List of subjects in Gray's Anatomy: IX. Neurology
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This is a list of the subjects in Gray's Anatomy
Gray's Anatomy
Gray's Anatomy is an English-language human anatomy textbook originally written by Henry Gray. The book is widely regarded as an extremely influential work on the subject, and has continued to be revised and republished from its initial publication in 1858 to the present day...

: IX. Neurology.

  • Neuroglia
  • Nerve cells
    • Unipolar cells
    • Bipolar cells
    • Multipolar cells
      • Pyramidal cell
        Pyramidal cell
        Pyramidal neurons are a type of neuron found in areas of the brain including cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, and in the amygdala. Pyramidal neurons are the primary excitation units of the mammalian prefrontal cortex and the corticospinal tract. Pyramidal neurons were first discovered and...


  • Nerve cells
    • axis-cylinder process or axon
      Axon
      An axon is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body or soma....

    • protoplasmic processes or dendrons
    • cyton
    • Nissl's granules

  • Nerve cells
    • cone of origin
  • Nerve fibers
  • medullated fibers or white fibers

  • medullated fibers or white fibers
    • white substance of Schwann or medullary sheath
    • neurolemma
      Neurolemma
      Neurolemma is the outermost nucleated cytoplasmic layer of Schwann cells that surrounds the axon of the neuron. It forms the outermost layer of the nerve fiber in the peripheral nervous system....

      , primitive sheath, or nucleated sheath of Schwann
    • axis-cylinder
    • primitive fibrillae of Schultze
    • neurokeratin

  • medullated fibers or white fibers
    • medullary sheath, or white matter of Schwann

  • medullated fibers or white fibers
    • nodes of Ranvier
      Nodes of Ranvier
      Myelin sheath gaps or nodes of Ranvier are the gaps formed between the myelin sheaths generated by different cells. A myelin sheath is a many-layered coating, largely composed of a fatty substance called myelin, that wraps around the axon of a neuron and very efficiently insulates it...

    • internodal segment
      Internodal segment
      An internodal segment is the portion of a nerve fiber between two Nodes of Ranvier. The neurolemma or primitive sheath is not interrupted at the nodes, but passes over them as a continuous membrane....

    • Ranvier's crosses
    • Frommann's lines
    • medullary segments, or segments of Lantermann
    • neurolemma
      Neurolemma
      Neurolemma is the outermost nucleated cytoplasmic layer of Schwann cells that surrounds the axon of the neuron. It forms the outermost layer of the nerve fiber in the peripheral nervous system....

       or primitive sheath
  • Wallerian degeneration
    Wallerian degeneration
    Wallerian degeneration is a process that results when a nerve fiber is cut or crushed, in which the part of the axon separated from the neuron's cell body degenerates distal to the injury. This is also known as anterograde degeneration, or orthograde degeneration...


  • Non-medullated Fibers
  • Gray or gelatinous nerve fibers (fibers of Remak)
  • Structure of the Peripheral nerves and Ganglia
    • cerebrospinal nerves
    • funiculus
    • fasciculi
      Nerve fascicle
      A small bundle of nerve fibers, enclosed by the perineurium, is called a funiculus; if the nerve is of small size, it may consist only of a single funiculus; but if large, the funiculi are collected together into larger bundles or nerve fascicles, which are bound together in a common membranous...

    • epineurium
      Epineurium
      The epineurium is the outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding a peripheral nerve. It is made of dense irregular connective tissue and usually contains multiple nerve fascicles as well as blood vessels which supply the nerve...

    • perineurium
      Perineurium
      In the peripheral nervous system, nerve fibers are each wrapped in a protective sheath known as the endoneurium. These are bundled together into groups known as fascicles, each surrounded by a protective sheath known as the perineurium. Several fascicles may be in turn bundled together with a blood...

    • endoneurium
      Endoneurium
      The endoneurium, also referred to as an endoneurial channel, sheath or tube, is a layer of delicate connective tissue made up of endoneurial cells that encloses the myelin sheath of a spinal cord nerve fiber. These are bundled up into groups called nerve fascicles, which have a protective sheath...

