List of subjects in Gray's Anatomy: IX. Neurology
Encyclopedia
This is a list of the subjects in Gray's Anatomy
: IX. Neurology.
The meninges
The cranial nerves
Gray's Anatomy
Gray's Anatomy is an English-language human anatomy textbook originally written by Henry Gray. The book is widely regarded as an extremely influential work on the subject, and has continued to be revised and republished from its initial publication in 1858 to the present day...
: IX. Neurology.
- Neuroglia
- Nerve cells
- Unipolar cells
- Bipolar cells
- Multipolar cells
- Pyramidal cellPyramidal cellPyramidal neurons are a type of neuron found in areas of the brain including cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, and in the amygdala. Pyramidal neurons are the primary excitation units of the mammalian prefrontal cortex and the corticospinal tract. Pyramidal neurons were first discovered and...
- Pyramidal cell
- Nerve cells
- axis-cylinder process or axonAxonAn axon is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body or soma....
- protoplasmic processes or dendrons
- cyton
- Nissl's granules
- axis-cylinder process or axon
- Nerve cells
- cone of origin
- Nerve fibers
- medullated fibers or white fibers
- medullated fibers or white fibers
- white substance of Schwann or medullary sheath
- neurolemmaNeurolemmaNeurolemma is the outermost nucleated cytoplasmic layer of Schwann cells that surrounds the axon of the neuron. It forms the outermost layer of the nerve fiber in the peripheral nervous system....
, primitive sheath, or nucleated sheath of Schwann - axis-cylinder
- primitive fibrillae of Schultze
- neurokeratin
- medullated fibers or white fibers
- medullary sheath, or white matter of Schwann
- medullated fibers or white fibers
- nodes of RanvierNodes of RanvierMyelin sheath gaps or nodes of Ranvier are the gaps formed between the myelin sheaths generated by different cells. A myelin sheath is a many-layered coating, largely composed of a fatty substance called myelin, that wraps around the axon of a neuron and very efficiently insulates it...
- internodal segmentInternodal segmentAn internodal segment is the portion of a nerve fiber between two Nodes of Ranvier. The neurolemma or primitive sheath is not interrupted at the nodes, but passes over them as a continuous membrane....
- Ranvier's crosses
- Frommann's lines
- medullary segments, or segments of Lantermann
- neurolemmaNeurolemmaNeurolemma is the outermost nucleated cytoplasmic layer of Schwann cells that surrounds the axon of the neuron. It forms the outermost layer of the nerve fiber in the peripheral nervous system....
or primitive sheath
- nodes of Ranvier
- Wallerian degenerationWallerian degenerationWallerian degeneration is a process that results when a nerve fiber is cut or crushed, in which the part of the axon separated from the neuron's cell body degenerates distal to the injury. This is also known as anterograde degeneration, or orthograde degeneration...
- Non-medullated Fibers
- Gray or gelatinous nerve fibers (fibers of Remak)
- Structure of the Peripheral nerves and Ganglia
- cerebrospinal nerves
- funiculus
- fasciculiNerve fascicleA small bundle of nerve fibers, enclosed by the perineurium, is called a funiculus; if the nerve is of small size, it may consist only of a single funiculus; but if large, the funiculi are collected together into larger bundles or nerve fascicles, which are bound together in a common membranous...
- epineuriumEpineuriumThe epineurium is the outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding a peripheral nerve. It is made of dense irregular connective tissue and usually contains multiple nerve fascicles as well as blood vessels which supply the nerve...
- perineuriumPerineuriumIn the peripheral nervous system, nerve fibers are each wrapped in a protective sheath known as the endoneurium. These are bundled together into groups known as fascicles, each surrounded by a protective sheath known as the perineurium. Several fascicles may be in turn bundled together with a blood...
- endoneuriumEndoneuriumThe endoneurium, also referred to as an endoneurial channel, sheath or tube, is a layer of delicate connective tissue made up of endoneurial cells that encloses the myelin sheath of a spinal cord nerve fiber. These are bundled up into groups called nerve fascicles, which have a protective sheath...
- vasomotor fibers
- spheroidal tactile corpuscles or end bulbs of Krause
- nervi nervorum
- plexusPlexusA plexus is a part of nervous system. Plexus has a slightly different definition in vertebrates and in invertebrates.- In vertebrates :In vertebrates, a plexus is an area where nerves branch and rejoin. The electrical signals do not mix; rather, the fibres travel together with their electrical...
- Structure of the Peripheral nerves and Ganglia
- sympathetic nerves
- sensory nervesSensory nervesSensory nerves are nerves that receive sensory stimuli, such as how something feels and if it is painful, smooth, rough, etc.They are made up of nerve fibers, called sensory fibers .Sensory neurons are neurons that are activated by sensory input Sensory nerves are nerves that receive sensory...
, or centripetal nerves or afferent nerves - centrifugal nerves or efferent nerves
- Origins and Terminations of Nerves
- origins or central terminations; and peripheral terminations
- Origins of nerves
- superficial origin or apparent origin
- deep origin or real origin
- Peripheral terminations of nerves
- Origins of nerves
- Motor nerves
- motor end-plate
- Ganglia
- Neuron theory
- neuronNeuronA neuron is an electrically excitable cell that processes and transmits information by electrical and chemical signaling. Chemical signaling occurs via synapses, specialized connections with other cells. Neurons connect to each other to form networks. Neurons are the core components of the nervous...
- synapseSynapseIn the nervous system, a synapse is a structure that permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another cell...
or synaptic membrane
- neuron
- FasciculiNerve fascicleA small bundle of nerve fibers, enclosed by the perineurium, is called a funiculus; if the nerve is of small size, it may consist only of a single funiculus; but if large, the funiculi are collected together into larger bundles or nerve fascicles, which are bound together in a common membranous...
, tracts or fiber systems
- Medulla spinalis
- Roof-plate of medulla spinalis
- Floor-plate of medulla spinalis
- layers
- Ependymal layer
- Marginal layer
- Mantle layer
- Spongioblasts
- germinal cells
- Neuroblasts
- Dorsal lamina (Alar lamina)
- Ventral lamina (Basal laminaBasal laminaThe basal lamina is a layer of extracellular matrix secreted by the epithelial cells, on which the epithelium sits. It is often confused with the basement membrane, and sometimes used inconsistently in the literature, see below....
) - Terminal ventricle
- Oval bundle
- filum terminaleFilum terminaleThe filum terminale , is a delicate strand of fibrous tissue, about 20 cm. in length, proceeding downward from the apex of the conus medullaris. It gives longitudinal support to the spinal cord and consists of two parts:...
- ventral cephalic flexure
- cervical flexure
- pontine flexurePontine flexureThe pontine flexure is a bend in the axis of the embryological central nervous system . This flexure marks the junction between the metencephalon and the myelencephalon. The division of the rhombencephalon into the metencephalon and the myelencephalon occurs at the 7th week of development...
- Hind-brain
- isthmus rhombencephali
- MetencephalonMetencephalonThe metencephalon is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system. The metencephalon is composed of the pons and the cerebellum; contains a portion of the fourth ventricle; and the trigeminal nerve , abducens nerve , facial nerve , and a portion of the vestibulocochlear...
- MyelencephalonMyelencephalonThe myelencephalon is categorized as a secondary vesicle in the development of the central nervous system. The prefix "myelen" is derived from Greek for medulla...
- medulla oblongataMedulla oblongataThe medulla oblongata is the lower half of the brainstem. In discussions of neurology and similar contexts where no ambiguity will result, it is often referred to as simply the medulla...
- tractus solitarius
- oval bundle
- rhombic lip
- Rhombic grooves
- PonsPonsThe pons is a structure located on the brain stem, named after the Latin word for "bridge" or the 16th-century Italian anatomist and surgeon Costanzo Varolio . It is superior to the medulla oblongata, inferior to the midbrain, and ventral to the cerebellum. In humans and other bipeds this means it...
: developmentDevelopmental biologyDevelopmental biology is the study of the process by which organisms grow and develop. Modern developmental biology studies the genetic control of cell growth, differentiation and "morphogenesis", which is the process that gives rise to tissues, organs and anatomy.- Related fields of study...
of: - CerebellumCerebellumThe cerebellum is a region of the brain that plays an important role in motor control. It may also be involved in some cognitive functions such as attention and language, and in regulating fear and pleasure responses, but its movement-related functions are the most solidly established...
: developmentDevelopmental biologyDevelopmental biology is the study of the process by which organisms grow and develop. Modern developmental biology studies the genetic control of cell growth, differentiation and "morphogenesis", which is the process that gives rise to tissues, organs and anatomy.- Related fields of study...
of: - Fissura prima (cerebellum)
- Fissura secunda (cerebellum)
- optic vesiclesOptic vesiclesThe eyes begin to develop as a pair of diverticula from the lateral aspects of the forebrain. These diverticula make their appearance before the closure of the anterior end of the neural tube; after the closure of the tube they are known as the optic vesicles....
- optic stalks
- lamina terminalisLamina terminalisThe median portion of the wall of the fore-brain vesicle consists of a thin lamina, the lamina terminalis, which stretches from the interventricular foramen to the recess at the base of the optic stalk and contains the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, which regulates the osmolarity of...
- telencephalonTelencephalonThe cerebrum or telencephalon, together with the diencephalon, constitutes the forebrain. The cerebrum is the most anterior region of the vertebrate central nervous system. Telencephalon refers to the embryonic structure, from which the mature cerebrum develops...
- metathalamusMetathalamusThe metathalamus is a composite structure of the thalamus, consisting of the medial geniculate nucleus and the lateral geniculate nucleus.-External links:*...
- epithalamusEpithalamusThe epithalamus is a dorsal posterior segment of the diencephalon which includes the habenula, the stria medullaris and the pineal body...
- posterior commissurePosterior commissureThe posterior commissure is a rounded band of white fibers crossing the middle line on the dorsal aspect of the upper end of the cerebral aqueduct. It is important in the bilateral pupillary light reflex....
- Pineal recessPineal recessThe pineal recess is a small recess of the third ventricle which projects into the stalk of the pineal body....
(recessus pinealis) - pars mamillaris hypothalami
- pars optica hypothalami
- cerebral hemispheres
- rhinencephalonRhinencephalonIn animal anatomy, the rhinencephalon is a part of the brain involved with olfaction.-Components:The term rhinencephalon has been used to describe different structures at different points in time....
- Neopallium
- external rhinal fissure
- corpus striatum
- caudate nucleusCaudate nucleusThe caudate nucleus is a nucleus located within the basal ganglia of the brains of many animal species. The caudate nucleus is an important part of the brain's learning and memory system.-Anatomy:...
- lentiform nucleusLentiform nucleusThe lentiform nucleus or lenticular nucleus comprises the putamen and the globus pallidus within the basal ganglia. It is a large, cone-shaped mass of gray matter just lateral to the internal capsule.-Etymology:...
- caudate nucleus
- neopallium
- lateral ventricle
- falx cerebriFalx cerebriThe falx cerebri, also known as the cerebral falx, so named from its sickle-like form, is a strong, arched fold of dura mater which descends vertically in the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres....
- hippocampal fissure
- hippocampusHippocampusThe hippocampus is a major component of the brains of humans and other vertebrates. It belongs to the limbic system and plays important roles in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory and spatial navigation. Humans and other mammals have two hippocampi, one in...
- Commissures
- Hippocampal commissure
- Commissures
- corpus callosumCorpus callosumThe corpus callosum , also known as the colossal commissure, is a wide, flat bundle of neural fibers beneath the cortex in the eutherian brain at the longitudinal fissure. It connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres and facilitates interhemispheric communication...
- fornix
- anterior commissures
- septum pellucidumSeptum pellucidumThe septum pellucidum , and not to be confused with the medial septum, is a thin, triangular, vertical membrane separating the anterior horns of the left and right lateral ventricles of the brain...
- septum pellucidum
- corpus callosum
- central sulcusCentral sulcus-External links:* via the Neuroscience Information Framework...
- intraparietal sulcusIntraparietal sulcusThe intraparietal sulcus is located on the lateral surface of the parietal lobe, and consists of an oblique and a horizontal portion. The IPS contains a series of functionally distinct subregions that have been intensively investigated using both single cell neurophysiology in primates and human...
- cingulate sulcusCingulate sulcusThe cingulate sulcus is a sulcus on the medial wall of the cerebral cortex. The frontal and parietal lobes are separated by the cingulate sulcus from the cingulate gyrus.-External links:* via the Neuroscience Information Framework...
- lateral cerebral sulcus (Sylvian fissure)
- Sylvian fossa
- DevelopmentDevelopmental biologyDevelopmental biology is the study of the process by which organisms grow and develop. Modern developmental biology studies the genetic control of cell growth, differentiation and "morphogenesis", which is the process that gives rise to tissues, organs and anatomy.- Related fields of study...
of cranial nervesCranial nervesCranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain, in contrast to spinal nerves, which emerge from segments of the spinal cord. In humans, there are traditionally twelve pairs of cranial nerves... - tractus solitarius
- oval bundle
- medulla spinalis or spinal cordSpinal cordThe spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the brain . The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system...
- conus medullarisConus medullarisThe conus medullaris is the terminal end of the spinal cord. It occurs near lumbar vertebral levels 1 and 2 . After the spinal cord tapers out, the spinal nerves continue as dangling nerve roots called cauda equina. This terminal nerve root tail is referred to as the filum terminale...
- filum terminaleFilum terminaleThe filum terminale , is a delicate strand of fibrous tissue, about 20 cm. in length, proceeding downward from the apex of the conus medullaris. It gives longitudinal support to the spinal cord and consists of two parts:...
- dura materDura materThe dura mater , or dura, is the outermost of the three layers of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is derived from Mesoderm. The other two meningeal layers are the pia mater and the arachnoid mater. The dura surrounds the brain and the spinal cord and is responsible for...
- epidural cavity
- subdural cavity
- arachnoidArachnoid materThe arachnoid mater, literally from Latin "spider -like mother", is one of the three meninges, the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord...
- subarachnoid cavity
- pia materPia materPia mater often referred to as simply the pia, is the delicate innermost layer of the meninges, the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. The word finds its roots in Latin, meaning literally "tender mother." The other two meningeal membranes are the dura mater and the arachnoid mater....
- ligamentum denticulatum
- spinal ganglion
- spinal segments (Neuromeres)
- cauda equinaCauda equinaThe cauda equina is a structure within the lower end of the spinal column of most vertebrates, that consists of nerve roots and rootlets from above...
- filum terminaleFilum terminaleThe filum terminale , is a delicate strand of fibrous tissue, about 20 cm. in length, proceeding downward from the apex of the conus medullaris. It gives longitudinal support to the spinal cord and consists of two parts:...
- filum terminale internum
- filum terminale externum
- Enlargements of medulla spinalis
- cervical enlargementCervical enlargementThe cervical enlargement corresponds with the attachments of the large nerves which supply the upper limbs.It extends from about the third cervical to the second thoracic vertebra, its maximum circumference being on a level with the attachment of the sixth pair of cervical nerves.The reason behind...
- lumbar enlargementLumbar enlargementThe lumbar enlargement gives attachment to the nerves which supply the lower limbs.It commences about the level of T11, and reaches its maximum circumference, of about 33 mm., at L1 , below which it tapers rapidly into the conus medullaris.An analogous region for the upper limbs exists at the...
- cervical enlargement
- Anterior median fissureAnterior median fissure of the medulla oblongataThe anterior median fissure contains a fold of pia mater, and extends along the entire length of the medulla oblongata: It ends at the lower border of the pons in a small triangular expansion, termed the foramen cecum.Its lower part is interrupted by bundles of fibers that cross obliquely from one...
(fissura mediana anterior) - Posterior median sulcusPosterior median sulcus of medulla oblongataThe posterior median sulcus of medulla oblongata is a narrow groove; and exists only in the closed part of the medulla oblongata; it becomes gradually shallower from below upward, and finally ends about the middle of the medulla oblongata, where the central canal expands into the cavity of the...
(sulcus medianus posterior) - posterolateral sulcusPostero-lateral sulcus of medulla oblongataThe accessory, vagus, and glossopharyngeal nerves correspond with the posterior nerve roots, and are attached to the bottom of a sulcus named the postero-lateral sulcus ....
- posterior funiculusPosterior funiculusThe portion of the medulla spinalis which lies between the posterolateral sulcus and the posterior median sulcus is named the posterior funiculus. This area includes the dorsal columns which contains the fasciculus gracilis and, higher in the body, the fasciculus cuneatus, which are separated by a...
- postero-intermediate sulcus
- fasciculus gracilisFasciculus gracilisThe fasciculus gracilis is a bundle of axon fibres in the posterior column of the spinal cord and carries information from the middle thoracic and lower limbs of the body...
(tract of Goll) - fasciculus cuneatusFasciculus cuneatusThe fasciculus cuneatus is a tract of nerves in the spinal cord which primarily transmits information from the arms...
(tract of Burdach)
- fasciculus gracilis
- antero-lateral region
- anterior funiculusAnterior funiculusThe most lateral of the bundles of the anterior nerve roots is generally taken as a dividing line that separates the antero-lateral region into two parts, viz., an anterior funiculus, between the anterior median fissure and the most lateral of the anterior nerve roots; and a lateral funiculus,...
- lateral funiculusLateral funiculusThe most lateral of the bundles of the anterior nerve roots is generally taken as a dividing line that separates the antero-lateral region into two parts, viz., an anterior funiculus, between the anterior median fissure and the most lateral of the anterior nerve roots; and a lateral funiculus,...
- Internal Structure of the Medulla spinalis
- Gray substance (substantia grisea centralis)
- central canalCentral canalFor the engineering project, see Indiana Central Canal.The central canal is the cerebrospinal fluid-filled space that runs longitudinally through the length of the entire spinal cord. The central canal is contiguous with the ventricular system of the brain...
- Anterior column (columna anterior; anterior cornu)
- lateral column (columna lateralis; lateral cornu)
- Posterior columnPosterior columnthumb | right | Cross-section of the spinal cord Posterior column or dorsal column refers to the area of white matter in the dorsomedial side of the spinal cord. It is made up of the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus and itself is part of the dorsal funiculus...
(columna posterior; posterior cornuPosterior columnthumb | right | Cross-section of the spinal cord Posterior column or dorsal column refers to the area of white matter in the dorsomedial side of the spinal cord. It is made up of the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus and itself is part of the dorsal funiculus...
)- tract of Lissauer
- substantia gelatinosa of RolandoSubstantia gelatinosa of RolandoThe apex of the posterior horn of the gray matter of the spinal cord is capped by a V-shaped or crescentic mass of translucent, gelatinous neuroglia, termed the substantia gelatinosa of Rolando , which contains both neuroglia cells, and small nerve cells...
- Posterior columnPosterior columnthumb | right | Cross-section of the spinal cord Posterior column or dorsal column refers to the area of white matter in the dorsomedial side of the spinal cord. It is made up of the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus and itself is part of the dorsal funiculus...
(columna posterior; posterior cornuPosterior columnthumb | right | Cross-section of the spinal cord Posterior column or dorsal column refers to the area of white matter in the dorsomedial side of the spinal cord. It is made up of the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus and itself is part of the dorsal funiculus...
)- formatio reticularis
- Central canalCentral canalFor the engineering project, see Indiana Central Canal.The central canal is the cerebrospinal fluid-filled space that runs longitudinally through the length of the entire spinal cord. The central canal is contiguous with the ventricular system of the brain...
(canalis centralis)- anterior gray commissure
- posterior gray commissure
- terminal ventricle
- substantia gelatinosa centralisSubstantia gelatinosa centralisThroughout the cervical and thoracic regions the central canal is situated in the anterior third of the medulla spinalis; in the lumbar enlargement it is near the middle, and in the conus medullaris it approaches the posterior surface...
- association neurons or intersegmental neurons
- crossed commissural fibers
- Nerve cells in the Anterior column
- dorso-medial column
- Nerve cells in the Lateral column
- lateral nucleusLateral vestibular nucleusThe lateral vestibular nucleus is the continuation upward and lateralward of the principal nucleus, and in it terminate many of the ascending branches of the vestibular nerve.-Anatomy:...
- lateral nucleus
- Nerve cells in the Lateral column
- preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic system
- Nerve cells in the Posterior columnPosterior columnthumb | right | Cross-section of the spinal cord Posterior column or dorsal column refers to the area of white matter in the dorsomedial side of the spinal cord. It is made up of the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus and itself is part of the dorsal funiculus...
- dorsal nucleus (nucleus dorsalis; column of ClarkeColumn of ClarkeClarke's column is a group of interneurons found in Lamina VII, also known as the intermediate zone, of the spinal cord.-Anatomy:...
) - cervical nucleus
- sacral nucleus
- dorsal spinocerebellar fasciculus (direct cerebellar)
- nerve cells in the substantia gelatinosa of Rolando
- Solitary cells
- posterior basal column
- dorsal nucleus (nucleus dorsalis; column of Clarke
- Nerve fasciculi
- Wallerian degenerationWallerian degenerationWallerian degeneration is a process that results when a nerve fiber is cut or crushed, in which the part of the axon separated from the neuron's cell body degenerates distal to the injury. This is also known as anterograde degeneration, or orthograde degeneration...
- descending degeneration
- ascending degeneration
- Wallerian degeneration
- FasciculiNerve fascicleA small bundle of nerve fibers, enclosed by the perineurium, is called a funiculus; if the nerve is of small size, it may consist only of a single funiculus; but if large, the funiculi are collected together into larger bundles or nerve fascicles, which are bound together in a common membranous...
in the anterior funiculusAnterior funiculusThe most lateral of the bundles of the anterior nerve roots is generally taken as a dividing line that separates the antero-lateral region into two parts, viz., an anterior funiculus, between the anterior median fissure and the most lateral of the anterior nerve roots; and a lateral funiculus,...
- Descending fasciculi
- anterior cerebrospinal (fasciculus cerebrospinalis anterior; direct pyramidal tract)
- Descending fasciculi
- FasciculiNerve fascicleA small bundle of nerve fibers, enclosed by the perineurium, is called a funiculus; if the nerve is of small size, it may consist only of a single funiculus; but if large, the funiculi are collected together into larger bundles or nerve fascicles, which are bound together in a common membranous...
in the anterior funiculusAnterior funiculusThe most lateral of the bundles of the anterior nerve roots is generally taken as a dividing line that separates the antero-lateral region into two parts, viz., an anterior funiculus, between the anterior median fissure and the most lateral of the anterior nerve roots; and a lateral funiculus,...
- Descending fasciculi
- vestibulospinal fasciculus
- tectospinal fasciculus
- Ascending fasciculi
- ventral spinothalamic fasciculus
- anterior proper fasciculusAnterior proper fasciculusThe remaining fibers of the anterior funiculus constitute what is termed the anterior proper fasciculus, fasciculus proprius, or fasiculus proprii .It consists of...
