemy Philopator...		Epicurean
Crantor Crantor Crantor was a Greek philosopher of the Old Academy, probably born around the middle of the 4th century BC, at Soli in Cilicia.-Life:Crantor moved to Athens in order to study philosophy, where he became a pupil of Xenocrates and a friend of Polemo, and one of the most distinguished supporters of...	born c. 350 BC	Academic Platonist Platonism Platonism is the philosophy of Plato or the name of other philosophical systems considered closely derived from it. In a narrower sense the term might indicate the doctrine of Platonic realism...
Crates of Athens Crates of Athens Crates of Athens was the son of Antigenes of the Thriasian deme, the pupil and eromenos of Polemo, and his successor as scholarch of the Platonic Academy, in 270/69 BC...	died 268-265 BC	Academic Platonist Platonism Platonism is the philosophy of Plato or the name of other philosophical systems considered closely derived from it. In a narrower sense the term might indicate the doctrine of Platonic realism...
Crates of Mallus Crates of Mallus Crates, of Mallus in Cilicia , was a Greek language grammarian and Stoic philosopher of the 2nd century BC, leader of the literary school and head of the library of Pergamum. His chief work was a critical and exegetical commentary on Homer...		Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...
Crates of Thebes Crates of Thebes Crates of Thebes, was a Cynic philosopher. Crates gave away his money to live a life of poverty on the streets of Athens. He married Hipparchia of Maroneia who lived in the same manner that he did. Respected by the people of Athens, he is remembered for being the teacher of Zeno of Citium, the...		Cynic
Cratippus of Pergamon Cratippus of Pergamon Cratippus of Pergamum, was a leading Peripatetic philosopher of the 1st century BC who taught at Mytilene and Athens. The only aspects of his teachings which are known to us are what Cicero records concerning divination.-Life:...		Peripatetic
Cratylus Cratylus Cratylus was an ancient Athenian philosopher from late 5th century BC, mostly known through his portrayal in Plato's dialogue Cratylus. Little is known of Cratylus or his mentor Heraclitus . According to Cratylus at 402a, Heraclitus proclaimed that one cannot step twice into the same stream...		Ephesian Ephesian School Ephesian school sometimes refers to the philosophical thought of the ancient Greek philosopher Heraclitus of Ephesus, who considered that the being of all the universe is fire. According to him, the being is material and one, but at the same time he acknowledges that the world witnesses constant...
Crescens the Cynic Crescens the Cynic Crescens was a Cynic philosopher who attacked the Christians, and was in turn, attacked by Justin Martyr.Eusebius, writing 150 years later, claimed that the plots of Crescens caused Justin's death.-Life:...		Cynic
Crinis Crinis Crinis was a Stoic philosopher. It is not certain when he lived, although a line in the Discourses of Epictetus suggests that he lived at, or later than, the time of Archedemus , and that he died from fright:...		Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...
Critolaus Critolaus Critolaus of Phaselis was a Greek philosopher of the Peripatetic school. He was one of three philosophers sent to Rome in 155 BC , where their doctrines fascinated the citizens, but scared the more conservative statesmen. None of his writings survive...		Peripatetic
Cronius Cronius the Pythagorean Cronius was a celebrated Neopythagorean philosopher. He was probably a contemporary of Numenius of Apamea, who lived in the 2nd century, and he is often spoken of along with him. Nemesius mentions a work of his On Reincarnation, , and Origen is said to have diligently studied the works of Cronius...		Neopythagorean
Damascius Damascius Damascius , known as "the last of the Neoplatonists," was the last scholarch of the School of Athens. He was one of the pagan philosophers persecuted by Justinian in the early 6th century, and was forced for a time to seek refuge in the Persian court, before being allowed back into the empire...	born c. 458, died after 538	Neoplatonic
Damis Damis Damis was a student and lifelong companion of Apollonius of Tyana, the famous Neopythagorean philosopher and teacher who lived in the early 1st up to the early 2nd century CE....		Neopythagorean
Damo		Pythagorean Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were considerably influenced by mathematics. Pythagoreanism originated in the 5th century BCE and greatly influenced Platonism...
Dardanus of Athens Dardanus of Athens Dardanus , of Athens, was a Stoic philosopher, lived c. 160-c. 85 BC.He was a pupil of Diogenes of Babylon and Antipater of Tarsus. Cicero mentions him as being one of the leaders of the Stoic school at Athens together with Mnesarchus at a time when Antiochus of Ascalon was turning away from...		Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...
Demetrius Lacon Demetrius Lacon Demetrius Lacon or Demetrius of Laconia was an Epicurean philosopher of the late 2nd century BC, and a disciple of Protarchus. He was an older contemporary of Zeno of Sidon and a teacher of Philodemus...		Epicurean
Demetrius Phalereus Demetrius Phalereus Demetrius of Phalerum was an Athenian orator originally from Phalerum, a student of Theophrastus and one of the first Peripatetics...		Peripatetic
Demetrius of Amphipolis Demetrius of Amphipolis Demetrius of Amphipolis was one of Plato's students.He is perhaps identical with the person mentioned in Plato's Testament as one of the executors of his last will.-References:...	fl. 4th century BC	Academic Platonist Platonism Platonism is the philosophy of Plato or the name of other philosophical systems considered closely derived from it. In a narrower sense the term might indicate the doctrine of Platonic realism...
Demetrius the Cynic Demetrius the Cynic Demetrius , a Cynic philosopher from Corinth, who lived in Rome during the reigns of Caligula, Nero and Vespasian .He was the intimate friend of Seneca, who wrote about him often, and who describes him as the perfect man:...		Cynic
Democrates Democrates Democrates a Pythagorean philosopher, concerning whom little is known. A collection of moral maxims, called the Golden Sentences has come down to us under his name. They are written in the Ionic dialect, from which some writers have inferred, that they were written at a very early period, whereas...		Pythagorean Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were considerably influenced by mathematics. Pythagoreanism originated in the 5th century BCE and greatly influenced Platonism... ?
Democritus Democritus Democritus was an Ancient Greek philosopher born in Abdera, Thrace, Greece. He was an influential pre-Socratic philosopher and pupil of Leucippus, who formulated an atomic theory for the cosmos....		Presocratic, Atomist
Demonax Demonax Demonax was a Cynic philosopher. Born in Cyprus, he moved to Athens, where his wisdom, and his skill in solving disputes, earned him the admiration of the citizens. He taught Lucian, who wrote a Life of Demonax in praise of his teacher...		Cynic
Dexippus	fl. 350	Neoplatonic
Diagoras of Melos Diagoras of Melos Diagoras "the Atheist" of Melos was a Greek poet and sophist of the 5th century BCE. Throughout antiquity he was regarded as an atheist. With the exception of this one point, there is little information concerning his life and beliefs. He spoke out against the Greek religion, and criticized the...		Sophist
Dicaearchus Dicaearchus Dicaearchus of Messana was a Greek philosopher, cartographer, geographer, mathematician and author. Dicaearchus was Aristotle's student in the Lyceum. Very little of his work remains extant. He wrote on the history and geography of Greece, of which his most important work was his Life of Greece...		Peripatetic
Dio Chrysostom Dio Chrysostom Dio Chrysostom , Dion of Prusa or Dio Cocceianus was a Greek orator, writer, philosopher and historian of the Roman Empire in the 1st century. Eighty of his Discourses are extant, as well as a few Letters and a funny mock essay In Praise of Hair, as well as a few other fragments...		Sophist
Diocles of Cnidus Diocles of Cnidus Diocles of Cnidus, a Platonic philosopher, who is mentioned as the author of Διατριβαί from which a fragment is quoted by Eusebius:...	fl. 3rd or 2nd century BC?	Academic Platonist Platonism Platonism is the philosophy of Plato or the name of other philosophical systems considered closely derived from it. In a narrower sense the term might indicate the doctrine of Platonic realism...
Diodorus Cronus Diodorus Cronus Diodorus Cronus was a Greek philosopher and dialectician connected to the Megarian school. He was most notable for logic innovations, including his master argument fomulated in response to Aristotle's discussion of future contingents.-Life:...		Megarian
Diodorus of Adramyttium Diodorus of Adramyttium Diodorus of Adramyttium, a rhetorician and Academic philosopher. He is known only from the account given by Strabo. He lived at the time of Mithridates , under whom he commanded an army. In order to please the king, he caused all the senators of his native place to be massacred...	fl. 1st century BC	Academic skeptic
Diodorus of Aspendus Diodorus of Aspendus Diodorus of Aspendus, was a Pythagorean philosopher, who lived in the 4th century BC, and was an acquaintance of Stratonicus the musician. Diodorus is said to have adopted a Cynic way of life, "letting his beard grow, and carrying a stick and a wallet."...		Pythagorean Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were considerably influenced by mathematics. Pythagoreanism originated in the 5th century BCE and greatly influenced Platonism...
Diodorus of Tyre Diodorus of Tyre Diodorus of Tyre, was a Peripatetic philosopher, and a disciple and follower of Critolaus, whom he succeeded as the head of the Peripatetic school at Athens c. 118 BC. He was still alive and active there in 110 BC, when Licinius Crassus, during his quaestorship of Macedonia, visited Athens...		Peripatetic
Diodotus Diodotus the Stoic Diodotus was a Stoic philosopher, and was a friend of Cicero.He lived for most of his life in Rome in Cicero's house, where he instructed Cicero in Stoic philosophy and especially Logic...		Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...
Diogenes of Apollonia		Presocratic
Diogenes of Babylon		Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...