    • vasomotor fibers
    • spheroidal tactile corpuscles or end bulbs of Krause
    • nervi nervorum
    • plexus
      Plexus
      A plexus is a part of nervous system. Plexus has a slightly different definition in vertebrates and in invertebrates.- In vertebrates :In vertebrates, a plexus is an area where nerves branch and rejoin. The electrical signals do not mix; rather, the fibres travel together with their electrical...


  • Structure of the Peripheral nerves and Ganglia
    • sympathetic nerves
    • sensory nerves
      Sensory nerves
      Sensory nerves are nerves that receive sensory stimuli, such as how something feels and if it is painful, smooth, rough, etc.They are made up of nerve fibers, called sensory fibers .Sensory neurons are neurons that are activated by sensory input Sensory nerves are nerves that receive sensory...

      , or centripetal nerves or afferent nerves
    • centrifugal nerves or efferent nerves
  • Origins and Terminations of Nerves

  • origins or central terminations; and peripheral terminations
    • Origins of nerves
      • superficial origin or apparent origin
      • deep origin or real origin
    • Peripheral terminations of nerves
  • Motor nerves
    • motor end-plate
  • Ganglia

  • Neuron theory
    • neuron
      Neuron
      A neuron is an electrically excitable cell that processes and transmits information by electrical and chemical signaling. Chemical signaling occurs via synapses, specialized connections with other cells. Neurons connect to each other to form networks. Neurons are the core components of the nervous...

    • synapse
      Synapse
      In the nervous system, a synapse is a structure that permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another cell...

       or synaptic membrane
  • Fasciculi
    Nerve fascicle
    A small bundle of nerve fibers, enclosed by the perineurium, is called a funiculus; if the nerve is of small size, it may consist only of a single funiculus; but if large, the funiculi are collected together into larger bundles or nerve fascicles, which are bound together in a common membranous...

    , tracts or fiber systems

  • Medulla spinalis
  • Roof-plate of medulla spinalis
  • Floor-plate of medulla spinalis
  • layers
    • Ependymal layer
    • Marginal layer
    • Mantle layer
  • Spongioblasts
  • germinal cells
  • Neuroblasts

  • Dorsal lamina (Alar lamina)
  • Ventral lamina (Basal lamina
    Basal lamina
    The basal lamina is a layer of extracellular matrix secreted by the epithelial cells, on which the epithelium sits. It is often confused with the basement membrane, and sometimes used inconsistently in the literature, see below....

    )
  • Terminal ventricle
  • Oval bundle
  • filum terminale
    Filum terminale
    The filum terminale , is a delicate strand of fibrous tissue, about 20 cm. in length, proceeding downward from the apex of the conus medullaris. It gives longitudinal support to the spinal cord and consists of two parts:...


  • ventral cephalic flexure
  • cervical flexure
  • pontine flexure
    Pontine flexure
    The pontine flexure is a bend in the axis of the embryological central nervous system . This flexure marks the junction between the metencephalon and the myelencephalon. The division of the rhombencephalon into the metencephalon and the myelencephalon occurs at the 7th week of development...


  • Hind-brain
  • isthmus rhombencephali
  • Metencephalon
    Metencephalon
    The metencephalon is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system. The metencephalon is composed of the pons and the cerebellum; contains a portion of the fourth ventricle; and the trigeminal nerve , abducens nerve , facial nerve , and a portion of the vestibulocochlear...

  • Myelencephalon
    Myelencephalon
    The myelencephalon is categorized as a secondary vesicle in the development of the central nervous system. The prefix "myelen" is derived from Greek for medulla...


  • medulla oblongata
    Medulla oblongata
    The medulla oblongata is the lower half of the brainstem. In discussions of neurology and similar contexts where no ambiguity will result, it is often referred to as simply the medulla...

  • tractus solitarius
  • oval bundle
  • rhombic lip

  • Rhombic grooves
  • Pons
    Pons
    The pons is a structure located on the brain stem, named after the Latin word for "bridge" or the 16th-century Italian anatomist and surgeon Costanzo Varolio . It is superior to the medulla oblongata, inferior to the midbrain, and ventral to the cerebellum. In humans and other bipeds this means it...