(fasciculus anterior proprius; anterior basis bundle)
- Descending fasciculi
- FasciculiNerve fascicleA small bundle of nerve fibers, enclosed by the perineurium, is called a funiculus; if the nerve is of small size, it may consist only of a single funiculus; but if large, the funiculi are collected together into larger bundles or nerve fascicles, which are bound together in a common membranous...
in the lateral funiculusLateral funiculusThe most lateral of the bundles of the anterior nerve roots is generally taken as a dividing line that separates the antero-lateral region into two parts, viz., an anterior funiculus, between the anterior median fissure and the most lateral of the anterior nerve roots; and a lateral funiculus,...
- Descending fasciculi
- lateral cerebrospinal fasciculus (fasciculus cerebrospinalis lateralis; crossed pyramidal tract)
- Descending fasciculi
- FasciculiNerve fascicleA small bundle of nerve fibers, enclosed by the perineurium, is called a funiculus; if the nerve is of small size, it may consist only of a single funiculus; but if large, the funiculi are collected together into larger bundles or nerve fascicles, which are bound together in a common membranous...
in the lateral funiculusLateral funiculusThe most lateral of the bundles of the anterior nerve roots is generally taken as a dividing line that separates the antero-lateral region into two parts, viz., an anterior funiculus, between the anterior median fissure and the most lateral of the anterior nerve roots; and a lateral funiculus,...
- Descending fasciculi
- rubrospinal fasciculus (Monakow) (prepyramidal tract)
- olivospinal fasciculus (Helweg)
- Ascending fasciculi
- dorsal spinocerebellar fasciculus (fasciculus cerebellospinalis; direct cerebellar tract of Flechsig)
- superficial antero-lateral fasciculus (tract of Gowers)
- ventral spinocerebellar fasciculus (Gowers)
- Descending fasciculi
- FasciculiNerve fascicleA small bundle of nerve fibers, enclosed by the perineurium, is called a funiculus; if the nerve is of small size, it may consist only of a single funiculus; but if large, the funiculi are collected together into larger bundles or nerve fascicles, which are bound together in a common membranous...
in the lateral funiculusLateral funiculusThe most lateral of the bundles of the anterior nerve roots is generally taken as a dividing line that separates the antero-lateral region into two parts, viz., an anterior funiculus, between the anterior median fissure and the most lateral of the anterior nerve roots; and a lateral funiculus,...
- Ascending fasciculi
- lateral spinothalamic fasciculus
- secondary sensory fasciculus or spinal lemniscus
- spinotectal fasciculus (spino-quadrigeminal system of Mott)
- fasciculus of Lissauer
- lateral proper fasciculusLateral proper fasciculusThe lateral proper fasciculus constitutes the remainder of the lateral column, and is continuous in front with the anterior proper fasciculus....
(fasciculus lateralis proprius; lateral basis bundle) - medial longitudinal fasciculusMedial longitudinal fasciculusThe medial longitudinal fasciculus is a pair of crossed fiber tracts , one on each side of the brainstem. These bundles of axons are situated near the midline of the brainstem and are composed of both ascending and descending fibers that arise from a number of sources and terminate in different...
- Ascending fasciculi
- FasciculiNerve fascicleA small bundle of nerve fibers, enclosed by the perineurium, is called a funiculus; if the nerve is of small size, it may consist only of a single funiculus; but if large, the funiculi are collected together into larger bundles or nerve fascicles, which are bound together in a common membranous...
in the Posterior funiculusPosterior funiculusThe portion of the medulla spinalis which lies between the posterolateral sulcus and the posterior median sulcus is named the posterior funiculus. This area includes the dorsal columns which contains the fasciculus gracilis and, higher in the body, the fasciculus cuneatus, which are separated by a...
- fasciculus gracilisFasciculus gracilisThe fasciculus gracilis is a bundle of axon fibres in the posterior column of the spinal cord and carries information from the middle thoracic and lower limbs of the body...
(tract of Goll)
- fasciculus gracilis
- FasciculiNerve fascicleA small bundle of nerve fibers, enclosed by the perineurium, is called a funiculus; if the nerve is of small size, it may consist only of a single funiculus; but if large, the funiculi are collected together into larger bundles or nerve fascicles, which are bound together in a common membranous...
in the Posterior funiculusPosterior funiculusThe portion of the medulla spinalis which lies between the posterolateral sulcus and the posterior median sulcus is named the posterior funiculus. This area includes the dorsal columns which contains the fasciculus gracilis and, higher in the body, the fasciculus cuneatus, which are separated by a...
- fasciculus cuneatusFasciculus cuneatusThe fasciculus cuneatus is a tract of nerves in the spinal cord which primarily transmits information from the arms...
(tract of Burdach)
- fasciculus cuneatus
- FasciculiNerve fascicleA small bundle of nerve fibers, enclosed by the perineurium, is called a funiculus; if the nerve is of small size, it may consist only of a single funiculus; but if large, the funiculi are collected together into larger bundles or nerve fascicles, which are bound together in a common membranous...
in the Posterior funiculusPosterior funiculusThe portion of the medulla spinalis which lies between the posterolateral sulcus and the posterior median sulcus is named the posterior funiculus. This area includes the dorsal columns which contains the fasciculus gracilis and, higher in the body, the fasciculus cuneatus, which are separated by a...
- Posterior proper fasciculusPosterior proper fasciculusThe posterior proper fasciculus arises from cells in the posterior column; their axons bifurcate into ascending and descending branches which occupy the ventral part of the funiculus close to the gray column.They are intersegmental and run for varying distances sending off collaterals and...
(Posterior ground bundle, Posterior basis bundle)
- Posterior proper fasciculus
- descending fibers occupy different parts at different levels
- Comma-shaped fasciculus
- Dorsal peripheral band
- Oval area of Flechsig
- triangular strand
- Roots of spinal nerves
- BrainHuman brainThe human brain has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but is over three times larger than the brain of a typical mammal with an equivalent body size. Estimates for the number of neurons in the human brain range from 80 to 120 billion...
(Encephalon)- BrainHuman brainThe human brain has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but is over three times larger than the brain of a typical mammal with an equivalent body size. Estimates for the number of neurons in the human brain range from 80 to 120 billion...
: divisions of: - Cerebral aqueductCerebral aqueductThe mesencephalic duct, also known as the aqueductus mesencephali, aqueduct of Sylvius or the cerebral aqueduct, contains cerebrospinal fluid , is within the mesencephalon and connects the third ventricle in the diencephalon to the fourth ventricle in the mesencephalon, which is between the pons...
(Aqueduct of Sylvius )
- Brain
- tentorium cerebelliTentorium cerebelliThe tentorium cerebelli or cerebellar tentorium is an extension of the dura mater that separates the cerebellum from the inferior portion of the occipital lobes.-Anatomy:...
- myelencephalonMyelencephalonThe myelencephalon is categorized as a secondary vesicle in the development of the central nervous system. The prefix "myelen" is derived from Greek for medulla...
- metencephalonMetencephalonThe metencephalon is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system. The metencephalon is composed of the pons and the cerebellum; contains a portion of the fourth ventricle; and the trigeminal nerve , abducens nerve , facial nerve , and a portion of the vestibulocochlear...
- isthmus rhombencephali
- Medulla oblongataMedulla oblongataThe medulla oblongata is the lower half of the brainstem. In discussions of neurology and similar contexts where no ambiguity will result, it is often referred to as simply the medulla...
(spinal bulb) - Anterior median fissureAnterior median fissure of the medulla oblongataThe anterior median fissure contains a fold of pia mater, and extends along the entire length of the medulla oblongata: It ends at the lower border of the pons in a small triangular expansion, termed the foramen cecum.Its lower part is interrupted by bundles of fibers that cross obliquely from one...
(fissura mediana anterior; ventral or ventromedian fissure)- foramen cecumForamen cecum (medulla oblongata)The anterior median fissure of the medulla oblongata contains a fold of pia mater, and extends along the entire length of the medulla oblongata: it ends at the lower border of the pons in a small triangular expansion, termed the foramen cecum ....
- pyramidal decussation
- anterior external arcuate fibersAnterior external arcuate fibersThe anterior external arcuate fibers vary as to their prominence in different cases: in some they form an almost continuous layer covering the pyramid and olivary body, while in others they are barely visible on the surface.They arise from the cells of the gracile and cuneate nuclei, and passing...
- foramen cecum
- Posterior median fissure (fissura mediana posterior; dorsal or dorsomedian fissure)
- antero-lateral sulcus
- postero-lateral sulcus
- pyramid of medulla oblongataPyramid of medulla oblongataThe anterior or ventral portion of the medulla oblongata is named the pyramid and lies between the anterior median fissure and the antero-lateral sulcus....
(pyramis medullæ oblongatæ) - pyramidal decussation
- fasciculus gracilisFasciculus gracilisThe fasciculus gracilis is a bundle of axon fibres in the posterior column of the spinal cord and carries information from the middle thoracic and lower limbs of the body...
- fasciculus cuneatusFasciculus cuneatusThe fasciculus cuneatus is a tract of nerves in the spinal cord which primarily transmits information from the arms...
- clava
- nucleus gracilis
- cuneate tubercle
- nucleus cuneatus
- medial nucleus
- lateral nucleusLateral nucleusLateral nucleus can refer to:* Lateral hypothalamus* Lateral vestibular nucleus...
- lemniscus (fillet)
- decussation of the lemniscus (sensory decussationSensory decussationThe sensory decussation or decussation of the lemniscus is a decussation or cross over of axons from the gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus. The fibres of this decussation are called the internal arcuate fibres and are found at the superior aspect of the closed medulla superior to the motor...
)
- locus cæruleus
- dorsal spinocerebellar fasciculus (fasciculus cerebellospinalis; direct cerebellar tract)
- proper fasciculi (basis bundles)
- hypoglossal nucleusHypoglossal nucleusThe hypoglossal nucleus is a cranial nerve nucleus, and it extends the length of the medulla, and being a motor nucleus, is close to the midline...
- trigonum hypoglossi
- nucleus ambiguusNucleus ambiguusThe nucleus ambiguus is a region of histologically disparate cells located just dorsal to the inferior olivary nucleus in the lateral portion of the upper medulla...
- dorsal nucleus
- ala cinerea (trigonum vagi)
- nucleus of the cochlear nerve and nucleus of the vestibular nerve
- olivary nuclei
- inferior olivary nucleusInferior olivary nucleusThe inferior olivary nucleus is the largest nucleus situated in the olivary body, part of the medulla oblongata.-Function:It is closely associated with the cerebellum, meaning that it is involved in control and coordination of movements, sensory processing and cognitive tasks likely by encoding the...
- hilumHilum (anatomy)In human anatomy, the hilum is a depression or fissure where structures such as blood vessels and nerves enter an organ.-Examples of hila:* Hilum of kidney, admits the renal artery, vein, ureter, and nerves...
- peduncle of the olive
- olivocerebellar fibers
- medial accessory olivary nucleus
- inferior olivary nucleus
- dorsal spinocerebellar fasciculus
- olivocerebellar fibers
- Internal arcuate fibersInternal arcuate fibersInternal arcuate fibers are the axons of second-order neurons contained within the gracile and cuneate nuclei of the medulla oblongata.These fibers cross from one side of the medulla to the other to form the medial lemniscus....
- anterior external arcuate fibersAnterior external arcuate fibersThe anterior external arcuate fibers vary as to their prominence in different cases: in some they form an almost continuous layer covering the pyramid and olivary body, while in others they are barely visible on the surface.They arise from the cells of the gracile and cuneate nuclei, and passing...
- nucleus arcuatusArcuate nucleus (medulla)In the medulla oblongata, the arcuate nucleus is a group of neurons located on the anterior surface of the medullary pyramids. They receive fibers from the corticospinal tract and send their axons through the anterior external arcuate fibers and striae medullares to the cerebellum via the inferior...
- nucleus arcuatus
- terminal sensory nuclei
- ventral spinocerebellar fasciculus
- cerebellumCerebellumThe cerebellum is a region of the brain that plays an important role in motor control. It may also be involved in some cognitive functions such as attention and language, and in regulating fear and pleasure responses, but its movement-related functions are the most solidly established...
- reticularis alba
- reticularis grisea
- inferior central nucleus (nucleus of Roller)
- nucleus lateralis
- lemniscus
- medial longitudinal fasciculusMedial longitudinal fasciculusThe medial longitudinal fasciculus is a pair of crossed fiber tracts , one on each side of the brainstem. These bundles of axons are situated near the midline of the brainstem and are composed of both ascending and descending fibers that arise from a number of sources and terminate in different...
- PonsPonsThe pons is a structure located on the brain stem, named after the Latin word for "bridge" or the 16th-century Italian anatomist and surgeon Costanzo Varolio . It is superior to the medulla oblongata, inferior to the midbrain, and ventral to the cerebellum. In humans and other bipeds this means it...
(pons Varoli) - tænia pontis
- anterior surface (pars basilaris pontis)
- middle peduncle
- sulcus basilaris
- posterior surface (pars dorsalis pontis)
- basilar part of the pons
- superficial transverse fibers (fibræ pontis superficiales)
- deep transverse fibers (fibræ pontis profundæ)
- longitudinal fasciculi (fasciculi longitudinales)
- basilar part of the pons
- nuclei pontis
- Tegmental part of pons
- Tegmental part of pons
- trapezoid bodyTrapezoid bodyThe trapezoid body is part of the acoustic pathway. It is a bundle of fibers and cells in the pontine tegmentum. It consists of fibers arising from the ventral cochlear nucleus. A collection of nerve cells inside forms a trapezoid nucleus. The superior olivary nucleus is situated on the dorsal...
- trapezoid nucleus
- medial longitudinal fasciculusMedial longitudinal fasciculusThe medial longitudinal fasciculus is a pair of crossed fiber tracts , one on each side of the brainstem. These bundles of axons are situated near the midline of the brainstem and are composed of both ascending and descending fibers that arise from a number of sources and terminate in different...
- pontine nucleiPontine nucleiThe pontine nuclei are a part of the pons involved in motor activity. Corticopontine fibres carry information from the primary motor cortex to the ipsilateral pontine nucleus in the ventral pons, and the pontocerebellar projection then carries that information to the contralateral cerebellum via...
- superior olivary nucleusSuperior olivary nucleusThe superior olivary complex is a collection of brainstem nuclei that functions in multiple aspects of hearing and is an important component of the ascending and descending auditory pathways...
(nucleus olivaris superior) - nuclei of the trigeminal nerve (nuclei n. trigemini)
- motor nucleus
- mesencephalic root
- sensory nucleus
- nucleus of the abducent nerve (nucleus n. abducentis)
- nucleus of the facial nerve (nucleus n. fascialis)
- colliculus facialis
- superior olivary nucleus
- trapezoid body
- Tegmental part of pons
- pontine nucleiPontine nucleiThe pontine nuclei are a part of the pons involved in motor activity. Corticopontine fibres carry information from the primary motor cortex to the ipsilateral pontine nucleus in the ventral pons, and the pontocerebellar projection then carries that information to the contralateral cerebellum via...
- nucleus of the cochlear nerve
- lateral cochlear nucleus
- accessory cochlear nucleus
- nuclei of the vestibular nerve
- chief vestibular nucleus
- spinal vestibular nucleus
- nucleus of Deiters
- nucleus of Bechterew
- nucleus of the cochlear nerve
- medial nucleus
- area acustica
- lateral nucleusLateral vestibular nucleusThe lateral vestibular nucleus is the continuation upward and lateralward of the principal nucleus, and in it terminate many of the ascending branches of the vestibular nerve.-Anatomy:...
- pontine nuclei
- CerebellumCerebellumThe cerebellum is a region of the brain that plays an important role in motor control. It may also be involved in some cognitive functions such as attention and language, and in regulating fear and pleasure responses, but its movement-related functions are the most solidly established...
- Lobes of the CerebellumCerebellumThe cerebellum is a region of the brain that plays an important role in motor control. It may also be involved in some cognitive functions such as attention and language, and in regulating fear and pleasure responses, but its movement-related functions are the most solidly established...
- vermis
- vallecula cerebelli
- superior vermis
- inferior vermis
- posterior cerebellar notch
- anterior cerebellar notch
- horizontal sulcus
- upper surface of the cerebellum
- lingula (lingula cerebelli)
- Lobulus Centralis and Alæ
- lobulus centralis
- precentral fissure
- ala lobuli centralis
- Monticulus and Quadrangular lobules
- monticulus
- postcentral fissure
- quadrangular lobule
- preclival fissure
- Monticulus and Quadrangular lobules
- culmenCulmen (cerebellum)The culmen is the portion of the anterior vermis adjacent to the primary fissure of cerebellum.The culmen and the anterior parts of the quadrangular lobules form the lobus culminis.-External links:* http://www.ib.amwaw.edu.pl/anatomy/atlas/image_11e.htm...
- clivusClivus (anatomy)The clivus is a part of the cranium, a shallow depression behind the dorsum sellæ that slopes obliquely backward. It forms a gradual sloping process at the anterior most portion of the basilar occipital bone at its junction with the sphenoid bone. On axial planes, it sits just posterior to the...
- lobus culminis
- lobus clivi
- culmen
- Folium vermis and Superior semilunar lobule
- folium vermis (folium cacuminis; cacuminal lobe)
- superior semilunar lobule (lobulus semilunaris superior; postero-superior lobules)
- horizontal sulcus
- lobus semilunaris
- under surface of the cerebellum
- inferior vermis
- sulcus valleculæ
- noduleNodule (medicine)For use of the term nodule in dermatology, see Nodule In medicine, a nodule refers to a relatively hard, roughly spherical abnormal structure....
- uvulaUvulaThe palatine uvula, usually referred to as simply the uvula , is the conic projection from the posterior edge of the middle of the soft palate, composed of connective tissue containing a number of racemose glands, and some muscular fibers .-Function in language:The uvula plays a role in the...
- pyramidPyramidA pyramid is a structure whose outer surfaces are triangular and converge at a single point. The base of a pyramid can be trilateral, quadrilateral, or any polygon shape, meaning that a pyramid has at least three triangular surfaces...
- tuber vermis
- flocculus
- tonsilla cerebelli
- biventral lobule
- inferior semilunar lobule
- postnodular fissure
- prepyramidal fissure
- postpyramidal fissure
- NoduleNodule (medicine)For use of the term nodule in dermatology, see Nodule In medicine, a nodule refers to a relatively hard, roughly spherical abnormal structure....
and Flocculus- noduleNodule (medicine)For use of the term nodule in dermatology, see Nodule In medicine, a nodule refers to a relatively hard, roughly spherical abnormal structure....
(nodulus vermis; nodular lobe)
- nodule
- NoduleNodule (medicine)For use of the term nodule in dermatology, see Nodule In medicine, a nodule refers to a relatively hard, roughly spherical abnormal structure....
and Flocculus- posterior medullary velum
- flocculus
- lobus noduli
- UvulaUvulaThe palatine uvula, usually referred to as simply the uvula , is the conic projection from the posterior edge of the middle of the soft palate, composed of connective tissue containing a number of racemose glands, and some muscular fibers .-Function in language:The uvula plays a role in the...
and Tonsilla- uvulaUvulaThe palatine uvula, usually referred to as simply the uvula , is the conic projection from the posterior edge of the middle of the soft palate, composed of connective tissue containing a number of racemose glands, and some muscular fibers .-Function in language:The uvula plays a role in the...
(uvula vermis; uvular lobe) - sulcus valleculæ
- furrowed band
- tonsilla (tonsilla cerebelli; amygdaline nucleus)
- bird's nest (nidus avis)
- lobus uvulæ
- uvula
- lobus pyramidis
- biventral lobule
- Tuber vermis (tuber valvulæ)
- Inferior semilunar lobule (lobulus semilunaris inferior; postero-superior lobule)
- lobus tuberus (tuberæ lobe)
- White substance
- dentate nucleusDentate nucleusThe dentate nucleus is located within the deep white matter of each cerebellar hemisphere, and it is the largest single structure linking the cerebellum to the rest of the brain. It is the largest and most lateral, or farthest from the midline, of the four pairs of deep cerebellar nuclei, the...
- arbor vitæ
- dentate nucleus
- projection fibersProjection fibersThe projection fibers consist of efferent and afferent fibers uniting the cortex with the lower parts of the brain and with the spinal cord.-Efferent:The principal efferent strands are:...
- projection fibersProjection fibersThe projection fibers consist of efferent and afferent fibers uniting the cortex with the lower parts of the brain and with the spinal cord.-Efferent:The principal efferent strands are:...
- superior cerebellar pedunclesSuperior cerebellar pedunclesThe superior cerebellar peduncles , two in number, emerge from the upper and medial part of the white substance of the hemispheres and are placed under cover of the upper part of the cerebellum....
(brachia conjunctiva)
- superior cerebellar peduncles
- projection fibersProjection fibersThe projection fibers consist of efferent and afferent fibers uniting the cortex with the lower parts of the brain and with the spinal cord.-Efferent:The principal efferent strands are:...
- ventral spinocerebellar fasciculus
- middle cerebellar pedunclesMiddle cerebellar pedunclesThe middle cerebellar peduncles are composed entirely of centripetal fibers, which arise from the cells of the nuclei pontis of the opposite side and end in the cerebellar cortex; the fibers are arranged in three fasciculi, superior, inferior, and deep.* The superior fasciculus, the most...
(brachia pontis) - superior fasciculus
- inferior fasciculus
- deep fasciculus
- inferior cerebellar peduncles (restiform bodies)
- anterior medullary velum (velum medullare anterius; valve of Vieussens; superior medullary velumSuperior medullary velumThe superior medullary velum is a thin, transparent lamina of white substance, which stretches between the superior cerebellar peduncles; on the dorsal surface of its lower half the folia and lingula are prolonged.It forms, together with the superior cerebellar peduncle, the roof of the upper part...
)
- projection fibersProjection fibersThe projection fibers consist of efferent and afferent fibers uniting the cortex with the lower parts of the brain and with the spinal cord.-Efferent:The principal efferent strands are:...
- posterior medullary velum (velum medullare posterius; inferior medullary velumInferior medullary velumThe inferior medullary velum is a thin layer of white substance, prolonged from the white center of the cerebellum, above and on either side of the nodule; it forms a part of the roof of the fourth ventricle....
)
- posterior medullary velum (velum medullare posterius; inferior medullary velum
- Fibrae propriae
- commissural fibersCommissural fibersThe commissural fibers or transverse fibers connect the two hemispheres of the brain. They include:* the transverse fibers of the corpus callosum* the anterior commissure* the posterior commissure* the lyra or hippocampal commissure....
- arcuate fibersArcuate fibersArcuate fibers can refer to:* Internal arcuate fibers* Anterior external arcuate fibers...
(association fibers)
- commissural fibers
- Gray substance
- gray substance of the cortex
- Microscopic Appearance of the CortexCerebral cortexThe cerebral cortex is a sheet of neural tissue that is outermost to the cerebrum of the mammalian brain. It plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. It is constituted of up to six horizontal layers, each of which has a different...
- cells of Purkinje
- external gray layer
- basket cells
- Microscopic Appearance of the CortexCerebral cortexThe cerebral cortex is a sheet of neural tissue that is outermost to the cerebrum of the mammalian brain. It plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. It is constituted of up to six horizontal layers, each of which has a different...
- internal rust-colored layer (nuclear layer)
- Microscopic Appearance of the CortexCerebral cortexThe cerebral cortex is a sheet of neural tissue that is outermost to the cerebrum of the mammalian brain. It plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. It is constituted of up to six horizontal layers, each of which has a different...