Diogenes of Oenoanda Diogenes of Oenoanda Diogenes of Oenoanda was an Epicurean Greek from the 2nd century AD who carved a summary of the philosophy of Epicurus onto a portico wall in the ancient city of Oenoanda in Lycia . The surviving fragments of the wall, which originally extended about 80 meters, form an important source of...		Epicurean
Diogenes of Seleucia Diogenes of Seleucia (Epicurean) Diogenes of Seleuceia was an Epicurean philosopher, who has sometimes been confused with Diogenes of Babylon, who was also a native of Seleucia. He lived at the court of Syria, and was friends with king Alexander Balas, the supposed son of Antiochus Epiphanes...		Epicurean
Diogenes of Sinope Diogenes of Sinope Diogenes the Cynic was a Greek philosopher and one of the founders of Cynic philosophy. Also known as Diogenes of Sinope , he was born in Sinope , an Ionian colony on the Black Sea , in 412 or 404 BCE and died at Corinth in 323 BCE.Diogenes of Sinope was a controversial figure...		Cynic
Diogenes of Tarsus Diogenes of Tarsus Diogenes of Tarsus was an Epicurean philosopher, who is described by Strabo as a person clever in composing improvised tragedies. He was the author of several works, which, however, are lost...		Epicurean
Dionysius of Chalcedon Dionysius of Chalcedon Dionysius of Chalcedon was a Greek philosopher and dialectician connected with the Megarian school. He was a native of Chalcedon on the coast of Bithynia...		Megarian
Dionysius of Cyrene Dionysius of Cyrene Dionysius of Cyrene, lived c. 150 BC, was a Stoic philosopher and mathematician.He was a pupil of Diogenes of Babylon and Antipater of Tarsus....		Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...
Dionysius of Lamptrai Dionysius of Lamptrai Dionysius of Lamptrai was an Epicurean philosopher, who succeeded Polystratus as the head of the Epicurean school at Athens c. 219 BC. He died c. 205 BC and was succeeded by Basilides....		Epicurean
Dionysius the Renegade Dionysius the Renegade Dionysius the Renegade , also known as Dionysius of Heraclea, was a Stoic philosopher and pupil of Zeno of Citium who, late in life, abandoned Stoicism when he became afflicted by terrible pain....		Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...
Dio of Alexandria Dio of Alexandria Dio of Alexandria was an Academic philosopher and a friend of Antiochus of Ascalon who lived in the 1st century BC. He was sent by his fellow-citizens as ambassador to Rome, to complain about the conduct of their king, Ptolemy XII Auletes. On his arrival at Rome he was poisoned by the king's...	fl. 1st century BC	Academic skeptic
Diotima of Mantinea Diotima of Mantinea Diotima of Mantinea is a female seer who plays an important role in Plato's Symposium. Her ideas are the origin of the concept of Platonic love. Since the only source concerning her is Plato, it is uncertain whether she was a real historical personage or merely a fictional creation...
Diotimus Diotimus the Stoic Diotimus was a Stoic philosopher, who lived c. 100 BC.He is said to have accused Epicurus of being depraved, and to have forged fifty letters, professing to have been written by Epicurus, to prove it...		Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...
Domninus of Larissa Domninus of Larissa Domninus of Larissa was an ancient Hellenistic Jewish Syrian mathematician.-Life:Domninus of Larissa, Syria was, simultaneously with Proclus, a pupil of Syrianus. Domninus is said to have corrupted the doctrines of Plato by mixing up with them his private opinions. This called forth a treatise...	c. 420 - c. 480	Neoplatonic
Echecrates Echecrates Echecrates was, according to Plato, a Pythagorean philosopher from the ancient Greek town of Phlius.He appears in Plato's Phaedo dialogue as an aid to the plot. He meets Phaedo, the dialogue's namesake, some time after the execution of Socrates, and asks Phaedo to tell him the story of the famed...		Pythagorean Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were considerably influenced by mathematics. Pythagoreanism originated in the 5th century BCE and greatly influenced Platonism...
Ecphantus Ecphantus the Pythagorean Ecphantus or Ecphantos is a shadowy Greek pre-Socratic philosopher. He may not have actually existed. He is identified as a Pythagorean of the 4th century BCE, and as a supporter of the heliocentric theory. Described as from Syracuse, this may or may not be the same figure as the attested...		Pythagorean Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were considerably influenced by mathematics. Pythagoreanism originated in the 5th century BCE and greatly influenced Platonism...
Empedocles Empedocles Empedocles was a Greek pre-Socratic philosopher and a citizen of Agrigentum, a Greek city in Sicily. Empedocles' philosophy is best known for being the originator of the cosmogenic theory of the four Classical elements...		Presocratic, Pluralist Pluralist School The Pluralist School was a school of pre-Socratic philosophers who attempted to reconcile Parmenides' rejection of change with the apparently changing world of sense experience. The school consisted of Anaxagoras, Archelaus, and Empedocles. It can also be said to have included the Atomists,...
Epicharmus of Kos Epicharmus of Kos Epicharmus is thought to have lived within the hundred year period between c. 540 and c. 450 BC. He was a Greek dramatist and philosopher often credited with being one of the first comic writers, having originated the Doric or Sicilian comedic form. Aristotle writes that he and Phormis invented...		Pythagorean Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were considerably influenced by mathematics. Pythagoreanism originated in the 5th century BCE and greatly influenced Platonism...
Epictetus Epictetus Epictetus was a Greek sage and Stoic philosopher. He was born a slave at Hierapolis, Phrygia , and lived in Rome until banishment when he went to Nicopolis in northwestern Greece where he lived the rest of his life. His teachings were noted down and published by his pupil Arrian in his Discourses...		Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...	wrote The Enchiridon Enchiridion of Epictetus The Enchiridion, or Handbook of Epictetus, , often shortened to simply "The Handbook", is a short manual of Stoic ethical advice compiled by Arrian, who had been a pupil of Epictetus at the beginning of the 2nd century.... , a handbook of Stoic ethical advice
Epicurus Epicurus Epicurus was an ancient Greek philosopher and the founder of the school of philosophy called Epicureanism.Only a few fragments and letters remain of Epicurus's 300 written works...		Epicurean	said that the purpose of philosophy was to attain tranquility characterized by ataraxia Ataraxia Ataraxia is a Greek term used by Pyrrho and Epicurus for a lucid state, characterized by freedom from worry or any other preoccupation.For the Epicureans, ataraxia was synonymous with the only true happiness possible for a person...
Eubulides		Megarian
Euclid of Megara Euclid of Megara Euclid of Megara was a Greek Socratic philosopher who founded the Megarian school of philosophy. He was a pupil of Socrates in the late 5th century BCE, and was present at his death. He held the supreme good to be one, eternal and unchangeable, and denied the existence of anything contrary to the...		Megarian
Eudemus of Rhodes Eudemus of Rhodes Eudemus of Rhodes was an ancient Greek philosopher, and first historian of science who lived from ca. 370 BC until ca. 300 BC. He was one of Aristotle's most important pupils, editing his teacher's work and making it more easily accessible...		Peripatetic Peripatetic The Peripatetics were members of a school of philosophy in ancient Greece. Their teachings derived from their founder, the Greek philosopher, Aristotle, and Peripatetic is a name given to his followers. The school originally derived its name Peripatos from the peripatoi of the Lyceum gymnasium in...
Eudorus of Alexandria Eudorus of Alexandria Eudorus of Alexandria was an ancient Greek philosopher, and a representative of Middle Platonism. He attempted to reconstruct Plato's philosophy in terms of Pythagoreanism....		Peripatetic Peripatetic The Peripatetics were members of a school of philosophy in ancient Greece. Their teachings derived from their founder, the Greek philosopher, Aristotle, and Peripatetic is a name given to his followers. The school originally derived its name Peripatos from the peripatoi of the Lyceum gymnasium in...
Eudoxus of Cnidus Eudoxus of Cnidus Eudoxus of Cnidus was a Greek astronomer, mathematician, scholar and student of Plato. Since all his own works are lost, our knowledge of him is obtained from secondary sources, such as Aratus's poem on astronomy...	410/408 BC – 355/347 BC	Academic Platonist Platonism Platonism is the philosophy of Plato or the name of other philosophical systems considered closely derived from it. In a narrower sense the term might indicate the doctrine of Platonic realism...
Euenus Euenus Euenus of Paros, , was a 5th century BC philosopher and poet who was roughly contemporary with Socrates. Several fragments of his poetry exist in the Palatine Anthology and Euenus is mentioned several times in Plato's Phaedo, Phaedrus , and Apology of Socrates. He is quoted in the Nicomachean...		Sophist
Euphantus Euphantus Euphantus of Olynthus was a philosopher of the Megarian school as well as an historian and tragic poet. He was the disciple of Eubulides of Miletus, and the instructor of Antigonus I Monophthalmus king of Macedonia. He wrote many tragedies, which were well received at the games...		Megarian
Euphraeus Euphraeus Euphraeus was a philosopher and student of Plato from the town of Oreus in northern Euboea. He appears to have been active in politics in addition to his speculative studies, being first an adviser to Perdiccas III of Macedon and then an opponent of Philip II and his supporters in Oreus...
Euphrates Euphrates the Stoic Euphrates , was an eminent Stoic philosopher, who lived c. 35-118 AD.According to Philostratus, he was a native of Tyre, and according to Stephanus of Byzantium, of Epiphania in Syria; whereas Eunapius calls him an Egyptian. At the time when Pliny the Younger served in Syria , he became acquainted...		Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...
Eurytus Eurytus (Pythagorean) Eurytus , an eminent Pythagorean philosopher, lived c. 400 BC, who Iamblichus in one passage describes as a native of Croton, while in another, he enumerates him among the Tarentine Pythagoreans. He was a disciple of Philolaus, and Diogenes Laërtiusmentions him among the teachers of Plato, though...		Pythagorean Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were considerably influenced by mathematics. Pythagoreanism originated in the 5th century BCE and greatly influenced Platonism...