    : development
    Developmental biology
    Developmental biology is the study of the process by which organisms grow and develop. Modern developmental biology studies the genetic control of cell growth, differentiation and "morphogenesis", which is the process that gives rise to tissues, organs and anatomy.- Related fields of study...

     of:
  • Cerebellum
    Cerebellum
    The cerebellum is a region of the brain that plays an important role in motor control. It may also be involved in some cognitive functions such as attention and language, and in regulating fear and pleasure responses, but its movement-related functions are the most solidly established...

    : development
    Developmental biology
    Developmental biology is the study of the process by which organisms grow and develop. Modern developmental biology studies the genetic control of cell growth, differentiation and "morphogenesis", which is the process that gives rise to tissues, organs and anatomy.- Related fields of study...

     of:
  • Fissura prima (cerebellum)
  • Fissura secunda (cerebellum)

  • optic vesicles
    Optic vesicles
    The eyes begin to develop as a pair of diverticula from the lateral aspects of the forebrain. These diverticula make their appearance before the closure of the anterior end of the neural tube; after the closure of the tube they are known as the optic vesicles....

  • optic stalks
  • lamina terminalis
    Lamina terminalis
    The median portion of the wall of the fore-brain vesicle consists of a thin lamina, the lamina terminalis, which stretches from the interventricular foramen to the recess at the base of the optic stalk and contains the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, which regulates the osmolarity of...

  • telencephalon
    Telencephalon
    The cerebrum or telencephalon, together with the diencephalon, constitutes the forebrain. The cerebrum is the most anterior region of the vertebrate central nervous system. Telencephalon refers to the embryonic structure, from which the mature cerebrum develops...


  • metathalamus
    Metathalamus
    The metathalamus is a composite structure of the thalamus, consisting of the medial geniculate nucleus and the lateral geniculate nucleus.-External links:*...

  • epithalamus
    Epithalamus
    The epithalamus is a dorsal posterior segment of the diencephalon which includes the habenula, the stria medullaris and the pineal body...

  • posterior commissure
    Posterior commissure
    The posterior commissure is a rounded band of white fibers crossing the middle line on the dorsal aspect of the upper end of the cerebral aqueduct. It is important in the bilateral pupillary light reflex....

  • Pineal recess
    Pineal recess
    The pineal recess is a small recess of the third ventricle which projects into the stalk of the pineal body....

     (recessus pinealis)
  • pars mamillaris hypothalami

  • pars optica hypothalami
  • cerebral hemispheres
  • rhinencephalon
    Rhinencephalon
    In animal anatomy, the rhinencephalon is a part of the brain involved with olfaction.-Components:The term rhinencephalon has been used to describe different structures at different points in time....

    • Neopallium
    • external rhinal fissure

  • corpus striatum
    • caudate nucleus
      Caudate nucleus
      The caudate nucleus is a nucleus located within the basal ganglia of the brains of many animal species. The caudate nucleus is an important part of the brain's learning and memory system.-Anatomy:...

    • lentiform nucleus
      Lentiform nucleus
      The lentiform nucleus or lenticular nucleus comprises the putamen and the globus pallidus within the basal ganglia. It is a large, cone-shaped mass of gray matter just lateral to the internal capsule.-Etymology:...

  • neopallium
    • lateral ventricle
  • falx cerebri
    Falx cerebri
    The falx cerebri, also known as the cerebral falx, so named from its sickle-like form, is a strong, arched fold of dura mater which descends vertically in the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres....


  • hippocampal fissure
  • hippocampus
    Hippocampus
    The hippocampus is a major component of the brains of humans and other vertebrates. It belongs to the limbic system and plays important roles in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory and spatial navigation. Humans and other mammals have two hippocampi, one in...

  • Commissures
    • Hippocampal commissure

  • Commissures
    • corpus callosum
      Corpus callosum
      The corpus callosum , also known as the colossal commissure, is a wide, flat bundle of neural fibers beneath the cortex in the eutherian brain at the longitudinal fissure. It connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres and facilitates interhemispheric communication...