- moss fibers
- tendril fibers
- independent centers of gray substance
- nucleus dentatus
- nucleus emboliformis
- nucleus globosus
- nucleus fastigii
- Fourth ventricleFourth ventricleThe fourth ventricle is one of the four connected fluid-filled cavities within the human brain. These cavities, known collectively as the ventricular system, consist of the left and right lateral ventricles, the third ventricle, and the fourth ventricle...
(ventriculus quartus) - Roof or Dorsal Wall
- superior peduncle
- anterior medullary velum
- posterior medullary velum
- taeniae of the fourth ventricle (ligulae)
- obexObexThe obex is the point in the human brain at which the fourth ventricle narrows to become the central canal of the spinal cord.The obex occurs in the caudal medulla.The decussating of sensory fibers happens at this point....
- epithelial lining of the ventricle
- tela chorioidea of the fourth ventricleTela chorioidea of the fourth ventricleThe tela chorioidea of the fourth ventricle is the name applied to the triangular fold of pia mater which is carried upward between the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata....
- taeniae of the fourth ventricle (taenia ventriculi quarti; ligula)
- Roof or Dorsal Wall
- Cornucopia of Bochdalek
- obexObexThe obex is the point in the human brain at which the fourth ventricle narrows to become the central canal of the spinal cord.The obex occurs in the caudal medulla.The decussating of sensory fibers happens at this point....
- tela chorioidea of the fourth ventricleTela chorioidea of the fourth ventricleThe tela chorioidea of the fourth ventricle is the name applied to the triangular fold of pia mater which is carried upward between the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata....
- Choroid plexuses
- Openings in the Roof
- medial aperture (foramen Majendii)
- lateral apertures (foramina of Luschka)
- Rhomboid fossaRhomboid fossaThe anterior part of the fourth ventricle is named, from its shape, the rhomboid fossa, and its anterior wall, formed by the back of the pons and medulla oblongata, constitutes the floor of the fourth ventricle....
(fossa rhomboidea; "floor" of the fourth ventricle)
- Rhomboid fossaRhomboid fossaThe anterior part of the fourth ventricle is named, from its shape, the rhomboid fossa, and its anterior wall, formed by the back of the pons and medulla oblongata, constitutes the floor of the fourth ventricle....
(fossa rhomboidea; "floor" of the fourth ventricle)- calamus scriptorius
- median sulcusMedian sulcusMedian sulcus can refer to:* median sulcus of the tongue* posterior median sulcus...
- medial eminenceMedial eminenceIn the human brain, the rhomboid fossa is divided into symmetrical halves by a median sulcus which reaches from the upper to the lower angles of the fossa and is deeper below than above...
- sulcus limitansSulcus limitansIn the floor of the fourth ventricle, the sulcus limitans separates the cranial nerve motor nuclei from the sensory nuclei . In the superior part of the rhomboid fossa, it corresponds with the lateral limit of the fossa and presents a bluish-gray area, the locus ceruleus In the floor of the fourth...
- colliculus facialis
- trigonum hypoglossi
- nucleus intercalatus
- sulcus limitansSulcus limitansIn the floor of the fourth ventricle, the sulcus limitans separates the cranial nerve motor nuclei from the sensory nuclei . In the superior part of the rhomboid fossa, it corresponds with the lateral limit of the fossa and presents a bluish-gray area, the locus ceruleus In the floor of the fourth...
- Rhomboid fossaRhomboid fossaThe anterior part of the fourth ventricle is named, from its shape, the rhomboid fossa, and its anterior wall, formed by the back of the pons and medulla oblongata, constitutes the floor of the fourth ventricle....
(fossa rhomboidea; "floor" of the fourth ventricle)- locus cæruleus
- substantia ferrugineaSubstantia ferrugineaThe substantia ferruginea is an underlying patch of deeply pigmented nerve cells that give the locus ceruleus its bluish-gray color. It can be found in the region of the superior part of the rhomboid fossa.-External links:**...
- superior fovea
- inferior fovea
- area acustica
- tuberculum acusticum
- striae medullaresStriae medullaresWinding around the inferior peduncle and crossing the area acustica and the medial eminence are a number of white strands, the striae medullares, which form a portion of the cochlear division of the vestibulocochlear nerve and disappear into the median sulcus....
- ala cinerea
- funiculus separans
- area postremaArea postremaThe area postrema is a medullary structure in the brain that controls vomiting. Its privileged location in the brain also allows the area postrema to play a vital role in the control of autonomic functions by the central nervous system.-Anatomy:...
- cerebral peduncles (pedunculus cerebri; crus cerebri)
- interpeduncular fossaInterpeduncular fossaThe Interpeduncular fossa is a somewhat lozenge-shaped area of the base of the brain, limited in front by the optic chiasma, behind by the antero-superior surface of the pons, antero-laterally by the converging optic tracts, and postero-laterally by the diverging cerebral peduncles.The structures...
- posterior perforated substancePosterior perforated substanceThe depressed area between the crura is termed the interpeduncular fossa, and consists of a layer of gray matter, the posterior perforated substance, which is pierced by small apertures for the transmission of blood vessels; its lower part lies on the ventral aspect of the medial portions of the...
- interpeduncular ganglion
- interpeduncular fossa
- base (basis pedunculi; crusta or pes)
- cerebrospinal fibersCerebrospinal fibersThe cerebrospinal fibers, derived from the cells of the motor area of the cerebral cortex, occupy the middle three-fifths of the base; they are continued partly to the nuclei of the motor cranial nerves, but mainly into the pyramids of the medulla oblongata....
- frontopontine fibersFrontopontine fibersThe frontopontine fibers are situated in the medial fifth of the base of the cerebral peduncles; they arise from the cells of the frontal lobe and end in the nuclei of the pons....
- temporopontine fibersTemporopontine fibersIn the human nervous system the temporopontine fibers, a component of the corticopontine tract, are lateral to the cerebrospinal fibers; they originate in the temporal lobe and end in the nuclei pontis....
- cerebrospinal fibers
- substantia nigraSubstantia nigraThe substantia nigra is a brain structure located in the mesencephalon that plays an important role in reward, addiction, and movement. Substantia nigra is Latin for "black substance", as parts of the substantia nigra appear darker than neighboring areas due to high levels of melanin in...
(intercalatum) - tegmentumTegmentumThe tegmentum is a general area within the brainstem. It is located between the ventricular system and distinctive basal or ventral structures at each level...
- gray substance
- red nucleusRed nucleusThe red nucleus is a structure in the rostral midbrain involved in motor coordination. It comprises a caudal magnocellular and a rostral parvocellular part.-Function:...
- interpeduncular ganglion
- white substance
- medial longitudinal fasciculusMedial longitudinal fasciculusThe medial longitudinal fasciculus is a pair of crossed fiber tracts , one on each side of the brainstem. These bundles of axons are situated near the midline of the brainstem and are composed of both ascending and descending fibers that arise from a number of sources and terminate in different...
- Deiters's nucleus (lateral vestibular nucleusLateral vestibular nucleusThe lateral vestibular nucleus is the continuation upward and lateralward of the principal nucleus, and in it terminate many of the ascending branches of the vestibular nerve.-Anatomy:...
) - vestibulospinal fasciculus
- Deiters's nucleus (lateral vestibular nucleus
- ventral longitudinal bundle
- tectospinal fasciculus
- medial lemniscusMedial lemniscusThe medial lemniscus, also known as Reil's band or Reil's ribbon, is a pathway in the brainstem that carries sensory information from the gracile and cuneate nuclei to the thalamus.-Path:...
- thalamic tract of the cranial nerves
- central tract of the trigeminal nerve
- rubrospinal tractRubrospinal tractThe rubrospinal tract is a part of the nervous system. It is a part of the lateral indirect extra-pyramidal tract.-Function:In humans, the rubrospinal tract is one of several major motor control pathways. It is smaller and has fewer axons than the corticospinal tract, suggesting that it is less...
(bundle of Monakow) - lateral lemniscusLateral lemniscusThe lateral lemniscus is a tract of axons in the brainstem that carries information about sound from the cochlear nucleus to various brainstem nuclei and ultimately the contralateral inferior colliculus of the midbrain...
(lemniscus lateralis)
- corpora quadrigeminaCorpora quadrigeminaIn the brain, the corpora quadrigemina are the four colliculi—two inferior, two superior—located on the tectum of the dorsal aspect of the midbrain.They are respectively named the inferior and superior colliculus....
- pulvinarPulvinarThe pulvinar nuclei are a collection of nuclei located in the pulvinar thalamus. The pulvinar part is the most posterior region of the thalamus....
- pineal body
- frenulum veliFrenulum veliThe frenulum veli, or frenulum of superior medullary velum, also known as the frenulum veli medullaris superioris, cerebellar frenulum, or frenulum cerebelli is a slightly raised white band passing from the inferior end of the medial longitudinal fissure, through the groove between the...
- brachium
- superior brachium
- brachium
- lateral geniculate body
- inferior brachium
- medial geniculate body
- inferior colliculusInferior colliculusThe inferior colliculus is the principal midbrain nucleus of the auditory pathway and receives input from several more peripheral brainstem nuclei in the auditory pathway, as well as inputs from the auditory cortex...
(colliculus inferior; inferior quadrigeminal body; postgemina) - superior colliculusSuperior colliculusThe optic tectum or simply tectum is a paired structure that forms a major component of the vertebrate midbrain. In mammals this structure is more commonly called the superior colliculus , but, even in mammals, the adjective tectal is commonly used. The tectum is a layered structure, with a...
(colliculus superior; superior quadrigeminal body; pregemina)- stratum zonaleStratum zonaleThe thalamus consists chiefly of gray substance, but its upper surface is covered by a layer of white substance, named the stratum zonale....
- stratum cinereum
- stratum opticum
- stratum lemnisci
- gray-white layers
- fountain decussation of Meynert
- stratum zonale
- cerebral aqueductCerebral aqueductThe mesencephalic duct, also known as the aqueductus mesencephali, aqueduct of Sylvius or the cerebral aqueduct, contains cerebrospinal fluid , is within the mesencephalon and connects the third ventricle in the diencephalon to the fourth ventricle in the mesencephalon, which is between the pons...
(aqueductus cerebri; aqueduct of Sylvius) - ventricle of the mid-brain
- central gray stratum
- nucleus of the trigeminal nerve
- nucleus of the oculomotor nerve
- nucleus of the trochlear nerve
- Thalami (optic thalamus)
- extremities
- anterior extremity
- posterior extremity
- PulvinarPulvinarThe pulvinar nuclei are a collection of nuclei located in the pulvinar thalamus. The pulvinar part is the most posterior region of the thalamus....
- lateral geniculate body
- medial geniculate body
- Pulvinar
- superior surface
- stratum zonaleStratum zonaleThe thalamus consists chiefly of gray substance, but its upper surface is covered by a layer of white substance, named the stratum zonale....
- stria terminalis
- stratum zonale
- superior surface
- taenia thalamiTaenia thalamiIn the front, superior surface of the thalamus but separate from the inner, medial surface by a salient margin is the taenia thalami . The bottom epithelial lining of the third ventricle is in between the tela chorioidea and the taenia thalami....
- sulcus habenulae
- Trigonum habenulæ
- taenia thalami
- inferior surface
- subthalamic tegmental region
- substantia innominata of Meynert
- medial surface
- massa intermedia (middle commissure or gray commissureGray commissureThe gray commissure is a thin strip of gray matter that surrounds the central canal of the spinal cord and, along with the anterior white commissure, connects the two halves of the cord. It comprises lamina X in the Rexed classification....
of brainHuman brainThe human brain has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but is over three times larger than the brain of a typical mammal with an equivalent body size. Estimates for the number of neurons in the human brain range from 80 to 120 billion...
)
- massa intermedia (middle commissure or gray commissure
- lateral surfaceLateral surfaceIn geometry, the lateral surface of a solid is the face or surface of the solid on its sides. That is, any face or surface that is not a base.-Sources:*...
- structureStructureStructure is a fundamental, tangible or intangible notion referring to the recognition, observation, nature, and permanence of patterns and relationships of entities. This notion may itself be an object, such as a built structure, or an attribute, such as the structure of society...
of thalamusThalamusThe thalamus is a midline paired symmetrical structure within the brains of vertebrates, including humans. It is situated between the cerebral cortex and midbrain, both in terms of location and neurological connections...
- stratum zonaleStratum zonaleThe thalamus consists chiefly of gray substance, but its upper surface is covered by a layer of white substance, named the stratum zonale....
- lateral medullary lamina
- medial medullary lamina
- stratum zonale
- connections of thalamusThalamusThe thalamus is a midline paired symmetrical structure within the brains of vertebrates, including humans. It is situated between the cerebral cortex and midbrain, both in terms of location and neurological connections...
- thalamomammillary fasciculus (bundle of Vicq d’Azyr)
- Thalami: stalks of
- anterior stalk
- posterior stalk
- inferior stalk
- parietal stalk
- MetathalamusMetathalamusThe metathalamus is a composite structure of the thalamus, consisting of the medial geniculate nucleus and the lateral geniculate nucleus.-External links:*...
- geniculate bodies
- medial geniculate body (corpus geniculatum mediale; internal geniculate body; postgeniculatum)
- lateral geniculate body (corpus geniculatum laterale; external geniculate body; pregeniculatum)
- EpithalamusEpithalamusThe epithalamus is a dorsal posterior segment of the diencephalon which includes the habenula, the stria medullaris and the pineal body...
(see also HabenulaHabenulaIn neuroanatomy, habenula originally denoted the stalk of the pineal gland , but gradually came to refer to a neighboring group of nerve cells with which the pineal gland was believed to be associated, the habenular nucleus...
and Habenular nucleiHabenular nucleiThe habenular nuclei comprise a small group of nuclei that are part of the epithalamus of the diencephalon, situated at the posterior end of the thalamus, on its upper surface.The habenular nuclei are typically divided into:* lateral habenular nucleus...
)- trigonum habenulæ
- ganglion habenulæ
- habenular commissureHabenular commissureThe habenular commissure, is a brain commissure situated in front of the pineal gland that connects the habenular nuclei on both sides of the diencephalon....
- fasciculus retroflexus
- pineal body (corpus pineale; epiphysisEpiphysisThe epiphysis is the rounded end of a long bone, at its joint with adjacent bone. Between the epiphysis and diaphysis lies the metaphysis, including the epiphyseal plate...
)- stalk of the pineal body
- posterior commissurePosterior commissureThe posterior commissure is a rounded band of white fibers crossing the middle line on the dorsal aspect of the upper end of the cerebral aqueduct. It is important in the bilateral pupillary light reflex....
- nucleus of the posterior commissure (nucleus of Darkschewitsch)
- trigonum habenulæ
- HypothalamusHypothalamusThe Hypothalamus is a portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions...
- subthalamic tegmental region
- stratum dorsale
- zona incertaZona incertaThe zona incerta is a horizontally elongated region of gray matter cells in the subthalamus below the thalamus. Its connections project extensively over the brain from the cerebral cortex down into the spinal cord....
- corpus subthalamicum (nucleus of Luys)
- greater part of the floor of the third ventricleThird ventricleThe third ventricle is one of four connected fluid-filled cavities comprising the ventricular system within the human brain. It is a median cleft between the two thalami, and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid ....
- corpora mammillaria (corpus albicantia)
- thalamomammillary fasciculus (bundle of Vicq d'Azyr)
- tuber cinereumTuber cinereumThe tuber cinereum is a hollow eminence of gray matter situated between the mammillary bodies and the optic chiasm. The tuber cinereum is part of the hypothalamus.-Structure:...
- lamina terminalisLamina terminalisThe median portion of the wall of the fore-brain vesicle consists of a thin lamina, the lamina terminalis, which stretches from the interventricular foramen to the recess at the base of the optic stalk and contains the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, which regulates the osmolarity of...
- infundibulumPituitary stalkThe pituitary stalk is the connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary....
- lamina terminalis
- basal optic nucleus of Meynert
- eminentia saccularis
- corpora mammillaria (corpus albicantia)
- greater part of the floor of the third ventricleThird ventricleThe third ventricle is one of four connected fluid-filled cavities comprising the ventricular system within the human brain. It is a median cleft between the two thalami, and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid ....
- hypophysisPituitary glandIn vertebrate anatomy the pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing 0.5 g , in humans. It is a protrusion off the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brain, and rests in a small, bony cavity covered by a dural fold...
(pituitary body)- diaphragma sella
- hypophysis
- Optic chiasma (chiasma opticum; optic commissure)
- commissure of Gudden
- Optic tracts
- lower visual centers
- optic radiations
- higher visual center (cortical visual center)
- Third ventricleThird ventricleThe third ventricle is one of four connected fluid-filled cavities comprising the ventricular system within the human brain. It is a median cleft between the two thalami, and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid ....
(ventriculus tertius)- roof
- choroid plexuses of the third ventricle
- floor
- roof
- Third ventricleThird ventricleThe third ventricle is one of four connected fluid-filled cavities comprising the ventricular system within the human brain. It is a median cleft between the two thalami, and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid ....
(ventriculus tertius)- floor
- recessus infundibuli
- anterior boundary
- lamina terminalisLamina terminalisThe median portion of the wall of the fore-brain vesicle consists of a thin lamina, the lamina terminalis, which stretches from the interventricular foramen to the recess at the base of the optic stalk and contains the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, which regulates the osmolarity of...
- optic recessOptic recessAt the junction of the floor and anterior wall of the third ventricle, immediately above the optic chiasma, the ventricle presents a small angular recess or diverticulum, the optic recess ....
- vulvaVulvaThe vulva consists of the external genital organs of the female mammal. This article deals with the vulva of the human being, although the structures are similar for other mammals....
- interventricular foramen (foramen of Monro)
- lamina terminalis
- posterior boundary
- recessus pinealis
- recessus suprapinealis
- lateral wall
- sulcus of Monro
- massa intermedia
- floor
- Interpeduncular fossaInterpeduncular fossaThe Interpeduncular fossa is a somewhat lozenge-shaped area of the base of the brain, limited in front by the optic chiasma, behind by the antero-superior surface of the pons, antero-laterally by the converging optic tracts, and postero-laterally by the diverging cerebral peduncles.The structures...
- longitudinal cerebral fissure (Fissura longitudinalis)
- falx cerebriFalx cerebriThe falx cerebri, also known as the cerebral falx, so named from its sickle-like form, is a strong, arched fold of dura mater which descends vertically in the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres....
- corpus callosumCorpus callosumThe corpus callosum , also known as the colossal commissure, is a wide, flat bundle of neural fibers beneath the cortex in the eutherian brain at the longitudinal fissure. It connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres and facilitates interhemispheric communication...
- spleniumSpleniumThe posterior end of the corpus callosum is the thickest part, and is termed the splenium .It overlaps the tela chorioidea of the third ventricle and the mid-brain, and ends in a thick, convex, free border....
- genuGenuLatin for "knee", genu is a term commonly encountered in studies of anatomy. It is used to refer to several anatomical structures, including :* conditions affecting the knees, such as genu valgum and genu varum...
- rostrumRostrum of corpus callosumThe anterior end of the corpus callosum is named the genu, and is bent downward and backward in front of the septum pellucidum; diminishing rapidly in thickness, it is prolonged backward under the name of the rostrum, and is connected below with the lamina terminalis, which stretches from the...
- fornix
- Cerebral hemispheres: surfaces of:
- supero-medial border
- infero-lateral border
- superciliary border
- medial occipital border
- medial orbital border
- Poles of cerebral hemispheresPoles of cerebral hemispheresThe anterior end of the hemisphere is named the frontal pole. The posterior end is named the occipital pole. The anterior end of the temporal lobe, the temporal pole....
- frontal pole
- occipital pole
- temporal pole
- preoccipital notchPreoccipital notchAbout 5 cm. in front of the occipital pole on the infero-lateral border is an indentation or notch, named the preoccipital notch....
- gyri
- SulciSulcus (neuroanatomy)In neuroanatomy, a sulcus is a depression or fissure in the surface of the brain.It surrounds the gyri, creating the characteristic appearance of the brain in humans and other large mammals....
and fissureFissureIn anatomy, a fissure is a groove, natural division, deep furrow, elongated cleft, or tear in various parts of the body.-Brain:...
s of cerebral hemisphereCerebral hemisphereA cerebral hemisphere is one of the two regions of the eutherian brain that are delineated by the median plane, . The brain can thus be described as being divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres. Each of these hemispheres has an outer layer of grey matter called the cerebral cortex that is... - Lateral cerebral fissure (fissura cerebri lateralis; fissure of Sylvius)
- Central sulcusCentral sulcus-External links:* via the Neuroscience Information Framework...
(sulcus centralis; fissure of Rolando; central fissure)
- Parietoöccipital fissureParietoöccipital fissureOnly a small part of the Parietooccipital Fissure is seen on the lateral surface of the hemisphere, its chief part being on the medial surface....
(fissura parietoöccipitalis) - Calcarine fissureCalcarine fissureThe calcarine fissure is an anatomical landmark located at the caudal end of the medial surface of the brain. Its name comes from the Latin "calcar" meaning "spur."-Anatomy:...
(fissura calcarina) - Cingulate sulcusCingulate sulcusThe cingulate sulcus is a sulcus on the medial wall of the cerebral cortex. The frontal and parietal lobes are separated by the cingulate sulcus from the cingulate gyrus.-External links:* via the Neuroscience Information Framework...
(sulcus cinguli; callosomarginal fissure) - Collateral fissureCollateral fissureThe collateral fissure is on the tentorial surface of the hemisphere and extends from near the occipital pole to within a short distance of the temporal pole....
(fissura collateralis)
- Sulcus circularis (circuminsular fissure)
- LobesLobe (anatomy)In anatomy, a lobe is a clear anatomical division or extension that can be determined without the use of a microscope This is in contrast to a lobule, which is a clear division only visible histologically....
: of cerebral hemisphereCerebral hemisphereA cerebral hemisphere is one of the two regions of the eutherian brain that are delineated by the median plane, . The brain can thus be described as being divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres. Each of these hemispheres has an outer layer of grey matter called the cerebral cortex that is...
- Frontal lobeFrontal lobeThe frontal lobe is an area in the brain of humans and other mammals, located at the front of each cerebral hemisphere and positioned anterior to the parietal lobe and superior and anterior to the temporal lobes...
(lobus frontalis) - precentral sulcusPrecentral sulcusThe precentral sulcus lies parallel to, and in front of, the central sulcus....
- superior frontal sulcusSuperior frontal sulcusThe superior frontal sulcus is a sulcus between the superior frontal gyrus and the middle frontal gyrus....
and inferior frontal sulcusInferior frontal sulcusThe inferior frontal sulcus is a sulcus between the middle frontal gyrus and the inferior frontal gyrus.... - anterior central gyrus (gyrus centralis anterior; ascending frontal convolution; precentral gyre)
- superior frontal gyrusSuperior frontal gyrusThe superior frontal gyrus makes up about one-third of the frontal lobe of the human brain. It is bounded laterally by the superior frontal sulcus....