Eusebius of Myndus Eusebius of Myndus Eusebius of Myndus was a 4th century philosopher, a distinguished Neoplatonist. He is described by Eunapius as one of the links in the "Golden Chain" of Neoplatonism....	fl. 4th century	Neoplatonic
Eustathius of Cappadocia Eustathius of Cappadocia Eustathius of Cappadocia, was a Neoplatonist and Sophist, and a pupil of Iamblichus and Aedesius, who lived at the beginning of the 4th century. When Aedesius was obliged to quit Cappadocia, Eustathius was left behind in his place...	c. 400	Neoplatonic
Evander Evander (philosopher) Evander , born in Phocis or Phocaea, was the pupil and successor of Lacydes, and was joint leader of the Academy at Athens together with Telecles....	fl. c. 215 - c. 205	Academic skeptic
Favorinus Favorinus Favorinus of Arelata was a Roman sophist and philosopher who flourished during the reign of Hadrian.He was of Gaulish ancestry, born in Arelate . He is described as a hermaphrodite by birth...		Sophist
Gaius the Platonist Gaius the Platonist Gaius the Platonist was a Greek or Roman philosopher, and a representative of Middle Platonism. Very little is known about him except that he was the teacher of Albinus, who is known to have published a now lost nine-volume summary of Gaius' lectures on Plato...	fl. 2nd century	Middle Platonist
Geminus Geminus Geminus of Rhodes , was a Greek astronomer and mathematician, who flourished in the 1st century BC. An astronomy work of his, the Introduction to the Phenomena, still survives; it was intended as an introductory astronomy book for students. He also wrote a work on mathematics, of which only...		Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...
Gorgias Gorgias Gorgias ,Greek sophist, pre-socratic philosopher and rhetorician, was a native of Leontini in Sicily. Along with Protagoras, he forms the first generation of Sophists. Several doxographers report that he was a pupil of Empedocles, although he would only have been a few years younger...		Sophist
Hagnon of Tarsus Hagnon of Tarsus Hagnon of Tarsus was a rhetorician, a philosopher, and a pupil of Carneades. Quintilian chides him for writing a book called Prosecution of Rhetoric in which he denied that rhetoric was an art...	fl. 2nd century BC	Academic skeptic
Hecataeus of Abdera Hecataeus of Abdera Hecataeus of Abdera was a Greek historian and sceptic philosopher who flourished in the 4th century BC.-Biography:Diogenes Laertius relates that he was a student of Pyrrho, along with Eurylochus, Timon the Phliasian, Nausiphanes of Teos and others, and includes him among the "Pyrrhoneans"...		Pyrrhonist
Hecato of Rhodes Hecato of Rhodes Hecato or Hecaton of Rhodes was a Stoic philosopher.He was a native of Rhodes, and a disciple of Panaetius, but nothing else is known of his life. It is clear that he was eminent amongst the Stoics of the period. He was a voluminous writer, but nothing remains...		Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...
Hegesias of Cyrene Hegesias of Cyrene Hegesias of Cyrene was a Cyrenaic philosopher. He argued that happiness is impossible to achieve, and that the goal of life was the avoidance of pain and sorrow. Conventional values such as wealth, poverty, freedom, and slavery are all indifferent and produce no more pleasure than pain...		Cyrenaic
Hegesinus of Pergamon Hegesinus of Pergamon Hegesinus , of Pergamon, an Academic philosopher, the successor of Evander and the immediate predecessor of Carneades as the leader of the Academy. He was scholarch for a period around 160 BC. Nothing else is known about him.-References:...	fl. c. 160 BC	Academic skeptic
Hegias Hegias Hegias was a Neoplatonist philosopher who lived in the 5th and 6th centuries. He may have been the great-grandson or great-great-grandson of Plutarch of Athens, the founder of the Neoplatonist Academy in Athens. Hegias studied under Proclus at the school in Athens, when Proclus was an old man c. 480...	fl. c. 500	Neoplatonic
Heliodorus of Alexandria Heliodorus of Alexandria Heliodorus of Alexandria was a Neoplatonist philosopher who lived in the 5th century. He was the son of Hermias and Aedesia, and the younger brother of Ammonius. His father, Hermias, died when he was young, and his mother, Aedesia, raised him and his brother in their home city of Alexandria until...	fl. 5th century	Neoplatonic
Heraclides Lembus
Heraclides Ponticus Heraclides Ponticus Heraclides Ponticus , also known as Herakleides and Heraklides of Pontus, was a Greek philosopher and astronomer who lived and died at Heraclea Pontica, now Karadeniz Ereğli, Turkey. He is best remembered for proposing that the earth rotates on its axis, from west to east, once every 24 hours...	387 BC - 312 BC	Academic Platonist Platonism Platonism is the philosophy of Plato or the name of other philosophical systems considered closely derived from it. In a narrower sense the term might indicate the doctrine of Platonic realism...
Heraclitus Heraclitus Heraclitus of Ephesus was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, a native of the Greek city Ephesus, Ionia, on the coast of Asia Minor. He was of distinguished parentage. Little is known about his early life and education, but he regarded himself as self-taught and a pioneer of wisdom...		Presocratic, Ephesian Ephesian School Ephesian school sometimes refers to the philosophical thought of the ancient Greek philosopher Heraclitus of Ephesus, who considered that the being of all the universe is fire. According to him, the being is material and one, but at the same time he acknowledges that the world witnesses constant...	claimed that "You cannot step in the same river twice" and "All is fire."
Heraclius Heraclius the Cynic Heraclius was a Cynic philosopher, against whom the emperor Julian wrote in his seventh oration. Julian relates how Heraclius delivered an allegorical fable before him, in which Heraclius took upon himself the part of Jupiter, and gave the emperor that of the god Pan...		Cynic
Herillus of Carthage Herillus of Carthage Herillus or Erillus of Chalcedon , was a Stoic philosopher and a pupil of Zeno of Citium.He differed significantly from Zeno's teachings and held that knowledge was the goal of life:...		Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...
Hermagoras of Amphipolis Hermagoras of Amphipolis Hermagoras of Amphipolis was a Stoic philosopher, student of Cypriot Persaeus, in the court of Antigonus II Gonatas. He wrote several dialogues, among them a Misokyōn ; one volume On Misfortunes; Έκχυτος Ekchytos ; On Sophistry addressed to the Academics...		Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...
Hermarchus Hermarchus Hermarchus or Hermarch , sometimes incorrectly written Hermachus , was an Epicurean philosopher. He was the disciple and successor of Epicurus as head of the school. None of his writings survive. He wrote works directed against Plato, Aristotle, and Empedocles. A fragment from his Against...		Epicurean
Hermias Hermias (philosopher) Hermias was a Neoplatonist philosopher who was born in Alexandria c. 410 AD. He went to Athens and studied philosophy under Syrianus. He married Aedesia, who was a relative of Syrianus, and who had originally been betrothed to Proclus, but Proclus broke the engagement off after receiving a divine...	born c. 410 - died c. 450	Neoplatonic
Herminus Herminus Herminus was a Peripatetic philosopher. He lived in the first half of the 2nd century. He appears to have written commentaries on most of the works of Aristotle. Simplicius says he was the teacher of Alexander of Aphrodisias...		Peripatetic Peripatetic The Peripatetics were members of a school of philosophy in ancient Greece. Their teachings derived from their founder, the Greek philosopher, Aristotle, and Peripatetic is a name given to his followers. The school originally derived its name Peripatos from the peripatoi of the Lyceum gymnasium in...
Hermippus of Smyrna Hermippus of Smyrna Hermippus of Smyrna, a Peripatetic philosopher, surnamed by the ancient writers the Callimachian , from which it may be inferred that he was a disciple of Callimachus about the middle of the 3rd century BC, while the fact of his having written the life of Chrysippus proves that he lived to about...		Peripatetic Peripatetic The Peripatetics were members of a school of philosophy in ancient Greece. Their teachings derived from their founder, the Greek philosopher, Aristotle, and Peripatetic is a name given to his followers. The school originally derived its name Peripatos from the peripatoi of the Lyceum gymnasium in...
Hermotimus of Clazomenae Hermotimus of Clazomenae Hermotimus of Clazomenae , called by Lucian a Pythagorean, was a philosopher who first proposed, before Anaxagoras the idea of mind being fundamental in the cause of change. He proposed that physical entities are static, while the mind causes the change...
Hicetas Hicetas Hicetas was a Greek philosopher of the Pythagorean School. He was born in Syracuse. Like his fellow Pythagorean Ecphantus and the Academic Heraclides Ponticus, he believed that the daily movement of permanent stars was caused by the rotation of the Earth around its axis....		Pythagorean Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were considerably influenced by mathematics. Pythagoreanism originated in the 5th century BCE and greatly influenced Platonism...
Hierius Hierius Hierius was a Neoplatonist philosopher, a son of Plutarch of Athens, and brother of Asclepigenia, who lived in the early 5th century.Plutarch instructed both Hierius and Asclepigenia in the Neoplatonist philosophies of his school, and after his death they continued his teachings together with...	fl c. 500	Neoplatonic
Hierocles of Alexandria Hierocles of Alexandria Hierocles of Alexandria was a Greek Neoplatonist writer who was active around AD 430.He studied under Plutarch at Athens in the early 5th century, and taught for some years in his native city. He seems to have been banished from Alexandria and to have taken up his abode in Constantinople, where he...	fl. c. 430	Neoplatonic
Hierocles (Stoic) Hierocles (Stoic) Hierocles was a Stoic philosopher. Nothing is known about his life. Aulus Gellius mentions him as one of his contemporaries, and describes him as a "grave and holy man."...		Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...
Hieronymus of Rhodes Hieronymus of Rhodes Hieronymus of Rhodes was a Peripatetic philosopher, and an opponent of Arcesilaus and Lyco of Troas. Only a few fragments of his works survive, preserved in the quotations of later writers.-Life:...		Peripatetic Peripatetic The Peripatetics were members of a school of philosophy in ancient Greece. Their teachings derived from their founder, the Greek philosopher, Aristotle, and Peripatetic is a name given to his followers. The school originally derived its name Peripatos from the peripatoi of the Lyceum gymnasium in...
Himerius Himerius Himerius , Greek sophist and rhetorician. 24 of his orations have reached us complete, and fragments of 12 others.- Life and works :...		Sophist
Hipparchia of Maroneia		Cynic
Hippasus Hippasus Hippasus of Metapontum in Magna Graecia, was a Pythagorean philosopher. Little is known about his life or his beliefs, but he is sometimes credited with the discovery of the existence of irrational numbers.-Life:...		Pythagorean Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were considerably influenced by mathematics. Pythagoreanism originated in the 5th century BCE and greatly influenced Platonism...