    • fornix
    • anterior commissures
      • septum pellucidum
        Septum pellucidum
        The septum pellucidum , and not to be confused with the medial septum, is a thin, triangular, vertical membrane separating the anterior horns of the left and right lateral ventricles of the brain...


  • central sulcus
    Central sulcus
    -External links:* via the Neuroscience Information Framework...

  • intraparietal sulcus
    Intraparietal sulcus
    The intraparietal sulcus is located on the lateral surface of the parietal lobe, and consists of an oblique and a horizontal portion. The IPS contains a series of functionally distinct subregions that have been intensively investigated using both single cell neurophysiology in primates and human...

  • cingulate sulcus
    Cingulate sulcus
    The cingulate sulcus is a sulcus on the medial wall of the cerebral cortex. The frontal and parietal lobes are separated by the cingulate sulcus from the cingulate gyrus.-External links:* via the Neuroscience Information Framework...

  • lateral cerebral sulcus (Sylvian fissure)
  • Sylvian fossa

  • Development
    Developmental biology
    Developmental biology is the study of the process by which organisms grow and develop. Modern developmental biology studies the genetic control of cell growth, differentiation and "morphogenesis", which is the process that gives rise to tissues, organs and anatomy.- Related fields of study...

     of cranial nerves
    Cranial nerves
    Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain, in contrast to spinal nerves, which emerge from segments of the spinal cord. In humans, there are traditionally twelve pairs of cranial nerves...

  • tractus solitarius
  • oval bundle

  • medulla spinalis or spinal cord
    Spinal cord
    The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the brain . The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system...

  • conus medullaris
    Conus medullaris
    The conus medullaris is the terminal end of the spinal cord. It occurs near lumbar vertebral levels 1 and 2 . After the spinal cord tapers out, the spinal nerves continue as dangling nerve roots called cauda equina. This terminal nerve root tail is referred to as the filum terminale...

  • filum terminale
    Filum terminale
    The filum terminale , is a delicate strand of fibrous tissue, about 20 cm. in length, proceeding downward from the apex of the conus medullaris. It gives longitudinal support to the spinal cord and consists of two parts:...

  • dura mater
    Dura mater
    The dura mater , or dura, is the outermost of the three layers of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is derived from Mesoderm. The other two meningeal layers are the pia mater and the arachnoid mater. The dura surrounds the brain and the spinal cord and is responsible for...

  • epidural cavity
  • subdural cavity
  • arachnoid
    Arachnoid mater
    The arachnoid mater, literally from Latin "spider -like mother", is one of the three meninges, the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord...


  • subarachnoid cavity
  • pia mater
    Pia mater
    Pia mater often referred to as simply the pia, is the delicate innermost layer of the meninges, the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. The word finds its roots in Latin, meaning literally "tender mother." The other two meningeal membranes are the dura mater and the arachnoid mater....

  • ligamentum denticulatum
  • spinal ganglion
  • spinal segments (Neuromeres)
  • cauda equina
    Cauda equina
    The cauda equina is a structure within the lower end of the spinal column of most vertebrates, that consists of nerve roots and rootlets from above...

  • filum terminale
    Filum terminale
    The filum terminale , is a delicate strand of fibrous tissue, about 20 cm. in length, proceeding downward from the apex of the conus medullaris. It gives longitudinal support to the spinal cord and consists of two parts:...

    • filum terminale internum
    • filum terminale externum

  • Enlargements of medulla spinalis
    • cervical enlargement
      Cervical enlargement
      The cervical enlargement corresponds with the attachments of the large nerves which supply the upper limbs.It extends from about the third cervical to the second thoracic vertebra, its maximum circumference being on a level with the attachment of the sixth pair of cervical nerves.The reason behind...

    • lumbar enlargement
      Lumbar enlargement
      The lumbar enlargement gives attachment to the nerves which supply the lower limbs.It commences about the level of T11, and reaches its maximum circumference, of about 33 mm., at L1 , below which it tapers rapidly into the conus medullaris.An analogous region for the upper limbs exists at the...