(gyrus frontalis superior; superfrontal gyre)
- superior frontal gyrusSuperior frontal gyrusThe superior frontal gyrus makes up about one-third of the frontal lobe of the human brain. It is bounded laterally by the superior frontal sulcus....
- paramedial sulcus
- middle frontal gyrusMiddle frontal gyrusThe middle frontal gyrus makes up about one-third of the frontal lobe of the human brain....
(gyrus frontalis medius; medifrontal gyre)- medial frontal sulcus
- inferior frontal gyrusInferior frontal gyrusThe inferior frontal gyrus is a gyrus of the frontal lobe . It is labelled gyrus frontalis inferior, its Latin name...
(gyrus frontalis inferior; subfrontal gyre)- orbital part
- triangular part (cap of Broca)
- basilar part
- gyrus of Broca
- inferior surface or orbital surfaceOrbitofrontal cortexThe orbitofrontal cortex is a prefrontal cortex region in the frontal lobes in the brain which is involved in the cognitive processing of decision-making...
- orbital sulcus
- medial gyrus
- anterior gyrus
- lateral gyrus
- posterior orbital gyrus
- olfactory sulcusOlfactory sulcusThe medial orbital gyrus presents a well-marked antero-posterior sulcus, the olfactory sulcus, for the olfactory tract.-Additional images:...
- straight gyrus
- orbital sulcus
- medial surface
- marginal gyrus
- paracentral lobuleParacentral lobuleThe more medial part of the superior frontal gyrus is distinguished as the paracentral lobule . It is continuous with the precentral and postcentral gyri of the lateral surface....
- Parietal lobeParietal lobeThe parietal lobe is a part of the Brain positioned above the occipital lobe and behind the frontal lobe.The parietal lobe integrates sensory information from different modalities, particularly determining spatial sense and navigation. For example, it comprises somatosensory cortex and the...
(lobus parietalis) - intraparietal sulcus of Turner
- postcentral sulcusPostcentral sulcusThe postcentral sulcus of the parietal lobe lies parallel to, and behind, the central sulcus in the human brain....
- occipital ramus
- transverse occipital sulcusTransverse occipital sulcusThe transverse occipital sulcus is a structure in the occipital lobe.The transverse occipital sulcus is continuous with the posterior end of the occipital ramus of the intraparietal sulcus, and runs across the upper part of the lobe, a short distance behind the parietoöccipital fissure....
- superior parietal lobuleSuperior parietal lobuleThe superior parietal lobule is bounded in front by the upper part of the postcentral sulcus, but is usually connected with the postcentral gyrus above the end of the sulcus....
- inferior parietal lobule
- posterior central gyrus (gyrus centralis posterior; ascending parietal convolution; postcentral gyre)
- superior parietal lobuleSuperior parietal lobuleThe superior parietal lobule is bounded in front by the upper part of the postcentral sulcus, but is usually connected with the postcentral gyrus above the end of the sulcus....
(lobulus parietalis superior) - arcus parietoöccipitalis
- inferior parietal lobule (lobulus parietalis inferior; subparietal district or lobule)
- subparietal sulcus
- precuneusPrecuneusThe precuneus is a part of the superior parietal lobule hidden in the medial longitudinal fissure between the two cerebral hemispheres. It is sometimes described as the medial area of the superior parietal cortex. It is involved with episodic memory, visuospatial processing, reflections upon self,...
(quadrate lobe)
- Occipital lobeOccipital lobeThe occipital lobe is the visual processing center of the mammalian brain containing most of the anatomical region of the visual cortex. The primary visual cortex is Brodmann area 17, commonly called V1...
(lobus occipitalis) - transverse occipital sulcusTransverse occipital sulcusThe transverse occipital sulcus is a structure in the occipital lobe.The transverse occipital sulcus is continuous with the posterior end of the occipital ramus of the intraparietal sulcus, and runs across the upper part of the lobe, a short distance behind the parietoöccipital fissure....
- lateral occipital sulcusLateral occipital sulcusIn the occipital lobe, the lateral occipital sulcus extends from behind forward, and divides the lateral surface of the occipital lobe into a superior and an inferior gyrus, which are continuous in front with the parietal and temporal lobes....
- lingual gyrusLingual gyrusThe lingual gyrus of the occipital lobe lies between the calcarine sulcus and the posterior part of the collateral sulcus; behind, it reaches the occipital pole; in front, it is continued on to the tentorial surface of the temporal lobe, and joins the parahippocampal gyrus...
- fusiform gyrusFusiform gyrusThe fusiform gyrus is part of the temporal lobe in Brodmann Area 37. It is also known as the occipitotemporal gyrus. Other sources have the fusiform gyrus above the occipitotemporal gyrus and underneath the parahippocampal gyrus....
(occipitotemporal convolution)
- transverse temporal gyri
- superior temporal sulcusSuperior temporal sulcusThe superior temporal sulcus is the sulcus separating the superior temporal gyrus from the middle temporal gyrus in the temporal lobe of the brain. The superior temporal sulcus is the first sulcus inferior to the lateral fissure....
- parallel sulcus
- middle temporal sulcus
- superior temporal gyrusSuperior temporal gyrusThe superior temporal gyrus is one of three gyri in the temporal lobe of the human brain, which is located laterally to the head, situated somewhat above the external ear.The superior temporal gyrus is bounded by:* the lateral sulcus above;...
- middle temporal gyrusMiddle temporal gyrusMiddle temporal gyrus is a gyrus in the brain on the Temporal lobe. It is located between the superior temporal gyrus and inferior temporal gyrus. Its exact function is unknown, but it has been connected with processes as different as contemplating distance, recognition of known faces, and...
- inferior temporal gyrusInferior temporal gyrusThe inferior temporal gyrus is placed below the middle temporal sulcus, and is connected behind with the inferior occipital gyrus; it also extends around the infero-lateral border on to the inferior surface of the temporal lobe, where it is limited by the inferior sulcus...
- inferior temporal sulcusInferior temporal sulcusThe inferior surface of the temporal lobe is concave, and is continuous posteriorly with the tentorial surface of the occipital lobe. It is traversed by the inferior temporal sulcus, which extends from near the occipital pole behind, to within a short distance of the temporal pole in front, but is...
- fusiform gyrusFusiform gyrusThe fusiform gyrus is part of the temporal lobe in Brodmann Area 37. It is also known as the occipitotemporal gyrus. Other sources have the fusiform gyrus above the occipitotemporal gyrus and underneath the parahippocampal gyrus....
- InsulaInsular cortexIn each hemisphere of the mammalian brain the insular cortex is a portion of the cerebral cortex folded deep within the lateral sulcus between the temporal lobe and the frontal lobe. The cortical area overlying it towards the lateral surface of the brain is the operculum...
(island of Reil; central lobe) - opercula of the insula
- orbital operculum
- circular sulcus
- Limbic lobeLimbic lobeThe limbic lobe is an arc-shaped region of cortex on the medial surface of each cerebral hemisphere of the mammalian brain, consisting of parts of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes...
- cingulate gyrus (gyrus cinguli; callosal convolution)
- callosal fissure
- Isthmus of cingulate gyrusIsthmus of cingulate gyrusThe cingulate gyrus commences below the rostrum of the corpus callosum, curves around in front of the genu, extends along the upper surface of the body, and finally turns downward behind the splenium, where it is connected by a narrow isthmus with the hippocampal gyrus.-External links:*...
- hippocampal gyrus (gyrus hippocampi)
- cingulumWhite matterWhite matter is one of the two components of the central nervous system and consists mostly of myelinated axons. White matter tissue of the freshly cut brain appears pinkish white to the naked eye because myelin is composed largely of lipid tissue veined with capillaries. Its white color is due to...
- uncusUncusThe anterior extremity of the Parahippocampal gyrus is recurved in the form of a hook, the uncus, which is separated from the apex of the temporal lobe by a slight fissure, the incisura temporalis....
- incisura temporalis
- Hippocampal fissure (fissura hippocampi; dentate fissure)
- RhinencephalonRhinencephalonIn animal anatomy, the rhinencephalon is a part of the brain involved with olfaction.-Components:The term rhinencephalon has been used to describe different structures at different points in time....
- Olfactory lobe (lobus olfactorius)
- olfactory bulbOlfactory bulbThe olfactory bulb is a structure of the vertebrate forebrain involved in olfaction, the perception of odors.-Anatomy:In most vertebrates, the olfactory bulb is the most rostral part of the brain. In humans, however, the olfactory bulb is on the inferior side of the brain...
(bulbus olfactorius) - olfactory tractOlfactory tractThe olfactory tract is a bundle of axons connecting the mitral and tufted cells of the olfactory bulb to several target regions in the brain, including piriform cortex, amygdala, and entorhinal cortex...
(tractus olfactorius)- lateral stria
- olfactory bulb
- Olfactory lobe (lobus olfactorius)
- olfactory tractOlfactory tractThe olfactory tract is a bundle of axons connecting the mitral and tufted cells of the olfactory bulb to several target regions in the brain, including piriform cortex, amygdala, and entorhinal cortex...
(tractus olfactorius)- medial stria
- intermediate stria
- olfactory trigoneOlfactory trigoneThe olfactory trigone is a small triangular area in front of the anterior perforated substance.Its apex, directed forward, occupies the posterior part of the olfactory sulcus, and is brought into view by throwing back the olfactory tract....
(trigonum olfactorium) - parolfactory area of Broca (area parolfactoria)
- anterior perforated substanceAnterior perforated substanceThe anterior perforated substance is an irregularly quadrilateral area in front of the optic tract and behind the olfactory trigone, from which it is separated by the fissure prima; medially and in front, it is continuous with the subcallosal gyrus; it is bounded laterally by the lateral stria of...
(substantia perforata anterior) - fissure prima
- olfactory tract
- UncusUncusThe anterior extremity of the Parahippocampal gyrus is recurved in the form of a hook, the uncus, which is separated from the apex of the temporal lobe by a slight fissure, the incisura temporalis....
- subcallosal gyrus (gyrus subcallosus; peduncle of the corpus callosum)
- supracallosal gyrusSupracallosal gyrusThe supracallosal gyrus consists of a thin layer of grey matter in contact with the dorsal surface of the corpus callosum and continuous laterally with the grey matter of the cingulate gyrus....
(indusium griseum; gyrus epicallosus)- fasciola cinerea
- fascia dentata hippocampi (gyrus dentatus)
- fimbriodentate fissure
- band of Giacomini
- centrum ovale minus
- puncta vasculosa
- corpus callosumCorpus callosumThe corpus callosum , also known as the colossal commissure, is a wide, flat bundle of neural fibers beneath the cortex in the eutherian brain at the longitudinal fissure. It connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres and facilitates interhemispheric communication...
- labia cerebri
- callosal fissure
- centrum ovale majus
- corpus callosumCorpus callosumThe corpus callosum , also known as the colossal commissure, is a wide, flat bundle of neural fibers beneath the cortex in the eutherian brain at the longitudinal fissure. It connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres and facilitates interhemispheric communication...
- Genu of corpus callosum
- Rostrum of corpus callosumRostrum of corpus callosumThe anterior end of the corpus callosum is named the genu, and is bent downward and backward in front of the septum pellucidum; diminishing rapidly in thickness, it is prolonged backward under the name of the rostrum, and is connected below with the lamina terminalis, which stretches from the...
- SpleniumSpleniumThe posterior end of the corpus callosum is the thickest part, and is termed the splenium .It overlaps the tela chorioidea of the third ventricle and the mid-brain, and ends in a thick, convex, free border....
of corpus callosumCorpus callosumThe corpus callosum , also known as the colossal commissure, is a wide, flat bundle of neural fibers beneath the cortex in the eutherian brain at the longitudinal fissure. It connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres and facilitates interhemispheric communication...
- corpus callosumCorpus callosumThe corpus callosum , also known as the colossal commissure, is a wide, flat bundle of neural fibers beneath the cortex in the eutherian brain at the longitudinal fissure. It connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres and facilitates interhemispheric communication...
- supracallosal gyrusSupracallosal gyrusThe supracallosal gyrus consists of a thin layer of grey matter in contact with the dorsal surface of the corpus callosum and continuous laterally with the grey matter of the cingulate gyrus....
- forceps anterior
- forceps posterior
- tapetumTapetum of corpus callosumOn either side of the corpus callosum, the fibers radiate in the white substance and pass to the various parts of the cerebral cortex; those curving forward from the genu into the frontal lobe constitute the forceps anterior, and those curving backward into the occipital lobe, the forceps posterior...
- supracallosal gyrus
- Ventricles
- Lateral ventriclesLateral ventriclesThe lateral ventricles are part of the ventricular system of the brain. Classified as part of the telencephalon, they are the largest of the ventricles....
(ventriculus lateralis) - septum pellucidumSeptum pellucidumThe septum pellucidum , and not to be confused with the medial septum, is a thin, triangular, vertical membrane separating the anterior horns of the left and right lateral ventricles of the brain...
- interventricular foramen
- ependymaEpendymaEpendyma is the thin epithelial membrane lining the ventricular system of the brain and the spinal cord. Ependyma is one of the four types of neuroglia in the central nervous system. It is involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid ....
- cornua
- central part (pars centralis ventriculi lateralis; cellaCellaA cella or naos , is the inner chamber of a temple in classical architecture, or a shop facing the street in domestic Roman architecture...
)
- Lateral ventricles
- Ventricles
- anterior cornuAnterior horn of lateral ventricleThe anterior horn of the lateral ventricle is a portion of the lateral ventricle that passes forward and laterally, with a slight inclination downward, from the interventricular foramen into the frontal lobe, curving around the anterior end of the caudate nucleus...
(cornu anterius; anterior horn; precornu)
- anterior cornu
- Ventricles
- rostrumRostrum of corpus callosumThe anterior end of the corpus callosum is named the genu, and is bent downward and backward in front of the septum pellucidum; diminishing rapidly in thickness, it is prolonged backward under the name of the rostrum, and is connected below with the lamina terminalis, which stretches from the...
- posterior cornu (cornu posterius; postcornu)
- calcar avis (hippocampus minor)
- bulb of the posterior cornu
- inferior cornu (cornu inferior; descending horn; middle horn; medicornu)
- rostrum
- hippocampusHippocampusThe hippocampus is a major component of the brains of humans and other vertebrates. It belongs to the limbic system and plays important roles in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory and spatial navigation. Humans and other mammals have two hippocampi, one in...
(hippocampus major)- pes hippocampiPes hippocampiThe lower end of the hippocampus is enlarged, and presents two or three rounded elevations or digitations which give it a paw-like appearance, and hence it is named the pes hippocampi.-External links:...
- alveus
- pes hippocampi
- collateral eminenceCollateral eminenceThe collateral eminence is an elongated swelling lying lateral to and parallel with the hippocampus.It corresponds with the medial part of the collateral fissure, and its size depends on the depth and direction of this fissure....
(eminentia collateralis)- trigonum collaterale
- corpus striatum
- caudate nucleusCaudate nucleusThe caudate nucleus is a nucleus located within the basal ganglia of the brains of many animal species. The caudate nucleus is an important part of the brain's learning and memory system.-Anatomy:...
(nucleus caudatus; caudatum)
- lentiform nucleusLentiform nucleusThe lentiform nucleus or lenticular nucleus comprises the putamen and the globus pallidus within the basal ganglia. It is a large, cone-shaped mass of gray matter just lateral to the internal capsule.-Etymology:...
(nucleus lentiformis; lenticular nucleus; lenticula) - medullary laminæ
- PutamenPutamenThe putamen is a round structure located at the base of the forebrain . The putamen and caudate nucleus together form the dorsal striatum. It is also one of the structures that comprises the basal ganglia. Through various pathways, the putamen is connected to the substantia nigra and globus pallidus...
- Putamen
- globus pallidusGlobus pallidusThe globus pallidus also known as paleostriatum, is a sub-cortical structure of the brain. Topographically, it is part of the telencephalon, but retains close functional ties with the subthalamus - both of which are part of the extrapyramidal motor system...
- corticostriate fibers
- ansa lentiformis
- claustrumClaustrumThe claustrum, which is suspected to be present in all mammals, is a fairly thin vertical curved sheet of subcortical gray matter...
- capsula extrema (band of Baillarger)
- nucleus amygdalæ (amygdalaAmygdalaThe ' are almond-shaped groups of nuclei located deep within the medial temporal lobes of the brain in complex vertebrates, including humans. Shown in research to perform a primary role in the processing and memory of emotional reactions, the amygdalae are considered part of the limbic system.-...
)
- internal capsuleInternal capsuleThe internal capsule is an area of white matter in the brain that separates the caudate nucleus and the thalamus from the lenticular nucleus. The internal capsule contains both ascending and descending axons....
(capsula interna)- genu
- geniculate fibersGeniculate fibersThe geniculate fibers are the fibers in the region of the genu of the internal capsule; they originate in the motor part of the cerebral cortex, and, after passing downward through the base of the cerebral peduncle with the cerebrospinal fibers, undergo decussation and end in the motor nuclei of...
- cerebrospinal fibersCerebrospinal fibersThe cerebrospinal fibers, derived from the cells of the motor area of the cerebral cortex, occupy the middle three-fifths of the base; they are continued partly to the nuclei of the motor cranial nerves, but mainly into the pyramids of the medulla oblongata....
- internal capsuleInternal capsuleThe internal capsule is an area of white matter in the brain that separates the caudate nucleus and the thalamus from the lenticular nucleus. The internal capsule contains both ascending and descending axons....
(capsula interna)- corona radiataCorona radiataIn neuroanatomy, the corona radiata is a white matter sheet that continues caudally as the internal capsule and rostrally as the centrum semiovale. This sheet of axons contains both descending and ascending axons that carry nearly all of the neural traffic from and to the cerebral cortex...
- corona radiata
- external capsuleExternal capsuleThe external capsule is a series of white matter fiber tracts in the brain. These fibers run between the most lateral segment of the lentiform nucleus and the claustrum....
(capsula externa) - substantia innominata of Meynert
- ansa lentiformis
- stria terminalis (tænia semicircularis)
- terminal vein (vein of the corpus striatum)
- lamina affixaLamina affixaOn the surface of the terminal vein is a narrow white band, named the lamina affixa.GDF-15/MIC-1 has been observed in lamina affixa cells.-External links:* http://www.univie.ac.at/anatomie2/plastinatedbrain/surfaceanatomy/surface-2-text.html...
- Fornix
- Columns of fornixColumns of fornixThe columns of the fornix arch downward in front of the interventricular foramen and behind the anterior commissure, and each descends through the gray substance in the lateral wall of the third ventricle to the base of the brain, where it ends in the corpus mammillare.-External links:*...
- crura
- body (corpus fornicis)
- psalteriumCommissure of fornixThe lateral portions of the body of the fornix are joined by a thin triangular lamina, named the psalterium . This lamina contains some transverse fibers that connect the two hippocampi across the middle line and constitute the commissure of fornix .The terminal lamina creates the commisure plate...
(lyra) - hippocampal commissure
- ventricle of the fornix (ventricle of Verga)
- columns (columna fornicis; anterior pillars; fornicolumns)
- Columns of fornix
- olfactory fasciculus
- crura (crus fornicis; posterior pillars)
- alveus
- fimbria hippocampi
- fascia dentata hippocampi (dentate gyrusDentate gyrusThe dentate gyrus is part of the hippocampal formation. It is thought to contribute to new memories as well as other functional roles. It is notable as being one of a select few brain structures currently known to have high rates of neurogenesis in adult rats, .The dentate gyrus cells receive...
) - fimbriodentate fissure
- Interventricular foramen (foramen of Monro)
- Anterior commissureAnterior commissureThe anterior commissure is a bundle of nerve fibers , connecting the two cerebral hemispheres across the midline, and placed in front of the columns of the fornix...
(precommissure)- Septum pellucidumSeptum pellucidumThe septum pellucidum , and not to be confused with the medial septum, is a thin, triangular, vertical membrane separating the anterior horns of the left and right lateral ventricles of the brain...
(septum lucidum)
- Septum pellucidum
- cavity of the septum pellucidum (cavum septi pellucidi; pseudocele; fifth ventricle)
- Choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle (plexus chorioideus ventriculus lateralis; paraplexus)
- tela chorioidea of the third ventricleTela chorioidea of the third ventricleThe part of the choroid plexus in relation to the body of the ventricle forms the vascular fringed margin of a triangular process of pia mater, named the tela chorioidea of the third ventricle, and projects from under cover of the lateral edge of the fornix....
- choroidal fissure
- tela chorioidea of the third ventricleTela chorioidea of the third ventricleThe part of the choroid plexus in relation to the body of the ventricle forms the vascular fringed margin of a triangular process of pia mater, named the tela chorioidea of the third ventricle, and projects from under cover of the lateral edge of the fornix....
(tela chorioidea ventriculi tertii; velum interpositum)
- transverse fissure of the brain
- internal cerebral veinsInternal cerebral veinsThe internal cerebral veins drain the deep parts of the hemisphere and are two in number; each is formed near the interventricular foramen by the union of the terminal and choroid veins....
(venæ Galeni) - great cerebral vein (vena magna Galeni)
- white substance
- Projection fibersProjection fibersThe projection fibers consist of efferent and afferent fibers uniting the cortex with the lower parts of the brain and with the spinal cord.-Efferent:The principal efferent strands are:...
- Transverse fibers or commissural fibersCommissural fibersThe commissural fibers or transverse fibers connect the two hemispheres of the brain. They include:* the transverse fibers of the corpus callosum* the anterior commissure* the posterior commissure* the lyra or hippocampal commissure....
- Association fibers
- short association fibers
- long association fibers
- uncinate fasciculusUncinate fasciculusThe uncinate fasciculus is a white matter tract in the human brain that connects parts of the limbic system such as the hippocampus and amygdala in the temporal lobe with frontal ones such as the orbitofrontal cortex. Its function is unknown though it is affected in several psychiatric conditions...
- cingulumWhite matterWhite matter is one of the two components of the central nervous system and consists mostly of myelinated axons. White matter tissue of the freshly cut brain appears pinkish white to the naked eye because myelin is composed largely of lipid tissue veined with capillaries. Its white color is due to...
- uncinate fasciculus
- Projection fibers
- white substance
- Association fibers
- long association fibers
- superior longitudinal fasciculusSuperior longitudinal fasciculusThe superior longitudinal fasciculus is a pair of long bi-directional bundles of neurons connecting the front and the back of the cerebrum. Each association fiber bundle is lateral to the centrum ovale of a cerebral hemisphere and connects the frontal, occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes...
- inferior longitudinal fasciculusInferior longitudinal fasciculusThe inferior longitudinal fasciculus connects the temporal lobe and occipital lobe, running along the lateral walls of the inferior and posterior cornua of the lateral ventricle....
- perpendicular fasciculus
- occipitofrontal fasciculus
- superior longitudinal fasciculus
- long association fibers
- Association fibers
- white substance
- Association fibers
- long association fibers
- fornix
- long association fibers
- Association fibers
- gray substance of the hemisphere
- Structure of the Cerebral Cortex
- outer band of Baillarger or band of Gennari
- inner band of Baillarger
- Nerve cells
- giant cells of Betz
- cells of Golgi
- cells of Martinotti
- Structure of the Cerebral Cortex
- Nerve Fibers
- Tangential fibers of cerebral cortexCerebral cortexThe cerebral cortex is a sheet of neural tissue that is outermost to the cerebrum of the mammalian brain. It plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. It is constituted of up to six horizontal layers, each of which has a different...