Hippias Hippias Hippias of Elis was a Greek Sophist, and a contemporary of Socrates. With an assurance characteristic of the later sophists, he claimed to be regarded as an authority on all subjects, and lectured on poetry, grammar, history, politics, mathematics, and much else...		Sophist
Hippo Hippo (philosopher) Hippo was a Presocratic Greek philosopher. He is variously described as coming from Rhegium, Metapontum, Samos, and Croton, and it is possible that there was more than one philosopher with this name....		Presocratic
Horus Horus (athlete) Horus was a Cynic philosopher and Olympic boxer who was victorious at the Olympic games in Antioch in 364.He was born in Egypt, and was a son of Valens and a brother of Phanes. He was originally a student of rhetoric and an athlete and was a victor at the Olympic games in Antioch in 364, probably...		Cynic
Hypatia of Alexandria Hypatia of Alexandria Hypatia was an Egyptian Neoplatonist philosopher who was the first notable woman in mathematics. As head of the Platonist school at Alexandria, she also taught philosophy and astronomy...	born 350-370 – 415	Neoplatonic
Iamblichus	c. 245-c. 325	Neoplatonic
Ichthyas Ichthyas Ichthyas , the son of Metallus, was a Greek philosopher and a disciple and successor of Euclid of Megara in the Megarian school. He was a colleague of Thrasymachus of Corinth in the school...		Megarian
Idomeneus of Lampsacus Idomeneus of Lampsacus Idomeneus of Lampsacus was a friend and disciple of Epicurus. We have no details of his life, except that he married Batis of Lampsacus, the sister of Metrodorus, and he was a court dignitary at Lampsacus around 306-301 BC...		Epicurean
Ion of Chios Ion of Chios Ion of Chios was a Greek writer, dramatist, lyric poet and philosopher. He was a contemporary of Aeschylus, Euripides and Sophocles. Of his many plays and poems only a few titles and fragments have survived...		Pythagorean Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were considerably influenced by mathematics. Pythagoreanism originated in the 5th century BCE and greatly influenced Platonism...
Isidore of Alexandria Isidore of Alexandria Isidore of Alexandria was an Egyptian or Greek philosopher and one of the last of the Neoplatonists. He lived in Athens and Alexandria toward the end of the 5th century AD. He became head of the school in Athens in succession to Marinus, who followed Proclus.-Life:Isidore was born in Alexandria...	fl. c. 475	Neoplatonic
Jason of Nysa Jason of Nysa Jason of Nysa, a Stoic philosopher, son of Menecrates, and, on his mother's side, grandson of Posidonius, of whom also he was the disciple and successor at the Stoic school at Rhodes. He therefore flourished after the middle of the 1st century BC...		Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...
Lacydes of Cyrene Lacydes of Cyrene Lacydes of Cyrene, Greek philosopher, was head of the Academy at Athens in succession to Arcesilaus from 241 BC. He was forced to resign c. 215 BC due to ill-health, and he died c. 205 BC. Nothing survives of his works.-Life:...	before 241 - c. 205 BC	Academic skeptic
Leonteus of Lampsacus Leonteus of Lampsacus Leonteus of Lampsacus, was a pupil of Epicurus early in the 3rd century BCE. He was the husband of Themista, who also attended Epicurus' school. Such was the esteem in which they held Epicurus that they named their son after him....		Epicurean
Leontion Leontion Leontion was a Greek Epicurean philosopher.She was a pupil of Epicurus and his philosophy. She was the companion of Metrodorus of Lampsacus. The information we have about her is scant. She was said to have been a hetaera - a courtesan or prostitute. This might be misogynistic or anti-Epicurean...		Epicurean
Leucippus Leucippus Leucippus or Leukippos was one of the earliest Greeks to develop the theory of atomism — the idea that everything is composed entirely of various imperishable, indivisible elements called atoms — which was elaborated in greater detail by his pupil and successor, Democritus...		Presocratic, Atomist
Lyco of Iasos Lyco of Iasos Lyco of Iasos, in Caria, was a Pythagorean philosopher. He wrote a polemical attack on Aristotle's lavish lifestyle, and so probably lived in the second half of the 4th century BCE. He wrote a work On the Pythagorean Life, in which he emphasized, among other things, Pythagoras' "temperate way of...		Pythagorean Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were considerably influenced by mathematics. Pythagoreanism originated in the 5th century BCE and greatly influenced Platonism...
Lyco of Troas Lyco of Troas Lyco of Troas, son of Astyanax, was a Peripatetic philosopher and the disciple of Strato, whom he succeeded as the head of the Peripatetic school, c. 269 BC; and he held that post for more than forty-four years.-Life:...		Peripatetic Peripatetic The Peripatetics were members of a school of philosophy in ancient Greece. Their teachings derived from their founder, the Greek philosopher, Aristotle, and Peripatetic is a name given to his followers. The school originally derived its name Peripatos from the peripatoi of the Lyceum gymnasium in...
Lycophron Lycophron (Sophist) Lycophron was a sophist of Ancient Greece. He is known for his statement , that "law is only a convention, a surety to another of justice"...		Sophist
Lysis of Taras		Pythagorean Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were considerably influenced by mathematics. Pythagoreanism originated in the 5th century BCE and greatly influenced Platonism...
Marinus of Neapolis Marinus of Neapolis Marinus was a Neoplatonist philosopher born in Flavia Neapolis , Palestine in around 450 AD. He was probably a Samaritan, or possibly a Jew....	born c. 450	Neoplatonic
Maximus of Ephesus Maximus of Ephesus Maximus of Ephesus was a Neoplatonist philosopher. He is said to have come from a rich family, and exercised great influence over the emperor Julian, who was commended to him by Aedesius. He pandered to the emperor's love of magic and theurgy, and by judicious administration of the omens won a...	died 372	Neoplatonic
Maximus of Tyre Maximus of Tyre Cassius Maximus Tyrius Cassius Maximus Tyrius Cassius Maximus Tyrius (Maximus of Tyre; was a Greek rhetorician and philosopher who flourished in the time of the Antonines and Commodus. His writings contain many allusions to the history of Greece, while there is little reference to Rome; hence it...	fl. 2nd century	Middle Platonist
Meleager of Gadara Meleager of Gadara Meleager of Gadara was a poet and collector of epigrams. He wrote some satirical prose, now lost, and he wrote some sensual poetry, of which, 134 epigrams survive...		Cynic
Melissus of Samos Melissus of Samos Melissus of Samos was the third and last member of the ancient school of Eleatic philosophy, whose other members included Zeno and Parmenides. Little is known about his life except that he was the commander of the Samian fleet shortly before the Peloponnesian War. Melissus’ contribution to...		Presocratic, Eleatic
Menedemus Menedemus Menedemus of Eretria was a Greek philosopher and founder of the Eretrian school. He learned philosophy first in Athens, and then, with his friend Asclepiades, he subsequently studied under Stilpo and Phaedo of Elis. Nothing survives of his philosophical views apart from a few scattered remarks...		Eretrian
Menedemus of Pyrrha Menedemus of Pyrrha Menedemus of Pyrrha, Lesbos, lived c. 350 BC, was a member of Plato's Academy, during the time of Speusippus.Upon the death of Speusippus in 339 BC, an election was held for the next scholarch of the Academy. Menedemus and Heraclides narrowly lost to Xenocrates. Menedemus left the Academy, and set...	fl. c. 350 BC	Academic Platonist Platonism Platonism is the philosophy of Plato or the name of other philosophical systems considered closely derived from it. In a narrower sense the term might indicate the doctrine of Platonic realism...
Menedemus the Cynic Menedemus the Cynic Menedemus was a Cynic philosopher, and a pupil of the Epicurean Colotes of Lampsacus. Diogenes Laërtius states that he used to go about garbed as a Fury, proclaiming himself a sort of spy from Hades:...		Cynic
Menippus Menippus Menippus of Gadara, was a Cynic and satirist. His works, which are all lost, were an important influence on Varro and Lucian. The Menippean satire genre is named after him.-Life:...		Cynic
Metrocles Metrocles Metrocles was a Cynic philosopher from Maroneia. He studied in Aristotle’s Lyceum under Theophrastus, and eventually became a follower of Crates of Thebes who married Metrocles’ sister Hipparchia...		Cynic
Metrodorus of Athens Metrodorus of Athens Metrodorus of Athens was an Athenian philosopher and painter who flourished in the 2nd century BC. It chanced that Aemilius Paulus, visiting Athens on his return from his victory over Perseus of Macedon in 168 BC, asked for a tutor for his children and a painter to glorify his triumph...
Metrodorus of Chios Metrodorus of Chios Metrodorus of Chios was a Greek Presocratic philosopher, belonging to the school of Democritus, and an important forerunner of Epicurus....		Atomist
Metrodorus of Cos Metrodorus of Cos Metrodorus of Cos was the son of Epicharmus. Like several of his family he addicted himself partly to the study of Pythagorean philosophy, partly to the science of medicine. He wrote a treatise upon the works of Epicharmus, in which, on the authority of Epicharmus and Pythagoras himself, he...		Pythagorean Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were considerably influenced by mathematics. Pythagoreanism originated in the 5th century BCE and greatly influenced Platonism...
Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the elder) Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the elder) Metrodorus of Lampsacus was a Presocratic philosopher from the Greek town of Lampsacus on the eastern shore of the Hellespont. He was a contemporary and friend of Anaxagoras. He wrote on Homer, the leading feature of his system of interpretation being that the deities and stories in Homer were to...		Presocratic
Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the younger)		Epicurean
Metrodorus of Stratonicea Metrodorus of Stratonicea Metrodorus of Stratonikeia was at first a disciple of the Epicurean school, but afterwards attached himself to Carneades. His defection from the Epicurean school is almost unique. It is explained by Cicero as being due to his theory that the scepticism of Carneades was merely a means of attacking...	fl. 2nd century BC	Academic skeptic
Mnesarchus of Athens Mnesarchus of Athens Mnesarchus or Mnesarch , of Athens, was a Stoic philosopher, lived c. 160-c. 85 BC.He was a pupil of Diogenes of Babylon and Antipater of Tarsus. Cicero says that he was one of the leaders of the Stoic school at Athens together with Dardanus at a time when Antiochus of Ascalon was turning away...		Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...