  • Anterior median fissure
    Anterior median fissure of the medulla oblongata
    The anterior median fissure contains a fold of pia mater, and extends along the entire length of the medulla oblongata: It ends at the lower border of the pons in a small triangular expansion, termed the foramen cecum.Its lower part is interrupted by bundles of fibers that cross obliquely from one...

     (fissura mediana anterior)
  • Posterior median sulcus
    Posterior median sulcus of medulla oblongata
    The posterior median sulcus of medulla oblongata is a narrow groove; and exists only in the closed part of the medulla oblongata; it becomes gradually shallower from below upward, and finally ends about the middle of the medulla oblongata, where the central canal expands into the cavity of the...

     (sulcus medianus posterior)
  • posterolateral sulcus
    Postero-lateral sulcus of medulla oblongata
    The accessory, vagus, and glossopharyngeal nerves correspond with the posterior nerve roots, and are attached to the bottom of a sulcus named the postero-lateral sulcus ....

  • posterior funiculus
    Posterior funiculus
    The portion of the medulla spinalis which lies between the posterolateral sulcus and the posterior median sulcus is named the posterior funiculus. This area includes the dorsal columns which contains the fasciculus gracilis and, higher in the body, the fasciculus cuneatus, which are separated by a...

  • postero-intermediate sulcus
    • fasciculus gracilis
      Fasciculus gracilis
      The fasciculus gracilis is a bundle of axon fibres in the posterior column of the spinal cord and carries information from the middle thoracic and lower limbs of the body...

       (tract of Goll)
    • fasciculus cuneatus
      Fasciculus cuneatus
      The fasciculus cuneatus is a tract of nerves in the spinal cord which primarily transmits information from the arms...

       (tract of Burdach)

  • antero-lateral region
  • anterior funiculus
    Anterior funiculus
    The most lateral of the bundles of the anterior nerve roots is generally taken as a dividing line that separates the antero-lateral region into two parts, viz., an anterior funiculus, between the anterior median fissure and the most lateral of the anterior nerve roots; and a lateral funiculus,...

  • lateral funiculus
    Lateral funiculus
    The most lateral of the bundles of the anterior nerve roots is generally taken as a dividing line that separates the antero-lateral region into two parts, viz., an anterior funiculus, between the anterior median fissure and the most lateral of the anterior nerve roots; and a lateral funiculus,...

  • Internal Structure of the Medulla spinalis

  • Gray substance (substantia grisea centralis)
  • central canal
    Central canal
    For the engineering project, see Indiana Central Canal.The central canal is the cerebrospinal fluid-filled space that runs longitudinally through the length of the entire spinal cord. The central canal is contiguous with the ventricular system of the brain...

  • Anterior column (columna anterior; anterior cornu)
    • lateral column (columna lateralis; lateral cornu)
  • Posterior column
    Posterior column
    thumb | right | Cross-section of the spinal cord Posterior column or dorsal column refers to the area of white matter in the dorsomedial side of the spinal cord. It is made up of the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus and itself is part of the dorsal funiculus...

     (columna posterior; posterior cornu
    Posterior column
    thumb | right | Cross-section of the spinal cord Posterior column or dorsal column refers to the area of white matter in the dorsomedial side of the spinal cord. It is made up of the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus and itself is part of the dorsal funiculus...

    )
    • tract of Lissauer
    • substantia gelatinosa of Rolando
      Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando
      The apex of the posterior horn of the gray matter of the spinal cord is capped by a V-shaped or crescentic mass of translucent, gelatinous neuroglia, termed the substantia gelatinosa of Rolando , which contains both neuroglia cells, and small nerve cells...


  • Posterior column
    Posterior column
    thumb | right | Cross-section of the spinal cord Posterior column or dorsal column refers to the area of white matter in the dorsomedial side of the spinal cord. It is made up of the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus and itself is part of the dorsal funiculus...

     (columna posterior; posterior cornu
    Posterior column
    thumb | right | Cross-section of the spinal cord Posterior column or dorsal column refers to the area of white matter in the dorsomedial side of the spinal cord. It is made up of the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus and itself is part of the dorsal funiculus...