- plexus of Exner
- Band of Bechterew
- Band of Gennari
- Radial fibers of cerebral cortexCerebral cortexThe cerebral cortex is a sheet of neural tissue that is outermost to the cerebrum of the mammalian brain. It plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. It is constituted of up to six horizontal layers, each of which has a different...
- Tangential fibers of cerebral cortex
- Special Types of Cerebral Cortex
- Visual area of cerebral cortex
- Visuosensory area
- Visuopsychic area
- Motor areas of cerebral cortex
- Visual area of cerebral cortex
- Special Types of Cerebral Cortex
- Olfactory bulbOlfactory bulbThe olfactory bulb is a structure of the vertebrate forebrain involved in olfaction, the perception of odors.-Anatomy:In most vertebrates, the olfactory bulb is the most rostral part of the brain. In humans, however, the olfactory bulb is on the inferior side of the brain...
- glomeruliGlomerulus (olfaction)The glomerulus is a spherical structure located in the olfactory bulb of the brain where synapses form between the terminals of the olfactory nerve and the dendrites of mitral, periglomerular and tufted cells...
- Mitral cells
- Olfactory bulb
- typical spinal nerveSpinal nerveThe term spinal nerve generally refers to a mixed spinal nerve, which carries motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body...
- somatic sensory fibers
- sympathetic afferent fibers or sensory fibers
- somatic motor fibers
- sympathetic efferent fibers or preganglionic fibersPreganglionic fibersIn the autonomic nervous system, fibers from the CNS to the ganglion are known as preganglionic fibers.All preganglionic fibers, whether they are in the sympathetic division or in the parasympathetic division, are cholinergic .Sympathetic preganglionic fibers tend to be shorter than parasympathetic...
- Sensory pathways from the Spinal cordSpinal cordThe spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the brain . The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system...
to the BrainHuman brainThe human brain has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but is over three times larger than the brain of a typical mammal with an equivalent body size. Estimates for the number of neurons in the human brain range from 80 to 120 billion...
- conscious muscle sense
- unconscious muscle sense
- Sensory pathways from the Spinal cordSpinal cordThe spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the brain . The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system...
to the BrainHuman brainThe human brain has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but is over three times larger than the brain of a typical mammal with an equivalent body size. Estimates for the number of neurons in the human brain range from 80 to 120 billion...
- impulses of pain
- impulses of temperature
- Sensory pathways from the Spinal cordSpinal cordThe spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the brain . The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system...
to the BrainHuman brainThe human brain has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but is over three times larger than the brain of a typical mammal with an equivalent body size. Estimates for the number of neurons in the human brain range from 80 to 120 billion...
- tactile discriminationTactile discriminationTactile discrimination is the ability to differentiate information received through the sense of touch. This is often tested during neurological examination and represents a higher level of neurological function involving the cerebral cortex...
- touch fibers
- tactile discrimination
- ventral spinothalamic fasciculus
- superficial antero-lateral fasciculus (tract of Gowers)
- spinotectal fasciculus
- spino-olivary fasciculus (olivospinal; bulbospinal, Helweg's bundle)
- SympatheticSympathetic nervous systemThe sympathetic nervous system is one of the three parts of the autonomic nervous system, along with the enteric and parasympathetic systems. Its general action is to mobilize the body's nervous system fight-or-flight response...
afferent fibers (visceral afferent; viscero-sensory; splanchnic afferent) - SympatheticSympathetic nervous systemThe sympathetic nervous system is one of the three parts of the autonomic nervous system, along with the enteric and parasympathetic systems. Its general action is to mobilize the body's nervous system fight-or-flight response...
efferent fibers (splanchnic motor; viscero-motor; preganglionic fibersPreganglionic fibersIn the autonomic nervous system, fibers from the CNS to the ganglion are known as preganglionic fibers.All preganglionic fibers, whether they are in the sympathetic division or in the parasympathetic division, are cholinergic .Sympathetic preganglionic fibers tend to be shorter than parasympathetic...
)
- Hypoglossal nerveHypoglossal nerveThe hypoglossal nerve is the twelfth cranial nerve , leading to the tongue. The nerve arises from the hypoglossal nucleus and emerges from the medulla oblongata in the preolivary sulcus separating the olive and the pyramid. It then passes through the hypoglossal canal...
(XII cranial) - Accessory nerveAccessory nerveIn anatomy, the accessory nerve is a nerve that controls specific muscles of the shoulder and neck. As part of it was formerly believed to originate in the brain, it is considered a cranial nerve...
(XI cranial) - Vagus nerveVagus nerveThe vagus nerve , also called pneumogastric nerve or cranial nerve X, is the tenth of twelve paired cranial nerves...
(X cranial)- somatic sensory fibers
- Vagus nerveVagus nerveThe vagus nerve , also called pneumogastric nerve or cranial nerve X, is the tenth of twelve paired cranial nerves...
(X cranial)- sympathetic afferent fibers
- Taste fibers
- Somatic motor fibers
- Sympathetic efferent fibers
- Glossopharyngeal nerveGlossopharyngeal nerveThe glossopharyngeal nerve is the ninth of twelve pairs of cranial nerves . It exits the brainstem out from the sides of the upper medulla, just rostral to the vagus nerve...
(IX cranial)- somatic sensory fibers
- Glossopharyngeal nerveGlossopharyngeal nerveThe glossopharyngeal nerve is the ninth of twelve pairs of cranial nerves . It exits the brainstem out from the sides of the upper medulla, just rostral to the vagus nerve...
(IX cranial)- Sympathetic afferent fibers
- Taste fibers
- Somatic motor fibers
- Sympathetic efferent fibers (motor and secretory fibers)
- Acoustic nerve (VIII cranial)
- Cochlear nerveCochlear nerveThe cochlear nerve is a nerve in the head that carries signals from the cochlea of the inner ear to the brain...
- cochlear nucleus
- striæ medullares
- Cochlear nerve
- Acoustic nerve (VIII cranial)
- trapezoid bodyTrapezoid bodyThe trapezoid body is part of the acoustic pathway. It is a bundle of fibers and cells in the pontine tegmentum. It consists of fibers arising from the ventral cochlear nucleus. A collection of nerve cells inside forms a trapezoid nucleus. The superior olivary nucleus is situated on the dorsal...
- cochlear nucleus
- acoustic tubercleAcoustic tubercleThe cochlear nerve is placed lateral to the vestibular root. Its fibers end in two nuclei: one, the accessory nucleus, lies immediately in front of the inferior peduncle; the other, the acoustic tubercle, somewhat lateral to it.-External links:...
- superior olivary nucleusSuperior olivary nucleusThe superior olivary complex is a collection of brainstem nuclei that functions in multiple aspects of hearing and is an important component of the ascending and descending auditory pathways...
- nucleus of the trapezoid body
- trapezoid body
- Acoustic nerve (VIII cranial)
- lateral preolivary nucleus or semilunar nucleus
- mesial preolivary nucleus
- lateral lemniscusLateral lemniscusThe lateral lemniscus is a tract of axons in the brainstem that carries information about sound from the cochlear nucleus to various brainstem nuclei and ultimately the contralateral inferior colliculus of the midbrain...
(lateral fillet) - fillet of Reil
- lower and upper nuclei of the lateral lemniscusLateral lemniscusThe lateral lemniscus is a tract of axons in the brainstem that carries information about sound from the cochlear nucleus to various brainstem nuclei and ultimately the contralateral inferior colliculus of the midbrain...
- inferior colliculi (lower or posterior quadrigeminal bodies)
- medial geniculate body
- commissure of Gudden
- Vestibular nerveVestibular nerveThe vestibular nerve is one of the two branches of the Vestibulocochlear nerve . It goes to the semicircular canals via the vestibular ganglion...
(vestibular root, VIII cranial)- dorsal vestibular nucleus (medial or principal nucleus)
- inferior vestibular nucleusInferior vestibular nucleusThe inferior vestibular nucleus is the vestibular nucleus which lies near the fourth ventricle.-External links:* http://www.neuroanatomy.wisc.edu/virtualbrain/BrainStem/13VNAN.html* http://www.anatomyatlases.org/MicroscopicAnatomy/Section17/Plate17331.shtml...
- lateral vestibular nucleusLateral vestibular nucleusThe lateral vestibular nucleus is the continuation upward and lateralward of the principal nucleus, and in it terminate many of the ascending branches of the vestibular nerve.-Anatomy:...
(Deiters's nucleus)
- Vestibular nerveVestibular nerveThe vestibular nerve is one of the two branches of the Vestibulocochlear nerve . It goes to the semicircular canals via the vestibular ganglion...
(vestibular root, VIII cranial)- superior vestibular nucleusSuperior vestibular nucleusThe superior vestibular nucleus is the dorso-lateral part of the vestibular nucleus and receives collaterals and terminals from the ascending branches of the vestibular nerve....
(Bechterew's nucleus)
- superior vestibular nucleus
- Facial nerveFacial nerveThe facial nerve is the seventh of twelve paired cranial nerves. It emerges from the brainstem between the pons and the medulla, and controls the muscles of facial expression, and functions in the conveyance of taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and oral cavity...
(VII cranial)- somatic sensory fibers
- sympathetic afferent fibers
- Taste fibers
- Somatic motor fibers
- Sympathetic efferent fibers (preganglionic fibersPreganglionic fibersIn the autonomic nervous system, fibers from the CNS to the ganglion are known as preganglionic fibers.All preganglionic fibers, whether they are in the sympathetic division or in the parasympathetic division, are cholinergic .Sympathetic preganglionic fibers tend to be shorter than parasympathetic...
) - superior salivatory nucleus
- Abducens nerve (VI cranial)
- Abducens nerve (VI cranial)
- corticopontine fibersCorticopontine fibersCorticopontine fibers are projections from the cerebral cortex to the pontine nuclei.Depending upon the lobe of origin, they can be classified as frontopontine fibers, parietopontine fibers, temporopontine fibers and occipitopontine fibers....
- corticopontine fibers
- Trigeminal nerveTrigeminal nerveThe trigeminal nerve contains both sensory and motor fibres. It is responsible for sensation in the face and certain motor functions such as biting, chewing, and swallowing. Sensory information from the face and body is processed by parallel pathways in the central nervous system...
(V cranial)- motor nucleus
- terminal sensory nucleus
- main sensory nucleus
- nucleus of the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve
- main sensory nucleus
- tractus spinalis
- nucleus of the tractus spinalis
- Trigeminal nerveTrigeminal nerveThe trigeminal nerve contains both sensory and motor fibres. It is responsible for sensation in the face and certain motor functions such as biting, chewing, and swallowing. Sensory information from the face and body is processed by parallel pathways in the central nervous system...
(V cranial)- central path of the trigeminal (trigeminothalamic tract)
- mesencephalic root (descending root of the trigeminal)
- Trochlear nerveTrochlear nerveThe trochlear nerve is a motor nerve that innervates a single muscle: the superior oblique muscle of the eye....
(IV cranial)- trochlear nucleusTrochlear nucleusThe nucleus of the trochlear nerve is located in the midbrain, at the level of the inferior colliculus. It is a motor nucleus, so is located near the midline....
- trochlear nucleus
- Oculomotor nerveOculomotor nerveThe oculomotor nerve is the 3rd of 12 paired cranial nerves. It enters the orbit via the superior orbital fissure and controls most of the eye's movements, including constriction of the pupil and maintaining an open eyelid by innervating the Levator palpebrae superiors muscle. The optic nerve is...
(III cranial)- oculomotor nucleusOculomotor nucleusThe fibers of the oculomotor nerve arise from a nucleus in the midbrain, which lies in the gray substance of the floor of the cerebral aqueduct and extends in front of the aqueduct for a short distance into the floor of the third ventricle...
- oculomotor nucleus
- Optic nerveOptic nerveThe optic nerve, also called cranial nerve 2, transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. Derived from the embryonic retinal ganglion cell, a diverticulum located in the diencephalon, the optic nerve doesn't regenerate after transection.-Anatomy:The optic nerve is the second of...
or Nerve of Sight (II cranial)- primary visual centers
- lateral geniculate body
- superior colliculusSuperior colliculusThe optic tectum or simply tectum is a paired structure that forms a major component of the vertebrate midbrain. In mammals this structure is more commonly called the superior colliculus , but, even in mammals, the adjective tectal is commonly used. The tectum is a layered structure, with a...
- stratum zonaleStratum zonaleThe thalamus consists chiefly of gray substance, but its upper surface is covered by a layer of white substance, named the stratum zonale....
- stratum cinereum
- Optic nerveOptic nerveThe optic nerve, also called cranial nerve 2, transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. Derived from the embryonic retinal ganglion cell, a diverticulum located in the diencephalon, the optic nerve doesn't regenerate after transection.-Anatomy:The optic nerve is the second of...
or Nerve of Sight (II cranial)- stratum opticum
- lateral lemniscusLateral lemniscusThe lateral lemniscus is a tract of axons in the brainstem that carries information about sound from the cochlear nucleus to various brainstem nuclei and ultimately the contralateral inferior colliculus of the midbrain...
- tectospinal fasciculus
- Olfactory nerves (I cranial) or nerves of smell
- Olfactory nerves (I cranial) or nerves of smell
- lateral olfactory striæ
- medial olfactory striæ
- pars olfactoria
- intermediate olfactory striæ
- tractus olfactomesencephalicus (basal olfactory bundle of Wallenburg)
- fasciculus mammillo-tegmentalis (mammillo-tegmental bundle of Gudden)
- fasciculus retroflexus of Meynert
- interpeduncular ganglion
- tegmental bundle of Gudden
- cingulumWhite matterWhite matter is one of the two components of the central nervous system and consists mostly of myelinated axons. White matter tissue of the freshly cut brain appears pinkish white to the naked eye because myelin is composed largely of lipid tissue veined with capillaries. Its white color is due to...
- dentate gyrusDentate gyrusThe dentate gyrus is part of the hippocampal formation. It is thought to contribute to new memories as well as other functional roles. It is notable as being one of a select few brain structures currently known to have high rates of neurogenesis in adult rats, .The dentate gyrus cells receive...
- indusium
- medial longitudinal striæ (nerves of Lancisi)
- lateral longitudinal striæ
- gyrus subcallosus and the anterior perforated substanceAnterior perforated substanceThe anterior perforated substance is an irregularly quadrilateral area in front of the optic tract and behind the olfactory trigone, from which it is separated by the fissure prima; medially and in front, it is continuous with the subcallosal gyrus; it is bounded laterally by the lateral stria of...
(diagonal band of BrocaDiagonal band of BrocaThe diagonal band of Broca forms the medial margin of the anterior perforated substance.-Contents:It consists of fibers that are said to arise in the parolfactory area, the gyrus subcallosus and the anterior perforated substance, and course backward in the longitudinal striae to the dentate gyrus...
)
- olfactory projection fibers
- alveus
- fornix
- hippocampal commissure (ventral psalterium or lyre)
- bundle of Vicq d'Azyr (mammillo-thalamic fasciculus)
- amygdaloid nucleus and the tænia semicircularis (stria terminalis)
- Motor tract
- geniculate fibersGeniculate fibersThe geniculate fibers are the fibers in the region of the genu of the internal capsule; they originate in the motor part of the cerebral cortex, and, after passing downward through the base of the cerebral peduncle with the cerebrospinal fibers, undergo decussation and end in the motor nuclei of...
- cerebrospinal fibersCerebrospinal fibersThe cerebrospinal fibers, derived from the cells of the motor area of the cerebral cortex, occupy the middle three-fifths of the base; they are continued partly to the nuclei of the motor cranial nerves, but mainly into the pyramids of the medulla oblongata....
- decussation of the pyramidsDecussation of the pyramidsThe two pyramids contain the motor fibers that pass from the brain to the medulla oblongata and medulla spinalis, corticobulbar and corticospinal fibers....
- lateral cerebrospinal fasciculus (crossed pyramidal tract)
- anterior cerebrospinal fasciculus (direct pyramidal tract)
- upper motor neurons
- lower motor neurons
- rubrospinal fasciculus
- vestibulospinal fasciculus (part of the anterior marginal fasciculus or Loewenthal's tract)
- pontospinal fasciculus (Bechterew)
The meningesMeningesThe meninges is the system of membranes which envelopes the central nervous system. The meninges consist of three layers: the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. The primary function of the meninges and of the cerebrospinal fluid is to protect the central nervous system.-Dura...
of the brainHuman brainThe human brain has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but is over three times larger than the brain of a typical mammal with an equivalent body size. Estimates for the number of neurons in the human brain range from 80 to 120 billion...
and medulla spinalis
- dura materDura materThe dura mater , or dura, is the outermost of the three layers of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is derived from Mesoderm. The other two meningeal layers are the pia mater and the arachnoid mater. The dura surrounds the brain and the spinal cord and is responsible for...
- cranial dura mater (dura mater encephali; dura of the brain)
- processesProcess (anatomy)In anatomy, a process is a projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body. The vertebra has several kinds of processes,such as: transverse process, prezygapophysis, postzygapophysis.-Examples:Examples of processes include:...
of dura materDura materThe dura mater , or dura, is the outermost of the three layers of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is derived from Mesoderm. The other two meningeal layers are the pia mater and the arachnoid mater. The dura surrounds the brain and the spinal cord and is responsible for...
- Tentorium cerebelliTentorium cerebelliThe tentorium cerebelli or cerebellar tentorium is an extension of the dura mater that separates the cerebellum from the inferior portion of the occipital lobes.-Anatomy:...
- Incisura tentorii
- Falx cerebelliFalx cerebelliThe falx cerebelli is a small triangular process of dura mater, received into the posterior cerebellar notch.Its base is attached, above, to the under and back part of the tentorium cerebelli; its posterior margin, to the lower division of the vertical crest on the inner surface of the occipital...
- Diaphragma sellaeDiaphragma sellaeThe diaphragma sellae or sellar diaphragm is the circular fold of dura mater that almost completely roofs the fossa hypophyseos of the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone within the skull. It retains the pituitary gland in the fossa hypophyseos, with only the infundibulum of the pituitary gland...
- Tentorium cerebelli
- Structure
- Endosteal layer of dura materDura materThe dura mater , or dura, is the outermost of the three layers of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is derived from Mesoderm. The other two meningeal layers are the pia mater and the arachnoid mater. The dura surrounds the brain and the spinal cord and is responsible for...
- Meningeal layer of dura materDura materThe dura mater , or dura, is the outermost of the three layers of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is derived from Mesoderm. The other two meningeal layers are the pia mater and the arachnoid mater. The dura surrounds the brain and the spinal cord and is responsible for...
- arteries of Dura materDura materThe dura mater , or dura, is the outermost of the three layers of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is derived from Mesoderm. The other two meningeal layers are the pia mater and the arachnoid mater. The dura surrounds the brain and the spinal cord and is responsible for...
- veins of Dura materDura materThe dura mater , or dura, is the outermost of the three layers of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is derived from Mesoderm. The other two meningeal layers are the pia mater and the arachnoid mater. The dura surrounds the brain and the spinal cord and is responsible for...
- nerves of Dura materDura materThe dura mater , or dura, is the outermost of the three layers of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is derived from Mesoderm. The other two meningeal layers are the pia mater and the arachnoid mater. The dura surrounds the brain and the spinal cord and is responsible for...
- Endosteal layer of dura mater
- spinal dura mater (dura mater spinalis; spinal dura)
- Subdural cavity
- Epidural spaceEpidural spaceIn the spine, the epidural space is the outermost part of the spinal canal. It is the space within the canal lying outside the dura mater...
- spinal dura mater (dura mater spinalis; spinal dura)
- Structure
- Dura materDura materThe dura mater , or dura, is the outermost of the three layers of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is derived from Mesoderm. The other two meningeal layers are the pia mater and the arachnoid mater. The dura surrounds the brain and the spinal cord and is responsible for...
: structureStructureStructure is a fundamental, tangible or intangible notion referring to the recognition, observation, nature, and permanence of patterns and relationships of entities. This notion may itself be an object, such as a built structure, or an attribute, such as the structure of society...
of: - ArachnoidArachnoid materThe arachnoid mater, literally from Latin "spider -like mother", is one of the three meninges, the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord...
(Arachnoid membrane)- Cranial arachnoid (Arachnoidea encephali)
- Spinal arachnoid (Arachnoidea spinalis)
- structureStructureStructure is a fundamental, tangible or intangible notion referring to the recognition, observation, nature, and permanence of patterns and relationships of entities. This notion may itself be an object, such as a built structure, or an attribute, such as the structure of society...
of ArachnoidArachnoid materThe arachnoid mater, literally from Latin "spider -like mother", is one of the three meninges, the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord...
- Subarachnoid cavity (Cavum subarachnoideale, Subarachnoid spaceSubarachnoid spaceIn the central nervous system, the subarachnoid cavity is the interval between the arachnoid membrane and pia mater....
) - Subarachnoid cisternæ (Cisternæ subarachnoidales)
- Cisterna cerebellomedullaris (Cisterna magnaCisterna magnaThe cisterna magna is one of three principal openings in the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid and pia mater layers of the meninges surrounding the brain. The openings are collectively referred to as cisterns. The cisterna magna is located between the cerebellum and the dorsal surface of...
) - Cisterna pontis
- Cisterna interpeduncularis (Cisterna basalis)
- Cisterna cerebellomedullaris (Cisterna magna
- Subarachnoid cisternæ (Cisternæ subarachnoidales)
- Cisterna chiasmatis
- Cisterna fossae cerebri lateralis
- Cisterna venae magnae cerebri
- openings
- Foramina of Majendie
- Foramina of Luschka
- Subarachnoid septum
- Ligamentum denticulatum
- Cerebrospinal fluidCerebrospinal fluidCerebrospinal fluid , Liquor cerebrospinalis, is a clear, colorless, bodily fluid, that occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain and spinal cord...
- Arachnoid villi (Granulationes arachnoideales, Arachnoid granulations, Glandulæ Pacchioni, Pacchionian glands )
- Pia materPia materPia mater often referred to as simply the pia, is the delicate innermost layer of the meninges, the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. The word finds its roots in Latin, meaning literally "tender mother." The other two meningeal membranes are the dura mater and the arachnoid mater....
- Pia materPia materPia mater often referred to as simply the pia, is the delicate innermost layer of the meninges, the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. The word finds its roots in Latin, meaning literally "tender mother." The other two meningeal membranes are the dura mater and the arachnoid mater....
- Cranial pia mater
- Spinal pia mater
- Linea splendensLinea splendensThe linea splendens is a band of longitudinal fibers within the spinal pia mater, lying along the surface of the anterior median fissure of the spinal cord and forming a sheath for the anterior spinal artery....
- Ligamentum denticulatum
- Filum terminaleFilum terminaleThe filum terminale , is a delicate strand of fibrous tissue, about 20 cm. in length, proceeding downward from the apex of the conus medullaris. It gives longitudinal support to the spinal cord and consists of two parts:...