Moderatus of Gades Moderatus of Gades Moderatus of Gades was a Greek philosopher of the Neopythagorean school, who lived in the 1st century AD,...		Neopythagorean
Monimus Monimus Monimus of Syracuse, was a Cynic philosopher.According to Diogenes Laërtius, Monimus was the slave of a Corinthian money-changer who heard tales about Diogenes of Sinope from Xeniades, Diogenes' master. In order that he might become the pupil of Diogenes, Monimus feigned madness by throwing money...		Cynic
Myia Myia Myia was a Pythagorean philosopher and, according to later tradition, one of the daughters of Theano and Pythagoras. She was married to Milo of Croton, the famous athlete. She was a choir leader as a girl, and as a woman, she was noted for her exemplary religious behaviour...		Pythagorean Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were considerably influenced by mathematics. Pythagoreanism originated in the 5th century BCE and greatly influenced Platonism...
Nausiphanes Nausiphanes Nausiphanes , a native of Teos, was attached to the philosophy of Democritus, and was a pupil of Pyrrho. He had a large number of pupils, and was particularly famous as a rhetorician. Epicurus was at one time one of his hearers, but was unsatisfied with him, and apparently abused him in his writings...		Atomist
Nicarete of Megara Nicarete of Megara Nicarete of Megara was a philosopher of the Megarian school. She is stated by Athenaeus to have been a hetaera of good family and education, and to have been a disciple of Stilpo. Diogenes Laërtius states that she was Stilpo's mistress, though he had a wife....		Megarian
Nicolaus of Damascus Nicolaus of Damascus Nicolaus of Damascus was a Greek historian and philosopher who lived during the Augustan age of the Roman Empire. His name is derived from that of his birthplace, Damascus. He was born around 64 BC....
Nicomachus Nicomachus Nicomachus was an important mathematician in the ancient world and is best known for his works Introduction to Arithmetic and Manual of Harmonics in Greek. He was born in Gerasa, in the Roman province of Syria , and was strongly influenced by Aristotle...		Neopythagorean
Nicomachus (son of Aristotle) Nicomachus (son of Aristotle) Nicomachus , lived c. 325 BC, was the son of Aristotle.The Suda states that he was from Stageira, a philosopher, a pupil of Theophrastus, and, according to Aristippus, his lover. He may have written a commentary on his father's lectures in physics...		Peripatetic Peripatetic The Peripatetics were members of a school of philosophy in ancient Greece. Their teachings derived from their founder, the Greek philosopher, Aristotle, and Peripatetic is a name given to his followers. The school originally derived its name Peripatos from the peripatoi of the Lyceum gymnasium in...
Numenius of Apamea Numenius of Apamea Numenius of Apamea was a Greek philosopher, who lived in Apamea in Syria and flourished during the latter half of the 2nd century AD. He was a Neopythagorean and forerunner of the Neoplatonists.- Philosophy :...	fl. c. 275	Neopythagorean
Nymphidianus of Smyrna Nymphidianus of Smyrna Nymphidianus of Smyrna, was a Neoplatonist and sophist who lived in the time of the emperor Julian . He was the brother of Maximus. Julian, who was greatly attached to Maximus, made Nymphidianus his interpreter and Greek secretary, though he was more fit to write declamations and disputations than...	fl. c. 360	Neoplatonic
Ocellus Lucanus Ocellus Lucanus Ocellus Lucanus, a Pythagorean philosopher, born in Lucania in the 5th century BC, was perhaps a pupil of Pythagoras himself.Stobaeus Ocellus Lucanus, a Pythagorean philosopher, born in Lucania in the 5th century BC, was perhaps a pupil of Pythagoras himself.Stobaeus Ocellus Lucanus, a Pythagorean...		Pythagorean Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were considerably influenced by mathematics. Pythagoreanism originated in the 5th century BCE and greatly influenced Platonism...
Oenomaus of Gadara Oenomaus of Gadara Oenomaus of Gadara, was a Pagan Cynic philosopher. He is known principally for the long extracts of a work attacking oracles, which have been preserved among the writings of Eusebius of Caesarea.-Life:...		Cynic
Olympiodorus the Elder Olympiodorus the Elder Olympiodorus the Elder was a 5th century peripatetic philosopher who taught in Alexandria, in the late years of the Western Roman Empire...		Peripatetic Peripatetic The Peripatetics were members of a school of philosophy in ancient Greece. Their teachings derived from their founder, the Greek philosopher, Aristotle, and Peripatetic is a name given to his followers. The school originally derived its name Peripatos from the peripatoi of the Lyceum gymnasium in...
Olympiodorus the Younger Olympiodorus the Younger Olympiodorus the Younger was a Neoplatonist philosopher, astrologer and teacher who lived in the early years of the Byzantine Empire, after Justinian's Decree of 529 A.D. which closed Plato's Academy in Athens and other pagan schools...	c. 495-570	Neoplatonic
Onasander Onasander Onasander, Onisander or Onosander was a Greek philosopher. He was the author of a commentary on the Republic of Plato, which is lost, but we still possess his Strategikos , a short but comprehensive work on the duties of a general. It is dedicated to Quintus Veranius Nepos, consul in AD 49, and...	fl. 1st century	Middle Platonist
Onatas Onatas (philosopher) Onatas of Croton or Tarentum was a Pythagorean philosopher. Nothing is known about his life, but a long passage from a work entitled On God and the Divine is preserved Stobaeus...		Pythagorean Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were considerably influenced by mathematics. Pythagoreanism originated in the 5th century BCE and greatly influenced Platonism...
Origen the Pagan Origen the Pagan Origen the Pagan was a Platonist philosopher who lived in Alexandria. He was a student of Ammonius Saccas and a contemporary of Plotinus in Ammonius's philosophy school in Alexandria...	fl. c. 250	Middle Platonist
Panaetius Panaetius Panaetius of Rhodes was a Stoic philosopher. He was a pupil of Diogenes of Babylon and Antipater of Tarsus in Athens, before moving to Rome where he did much to introduce Stoic doctrines to the city. After the death of Scipio in 129, he returned to the Stoic school in Athens, and was its last...		Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...
Pancrates of Athens Pancrates of Athens Pancrates of Athens, was a Cynic philosopher. Philostratus relates, that when the celebrated sophist Lollianus was in danger of being stoned by the Athenians in a tumult about bread, Pancrates quieted the mob by exclaiming that Lollianus was not a bread-dealer but a word-dealer . Alciphron also...		Cynicism
Panthoides Panthoides Panthoides was a dialectician and philosopher of the Megarian school. He concerned himself with "the logical part of philosophy," and at some point taught the Peripatetic philosopher Lyco of Troas...		Megarian
Parmenides of Elea		Presocratic, Eleatic	held that the only thing that exists is being itself; teacher of Zeno of Elea Zeno of Elea Zeno of Elea was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher of southern Italy and a member of the Eleatic School founded by Parmenides. Aristotle called him the inventor of the dialectic. He is best known for his paradoxes, which Bertrand Russell has described as "immeasurably subtle and profound".- Life...
Pasicles of Thebes Pasicles of Thebes Pasicles of Thebes was a Greek philosopher and brother of the Cynic philosopher Crates of Thebes. He attended the lectures of his brother Crates, but he is otherwise connected with the Megarian school of philosophy, because Diogenes Laërtius calls him a pupil of Euclid of Megara, and the Suda...		Megarian
Patro the Epicurean Patro the Epicurean Patro was an Epicurean philosopher. He lived for some time in Rome, where he became acquainted, amongst others, with Cicero, and with the family of Gaius Memmius. Either now, or subsequently, he also gained the friendship of Atticus. From Rome he either removed or returned to Athens, and there...		Epicurean
Peregrinus Proteus Peregrinus Proteus Peregrinus Proteus was a Cynic philosopher, from Parium in Mysia. Leaving home at a young age, he first lived with the Christians in Palestine, before eventually being expelled from that community and adopting the life of a Cynic philosopher and eventually settling in Greece...		Cynicism
Persaeus Persaeus Persaeus , of Citium, son of Demetrius, was a Stoic philosopher, and a friend and favourite student of Zeno of Citium.He lived in the same house as Zeno...		Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...
Phaedo of Elis Phaedo of Elis Phaedo of Elis was a Greek philosopher. A native of Elis, he was captured in war and sold into slavery. He subsequently came into contact with Socrates at Athens who warmly received him and had him freed. He was present at the death of Socrates, and Plato named one of his dialogues Phaedo...		Socratic, School of Elis
Phaedrus Phaedrus the Epicurean Phaedrus was an Epicurean philosopher. He was the head of the Epicurean school in Athens after the death of Zeno of Sidon around 75 BCE, until his own death in 70 or 69 BCE. He was a contemporary of Cicero, who became acquainted with him in his youth at Rome. During his residence in Athens ...		Epicurean
Phanias of Eresus Phanias of Eresus Phaenias of Eresus was a Greek philosopher from Lesbos, important as an immediate follower of and commentator on Aristotle. He came to Athens about 332 BCE, and joined his compatriot, Theophrastus, in the Peripatetic school. His writings on logic and science appear to have been commentaries or...		Peripatetic Peripatetic The Peripatetics were members of a school of philosophy in ancient Greece. Their teachings derived from their founder, the Greek philosopher, Aristotle, and Peripatetic is a name given to his followers. The school originally derived its name Peripatos from the peripatoi of the Lyceum gymnasium in...
Phanto of Phlius Phanto of Phlius Phanto of Phlius, was a Pythagorean philosopher, and one of the last of the school until the Neopythagorean revival in the Roman era. He was a disciple of Philolaus and Eurytus, and, probably in his old age, contemporary with Aristoxenus, the Peripatetic philosopher, c. 320 BC....		Pythagorean Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were considerably influenced by mathematics. Pythagoreanism originated in the 5th century BCE and greatly influenced Platonism...