    )
    • formatio reticularis
  • Central canal
    Central canal
    For the engineering project, see Indiana Central Canal.The central canal is the cerebrospinal fluid-filled space that runs longitudinally through the length of the entire spinal cord. The central canal is contiguous with the ventricular system of the brain...

     (canalis centralis)
    • anterior gray commissure
    • posterior gray commissure
    • terminal ventricle
  • substantia gelatinosa centralis
    Substantia gelatinosa centralis
    Throughout the cervical and thoracic regions the central canal is situated in the anterior third of the medulla spinalis; in the lumbar enlargement it is near the middle, and in the conus medullaris it approaches the posterior surface...


  • association neurons or intersegmental neurons
  • crossed commissural fibers

  • Nerve cells in the Anterior column
    • dorso-medial column
  • Nerve cells in the Lateral column
    • lateral nucleus
      Lateral vestibular nucleus
      The lateral vestibular nucleus is the continuation upward and lateralward of the principal nucleus, and in it terminate many of the ascending branches of the vestibular nerve.-Anatomy:...


  • Nerve cells in the Lateral column
    • preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic system
  • Nerve cells in the Posterior column
    Posterior column
    thumb | right | Cross-section of the spinal cord Posterior column or dorsal column refers to the area of white matter in the dorsomedial side of the spinal cord. It is made up of the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus and itself is part of the dorsal funiculus...

    • dorsal nucleus (nucleus dorsalis; column of Clarke
      Column of Clarke
      Clarke's column is a group of interneurons found in Lamina VII, also known as the intermediate zone, of the spinal cord.-Anatomy:...

      )
    • cervical nucleus
    • sacral nucleus
    • dorsal spinocerebellar fasciculus (direct cerebellar)
    • nerve cells in the substantia gelatinosa of Rolando
    • Solitary cells
    • posterior basal column

  • Nerve fasciculi
    • Wallerian degeneration
      Wallerian degeneration
      Wallerian degeneration is a process that results when a nerve fiber is cut or crushed, in which the part of the axon separated from the neuron's cell body degenerates distal to the injury. This is also known as anterograde degeneration, or orthograde degeneration...

    • descending degeneration
    • ascending degeneration
  • Fasciculi
    Nerve fascicle
    A small bundle of nerve fibers, enclosed by the perineurium, is called a funiculus; if the nerve is of small size, it may consist only of a single funiculus; but if large, the funiculi are collected together into larger bundles or nerve fascicles, which are bound together in a common membranous...

     in the anterior funiculus
    Anterior funiculus
    The most lateral of the bundles of the anterior nerve roots is generally taken as a dividing line that separates the antero-lateral region into two parts, viz., an anterior funiculus, between the anterior median fissure and the most lateral of the anterior nerve roots; and a lateral funiculus,...

    • Descending fasciculi
      • anterior cerebrospinal (fasciculus cerebrospinalis anterior; direct pyramidal tract)

  • Fasciculi
    Nerve fascicle
    A small bundle of nerve fibers, enclosed by the perineurium, is called a funiculus; if the nerve is of small size, it may consist only of a single funiculus; but if large, the funiculi are collected together into larger bundles or nerve fascicles, which are bound together in a common membranous...

     in the anterior funiculus
    Anterior funiculus
    The most lateral of the bundles of the anterior nerve roots is generally taken as a dividing line that separates the antero-lateral region into two parts, viz., an anterior funiculus, between the anterior median fissure and the most lateral of the anterior nerve roots; and a lateral funiculus,...

    • Descending fasciculi
      • vestibulospinal fasciculus
      • tectospinal fasciculus
    • Ascending fasciculi
      • ventral spinothalamic fasciculus
      • anterior proper fasciculus
        Anterior proper fasciculus
        The remaining fibers of the anterior funiculus constitute what is termed the anterior proper fasciculus, fasciculus proprius, or fasiculus proprii .It consists of...