- Central ligament of medulla spinalis
- Cerebrospinal fasciculus: fluidFluidIn physics, a fluid is a substance that continually deforms under an applied shear stress. Fluids are a subset of the phases of matter and include liquids, gases, plasmas and, to some extent, plastic solids....
- Dentate fissure: ligamentLigamentIn anatomy, the term ligament is used to denote any of three types of structures. Most commonly, it refers to fibrous tissue that connects bones to other bones and is also known as articular ligament, articular larua, fibrous ligament, or true ligament.Ligament can also refer to:* Peritoneal...
- LigamentLigamentIn anatomy, the term ligament is used to denote any of three types of structures. Most commonly, it refers to fibrous tissue that connects bones to other bones and is also known as articular ligament, articular larua, fibrous ligament, or true ligament.Ligament can also refer to:* Peritoneal...
or Ligaments: dentateDentate nucleusThe dentate nucleus is located within the deep white matter of each cerebellar hemisphere, and it is the largest single structure linking the cerebellum to the rest of the brain. It is the largest and most lateral, or farthest from the midline, of the four pairs of deep cerebellar nuclei, the...
The cranial nervesCranial nervesCranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain, in contrast to spinal nerves, which emerge from segments of the spinal cord. In humans, there are traditionally twelve pairs of cranial nerves...
- Cranial nervesCranial nervesCranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain, in contrast to spinal nerves, which emerge from segments of the spinal cord. In humans, there are traditionally twelve pairs of cranial nerves...
(Nervi cerebrales, Cerebral nerves) - NucleiNucleus (neuroanatomy)In neuroanatomy, a nucleus is a brain structure consisting of a relatively compact cluster of neurons. It is one of the two most common forms of nerve cell organization, the other being layered structures such as the cerebral cortex or cerebellar cortex. In anatomical sections, a nucleus shows up...
: of origin of motor nerves
- Optic nerveOptic nerveThe optic nerve, also called cranial nerve 2, transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. Derived from the embryonic retinal ganglion cell, a diverticulum located in the diencephalon, the optic nerve doesn't regenerate after transection.-Anatomy:The optic nerve is the second of...
(Nervus opticus, Second nerve) - Visual center
- Optic chiasma
- DecussationDecussationDecussation is used in biological contexts to describe a crossing.Examples include:* In the brain, where nerve fibers obliquely cross from one lateral part to the other, that is to say they cross at a level other than their origin...
of optic nerves - Commissure of Gudden
- Oculomotor nerveOculomotor nerveThe oculomotor nerve is the 3rd of 12 paired cranial nerves. It enters the orbit via the superior orbital fissure and controls most of the eye's movements, including constriction of the pupil and maintaining an open eyelid by innervating the Levator palpebrae superiors muscle. The optic nerve is...
(Nervus oculomotorius, Third nerve ) - Nucleus of oculomotor nerve
- Trigeminal nerveTrigeminal nerveThe trigeminal nerve contains both sensory and motor fibres. It is responsible for sensation in the face and certain motor functions such as biting, chewing, and swallowing. Sensory information from the face and body is processed by parallel pathways in the central nervous system...
(Nervus trigeminus, Trifacial nerve, Fifth nerve) - Semilunar ganglion (ganglion semilunare, Gasserian ganglion)
- Cavum Meckelii
- Ophthalmic nerveOphthalmic nerveThe ophthalmic nerve is one of the three branches of the trigeminal nerve, the fifth cranial nerve. The ophthalmic nerve carries only sensory fibers.-Branches:*Nasociliary nerve**sensory root of ciliary ganglion**posterior ethmoidal nerve...
(Nervus ophthalmicus) - Lacrimal nerveLacrimal nerveThe lacrimal nerve is the smallest of the three branches of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve.It sometimes receives a filament from the trochlear nerve, but this is possibly derived from the branch that goes from the ophthalmic to the trochlear nerve.It passes forward in a separate...
(Nervus lacrimalis) - Frontal nerveFrontal nerveThe frontal nerve is the largest branch of the ophthalmic nerve, and may be regarded, both from its size and direction, as the continuation of the nerve....
(Nervus frontalis)
- Frontal nerveFrontal nerveThe frontal nerve is the largest branch of the ophthalmic nerve, and may be regarded, both from its size and direction, as the continuation of the nerve....
- Supratrochlear nerveSupratrochlear nerveThe supratrochlear nerve is a branch of the frontal nerve, which itself comes from the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal cranial nerve.It is smaller than the nearby supraorbital nerve...
(Nervus supratrochlearis) - Supraorbital nerveSupraorbital nerveThe supraorbital nerve is a terminal branch of the frontal nerve.It passes through the supraorbital foramen, and gives off, in this situation, palpebral filaments to the upper eyelid...
(Nervus supraorbitalis)
- Supratrochlear nerve
- Nasociliary nerveNasociliary nerveThe nasociliary nerve is a branch of the ophthalmic nerve. It is intermediate in size between the two other main branches of the ophthalmic nerve, the frontal nerve and the lacrimal nerve, and is more deeply placed.-Path:...
(Nervus nasociliaris, Nasal nerve)- Long root of ciliary ganglion (Radix longa ganglii ciliaris)
- Long ciliary nervesLong ciliary nervesThe long ciliary nerves, two or three in number, are given off from the nasociliary, as it crosses the optic nerve.They accompany the short ciliary nerves from the ciliary ganglion, pierce the posterior part of the sclera, and running forward between it and the choroid, are distributed to the iris...
(Nervi ciliares longi) - Infratrochlear nerveInfratrochlear nerveThe infratrochlear nerve is given off from the nasociliary just before it enters the anterior ethmoidal foramen.It runs forward along the upper border of the medial rectus, and is joined, near the pulley of the superior oblique, by a filament from the supratrochlear nerve.It then passes to the...
(Nervus infratrochlearis) - Ethmoidal branches (Nervi ethmoidales)
- Ciliary ganglionCiliary ganglionThe ciliary ganglion is a parasympathetic ganglion located in the posterior orbit. It measures 1–2 millimeters in diameter and contains approximately 2,500 neurons. Preganglionic axons from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus travel along the oculomotor nerve and form synapses with these cells...
(ophthalmic ganglion or lenticular ganglion) - Ciliary nerves
- Maxillary nerve (Nervus maxillaris, superior maxillary nerve)
- In the Cranium
- Middle meningeal nerveMiddle meningeal nerveThe middle meningeal nerve is given off from the maxillary nerve directly after its origin from the semilunar ganglionIt accompanies the middle meningeal artery and supplies the dura mater....
(Nervus meningeus medius, meningeal branch, dural branch)
- Middle meningeal nerve
- In the Pterygopalatine Fossa
- Zygomatic nerveZygomatic nerveThe zygomatic nerve is a branch of the maxillary nerve that enters the orbit and helps to supply the skin over the zygomatic and temporal bones. The zygomatic nerve is not to be confused with the zygomatic branches of the facial nerve.-Structure:The zygomatic nerve arises in the pterygopalatine...
(Nervus zygomaticus; Temporomalar nerve; Orbital nerve)
- Zygomatic nerve
- In the Pterygopalatine fossaPterygopalatine fossaThe pterygopalatine fossa is a fossa in the skull. It is the indented area medial to the pterygomaxillary fissure leading into the sphenopalatine foramen.-Boundaries:It has the following boundaries:...
- Zygomatic nerveZygomatic nerveThe zygomatic nerve is a branch of the maxillary nerve that enters the orbit and helps to supply the skin over the zygomatic and temporal bones. The zygomatic nerve is not to be confused with the zygomatic branches of the facial nerve.-Structure:The zygomatic nerve arises in the pterygopalatine...
(Nervus zygomaticus; Temporomalar nerve; Orbital nerve)- Zygomaticotemporal branch
- Zygomaticofacial branch
- Sphenopalatine nervesSphenopalatine nervesThe pterygopalatine nerves , two in number, descend to the pterygopalatine ganglion.Although it is closely related to the pterygopalatine ganglion, it is still considered a branch of the maxillary nerve and does not synapse in the ganglion.It is found in the pterygopalatine fossa....
(Nervi sphenopalatini) - Posterior superior alveolar branches (Nervus rami alveolares superiores posteriores, posterior superior dental branches)
- Zygomatic nerve
- In the Infraorbital canalInfraorbital canalNot to be confused with the infraorbital groove and infraorbital foramen, which are on opposite ends of the canal.One of the canals of the orbital surface of the maxilla, the infraorbital canal, opens just below the margin of the orbit...
- Middle superior alveolar branch (ramus alveolaris superior medius; middle superior dental branch)
- Anterior superior alveolar branch (ramus alveolaris superior anteriores; Nervus ramus alveolaris superior anteriores, anterior superior dental branch, Anterior superior dental nerve )
- nasal branch
- On the FaceFaceThe face is a central sense organ complex, for those animals that have one, normally on the ventral surface of the head, and can, depending on the definition in the human case, include the hair, forehead, eyebrow, eyelashes, eyes, nose, ears, cheeks, mouth, lips, philtrum, temple, teeth, skin, and...
- Inferior palpebral branches (rami palpebrales inferiores; palpebral branches)
- External nasal branches (rami nasales externi, Nervus nasales externi)
- Superior labial branches (rami labiales superiores, Nervus labialis superiores, labial branches)
- Infraorbital plexusInfraorbital plexusThe superior labial branches descend behind the Quadratus labii superioris, and are distributed to the skin of the upper lip, the mucous membrane of the mouth, and labial glands. They are joined, immediately beneath the orbit, by filaments from the facial nerve, forming with them the infraorbital...
- Infraorbital plexus
- Sphenopalatine ganglion (ganglion of Meckel)
- Sphenopalatine ganglion (ganglion of Meckel)
- Greater superficial petrosal nerve (Nervus petrosus superficialis major, Large superficial petrosal nerve)
- Deep petrosal nerveDeep petrosal nerveThe deep petrosal nerve is given off from the carotid plexus, and runs through the carotid canal lateral to the internal carotid artery....
(Nervus petrosus profundus, Large deep petrosal nerve) - Nerve of pterygoid canalNerve of pterygoid canalThe nerve of the pterygoid canal is formed by the junction of the great petrosal nerve and the deep petrosal nerve within the pterygoid canal containing the cartilaginous substance which fills the foramen lacerum.-Course:...
(Nervus canalis pterygoidei, Vidian nerve)
- Branches of Distribution
- orbital branches (rami orbitales; ascending branches)
- palatine nervesPalatine nervesThe palatine nerves are distributed to the roof of the mouth, soft palate, tonsil, and lining membrane of the nasal cavity.Most of their fibers are derived from the sphenopalatine branches of the maxillary nerve....
(nn. palatini; descending branches)- anterior palatine nerve (n. palatinus anterior)
- middle palatine nerve (n. palatinus medius)
- posterior palatine nerve (n. palatinus posterior)
- posterior superior nasal branches (rami nasales posteriores superiores)
- nasopalatine nerveNasopalatine nerveOne branch of the posterior superior nasal branches , longer and larger than the others, is named the nasopalatine nerve ....
- nasopalatine nerve
- pharyngeal nervePharyngeal nerveThe pharyngeal nerve is a small branch arising from the posterior part of the pterygopalatine ganglion.It passes through the pharyngeal canal with the pharyngeal branch of the maxillary nerve, and is distributed to the mucous membrane of the nasal part of the pharynx, behind the auditory tube....
(pterygopalatine nerve)
- Nervus spinosusNervus spinosusThe meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve is a branch of the mandibular nerve that supplies the dura mater.-Course:It enters the skull through the foramen spinosum with the middle meningeal artery....
- Internal pterygoid nerveInternal pterygoid nerveThe medial pterygoid nerve is a branch of the mandibular nerve that innervates the medial pterygoid muscle, tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani.-Structure:...
(n. pterygoideus internus) - anterior and smaller division of the mandibular nerve
- Masseteric nerveMasseteric nerveThe masseteric nerve passes laterally, above the Pterygoideus externus, in front of the temporomandibular articulation, and behind the tendon of the Temporalis; it crosses the mandibular notch with the masseteric artery, to the deep surface of the Masseter, in which it ramifies nearly as far as its...
(Nervus massetericus)
- Masseteric nerve
- anterior and smaller division of the mandibular nerve
- Deep temporal nervesDeep temporal nervesThe deep temporal nerves, branches of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve, are two in number, anterior and posterior. They pass above the upper border of the pterygoideus externus and enter the deep surface of the temporalis.-Branches:...
(nn. temporales profundi) - Buccinator nerve (n. buccinatorus; long buccal nerve)
- External pterygoid nerveExternal pterygoid nerveExternal Pterygoid Nerve : The nerve to the Pterygoideus externus frequently arises in conjunction with the buccinator nerve, but it may be given off separately from the anterior division of the mandibular nerve....
(n. pterygoideus externus)
- Deep temporal nerves
- posterior and larger division of the mandibular nerve
- Auriculotemporal nerveAuriculotemporal nerveThe auriculotemporal nerve is a branch of the mandibular nerve that runs with the superficial temporal artery and vein, and provides sensory innervation to various regions on the side of the head.-Origin:...
(n. auriculotemporalis)- anterior auricular branches (nn. auriculares anteriores)
- branches to the external acoustic meatus (n. meatus auditorii externi)
- articular branches
- parotid branches (rami parotidei)
- superficial temporal branch (rami temporales superficiales)
- Lingual nerveLingual nerveThe lingual nerve is a branch of the mandibular nerve , itself a branch of the trigeminal nerve, which supplies sensory innervation to the tongue...
(n. lingualis)
- Auriculotemporal nerve
- posterior and larger division of the mandibular nerve
- Inferior alveolar nerveInferior alveolar nerveThe inferior alveolar nerve is a branch of the mandibular nerve, which is itself the third branch of the trigeminal nerve .-Path:...
(n. alveolaris inferior; inferior dental nerve)- Mylohyoid nerveMylohyoid nerveThe mylohyoid nerve is a nerve that innervates the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric muscle.-Structure:...
(n. mylohyoideus)
- Mylohyoid nerve
- Inferior alveolar nerve
- posterior and larger division of the mandibular nerve
- Inferior alveolar nerveInferior alveolar nerveThe inferior alveolar nerve is a branch of the mandibular nerve, which is itself the third branch of the trigeminal nerve .-Path:...
(n. alveolaris inferior; inferior dental nerve)- dental branches
- incisive branch
- mental nerveMental nerveMental nerve is a general somatic afferent nerve which provides sensation to the anterior aspects of the chin and lower lip as well as the buccal gingivae of the mandibular anterior teeth and the premolars...
(n. mentalis)
- Inferior alveolar nerve
- Otic ganglionOtic ganglionThe otic ganglion is a small, oval shaped, flattened parasympathetic ganglion of a reddish-gray color, located immediately below the foramen ovale in the infratemporal fossa. It gives innervation to the parotid gland for salivation....
(ganglion oticum)
- cavernous sinusCavernous sinusThe cavernous sinus , within the human head, is a large collection of thin-walled veins creating a cavity bordered by the temporal bone of the skull and the sphenoid bone, lateral to the sella turcica.-Contents:...
- superior orbital fissure
- Orbits: relation of nerves in:
- Facial nerveFacial nerveThe facial nerve is the seventh of twelve paired cranial nerves. It emerges from the brainstem between the pons and the medulla, and controls the muscles of facial expression, and functions in the conveyance of taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and oral cavity...
(Nervus facialis, Seventh nerve) - nervus intermediusNervus intermediusThe nervus intermedius, or intermediate nerve, is the part of the facial nerve located between the motor component of the facial nerve and the vestibulocochlear nerve . It contains the sensory and parasympathetic fibers of the facial nerve...
(pars intermedii of Wrisberg)
- motor root
- sensory root
- GeniculumGeniculumA geniculum is a small genu, or angular knee-like structure. It is often used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a sharp knee-like bend in a small structure or organ....
of facial nerveFacial nerveThe facial nerve is the seventh of twelve paired cranial nerves. It emerges from the brainstem between the pons and the medulla, and controls the muscles of facial expression, and functions in the conveyance of taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and oral cavity... - Genicular ganglion of facial nerveFacial nerveThe facial nerve is the seventh of twelve paired cranial nerves. It emerges from the brainstem between the pons and the medulla, and controls the muscles of facial expression, and functions in the conveyance of taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and oral cavity...
- Parotid plexusParotid plexusThe pes anserinus is the term for the branch point of the facial nerve after it leaves the stylomastoid foramen...
- greater superficial petrosal nerve (large superficial petrosal nerve)
- With the facial canalFacial canalThe facial canal is a Z-shaped canal running through the temporal bone from the internal acoustic meatus to the stylomastoid foramen. In humans it is approximately 3 centimeters long, which makes it the longest human osseous canal of a nerve...
- Nerve to the stapediusNerve to the stapediusThe Nerve to the Stapedius arises opposite the pyramidal eminence.It passes through a small canal in this eminence to reach the muscle....
(n. stapedius; tympanic branch) - Chorda tympani nerve
- iter chordae posterius
- iter chordae anterius
- Nerve to the stapedius
- At its exit from the stylomastoid foramenStylomastoid foramenBetween the styloid and mastoid processes of the temporal bone is the stylomastoid foramenIt is the termination of the facial canal, and transmits the facial nerve and stylomastoid artery.- Clinical Relevance :...
- Posterior auricular nervePosterior auricular nerveThe posterior auricular nerve arises from the facial nerve close to the stylomastoid foramen and runs upward in front of the mastoid process; here it is joined by a filament from the auricular branch of the vagus and communicates with the posterior branch of the great auricular as well as with the...
(n. auricularis posterior)- auricular branch
- occipital branch
- Digastric branch (ramus digastricus)
- Stylohyoid branch (ramus stylohyoideus)
- Posterior auricular nerve
- On the faceFaceThe face is a central sense organ complex, for those animals that have one, normally on the ventral surface of the head, and can, depending on the definition in the human case, include the hair, forehead, eyebrow, eyelashes, eyes, nose, ears, cheeks, mouth, lips, philtrum, temple, teeth, skin, and...
- Temporal branchesTemporal branches of the facial nerveThe temporal branches of the facial nerve, also known as the frontal branch of the facial nerve, crosses the zygomatic arch to the temporal region, supplying the auriculares anterior and superior, and joining with the zygomaticotemporal branch of the maxillary, and with the auriculotemporal branch...
(rami temporales) - Zygomatic branchesZygomatic branches of facial nerveThe Zygomatic branches of the facial nerve run across the zygomatic bone to the lateral angle of the orbit, where they supply the Orbicularis oculi, and join with filaments from the lacrimal nerve and the zygomaticofacial branch of the maxillary nerve.-Testing:To test the zygomatic branches of the...
(rami zygomatici; malar branches) - Buccal branches (rami buccales; infraorbital branches)
- superficial branches
- deep branches
- infraorbital plexusInfraorbital plexusThe superior labial branches descend behind the Quadratus labii superioris, and are distributed to the skin of the upper lip, the mucous membrane of the mouth, and labial glands. They are joined, immediately beneath the orbit, by filaments from the facial nerve, forming with them the infraorbital...
- Mandibular branch (ramus marginalis mandibulæ)
- Cervical branch (ramus colli)
- Temporal branches
- Cochlear nerveCochlear nerveThe cochlear nerve is a nerve in the head that carries signals from the cochlea of the inner ear to the brain...
- accessory nucleus
- tuberculum acusticum
- striæ medullares (striæ acusticæ)
- lateral lemniscusLateral lemniscusThe lateral lemniscus is a tract of axons in the brainstem that carries information about sound from the cochlear nucleus to various brainstem nuclei and ultimately the contralateral inferior colliculus of the midbrain...
- nucleus of the lateral lemniscus
- Vestibular nerveVestibular nerveThe vestibular nerve is one of the two branches of the Vestibulocochlear nerve . It goes to the semicircular canals via the vestibular ganglion...
- ganglion of Scarpa
- sensory fibers
- taste fibers
- Fasciculus solitariusFasciculus solitariusThe solitary tract is a compact fiber bundle that extends longitudinally through the posterolateral region of the medulla. The solitary tract is surrounded by the nucleus of the solitary tract, and descends to the upper cervical segments of the spinal cord....
- somatic sensory fibers
- somatic motor fibers
- nucleus ambiguusNucleus ambiguusThe nucleus ambiguus is a region of histologically disparate cells located just dorsal to the inferior olivary nucleus in the lateral portion of the upper medulla...
- nucleus ambiguus
- sympathetic efferent fibers
- Ganglia
- Superior ganglionSuperior cervical ganglionThe superior cervical ganglion , the largest of the cervical ganglia, is placed opposite the second and third cervical vertebræ. It contains neurons that supply sympathetic innervation to the face....
(ganglion superius; jugular ganglion) - Petrous ganglionPetrous ganglionThe inferior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve is larger than the superior ganglion and is situated in a depression in the lower border of the petrous portion of the temporal bone....
(ganglion petrosum; inferior ganglion)
- Superior ganglion
- Branches of Distribution
- Tympanic nerveTympanic nerveThe tympanic nerve is a branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve found near the ear.-Path:It arises from the petrous ganglion, and ascends to the tympanic cavity through a small canal, the fossula petrosa/tympanic canaliculus, on the under surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone on the...
(n. tympanicus; nerve of Jacobson)- Tympanic plexusTympanic plexusIn the tympanic cavity, the tympanic nerve divides into branches which form the tympanic plexus. This plexus is located on the surface of the promontory.This tympanic plexus gives off:* the lesser petrosal nerve...
- Tympanic plexus
- Carotid branches (n. caroticotympanicus superior and n. caroticotympanicus inferior)
- Pharyngeal branches (rami pharyngei)
- Pharyngeal plexus
- Muscular branch (ramus stylopharyngeus)
- Tonsillar branches (rami tonsillares)
- Lingual branches (rami linguales)
- Tympanic nerve
- Vagus nerveVagus nerveThe vagus nerve , also called pneumogastric nerve or cranial nerve X, is the tenth of twelve paired cranial nerves...
(Nervus vagus, Tenth nerve; Pneumogastric nerve ) - Jugular ganglionJugular ganglionThe vagus presents a well-marked ganglionic enlargement, which is called the superior ganglion of the vagus nerve. It contains afferent somatosensory neuronal cell bodies that provide sensory information from the external auditory meatus , cranial meninges , and the external surface of the tympanic...
(ganglion of the root) - Ganglion nodosum (ganglion of the trunk)
- Posterior pulmonary plexus
- Esophageal plexusEsophageal plexusThe esophageal plexus is formed by fibers from two sources: 1.branches of the vagus nerve 2.visceral branches of the sympathetic trunk. The esophageal plexus and the cardiac plexus contain the same types of fibers and are both considered thoracic autonomic plexus.-Parasympathetic Fibers:1. The...
- Ganglion nodosum (ganglion of the trunk; inferior ganglion)
- In the Jugular fossaJugular fossaThe jugular fossa is a deep depression in the inferior part of the base of the skull. More specifically, it is located in the temporal bone, posterior to the carotid canal and the aquæductus cochleæ...
- Meningeal branchMeningeal branchMeningeal branch can refer to:* Meningeal branches of vertebral artery* Meningeal branch of occipital artery* Meningeal branch of vagus nerve...