Philip of Opus Philip of Opus Philip of Opus, Greece, was a philosopher and a member of the Academy during Plato's lifetime. Philip was the editor of Plato's Laws...	fl. 4th century BC	Academic Platonic Academy The Academy was founded by Plato in ca. 387 BC in Athens. Aristotle studied there for twenty years before founding his own school, the Lyceum. The Academy persisted throughout the Hellenistic period as a skeptical school, until coming to an end after the death of Philo of Larissa in 83 BC...
Philiscus of Aegina Philiscus of Aegina Philiscus of Aegina was a Cynic philosopher from Aegina who lived in the latter half of the 4th century BC. He was the son of Onesicritus who sent Philiscus and his younger brother, Androsthenes, to Athens where they were so charmed by the philosophy of Diogenes of Sinope that Onesicritus also...		Cynicism
Philiscus of Thessaly Philiscus of Thessaly Philiscus of Thessaly was a Roman era sophist, who according to Philostratus, joined 'geometricians and philosophers' associated with Julia Domna...		Sophist
Philo Philo Philo , known also as Philo of Alexandria , Philo Judaeus, Philo Judaeus of Alexandria, Yedidia, "Philon", and Philo the Jew, was a Hellenistic Jewish Biblical philosopher born in Alexandria....	20 BC - 50 AD	Middle Platonist
Philo of Larissa Philo of Larissa Philo of Larissa, was a Greek philosopher. He was a pupil of Clitomachus, whom he succeeded as head of the Academy. During the Mithradatic wars which would see the destruction of the Academy, he travelled to Rome where Cicero heard him lecture. None of his writings survive...	159/158 BC – 84/83 BC	Academic skeptic
Philo the Dialectician Philo the Dialectician Philo the Dialectician was a dialectic philosopher of the Megarian school. He is often called Philo of Megara although the city of his birth is unknown...		Megarian
Philodemus Philodemus Philodemus of Gadara was an Epicurean philosopher and poet. He studied under Zeno of Sidon in Athens, before moving to Rome, and then to Herculaneum. He was once known chiefly for his poetry preserved in the Greek anthology, but since the 18th century, many writings of his have been discovered...		Epicurean
Philolaus Philolaus Philolaus was a Greek Pythagorean and Presocratic philosopher. He argued that all matter is composed of limiting and limitless things, and that the universe is determined by numbers. He is credited with originating the theory that the earth was not the center of the universe.-Life:Philolaus is...		Pythagorean Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were considerably influenced by mathematics. Pythagoreanism originated in the 5th century BCE and greatly influenced Platonism...
Philonides of Laodicea Philonides of Laodicea Philonides of Laodicea in Syria, was an Epicurean philosopher and mathematician who lived in the Seleucid court during the reigns of Antiochus IV Epiphanes and Demetrius I Soter....		Epicurean
Philostratus Philostratus Philostratus or Lucius Flavius Philostratus , , called "the Athenian", was a Greek sophist of the Roman imperial period. His father was a minor sophist of the same name. He was born probably around 172, and is said by the Suda to have been living in the reign of emperor Philip the Arab . His death...		Sophist
Phintys Phintys Phintys was a Pythagorean philosopher. Nothing is known about her life, nor where she came from. She wrote a work on the correct behaviour of women, two extracts of which are preserved by Stobaeus....		Pythagorean Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were considerably influenced by mathematics. Pythagoreanism originated in the 5th century BCE and greatly influenced Platonism...
Plato Plato Plato , was a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with his mentor, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the...	428/427 BC - 348/347 BC	Academic Platonic Academy The Academy was founded by Plato in ca. 387 BC in Athens. Aristotle studied there for twenty years before founding his own school, the Lyceum. The Academy persisted throughout the Hellenistic period as a skeptical school, until coming to an end after the death of Philo of Larissa in 83 BC...	student of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle; famous for the Theory of Forms Theory of Forms Plato's theory of Forms or theory of Ideas asserts that non-material abstract forms , and not the material world of change known to us through sensation, possess the highest and most fundamental kind of reality. When used in this sense, the word form is often capitalized...
Plotinus Plotinus Plotinus was a major philosopher of the ancient world. In his system of theory there are the three principles: the One, the Intellect, and the Soul. His teacher was Ammonius Saccas and he is of the Platonic tradition...	c. 204 – 270	Neoplatonic
Plutarch Plutarch Plutarch then named, on his becoming a Roman citizen, Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus , c. 46 – 120 AD, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist known primarily for his Parallel Lives and Moralia...	c. 46 – 120	Middle Platonist
Plutarch of Athens Plutarch of Athens Plutarch of Athens was a Greek philosopher and Neoplatonist who taught at Athens at the beginning of the 5th century. He reestablished the Platonic Academy there and became its leader...	c. 350 – 430	Neoplatonic
Polemarchus Polemarchus Polemarchus or Polemarch was the son of Cephalus of Syracuse. He had two brothers, Lysias and Euthydemus, and a sister who married Brachyllus. Polemarchus and Lysias traveled to Thurii when the latter was 15 years old....
Polemon of Athens Polemon of Athens Polemon was a Stoic philosopher and geographer. Of Athenian citizenship, he is known as Polemon of Athens, but he was born either in Ilium, Samos, or Sicyon, and is also known as Polemon of Ilium and Polemon Periegetes. He travelled throughout Greece, and wrote about the places he visited...		Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...
Polemon of Laodicea		Sophist
Polemon Polemon (scholarch) Polemon of Athens was an eminent Platonist philosopher and Plato's third successor as scholarch or head of the Academy from 314/313 to 270/269 BC...	before 314 BC - 270/269 BC	Academic Platonic Academy The Academy was founded by Plato in ca. 387 BC in Athens. Aristotle studied there for twenty years before founding his own school, the Lyceum. The Academy persisted throughout the Hellenistic period as a skeptical school, until coming to an end after the death of Philo of Larissa in 83 BC...
Polus Polus Polus is the nickname Plato gave to an Ancient Greek Athenian philosophical figure who lived in the 5th century BCE. He was a pupil of the famous orator Gorgias, and teacher of rhetoric from the city of Acragas, Sicily....
Polyaenus of Lampsacus Polyaenus of Lampsacus Polyaenus of Lampsacus , also spelled Polyenus, son of Athenodorus, was an ancient Greek mathematician and a friend of Epicurus. His friendship with Epicurus started after the latter's escape from Mytilene in 307 or 306 BC when he opened a philosophical school at Lampsacus associating himself with...		Epicurean
Polystratus Polystratus the Epicurean Polystratus was an Epicurean philosopher, and head of the Epicurean school in Athens. He succeeded Hermarchus as head of the sect c. 250 BC, and was himself succeeded by Dionysius of Lamptrai when he died 219 or 218 BC...		Epicurean
Porphyry Porphyry (philosopher) Porphyry of Tyre , Porphyrios, AD 234–c. 305) was a Neoplatonic philosopher who was born in Tyre. He edited and published the Enneads, the only collection of the work of his teacher Plotinus. He also wrote many works himself on a wide variety of topics...	234 – c. 305	Neoplatonic	taught by Plotinus Plotinus Plotinus was a major philosopher of the ancient world. In his system of theory there are the three principles: the One, the Intellect, and the Soul. His teacher was Ammonius Saccas and he is of the Platonic tradition... ; wrote the Isagoge Isagoge The Isagoge or "Introduction" to Aristotle's "Categories", written by Porphyry in Greek and translated into Latin by Boethius, was the standard textbook on logic for at least a millennium after his death. It was composed by Porphyry in Sicily during the years 268-270, and sent to Chrysaorium,... , an introduction to Aristotle's "Categories" Categories (Aristotle) The Categories is a text from Aristotle's Organon that enumerates all the possible kinds of thing that can be the subject or the predicate of a proposition... ,
Posidonius Posidonius Posidonius "of Apameia" or "of Rhodes" , was a Greek Stoic philosopher, politician, astronomer, geographer, historian and teacher native to Apamea, Syria. He was acclaimed as the greatest polymath of his age...		Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...
Potamo of Alexandria Potamo of Alexandria Potamo of Alexandria was an eclectic philosopher who lived in the Roman era. According to Diogenes Laërtius, Potamo had "not long ago" created an eclectic sect of philosophy, but the Suda says that Potamo lived in the age of Augustus which, if true, would mean that Laërtius probably copied a...		Eclecticism Eclecticism Eclecticism is a conceptual approach that does not hold rigidly to a single paradigm or set of assumptions, but instead draws upon multiple theories, styles, or ideas to gain complementary insights into a subject, or applies different theories in particular cases.It can sometimes seem inelegant or...
Praxiphanes Praxiphanes Praxiphanes a Peripatetic philosopher, was a native of Mytilene, who lived a long time in Rhodes. He lived in the time of Demetrius Poliorcetes and Ptolemy I Soter, and was a pupil of Theophrastus, about 322 BC. He subsequently opened a school himself, in which Epicurus is said to have been one...		Peripatetic Peripatetic The Peripatetics were members of a school of philosophy in ancient Greece. Their teachings derived from their founder, the Greek philosopher, Aristotle, and Peripatetic is a name given to his followers. The school originally derived its name Peripatos from the peripatoi of the Lyceum gymnasium in...
Priscian of Lydia Priscian of Lydia Priscian of Lydia was one of the last of the Neoplatonists. Two works of his have survived.-Life:A contemporary of Simplicius of Cilicia, Priscian was born in Lydia, probably in the late 5th century. He was one of the last Neoplatonists to study at the Academy when Damascius was at its head...	fl. c. 550	Neoplatonic
Priscus of Epirus Priscus of Epirus Priscus of Epirus was a Neoplatonist philosopher and theurgist, a colleague of Maximus of Ephesus, and a friend of the emperor Julian....	c. 305-c. 395	Neoplatonic
Proclus Proclus Proclus Lycaeus , called "The Successor" or "Diadochos" , was a Greek Neoplatonist philosopher, one of the last major Classical philosophers . He set forth one of the most elaborate and fully developed systems of Neoplatonism...	412 – 485	Neoplatonic
Proclus Mallotes		Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...