         (fasciculus anterior proprius; anterior basis bundle)
  • Fasciculi
    Nerve fascicle
    A small bundle of nerve fibers, enclosed by the perineurium, is called a funiculus; if the nerve is of small size, it may consist only of a single funiculus; but if large, the funiculi are collected together into larger bundles or nerve fascicles, which are bound together in a common membranous...

     in the lateral funiculus
    Lateral funiculus
    The most lateral of the bundles of the anterior nerve roots is generally taken as a dividing line that separates the antero-lateral region into two parts, viz., an anterior funiculus, between the anterior median fissure and the most lateral of the anterior nerve roots; and a lateral funiculus,...

    • Descending fasciculi
      • lateral cerebrospinal fasciculus (fasciculus cerebrospinalis lateralis; crossed pyramidal tract)

  • Fasciculi
    Nerve fascicle
    A small bundle of nerve fibers, enclosed by the perineurium, is called a funiculus; if the nerve is of small size, it may consist only of a single funiculus; but if large, the funiculi are collected together into larger bundles or nerve fascicles, which are bound together in a common membranous...

     in the lateral funiculus
    Lateral funiculus
    The most lateral of the bundles of the anterior nerve roots is generally taken as a dividing line that separates the antero-lateral region into two parts, viz., an anterior funiculus, between the anterior median fissure and the most lateral of the anterior nerve roots; and a lateral funiculus,...

    • Descending fasciculi
      • rubrospinal fasciculus (Monakow) (prepyramidal tract)
      • olivospinal fasciculus (Helweg)
    • Ascending fasciculi
      • dorsal spinocerebellar fasciculus (fasciculus cerebellospinalis; direct cerebellar tract of Flechsig)
      • superficial antero-lateral fasciculus (tract of Gowers)
      • ventral spinocerebellar fasciculus (Gowers)

  • Fasciculi
    Nerve fascicle
    A small bundle of nerve fibers, enclosed by the perineurium, is called a funiculus; if the nerve is of small size, it may consist only of a single funiculus; but if large, the funiculi are collected together into larger bundles or nerve fascicles, which are bound together in a common membranous...

     in the lateral funiculus
    Lateral funiculus
    The most lateral of the bundles of the anterior nerve roots is generally taken as a dividing line that separates the antero-lateral region into two parts, viz., an anterior funiculus, between the anterior median fissure and the most lateral of the anterior nerve roots; and a lateral funiculus,...

    • Ascending fasciculi
      • lateral spinothalamic fasciculus
      • secondary sensory fasciculus or spinal lemniscus
      • spinotectal fasciculus (spino-quadrigeminal system of Mott)
      • fasciculus of Lissauer
      • lateral proper fasciculus
        Lateral proper fasciculus
        The lateral proper fasciculus constitutes the remainder of the lateral column, and is continuous in front with the anterior proper fasciculus....

         (fasciculus lateralis proprius; lateral basis bundle)
      • medial longitudinal fasciculus
        Medial longitudinal fasciculus
        The medial longitudinal fasciculus is a pair of crossed fiber tracts , one on each side of the brainstem. These bundles of axons are situated near the midline of the brainstem and are composed of both ascending and descending fibers that arise from a number of sources and terminate in different...

  • Fasciculi
    Nerve fascicle
    A small bundle of nerve fibers, enclosed by the perineurium, is called a funiculus; if the nerve is of small size, it may consist only of a single funiculus; but if large, the funiculi are collected together into larger bundles or nerve fascicles, which are bound together in a common membranous...

     in the Posterior funiculus
    Posterior funiculus
    The portion of the medulla spinalis which lies between the posterolateral sulcus and the posterior median sulcus is named the posterior funiculus. This area includes the dorsal columns which contains the fasciculus gracilis and, higher in the body, the fasciculus cuneatus, which are separated by a...

    • fasciculus gracilis
      Fasciculus gracilis
      The fasciculus gracilis is a bundle of axon fibres in the posterior column of the spinal cord and carries information from the middle thoracic and lower limbs of the body...