(ramus meningeus; dural branch) - Auricular branchAuricular branchAuricular branch can refer to any one of several different structures having to do with the ear or hearing:*Nerves**The auricular branch of the vagus nerve - "ramus auricularis nervi vagi"...
(ramus auricularis; nerve of Arnold)
- Meningeal branch
- In the NeckNeckThe neck is the part of the body, on many terrestrial or secondarily aquatic vertebrates, that distinguishes the head from the torso or trunk. The adjective signifying "of the neck" is cervical .-Boner anatomy: The cervical spine:The cervical portion of the human spine comprises seven boney...
- Pharyngeal branch (ramus pharyngeus)
- In the NeckNeckThe neck is the part of the body, on many terrestrial or secondarily aquatic vertebrates, that distinguishes the head from the torso or trunk. The adjective signifying "of the neck" is cervical .-Boner anatomy: The cervical spine:The cervical portion of the human spine comprises seven boney...
- Pharyngeal branchPharyngeal branchPharyngeal branch can refer to any one of several different structures near the pharynx:* Nerves** Pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve - "ramus pharyngeus nervi vagi"...
(ramus pharyngeus)- Pharyngeal plexusPharyngeal plexusPharyngeal plexus can refer to:* Pharyngeal plexus of vagus nerve* Pharyngeal plexus...
- Pharyngeal plexus
- Superior laryngeal nerveSuperior laryngeal nerveThe superior laryngeal nerve is a branch of the vagus nerve. It arises from the middle of the ganglion nodosum and in its course receives a branch from the superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic....
(n. laryngeus superior)- external branch (ramus externus) - external laryngeal nerveExternal laryngeal nerveThe external laryngeal nerve is the smaller, external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve. It descends on the larynx, beneath the sternothyroid muscle, to supply the cricothyroid muscle....
- internal branch (ramus internus) - internal laryngeal nerveInternal laryngeal nerveThe internal laryngeal nerve is the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve. It descends to the thyrohyoid membrane, pierces it in company with the superior laryngeal artery, and is distributed to the mucous membrane of the larynx....
- external branch (ramus externus) - external laryngeal nerve
- Recurrent nerve (n. recurrens; inferior or recurrent laryngeal nerveRecurrent laryngeal nerveThe recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch of the vagus nerve that supplies motor function and sensation to the larynx . It travels within the endoneurium...
) - Superior cardiac branches (rami cardiaci superiores; cervical cardiac branches)
- upper branches
- lower branch
- Pharyngeal branch
- In the Thorax
- Inferior cardiac branches (rami cardiaci inferiores; thoracic cardiac branches)
- In the Thorax
- Anterior bronchial branches (rami bronchiales anteriores; anterior or ventral pulmonary branches)
- Anterior pulmonary plexus
- Posterior bronchial branches (rami bronchiales posteriores; posterior or dorsal pulmonary branches)
- posterior pulmonary plexus
- Esophageal branches (rami æsophagei)
- esophageal plexusEsophageal plexusThe esophageal plexus is formed by fibers from two sources: 1.branches of the vagus nerve 2.visceral branches of the sympathetic trunk. The esophageal plexus and the cardiac plexus contain the same types of fibers and are both considered thoracic autonomic plexus.-Parasympathetic Fibers:1. The...
- esophageal plexus
- Anterior bronchial branches (rami bronchiales anteriores; anterior or ventral pulmonary branches)
- In the AbdomenAbdomenIn vertebrates such as mammals the abdomen constitutes the part of the body between the thorax and pelvis. The region enclosed by the abdomen is termed the abdominal cavity...
- Gastric branches (rami gastrici)
- posterior gastric plexus
- anterior gastric plexus
- Celiac branches (rami cæliaci)
- Hepatic branches (rami hepatici)
- Gastric branches (rami gastrici)
- accessory nerveAccessory nerveIn anatomy, the accessory nerve is a nerve that controls specific muscles of the shoulder and neck. As part of it was formerly believed to originate in the brain, it is considered a cranial nerve...
(Nervus accessorius, Eleventh nerve; Spinal accessory nerve )- Cranial Part (ramus internus; accessory portion)
- Spinal Part (ramus externus; spinal portion)
- Meningeal branches (dural branches)
- Descending ramus (ramus descendens; descendens hypoglossi)
- ansa hypoglossi
- Thyrohyoid branch (ramus thyreohyoideus)
- Muscular branches
- spinal nerves (Nervi spinales)
- first cervical nerve (suboccipital nerveSuboccipital nerveThe first cervical nerve, the suboccipital nerve exits the spinal cord between the skull and the first cervical vertebra, the atlas.It supplies muscles around the suboccipital triangle including the rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis superior, and obliquus capitis inferior. The...
) - Nerve roots
- Anterior root (radix anterior; ventral root)
- Posterior root (radix posterior; dorsal root)
- spinal nerveSpinal nerveThe term spinal nerve generally refers to a mixed spinal nerve, which carries motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body...
- gray ramus communicansGray ramus communicansEach spinal nerve receives a branch, gray ramus communicans, from the adjacent ganglion of the sympathetic trunk.They contain unmyelinated postganglionic sympathetic fibers.-Function:...
- white ramus communicansWhite ramus communicansThe thoracic, and the first and second lumbar nerves each contribute a branch, white ramus communicans to the adjoining sympathetic ganglion.They contain myelinated preganglionic sympathetic fibers ....
- somatic fibers
- sympathetic fibers (splanchnic fibers)
- cells of Dogiel
- meningeal branchMeningeal branchMeningeal branch can refer to:* Meningeal branches of vertebral artery* Meningeal branch of occipital artery* Meningeal branch of vagus nerve...
- posterior divisions (Rami Posteriores)
- Cervical nervesCervical nervesThe cervical nerves are the spinal nerves from the cervical vertebrae.Although there are seven cervical vertebrae , there are eight cervical nerves . All nerves except C8 emerge above their corresponding vertebrae, while the C8 nerve emerges below the C7 vertebra...
(Nn. Cervicales)
- Cervical nervesCervical nervesThe cervical nerves are the spinal nerves from the cervical vertebrae.Although there are seven cervical vertebrae , there are eight cervical nerves . All nerves except C8 emerge above their corresponding vertebrae, while the C8 nerve emerges below the C7 vertebra...
(Nn. Cervicales)- posterior division of the second cervical nerve
- medial branch (ramus medialis; internal branch)
- greater occipital nerveGreater occipital nerveThe greater occipital nerve is a spinal nerve, specifically the medial branch of the dorsal primary ramus of cervical spinal nerve 2. This nerve arises from between the first and second cervical vertebrae, along with the lesser occipital nerve. It ascends after emerging from the suboccipital...
(n. occipitalis major; great occipital nerve)
- greater occipital nerve
- lateral branch (ramus lateralis; external branch)
- medial branch (ramus medialis; internal branch)
- posterior division of the third cervical nerve
- medial branch
- third occipital nerveThird occipital nerveWhile under the Trapezius, the medial branch of the posterior division of the third cervical nerve gives off a branch called the third occipital nerve , which pierces the Trapezius and ends in the skin of the lower part of the back of the head.It lies medial to the greater occipital and...
- third occipital nerve
- lateral branch
- medial branch
- posterior cervical plexus
- posterior divisions of the lower five cervical nervesCervical nervesThe cervical nerves are the spinal nerves from the cervical vertebrae.Although there are seven cervical vertebrae , there are eight cervical nerves . All nerves except C8 emerge above their corresponding vertebrae, while the C8 nerve emerges below the C7 vertebra...
- medial branches
- lateral branches
- posterior division of the second cervical nerve
- Thoracic nervesThoracic nervesThe thoracic nerves are the spinal nerves emerging from the thoracic vertebrae. Branches also exit the spine and go directly to the Sympathetic Chain Ganglia of the Autonomic Nervous System where they are involved in the functions of organs and glands in the head, neck, thorax and abdomen.-Anterior...
(Nn. Thoracales)- medial branches (ramus medialis; internal branch)
- upper six thoracic nervesThoracic nervesThe thoracic nerves are the spinal nerves emerging from the thoracic vertebrae. Branches also exit the spine and go directly to the Sympathetic Chain Ganglia of the Autonomic Nervous System where they are involved in the functions of organs and glands in the head, neck, thorax and abdomen.-Anterior...
- lower six thoracic nervesThoracic nervesThe thoracic nerves are the spinal nerves emerging from the thoracic vertebrae. Branches also exit the spine and go directly to the Sympathetic Chain Ganglia of the Autonomic Nervous System where they are involved in the functions of organs and glands in the head, neck, thorax and abdomen.-Anterior...
- upper six thoracic nerves
- lateral branches (ramus lateralis; external branch)
- medial branches (ramus medialis; internal branch)
- Lumbar nervesLumbar nervesThe lumbar nerves are the five spinal nerves emerging from the lumbar vertebrae. They are divided into posterior and anterior divisions.-Posterior divisions:...
(Nn. Lumbales)- medial branches
- lateral branches
- Sacral nervesSacral nervesThe five sacral nerves emerge from the sacrum. Although the vertebral components of the sacrum are fused into a single bone, the sacral vertebrae are still used to number the sacral nerves....
(Nn. Sacrales)- upper three sacral nervesSacral nervesThe five sacral nerves emerge from the sacrum. Although the vertebral components of the sacrum are fused into a single bone, the sacral vertebrae are still used to number the sacral nerves....
- medial branches
- lateral branches
- lower two sacral nervesSacral nervesThe five sacral nerves emerge from the sacrum. Although the vertebral components of the sacrum are fused into a single bone, the sacral vertebrae are still used to number the sacral nerves....
- upper three sacral nerves
- anterior divisions (Rami Anteriores)
- Cervical nervesCervical nervesThe cervical nerves are the spinal nerves from the cervical vertebrae.Although there are seven cervical vertebrae , there are eight cervical nerves . All nerves except C8 emerge above their corresponding vertebrae, while the C8 nerve emerges below the C7 vertebra...
(Nn. Cervicales) - anterior division of the first (suboccipital nerveSuboccipital nerveThe first cervical nerve, the suboccipital nerve exits the spinal cord between the skull and the first cervical vertebra, the atlas.It supplies muscles around the suboccipital triangle including the rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis superior, and obliquus capitis inferior. The...
) - upper four cervical nerves
- cervical plexusCervical plexusThe cervical plexus is a plexus of the ventral rami of the first four cervical spinal nerves which are located from C1 to C4 cervical segment in the neck. They are located laterally to the transverse processes between prevertebral muscles from the medial side and vertebral from lateral side...
(plexus cervicalis)
- Smaller occipital nerve (n. occipitalïs minor; small occipital nerve)
- auricular branch
- Great auricular nerve (n. auricularis magnus)
- Great auricular nerve
- anterior branch (ramus anterior; facial branch)
- posterior branch (ramus posterior; mastoid branch)
- Cutaneous cervical (n. cutaneus colli; superficial or transverse cervical nerve)
- ascending branches (rami superiores)
- Cutaneous cervical
- descending branches (rami inferiores)
- Supraclavicular nervesSupraclavicular nervesThe supraclavicular nerves arise from the third and fourth cervical nerves; they emerge beneath the posterior border of the Sternocleidomastoideus, and descend in the posterior triangle of the neck beneath the platysma and deep cervical fascia.-Branches:Near the clavicle they perforate the fascia...
(nn. supraclaviculares; descending branches)- anterior supraclavicular nerves (nn. supraclaviculares anteriores; suprasternal nerves)
- middle supraclavicular nerves (nn. supraclaviculares medii; supraclavicular nerves)
- posterior supraclavicular nerves (nn. supraclaviculares posteriores; supra-acromial nerves)
- Communicating branches
- Muscular branches
- Communicantes cervicales (communicantes hypoglossi)
- descendens cervicalis
- ansa hypoglossi
- Phrenic nervePhrenic nerveThe phrenic nerve originates mainly from the 4th cervical nerve, but also receives contributions from the 5th and 3rd cervical nerves in humans....
(n. phrenicus; internal respiratory nerve of Bell)
- Dorsal scapular nerveDorsal scapular nerveThe dorsal scapular nerve arises from the brachial plexus, usually from the plexus root of C5.It provides motor innervation to the rhomboid muscles, which pull the scapula towards the spine and levator scapulae muscle, which elevates the scapula....
(n. dorsalis scapulæ; nerve to the Rhomboidei; posterior scapular nerve) - Suprascapular nerveSuprascapular nerveThe suprascapular nerve arises from the upper trunk . It innervates the supraspinatus muscles and infraspinatus muscles....
(n. suprascapularis)
- Nerve to the subclaviusNerve to the subclaviusThe nerve to the Subclavius is a small filament, which arises from the point of junction of the fifth and sixth cervical nerves....
(n. subclavius) - Long thoracic nerveLong thoracic nerveThe long thoracic nerve supplies the Serratus anterior. This nerve characteristically arises by three roots from the fifth, sixth, and seventh cervical nerves but the root from C7 may be absent...
(n. thoracalis longus; external respiratory nerve of Bell; posterior thoracic nerve)
- Lateral cordLateral cordThe Lateral cord is a division of the brachial plexus.The lateral cord gives rise to the following nerves:*The lateral pectoral nerve, C5, C6 and C7 to the pectoralis major muscle*The musculocutaneous nerve which innervates the biceps muscle...
: Musculocutaneous (5, 6, 7 C), Lateral anterior thoracic (5, 6, 7 C), Lateral head of medianMedian nerveThe median nerve is a nerve in humans and other animals. It is in the upper limb. It is one of the five main nerves originating from the brachial plexus....
(6, 7 C)
- Medial cordMedial cordThe Medial cord is a division of the brachial plexus.The medial cord gives rise to the following nerves:*The median pectoral nerve, C8 and T1, to the pectoralis muscle*The medial brachial cutaneous nerve, T1...
: Medial anterior thoracic (8 C, 1 T), Medial antibrachial cutaneous, Medial brachial cutaneous, UlnarUlnar nerveIn human anatomy, the ulnar nerve is a nerve which runs near the ulna bone. The ulnar collateral ligament of elbow joint is in relation with the ulnar nerve. The nerve is the largest unprotected nerve in the human body , so injury is common...
, Medial head of medianMedian nerveThe median nerve is a nerve in humans and other animals. It is in the upper limb. It is one of the five main nerves originating from the brachial plexus....
, Upper subscapular (5, 6 C), Lower subscapular (5, 6 C.)
- Posterior cordPosterior cordThe posterior cord is a part of the brachial plexus. It consists of contributions from all of the roots of the brachial plexus.The posterior cord gives rise to the following nerves:...
: ThoracodorsalThoracodorsal nerveThe thoracodorsal nerve is a nerve present in humans and other animals. It is also known as the middle subscapular nerve or the long subscapular nerve. It supplies the latissimus dorsi muscle....
(5, 6, 7 C.), AxillaryAxillary nerveThe axillary nerve or the circumflex nerve is a nerve of the human body, that comes off the of the brachial plexus at the level of the axilla and carries nerve fibers from C5 and C6...
(5, 6 C.), RadialRadial nerveThe radial nerve is a nerve in the human body that supplies the upper limb. It supplies the medial and lateral heads of the triceps brachii muscle of the arm, as well as all 12 muscles in the posterior osteofascial compartment of the forearm and the associated joints and overlying skin.It...
(6, 7, 8 C, 1 T.)
- Anterior thoracic nerves (nn. thoracales anteriores)
- lateral anterior thoracic (fasciculus lateralis)
- medial anterior thoracic (fasciculus medialis)
- Subscapular nerves (nn. subscapulares)
- Subscapular nerves
- upper subscapular (short subscapular)
- lower subscapular
- Thoracodorsal nerveThoracodorsal nerveThe thoracodorsal nerve is a nerve present in humans and other animals. It is also known as the middle subscapular nerve or the long subscapular nerve. It supplies the latissimus dorsi muscle....
(n. thoracodorsalis; middle or long subscapular nerve) - Axillary nerveAxillary nerveThe axillary nerve or the circumflex nerve is a nerve of the human body, that comes off the of the brachial plexus at the level of the axilla and carries nerve fibers from C5 and C6...
(n. axillaris; circumflex nerve)- anterior branch of axillary nerve (upper branch)
- posterior branch of axillary nerve (lower branch)
- lateral brachial cutaneous nerve
- lateral antibrachial cutaneous nerve (n. cutaneus antibrachii cutaneous lateralis; branch of musculocutaneous nerve)
- Medial antibrachial cutaneous nerve (n. cutaneus antibrachii medialis; internal cutaneous nerve)
- Medial brachial cutaneous nerve (n. cutaneus brachii medialis; lesser internal cutaneous nerve; nerve of Wrisberg)
- Median nerveMedian nerveThe median nerve is a nerve in humans and other animals. It is in the upper limb. It is one of the five main nerves originating from the brachial plexus....
(n. medianus)- In the forearmForearm-See also:*Forearm flexors*Forearm muscles...
- muscular branches (rami musculares)
- volar interosseous nerve (n. interosseus volaris; anterior interosseous nerve)
- palmar branchPalmar branch of the median nerveThe palmar branch of the median nerve is a branch of the median nerve which arises at the lower part of the forearm.-Branches:It pierces the palmar carpal ligament, and divides into a lateral and a medial branch;...
(ramus cutaneus palmaris n. mediani)
- In the palm of the handHandA hand is a prehensile, multi-fingered extremity located at the end of an arm or forelimb of primates such as humans, chimpanzees, monkeys, and lemurs...
- proper volar digital nerves
- common volar digital nerves
- In the forearm
- articular branches to the elbow-joint
- muscular branches of ulnar nerveMuscular branches of ulnar nerveThe muscular branches of ulnar nerve, two in number, arise near the elbow: one supplies the Flexor carpi ulnaris; the other, the ulnar half of the Flexor digitorum profundus. ....
(rami musculares) - palmar cutaneous branch of ulnar nerve
- dorsal branch of ulnar nerveDorsal branch of ulnar nerveThe dorsal branch of ulnar nerve arises about 5 cm. proximal to the wrist; it passes backward beneath the Flexor carpi ulnaris, perforates the deep fascia, and, running along the ulnar side of the back of the wrist and hand, divides into two dorsal digital branches; one supplies the ulnar side of...
(ramus dorsalis manus) - volar branch of ulnar nerve (ramus volaris manus)
- superficial branch of ulnar nerveSuperficial branch of ulnar nerveThe superficial branch of the ulnar nerve is a terminal branch of the ulnar nerve. It supplies the palmaris brevis and the skin on the ulnar side of the hand, and divides into a proper palmar digital nerve and a common palmar digital nerve....
(ramus superficialis [n. ulnaris])
- Radial nerveRadial nerveThe radial nerve is a nerve in the human body that supplies the upper limb. It supplies the medial and lateral heads of the triceps brachii muscle of the arm, as well as all 12 muscles in the posterior osteofascial compartment of the forearm and the associated joints and overlying skin.It...
(n. radialis; musculospiral nerve)- Muscular branches of the radial nerveMuscular branches of the radial nerveThe muscular branches of the radial nerve supply the Triceps brachii, Anconæus, Brachioradialis, Extensor carpi radialis longus, and Brachialis, and are grouped as medial, posterior, and lateral. -Medial:...
(rami musculares)- ulnar collateral nerve
- Cutaneous branches of the radial nerve
- posterior brachial cutaneous nerve (n. cutaneus brachii posterior; internal cutaneous branch of musculospiral)
- Muscular branches of the radial nerve
- Radial nerveRadial nerveThe radial nerve is a nerve in the human body that supplies the upper limb. It supplies the medial and lateral heads of the triceps brachii muscle of the arm, as well as all 12 muscles in the posterior osteofascial compartment of the forearm and the associated joints and overlying skin.It...
- Cutaneous branches of the radial nerve
- dorsal antibrachial cutaneous nerve (n. cutaneus antibrachii dorsalis; external cutaneous branch of musculospiral)
- Superficial branch of the radial nerveSuperficial branch of the radial nerveThe superficial branch of the radial nerve passes along the front of the radial side of the forearm to the commencement of its lower third.It lies at first slightly lateral to the radial artery, concealed beneath the Brachioradialis. In the middle third of the forearm, it lies behind the same...
(ramus superficialis radial nerve) - Deep branch of the radial nerveDeep branch of the radial nerveThe deep branch of the radial nerve winds to the back of the forearm around the lateral side of the radius between the two planes of fibers of the Supinator, and is prolonged downward between the superficial and deep layers of muscles, to the middle of the forearm.Considerably diminished in size,...
(n. interosseus dorsalis; dorsal or posterior interosseous nerve)- dorsal interosseous nerve
- Cutaneous branches of the radial nerve
- anterior divisions of the thoracic nerves (rami anteriores; ventral divisions)
- First thoracic nerve
- first intercostal nerve
- Upper thoracic nerves (nn. intercostales)
- thoracic intercostal nerves
- Lateral cutaneous branches (rami cutanei laterales)
- Lower thoracic nerves
- thoracicoabdominal intercostal nerves
- anterior cutaneous branches
- lateral cutaneous branches
- twelfth thoracic nerve
- lateral cutaneous branch
- lumbosacral plexusLumbosacral plexusThe anterior divisions of the lumbar nerves, sacral nerves, and coccygeal nerve form the lumbosacral plexus, the first lumbar nerve being frequently joined by a branch from the twelfth thoracic. For descriptive purposes this plexus is usually divided into three parts:* lumbar plexus* sacral plexus*...
(Plexus Lumbosacralis) - Lumbar nervesLumbar nervesThe lumbar nerves are the five spinal nerves emerging from the lumbar vertebrae. They are divided into posterior and anterior divisions.-Posterior divisions:...
(Nn. Lumbales) - anterior divisions of the lumbar nerves (rami anteriores)
- lumbosacral trunkLumbosacral trunkThe lumbosacral trunk is nervous tissue that connects the lumbar plexus with the sacral plexus.-Structure:The lumbosacral trunk comprises the whole of the anterior division of the fifth and a part of that of the fourth lumbar nerve; it appears at the medial margin of the psoas major and runs...
- Iliohypogastric nerveIliohypogastric nerveThe iliohypogastric nerve is the superior branch of the anterior ramus of spinal nerve L1 after this nerve receives fibers from T12 . The inferior branch is the ilioinguinal nerve....
(n. iliohypogastricus)- lateral cutaneous branch (ramus cutaneus lateralis; iliac branch)
- anterior cutaneous branch (ramus cutaneus anterior; hypogastric branch)
- Genitofemoral nerveGenitofemoral nerveIn human anatomy, the genitofemoral nerve originates from the upper part of the lumbar plexus of spinal nerves. Its roots are L1 and L2 .The genitofemoral nerve is responsible for both the efferent and afferent limbs of the cremasteric reflex...
(n. genitofemoralis; genitocrural nerve)- external spermatic nerve (n. spermaticus externus; genital branch of genitofemoral)
- lumboinguinal nerveLumboinguinal nerveThe lumboinguinal nerve descends on the external iliac artery, sending a few filaments around it, and, passing beneath the inguinal ligament, enters the sheath of the femoral vessels, lying superficial and lateral to the femoral artery.It pierces the anterior layer of the sheath of the vessels and...