Prodicus Prodicus Prodicus of Ceos was a Greek philosopher, and part of the first generation of Sophists. He came to Athens as ambassador from Ceos, and became known as a speaker and a teacher. Plato treats him with greater respect than the other sophists, and in several of the Platonic dialogues Socrates appears...		Sophist
Protagoras Protagoras Protagoras was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher and is numbered as one of the sophists by Plato. In his dialogue Protagoras, Plato credits him with having invented the role of the professional sophist or teacher of virtue...		Sophist
Ptolemy-el-Garib Ptolemy-el-Garib Ptolemy-el-Garib was a Hellenistic pinacographer, probably of the Peripatetic school, who wrote a Life of Aristotle notable for its catalog of Aristotle's works. This work survives in an unpublished Arabic manuscript in Istanbul...		Peripatetic Peripatetic The Peripatetics were members of a school of philosophy in ancient Greece. Their teachings derived from their founder, the Greek philosopher, Aristotle, and Peripatetic is a name given to his followers. The school originally derived its name Peripatos from the peripatoi of the Lyceum gymnasium in...
Pyrrho Pyrrho Pyrrho , a Greek philosopher of classical antiquity, is credited as being the first Skeptic philosopher and the inspiration for the school known as Pyrrhonism, founded by Aenesidemus in the 1st century BC.- Life :Pyrrho was from Elis, on the Ionian Sea...		Pyrrhonist	credited as being the first skeptic Skepticism Skepticism has many definitions, but generally refers to any questioning attitude towards knowledge, facts, or opinions/beliefs stated as facts, or doubt regarding claims that are taken for granted elsewhere... philosopher
Pythagoras Pythagoras Pythagoras of Samos was an Ionian Greek philosopher, mathematician, and founder of the religious movement called Pythagoreanism. Most of the information about Pythagoras was written down centuries after he lived, so very little reliable information is known about him...		Pythagorean Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were considerably influenced by mathematics. Pythagoreanism originated in the 5th century BCE and greatly influenced Platonism...
Sallustius Sallustius Sallustius or Sallust was a 4th-century Latin writer, a friend of the Roman Emperor Julian. He wrote the treatise On the Gods and the Cosmos, a kind of catechism of 4th-century Hellenic paganism. Sallustius' work owes much to that of Iamblichus of Chalcis, who synthesized Platonism with...		Neoplatonic
Sallustius of Emesa Sallustius of Emesa Sallustius of Emesa was a Cynic philosopher, who lived in the latter part of the 5th century AD.His father Basilides was a Syrian; his mother Theoclea a native of Emesa, where probably Sallustius was born, and where he lived during the earlier part of his life. He applied himself first to the...		Cynicism
Satyrus Satyrus the Peripatetic Satyrus of Callatis was a distinguished peripatetic philosopher and historian, whose biographies of famous people are frequently referred to by Diogenes Laërtius and Athenaeus. He came from Callatis Pontica, as we learn from a Herculaneum papyrus...		Peripatetic Peripatetic The Peripatetics were members of a school of philosophy in ancient Greece. Their teachings derived from their founder, the Greek philosopher, Aristotle, and Peripatetic is a name given to his followers. The school originally derived its name Peripatos from the peripatoi of the Lyceum gymnasium in...
Secundus the Silent Secundus the Silent Secundus the Silent was a Cynic or Neopythagorean philosopher who lived in Athens in the early 2nd century, who had taken a vow of silence. An anonymous text entitled Life of Secundus purports to give details of his life as well as answers to philosophical questions posed to him by the emperor...		Cynicism
Sextus of Chaeronea Sextus of Chaeronea Sextus of Chaeronea was a Stoic philosopher, a nephew or grandson of Plutarch, and one of the teachers of the emperor Marcus Aurelius....		Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...
Simmias of Thebes Simmias of Thebes Simmias of Thebes was a disciple of Socrates, and a friend of Cebes. In his Memorabilia, Xenophon includes him in the inner circle of Socrates' followers...		Pythagorean Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were considerably influenced by mathematics. Pythagoreanism originated in the 5th century BCE and greatly influenced Platonism...
Simon the Shoemaker Simon the Shoemaker Simon the Shoemaker was an associate of the Athenian philosopher Socrates in the late 5th century BCE. He is known mostly from the account given in Diogenes Laërtius' Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers...		Socratic
Simplicius of Cilicia Simplicius of Cilicia Simplicius of Cilicia, was a disciple of Ammonius Hermiae and Damascius, and was one of the last of the Neoplatonists. He was among the pagan philosophers persecuted by Justinian in the early 6th century, and was forced for a time to seek refuge in the Persian court, before being allowed back into...	c. 490 - c. 560	Neoplatonic
Siro Siro the Epicurean Siro was an Epicurean philosopher who lived in Naples.He was a teacher of Virgil, and taught at his school in Naples...		Epicurean
Socrates Socrates Socrates was a classical Greek Athenian philosopher. Credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, he is an enigmatic figure known chiefly through the accounts of later classical writers, especially the writings of his students Plato and Xenophon, and the plays of his contemporary ...		Socratic	founding figure of Western philosophy; died by drinking the hemlock
Sopater of Apamea Sopater of Apamea Sopater of Apamea , was a distinguished sophist and Neoplatonist philosopher.He was a disciple of Iamblichus, after whose death Sopater of Apamea (d. before 337), was a distinguished sophist and Neoplatonist philosopher.He was a disciple of Iamblichus, after whose death Sopater of Apamea (d. before...	died before 337	Neoplatonic
Sosigenes Sosigenes the Peripatetic Sosigenes the Peripatetic was a philosopher living at the end of the 2nd century AD. He was the tutor of Alexander of Aphrodisias and wrote a work On Revolving Spheres, from which some important extracts have been preserved in Simplicius's commentary on Aristotle's De Caelo.He criticized both...		Peripatetic Peripatetic The Peripatetics were members of a school of philosophy in ancient Greece. Their teachings derived from their founder, the Greek philosopher, Aristotle, and Peripatetic is a name given to his followers. The school originally derived its name Peripatos from the peripatoi of the Lyceum gymnasium in...
Sosipatra Sosipatra Sosipatra of Ephesus was a Neoplatonist philosopher and mystic who lived in the first half of the 4th century. The story of her life is told in Eunapius' Lives of the Sophists.-Life and education:...	fl. c. 325	Neoplatonic
Sotion Sotion (Pythagorean) Sotion , a native of Alexandria, was a Neopythagorean philosopher who lived in the age of Tiberius. He belonged to the school of Quintus Sextius which combined Pythagoreanism with Stoicism...		Neopythagorean
Speusippus Speusippus Speusippus was an ancient Greek philosopher. Speusippus was Plato's nephew by his sister Potone. After Plato's death, Speusippus inherited the Academy and remained its head for the next eight years. However, following a stroke, he passed the chair to Xenocrates. Although the successor to Plato...	c. 407 BC – 339 BC	Academic Platonic Academy The Academy was founded by Plato in ca. 387 BC in Athens. Aristotle studied there for twenty years before founding his own school, the Lyceum. The Academy persisted throughout the Hellenistic period as a skeptical school, until coming to an end after the death of Philo of Larissa in 83 BC...
Sphaerus Sphaerus Sphaerus of Borysthenes or the Bosphorus, was a Stoic philosopher.He studied first under Zeno of Citium, and afterwards under Cleanthes. He taught in Sparta, where he acted as advisor to Cleomenes III. He moved to Alexandria at some point, where he lived in the court of Ptolemy IV Philopator...		Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...
Stilpo Stilpo Stilpo was a Greek philosopher of the Megarian school. He was a contemporary of Theophrastus, Diodorus Cronus, and Crates of Thebes. None of his writings survive, he was interested in logic and dialectic, and he argued that the universal is fundamentally separated from the individual and concrete...		Megarian
Strato of Lampsacus Strato of Lampsacus Strato of Lampsacus was a Peripatetic philosopher, and the third director of the Lyceum after the death of Theophrastus...		Peripatetic Peripatetic The Peripatetics were members of a school of philosophy in ancient Greece. Their teachings derived from their founder, the Greek philosopher, Aristotle, and Peripatetic is a name given to his followers. The school originally derived its name Peripatos from the peripatoi of the Lyceum gymnasium in...
Syrianus Syrianus Syrianus ; died c. 437) was a Greek Neoplatonist philosopher, and head of Plato's Academy in Athens, succeeding his teacher Plutarch of Athens in 431/432. He is important as the teacher of Proclus, and, like Plutarch and Proclus, as a commentator on Plato and Aristotle. His best-known extant work...	died c. 437	Neoplatonic
Telauges Telauges Telauges was a Pythagorean philosopher and, according to tradition, the son of Pythagoras and Theano.Little is known about the life of Telauges. According to tradition, he was the son of Pythagoras and Theano. Iamblichus claims that Pythagoras died when Telauges was very young, and that Telauges...		Pythagorean Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were considerably influenced by mathematics. Pythagoreanism originated in the 5th century BCE and greatly influenced Platonism...
Telecles of Phocis	died 167/1666 BC	Academic skeptic
Teles the Cynic Teles the Cynic Teles of Megara, was a Cynic philosopher and teacher. He wrote various discourses , seven fragments of which were preserved by Stobaeus.-Life:Nothing is known about Teles except for the limited information he reveals in his writings...		Cynicism
Thales Thales Thales of Miletus was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher from Miletus in Asia Minor, and one of the Seven Sages of Greece. Many, most notably Aristotle, regard him as the first philosopher in the Greek tradition...		Presocratic, Milesian Milesian school The Milesian school was a school of thought founded in the 6th century BC. The ideas associated with it are exemplified by three philosophers from the Ionian town of Miletus, on the Aegean coast of Anatolia: Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes...	the first philosopher; held that the first principle is water
Theagenes of Patras Theagenes of Patras Theagenes of Patras, was a Cynic philosopher and close friend of Peregrinus Proteus.He is known principally as a character who appears in Lucian's The Death of Peregrinus , where he is introduced as praising Peregrinus' desire to kill himself by self-immolation:"Proteus," he cried, "Proteus...		Cynicism
Theano		Pythagorean Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were considerably influenced by mathematics. Pythagoreanism originated in the 5th century BCE and greatly influenced Platonism...
Themista of Lampsacus Themista of Lampsacus Themista of Lampsacus, the wife of Leonteus, was a student of Epicurus, early in the 3rd century BCE. Epicurus' school was unusual in the 3rd century, in that it allowed women to attend, and we also hear of Leontion attending Epicurus' school around the same time...		Epicurean
Themistius Themistius Themistius , named , was a statesman, rhetorician, and philosopher. He flourished in the reigns of Constantius II, Julian, Jovian, Valens, Gratian, and Theodosius I; and he enjoyed the favour of all those emperors, notwithstanding their many differences, and the fact that he himself was not a...		Neoplatonic
Theodorus of Asine Theodorus of Asine Theodorus of Asine was a Neoplatonist philosopher, and a native of one of the towns which bore the name of Asine, probably Asine in Laconia.He was a disciple of Porphyry, and one of the most eminent of the Neoplatonists...	fl. 3rd century	Neoplatonic
Theodorus the Atheist Theodorus the Atheist Theodorus the Atheist, of Cyrene, was a philosopher of the Cyrenaic school. He lived in both Greece and Alexandria, before ending his days in his native city of Cyrene. As a Cyrenaic philosopher, he taught that the goal of life was to obtain joy and avoid grief, and that the former resulted from...		Cyrenaic
Theon of Smyrna Theon of Smyrna Theon of Smyrna was a Greek philosopher and mathematician, whose works were strongly influenced by the Pythagorean school of thought. His surviving On Mathematics Useful for the Understanding of Plato is an introductory survey of Greek mathematics.-Life:Little is known about the life of Theon of...		Neopythagorean
Theophrastus Theophrastus Theophrastus , a Greek native of Eresos in Lesbos, was the successor to Aristotle in the Peripatetic school. He came to Athens at a young age, and initially studied in Plato's school. After Plato's death he attached himself to Aristotle. Aristotle bequeathed to Theophrastus his writings, and...		Peripatetic Peripatetic The Peripatetics were members of a school of philosophy in ancient Greece. Their teachings derived from their founder, the Greek philosopher, Aristotle, and Peripatetic is a name given to his followers. The school originally derived its name Peripatos from the peripatoi of the Lyceum gymnasium in...
Thrasymachus Thrasymachus Thrasymachus was a sophist of Ancient Greece best known as a character in Plato's Republic.-Life, date, and career:...		Sophist
Thrasymachus of Corinth Thrasymachus of Corinth Thrasymachus of Corinth, was a philosopher of the Megarian school. Little is known about him except that he was colleague and friend of Ichthyas, and he had presumably been taught by Euclid of Megara, the founder of the school. He was said to have been the teacher of Stilpo.-References:*D. Zeyl,...		Megarian
Timaeus of Locri Timaeus of Locri Timaeus of Locri was a Greek Pythagorean philosopher living in the 5th century BC.He features in Plato's Timaeus, where he is said to come from Locri in Italy, thus of Locrian origin.He also appears as one of the speakers in Plato's Critias....		Pythagorean Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were considerably influenced by mathematics. Pythagoreanism originated in the 5th century BCE and greatly influenced Platonism...
Timaeus the Sophist Timaeus the Sophist Timaeus the Sophist was a Greek philosopher who lived sometime between the 1st and 4th centuries. Nothing is known about his life. He is the supposed author of a Lexicon of Platonic words which is still extant. The Lexicon made use of earlier commentaries on Plato which are now lost...	fl. between 1st and 4th centuries	Middle Platonist
Timon Timon (philosopher) Timon of Phlius was a Greek skeptic philosopher, a pupil of Pyrrho, and a celebrated writer of satirical poems called Silloi . He was born in Phlius, moved to Megara, and then he returned home and married. He next went to Elis with his wife, and heard Pyrrho, whose tenets he adopted...		Pyrrhonist
Timycha Timycha Timycha of Sparta , along with her husband Myllias of Croton, was a member of a group of Pythagorean pilgrims, who were attacked by Syracusian soldiers on their way to Metapontum, because they had rejected the friendship of the tyrant Dionysius the elder...		Pythagorean Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were considerably influenced by mathematics. Pythagoreanism originated in the 5th century BCE and greatly influenced Platonism...
Tisias Tisias Tisias , along with Corax of Syracuse, was one of the founders of ancient Greek rhetoric, or sophism. Tisias was reputed to have been the pupil of the lawyer Corax, who agreed to teach Tisias under the condition that he would give him payment for schooling if he won his first case...		Sophist
Xenarchus of Seleucia Xenarchus of Seleucia Xenarchus of Seleucia in Cilicia, was a Peripatetic philosopher and grammarian. Xenarchus left home early, and devoted himself to the profession of teaching, first at Alexandria, afterwards at Athens, and last at Rome, where he enjoyed the friendship of Arius, and afterwards of Augustus; and he...		Peripatetic Peripatetic The Peripatetics were members of a school of philosophy in ancient Greece. Their teachings derived from their founder, the Greek philosopher, Aristotle, and Peripatetic is a name given to his followers. The school originally derived its name Peripatos from the peripatoi of the Lyceum gymnasium in...
Xeniades Xeniades Xeniades was the name of two people from Corinth who lived in the time of Ancient Greece:#A Greek philosopher from Corinth who lived in the time of Democritus, c. 400 BC...		Pyrrhonist
Xenocrates Xenocrates Xenocrates of Chalcedon was a Greek philosopher, mathematician, and leader of the Platonic Academy from 339/8 to 314/3 BC. His teachings followed those of Plato, which he attempted to define more closely, often with mathematical elements...	c. 396 BC – 314 BC	Academic Platonic Academy The Academy was founded by Plato in ca. 387 BC in Athens. Aristotle studied there for twenty years before founding his own school, the Lyceum. The Academy persisted throughout the Hellenistic period as a skeptical school, until coming to an end after the death of Philo of Larissa in 83 BC...
Xenophanes of Colophon Xenophanes of Colophon was a Greek philosopher, theologian, poet, and social and religious critic. Xenophanes life was one of travel, having left Ionia at the age of 25 he continued to travel throughout the Greek world for another 67 years. Some scholars say he lived in exile in Siciliy...		Presocratic, Eleatic	claimed that, if oxen were able to imagine gods, those gods would be in the image of oxen
Xenophilus Xenophilus Xenophilus of Chalcidice, was a Pythagorean philosopher and musician, who lived in the first half of the 4th century BC. Aulus Gellius relates that Xenophilus was the intimate friend and teacher of Aristoxenus, and implies that Xenophilus taught him Pythagorean doctrine...		Pythagorean Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were considerably influenced by mathematics. Pythagoreanism originated in the 5th century BCE and greatly influenced Platonism...	friend and teacher of Aristoxenus Aristoxenus Aristoxenus of Tarentum was a Greek Peripatetic philosopher, and a pupil of Aristotle. Most of his writings, which dealt with philosophy, ethics and music, have been lost, but one musical treatise, Elements of Harmony, survives incomplete, as well as some fragments concerning rhythm and...
Zenobius Zenobius Zenobius was a Greek sophist, who taught rhetoric at Rome during the reign of Emperor Hadrian .-Biography:He was the author of a collection of proverbs in three books, still extant in an abridged form, compiled, according to the Suda, from Didymus of Alexandria and "The Tarrhaean"...		Sophist
Zenodotus Zenodotus (philosopher) Zenodotus was a Neoplatonist philosopher who lived and taught in Athens. He was described as "the darling of Proclus." Zenodotus served under Marinus of Neapolis when Marinus succeeded Proclus as the head of the school . He was a teacher of Damascius when he came to Athens to learn philosophy...	fl. c. 475	Neoplatonic	described as "the darling of Proclus Proclus Proclus Lycaeus , called "The Successor" or "Diadochos" , was a Greek Neoplatonist philosopher, one of the last major Classical philosophers . He set forth one of the most elaborate and fully developed systems of Neoplatonism... "
Zeno of Citium Zeno of Citium Zeno of Citium was a Greek philosopher from Citium . Zeno was the founder of the Stoic school of philosophy, which he taught in Athens from about 300 BC. Based on the moral ideas of the Cynics, Stoicism laid great emphasis on goodness and peace of mind gained from living a life of virtue in...		Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...	founder of the Stoic school of philosophy
Zeno of Elea Zeno of Elea Zeno of Elea was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher of southern Italy and a member of the Eleatic School founded by Parmenides. Aristotle called him the inventor of the dialectic. He is best known for his paradoxes, which Bertrand Russell has described as "immeasurably subtle and profound".- Life...		Presocratic, Eleatic	famous creator of Zeno's paradoxes Zeno's paradoxes Zeno's paradoxes are a set of problems generally thought to have been devised by Greek philosopher Zeno of Elea to support Parmenides's doctrine that "all is one" and that, contrary to the evidence of our senses, the belief in plurality and change is mistaken, and in particular that motion is...
Zeno of Sidon Zeno of Sidon Zeno of Sidon was an Epicurean philosopher from the Phoenician city of Sidon. His writings do not survive, but there are some epitomes of his lectures preserved among the writings of his pupil Philodemus.-Life:...		Epicurean	sometimes termed the "leading Epicurean"
Zeno of Tarsus Zeno of Tarsus Zeno of Tarsus was a Stoic philosopher.He was a pupil of Chrysippus, and when Chrysippus died c. 206 BC, he succeeded him to become the fourth head of the Stoic school in Athens....		Stoic STOIC STOIC was a variant of Forth.It started out at the MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Centre in Boston, and was written in the mid 1970s by Jonathan Sachs...

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