(n. lumboinguinalis; femoral or crural branch of genitofemoral)
- Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (n. cutaneus femoralis lateralis; external cutaneous nerve)
- patellar plexusPatellar plexusThe terminal filaments of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve frequently communicate with the anterior cutaneous branches of the femoral nerve, and with the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve, forming with them the patellar plexus ....
- patellar plexus
- Obturator nerveObturator nerveThe obturator nerve in human anatomy arises from the ventral divisions of the second, third, and fourth lumbar nerves; the branch from the third is the largest, while that from the second is often very small.-Path:...
(n. obturatorius)
- Obturator nerveObturator nerveThe obturator nerve in human anatomy arises from the ventral divisions of the second, third, and fourth lumbar nerves; the branch from the third is the largest, while that from the second is often very small.-Path:...
(n. obturatorius)- anterior branch (ramus anterior)
- posterior branch (ramus posterior)
- Obturator nerveObturator nerveThe obturator nerve in human anatomy arises from the ventral divisions of the second, third, and fourth lumbar nerves; the branch from the third is the largest, while that from the second is often very small.-Path:...
(n. obturatorius)- articular branch for the knee-joint
- Accessory obturator nerveAccessory obturator nerveIn human anatomy, the accessory obturator nerve is an accessory nerve in the lumbar region present in about 29% of cases.It is of small size, and arises from the ventral divisions of the third and fourth lumbar nerves...
(n. obturatorius accessorius) - Femoral nerveFemoral nerveThe femoral nerve, the largest branch of the lumbar plexus, arises from the dorsal divisions of the ventral rami of the second, third, and fourth lumbar nerves...
(n. femoralis; anterior crural nerve)- intermediate cutaneous nerve (ramus cutaneus anterior; middle cutaneous nerve)
- medial cutaneous nerve (ramus cutaneus anterior; internal cutaneous nerve)
- Femoral nerveFemoral nerveThe femoral nerve, the largest branch of the lumbar plexus, arises from the dorsal divisions of the ventral rami of the second, third, and fourth lumbar nerves...
(n. femoralis; anterior crural nerve)- medial cutaneous nerve (ramus cutaneus anterior; internal cutaneous nerve)
- subsartorial plexusSubsartorial plexusThe subsartorial plexus is a plexus of nerves that is located under the sartorius muscle. It is formed by:# the medial cutaneous nerve of the thigh # the saphenous nerve...
- Muscular branches (rami musculares)
- nerve to the Pectineus
- nerve to the Sartorius
- Saphenous nerveSaphenous nerveThe saphenous nerve is the largest cutaneous branch of the femoral nerve.-Path:It approaches the femoral artery where this vessel passes beneath the sartorius, and lies in front of the artery, behind the aponeurotic covering of the adductor canal, as far as the opening in the lower part of the...
(n. saphenus; long or internal saphenous nerve) - infrapatellar branch
- plexus patellæ
- articular branch to the hip-joint
- articular branches to the knee-joint
- Sacral plexusSacral plexus-External links:*...
(plexus sacralis) - Nerve to the Quadratus femoris and Gemellus inferior
- Nerve to the PiriformisNerve to the Piriformis-Course:The nerve to piriformis originates in the sacral plexus. It arises from the dorsal division of the second sacral nerve, or the dorsal divisions of the first and second sacral nerves , and enters the anterior surface of the piriformis muscle; this nerve may be double....
- Superior gluteal nerve (n. glutæus superior)
- Inferior gluteal nerveInferior gluteal nerveThe inferior gluteal nerve is a nerve in the pelvis that innervates the gluteus maximus muscle.-Structure:The inferior gluteal nerve originates in the sacral plexus...
(n. glutæus inferior) - Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve (n. cutaneus femoralis posterior; small sciatic nerve)
- Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve (n. cutaneus femoralis posterior; small sciatic nerve)
- gluteal branches (nn. clunium inferiores)
- perineal branches (rami perineales)
- inferior pudendal (long scrotal nerve)
- branches to the back of the thigh and leg
- Sciatic nerveSciatic nerveThe sciatic nerve is a large nerve fiber in humans and other animals. It begins in the lower back and runs through the buttock and down the lower limb...
(n. ischiadicus; great sciatic nerve)
- Tibial nerveTibial nerveThe tibial nerve is a branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve passes through the popliteal fossa to pass below the arch of soleus.In the popliteal fossa the nerve gives off branches to gastrocnemius, popliteus, soleus and plantaris muscles, an articular branch to the knee joint, and a...
(n. tibialis; internal popliteal nerve)- Articular branches (rami articulares)
- Muscular branches (rami musculares)
- medial sural cutaneous nerveMedial sural cutaneous nerveThe medial sural cutaneous nerve originates from the tibial nerve of the sciatic, descends between the two heads of the Gastrocnemius, and, about the middle of the back of the leg, pierces the deep fascia, and unites with the anastomotic ramus of the common peroneal to form the sural nerve....
(n. cutaneus suræ medialis; n. communicans tibialis)
- Tibial nerveTibial nerveThe tibial nerve is a branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve passes through the popliteal fossa to pass below the arch of soleus.In the popliteal fossa the nerve gives off branches to gastrocnemius, popliteus, soleus and plantaris muscles, an articular branch to the knee joint, and a...
(n. tibialis; internal popliteal nerve)- sural nerveSural nerveThe sural nerve , formed by the junction of the medial sural cutaneous with the peroneal anastomotic branch of the lateral sural cutaneous nerve, passes downward near the lateral margin of the tendo calcaneus, lying close to the small saphenous vein, to the interval between the lateral malleolus...
(n. suralis; short saphenous nerve)- lateral dorsal cutaneous nerveLateral dorsal cutaneous nerveThe lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve is a cutaneous branch of the foot. The turns into a dorsal digital nerve and supplies the lateral side of the fifth toe....
- lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve
- medial calcaneal branches (rami calcanei mediales; internal calcaneal branches)
- medial plantar nerveMedial plantar nerveThe medial plantar nerve , the larger of the two terminal divisions of the tibial nerve, accompanies the medial plantar artery....
(n. plantaris medialis; internal plantar nerve)- cutaneous branches
- muscular branches
- articular branches
- proper digital nerve of the great toe (nn. digitales plantares proprii; plantar digital branches)
- three common digital nerves (nn. digitales plantares communes)
- Lateral plantar nerveLateral plantar nerveThe lateral plantar nerve is a branch of the tibial nerve, in turn a branch of the sciatic nerve and supplies the skin of the fifth toe and lateral half of the fourth, as well as most of the deep muscles, its distribution being similar to that of the ulnar nerve in the hand.It passes obliquely...
(n. plantaris lateralis; external plantar nerve)
- sural nerve
- Common peroneal nerve (n. peronæus communis; external popliteal nerve; peroneal nerve)
- lateral sural cutaneous nerveLateral sural cutaneous nerveThe lateral sural cutaneous nerve supplies the skin on the posterior and lateral surfaces of the leg. The lateral sural cutaneous nerve originates from the Common fibular nerve.One branch, the peroneal anastomotic The lateral sural cutaneous nerve (lateral cutaneous branch) supplies the skin on...
(n. cutaneus suræ lateralis; lateral cutaneous branch) - peroneal anastomotic (n. communicans fibularis)
- lateral sural cutaneous nerve
- Deep peroneal nerve (n. peronæus profundus; anterior tibial nerve)
- muscular branches
- articular branch
- lateral terminal branch (external or tarsal branch)
- interosseous branches
- medial terminal branch (internal branch)
- dorsal digital nerves (nn. digitales dorsales hallucis lateralis et digiti secundi medialis)
- interosseous branch
- Superficial peroneal nerve (n. peronæus superficialis; musculocutaneous nerveMusculocutaneous nerveThe musculocutaneous nerve arises from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus, opposite the lower border of the Pectoralis major, its fibers being derived from C5, C6 and C7.-Path:...
)- medial dorsal cutaneous nerveMedial dorsal cutaneous nerveThe medial dorsal cutaneous nerve passes in front of the ankle-joint, and divides into two dorsal digital branches, one of which supplies the medial side of the great toe, the other, the adjacent side of the second and third toes.It also supplies the integument of the medial side of the foot and...
(n. cutaneus dorsalis medialis; internal dorsal cutaneous branch) - intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerveIntermediate dorsal cutaneous nerveThe intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve , the smaller, passes along the lateral part of the dorsum of the foot, and divides into dorsal digital branches, which supply the contiguous sides of the third and fourth, and of the fourth and fifth toes.It also supplies the skin of the lateral side of the...
(n. cutaneus dorsalis intermedius; external dorsal cutaneous branch)- dorsal digital branches
- medial dorsal cutaneous nerve
- Perforating cutaneous nervePerforating cutaneous nerveThe perforating cutaneous nerve is a cutaneous nerve that supplies skin over the gluteus maximus muscle.-Structure:The perforating cutaneous nerve arises from the sacral plexus. It pierces the lower part of the sacrotuberous ligament, and winds around the inferior border of the gluteus maximus...
(n. clunium inferior medialis) - Pudendal nervePudendal nerveThe pudendal nerve is a sensory and somatic nerve in the pelvic region which is a large branch of the sacral plexus that innervates the external genitalia of both sexes, as well as sphincters for the bladder and the rectum...
(n. pudendus; internal pudic nerve)
- Alcock’s canal
- dorsal nerve of the penisDorsal nerve of the penisThe dorsal nerve of the penis is the deepest division of the pudendal nerve; it accompanies the internal pudendal artery along the ramus of the ischium; it then runs forward along the margin of the inferior ramus of the pubis, between the superior and inferior layers of the fascia of the...
or clitorisClitorisThe clitoris is a sexual organ that is present only in female mammals. In humans, the visible button-like portion is located near the anterior junction of the labia minora, above the opening of the urethra and vagina. Unlike the penis, which is homologous to the clitoris, the clitoris does not... - inferior hemorrhoidal nerve (n. hæmorrhoidalis inferior)
- perineal nervePerineal nerveThe perineal nerve is a nerve arising from the pudendal nerve that supplies the perineum.-Structure:The perineal nerve is the inferior and larger of the two terminal branches of the pudendal nerve, is situated below the internal pudendal artery....
(n. perinei)- posterior scrotal branchesPosterior scrotal nervesThe posterior scrotal branches or ""posterior labial branches"" are two in number, medial and lateral. They are branches of the perineal nerve, which is itself is a branch of the pudendal nerve...
(or labial) (nn. scrotales (or labiales) posteriores - muscular branches
- nerve to the bulb
- posterior scrotal branches
- dorsal nerve of the penisDorsal nerve of the penisThe dorsal nerve of the penis is the deepest division of the pudendal nerve; it accompanies the internal pudendal artery along the ramus of the ischium; it then runs forward along the margin of the inferior ramus of the pubis, between the superior and inferior layers of the fascia of the...
(n. dorsalis penis) - Anococcygeal nerves (nn. anococcygei)
- cranial sympathetics
- Sympathetic efferent fibers of the Oculomotor nerveOculomotor nerveThe oculomotor nerve is the 3rd of 12 paired cranial nerves. It enters the orbit via the superior orbital fissure and controls most of the eye's movements, including constriction of the pupil and maintaining an open eyelid by innervating the Levator palpebrae superiors muscle. The optic nerve is...
- Sympathetic efferent fibers of the Facial nerveFacial nerveThe facial nerve is the seventh of twelve paired cranial nerves. It emerges from the brainstem between the pons and the medulla, and controls the muscles of facial expression, and functions in the conveyance of taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and oral cavity...
- Sympathetic efferent fibers of the Oculomotor nerve
- cranial sympathetics
- Sympathetic afferent fibers of the Glossopharyngeal nerveGlossopharyngeal nerveThe glossopharyngeal nerve is the ninth of twelve pairs of cranial nerves . It exits the brainstem out from the sides of the upper medulla, just rostral to the vagus nerve...
- Sympathetic efferent fibers of the Vagus nerveVagus nerveThe vagus nerve , also called pneumogastric nerve or cranial nerve X, is the tenth of twelve paired cranial nerves...
- Sympathetic afferent fibers of the Glossopharyngeal nerve
- cranial sympathetics
- Sympathetic afferent fibers of the Vagus
- Sacral sympathetics
- Sacral sympathetic efferent fibers
- Sacral sympathetics
- Afferent sympathetic fibers
- Thoracolumbar sympathetics
- thoracolumbar sympathetic fibers
- vasoconstrictor fibers
- Thoracolumbar sympathetics
- central ganglia
- prevertebral plexuses
- sympathetic trunks (truncus sympathicus; gangliated cord)
- ganglion imparGanglion imparThe pelvic portion of each sympathetic trunk is situated in front of the sacrum, medial to the anterior sacral foramina. It consists of four or five small sacral ganglia, connected together by interganglionic cords, and continuous above with the abdominal portion...
- Connections with the Spinal nerves
- gray and white rami communicantes
- central ganglia
- Thoracolumbar sympathetics
- three great gangliated plexuses (collateral gangliaCollateral gangliaPrevertebral ganglia are sympathetic ganglia which lie between the sympathetic chain and the organ of supply.-Function:...
)- cardiac plexusCardiac plexusThe cardiac plexus is a plexus of nerves situated at the base of the heart that innervates the heart.-Structure:The cardiac plexus is divided into a superficial part, which lies in the concavity of the aortic arch, and a deep part, between the aortic arch and the trachea.The two parts are, however,...
- solar plexus or epigastric plexus
- hypogastric plexus
- cardiac plexus
- three great gangliated plexuses (collateral ganglia
- internal carotid nerve
- internal carotid plexusInternal carotid plexusThe internal carotid plexus is situated on the lateral side of the internal carotid artery, and in the plexus there occasionally exists a small gangliform swelling, the carotid ganglion, on the under surface of the artery....
(plexus caroticus internus; carotid plexusInternal carotid plexusThe internal carotid plexus is situated on the lateral side of the internal carotid artery, and in the plexus there occasionally exists a small gangliform swelling, the carotid ganglion, on the under surface of the artery....
) - carotid ganglion
- deep petrosal
- caroticotympanicCaroticotympanic nervesThe caroticotympanic nerves are nerves which supply the eardrum and carotid canal....
- cavernous plexusCavernous plexusThe cavernous nerve plexus is situated below and medial to that part of the internal carotid artery which is placed by the side of the sella turcica in the cavernous sinus, and is formed chiefly by the medial division of the internal carotid nerve....
(plexus cavernosus) - filaments of connection
- terminal filaments
- superior cervical ganglionSuperior cervical ganglionThe superior cervical ganglion , the largest of the cervical ganglia, is placed opposite the second and third cervical vertebræ. It contains neurons that supply sympathetic innervation to the face....
(ganglion cervicale superius)- Inferior branch
- Lateral branches (external branches)
- Medial branches (internal branches)
- laryngopharyngeal branches (rami laryngopharyngei)
- superior cervical ganglionSuperior cervical ganglionThe superior cervical ganglion , the largest of the cervical ganglia, is placed opposite the second and third cervical vertebræ. It contains neurons that supply sympathetic innervation to the face....
(ganglion cervicale superius)- pharyngeal plexusPharyngeal plexus of vagus nerveThe pharyngeal plexus is a network of nerve fibers innervating most of the palate, larynx, and pharynx.It is located on the surface of the middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle.-Sources:...
- superior cardiac nerveSuperior cardiac nerveThe superior cardiac nerve arises by two or more branches from the superior cervical ganglion, and occasionally receives a filament from the trunk between the first and second cervical ganglia....
(n. cardiacus superior) - Anterior branches (nn. carotici externi)
- external petrosal nerve
- pharyngeal plexus
- middle cervical ganglionMiddle cervical ganglionThe middle cervical ganglion is the smallest of the three cervical ganglia, and is occasionally absent.It is placed opposite the sixth cervical vertebra, usually in front of, or close to, the inferior thyroid artery....
(ganglion cervicale medium)- Middle cardiac nerveMiddle cardiac nerveThe middle cardiac nerve , the largest of the three cardiac nerves, arises from the middle cervical ganglion, or from the trunk between the middle and inferior ganglia...
(n. cardiacus medius; great cardiac nerve)
- Middle cardiac nerve
- inferior cervical ganglionInferior cervical ganglionThe inferior cervical ganglion is situated between the base of the transverse process of the last cervical vertebra and the neck of the first rib, on the medial side of the costocervical artery....
(ganglion cervicale inferius)- ansa subclavia (Vieussenii)
- inferior cardiac nerveInferior cardiac nerveThe inferior cardiac nerve arises from either the inferior cervical or the first thoracic ganglion.It descends behind the subclavian artery and along the front of the trachea, to join the deep part of the cardiac plexus....
(n. cardiacus inferior) - offsets to bloodvessels
- branches from the upper five ganglia
- branches from the lower seven ganglia
- greater splanchnic nerve (n. splanchnicus major; great splanchnic nerve)
- ganglion splanchnicum
- lesser splanchnic nerve (n. splanchnicus minor)
- lowest splanchnic nerve (n. splanchnicus imus; least splanchnic nerve)
- Pars Abdominalis S. Sympathici; Lumbar portion of Gangliated cord
- ganglion imparGanglion imparThe pelvic portion of each sympathetic trunk is situated in front of the sacrum, medial to the anterior sacral foramina. It consists of four or five small sacral ganglia, connected together by interganglionic cords, and continuous above with the abdominal portion...
- branches of distribution
- glomus coccygeum (coccygeal body)
- Cardiac plexusCardiac plexusThe cardiac plexus is a plexus of nerves situated at the base of the heart that innervates the heart.-Structure:The cardiac plexus is divided into a superficial part, which lies in the concavity of the aortic arch, and a deep part, between the aortic arch and the trachea.The two parts are, however,...
(Plexus Cardiacus)- superficial part of the cardiac plexus
- cardiac ganglion of Wrisberg
- deep part of the cardiac plexus
- Cardiac plexusCardiac plexusThe cardiac plexus is a plexus of nerves situated at the base of the heart that innervates the heart.-Structure:The cardiac plexus is divided into a superficial part, which lies in the concavity of the aortic arch, and a deep part, between the aortic arch and the trachea.The two parts are, however,...
(Plexus Cardiacus)- Posterior coronary plexus (plexus coronarius posterior; left coronary plexus)
- Anterior coronary plexus (plexus coronarius anterior; right coronary plexus)
- Celiac plexusCeliac plexusThe celiac plexus or coeliac plexus, also known as the solar plexus, is a complex network of nerves located in the abdomen, where the celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and renal arteries branch from the abdominal aorta...
(Plexus Cœliacus; Solar plexus)- Celiac gangliaCeliac gangliaThe celiac ganglia or coeliac ganglia are two large irregularly shaped masses of nerve tissue in the upper abdomen. Part of the sympathetic subdivision of the autonomic nervous system , the two celiac ganglia are the largest ganglia in the ANS, and they innervate most of the digestive tract.They...
(ganglia cæliaca; semilunar ganglia) - aorticorenal ganglionAorticorenal ganglionSympathetic input to the gut comes from the sympathetic chain next to the thoracic vertebrae. The upper nerve supply leaves the sympathetic chain by the greater splanchnic nerve and synapses in the celiac ganglion before proceeding onto the foregut...
- phrenic plexusPhrenic plexusThe phrenic plexus accompanies the inferior phrenic artery to the diaphragm, some filaments passing to the suprarenal gland.It arises from the upper part of the celiac ganglion, and is larger on the right than on the left side....
(plexus phrenicus)
- Celiac ganglia
- Celiac plexusCeliac plexusThe celiac plexus or coeliac plexus, also known as the solar plexus, is a complex network of nerves located in the abdomen, where the celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and renal arteries branch from the abdominal aorta...
(Plexus Cœliacus; Solar plexus)- ganglion phrenicum
- hepatic plexusHepatic plexusThe hepatic plexus, the largest offset from the celiac plexus, receives filaments from the left vagus and right phrenic nerves.It accompanies the hepatic artery, ramifying upon its branches, and upon those of the portal vein in the substance of the liver....
(plexus hepaticus) - inferior gastric plexus
- lienal plexus (plexus lienalis; splenic plexusSplenic plexusThe splenic plexus is formed by branches from the celiac plexus, the left celiac ganglion, and from the right vagus nerve....
)
- Celiac plexusCeliac plexusThe celiac plexus or coeliac plexus, also known as the solar plexus, is a complex network of nerves located in the abdomen, where the celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and renal arteries branch from the abdominal aorta...
(Plexus Cœliacus; Solar plexus)- superior gastric plexus (plexus gastricus superior; gastric plexus or coronary plexus)
- suprarenal plexusSuprarenal plexusThe suprarenal plexus is formed by branches from the celiac plexus, from the celiac ganglion, and from the phrenic and greater splanchnic nerves, a ganglion being formed at the point of junction with the latter nerve....
(plexus suprarenalis) - renal plexusRenal plexusThe renal plexus is formed by filaments from the celiac plexus, the aorticorenal ganglion, and the aortic plexus .It is joined also by the least splanchnic nerve....
(plexus renalis) - spermatic plexusSpermatic plexusThe spermatic plexus is derived from the renal plexus, receiving branches from the aortic plexus. It accompanies the internal spermatic artery to the testis....
(plexus spermaticus) / ovarian plexusOvarian plexusIn the female, the ovarian plexus arises from the renal plexus, and is distributed to the ovary, and fundus of the uterus.It is carried in the suspensory ligament of the ovary....
(plexus arteriæ ovaricæ) - superior mesenteric plexusSuperior mesenteric plexusThe superior mesenteric plexus is a continuation of the lower part of the celiac plexus, receiving a branch from the junction of the right vagus nerve with the plexus....
(plexus mesentericus superior)- ganglion mesentericum superius
- abdominal aortic plexus (plexus aorticus abdominalis; aortic plexus)
- inferior mesenteric plexusInferior mesenteric plexusThe inferior mesenteric plexus is derived chiefly from the aortic plexus.It surrounds the inferior mesenteric artery, and divides into a number of secondary plexuses, which are distributed to all the parts supplied by the artery, viz., the left colic and sigmoid plexuses, which supply the...
(plexus mesentericus inferior)- left colic
- sigmoid plexuses
- superior hemorrhoidal plexus
- Hypogastric plexus (Plexus Hypogastricus)
- Pelvic plexuses
- Hypogastric plexus (Plexus Hypogastricus)
- Middle hemorrhoidal plexus (plexus hæmorrhoidalis medius)
- Vesical plexus (plexus vesicalis)
- Prostatic plexus (plexus prostaticus)
- Hypogastric plexus (Plexus Hypogastricus)
- lesser cavernous nerves (nn. cavernosi penis minores; small cavernous nerves)
- greater cavernous nerve (n. cavernosus penis major; large cavernous plexus)
- Vaginal plexus
- Uterine plexus
See also
- List of images and subjects in Gray's Anatomy
- List of images in Gray's Anatomy: IX. Neurology
- Gray's AnatomyGray's AnatomyGray's Anatomy is an English-language human anatomy textbook originally written by Henry Gray. The book is widely regarded as an extremely influential work on the subject, and has continued to be revised and republished from its initial publication in 1858 to the present day...