       (tract of Goll)

  • Fasciculi
    Nerve fascicle
    A small bundle of nerve fibers, enclosed by the perineurium, is called a funiculus; if the nerve is of small size, it may consist only of a single funiculus; but if large, the funiculi are collected together into larger bundles or nerve fascicles, which are bound together in a common membranous...

     in the Posterior funiculus
    Posterior funiculus
    The portion of the medulla spinalis which lies between the posterolateral sulcus and the posterior median sulcus is named the posterior funiculus. This area includes the dorsal columns which contains the fasciculus gracilis and, higher in the body, the fasciculus cuneatus, which are separated by a...

    • fasciculus cuneatus
      Fasciculus cuneatus
      The fasciculus cuneatus is a tract of nerves in the spinal cord which primarily transmits information from the arms...

       (tract of Burdach)

  • Fasciculi
    Nerve fascicle
    A small bundle of nerve fibers, enclosed by the perineurium, is called a funiculus; if the nerve is of small size, it may consist only of a single funiculus; but if large, the funiculi are collected together into larger bundles or nerve fascicles, which are bound together in a common membranous...

     in the Posterior funiculus
    Posterior funiculus
    The portion of the medulla spinalis which lies between the posterolateral sulcus and the posterior median sulcus is named the posterior funiculus. This area includes the dorsal columns which contains the fasciculus gracilis and, higher in the body, the fasciculus cuneatus, which are separated by a...

    • Posterior proper fasciculus
      Posterior proper fasciculus
      The posterior proper fasciculus arises from cells in the posterior column; their axons bifurcate into ascending and descending branches which occupy the ventral part of the funiculus close to the gray column.They are intersegmental and run for varying distances sending off collaterals and...

       (Posterior ground bundle, Posterior basis bundle)
  • descending fibers occupy different parts at different levels
    • Comma-shaped fasciculus
    • Dorsal peripheral band
    • Oval area of Flechsig
    • triangular strand
  • Roots of spinal nerves

  • Brain
    Human brain
    The human brain has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but is over three times larger than the brain of a typical mammal with an equivalent body size. Estimates for the number of neurons in the human brain range from 80 to 120 billion...

     (Encephalon)
    • Brain
      Human brain
      The human brain has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but is over three times larger than the brain of a typical mammal with an equivalent body size. Estimates for the number of neurons in the human brain range from 80 to 120 billion...

      : divisions of:
    • Cerebral aqueduct
      Cerebral aqueduct
      The mesencephalic duct, also known as the aqueductus mesencephali, aqueduct of Sylvius or the cerebral aqueduct, contains cerebrospinal fluid , is within the mesencephalon and connects the third ventricle in the diencephalon to the fourth ventricle in the mesencephalon, which is between the pons...

       (Aqueduct of Sylvius )

  • tentorium cerebelli
    Tentorium cerebelli
    The tentorium cerebelli or cerebellar tentorium is an extension of the dura mater that separates the cerebellum from the inferior portion of the occipital lobes.-Anatomy:...

  • myelencephalon
    Myelencephalon
    The myelencephalon is categorized as a secondary vesicle in the development of the central nervous system. The prefix "myelen" is derived from Greek for medulla...

  • metencephalon
    Metencephalon
    The metencephalon is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system. The metencephalon is composed of the pons and the cerebellum; contains a portion of the fourth ventricle; and the trigeminal nerve , abducens nerve , facial nerve , and a portion of the vestibulocochlear...

  • isthmus rhombencephali

  • Medulla oblongata
    Medulla oblongata
    The medulla oblongata is the lower half of the brainstem. In discussions of neurology and similar contexts where no ambiguity will result, it is often referred to as simply the medulla...

     (spinal bulb)
  • Anterior median fissure
    Anterior median fissure of the medulla oblongata
    The anterior median fissure contains a fold of pia mater, and extends along the entire length of the medulla oblongata: It ends at the lower border of the pons in a small triangular expansion, termed the foramen cecum.Its lower part is interrupted by bundles of fibers that cross obliquely from one...

     (fissura mediana anterior; ventral or ventromedian fissure)
    • foramen cecum
      Foramen cecum (medulla oblongata)
      The anterior median fissure of the medulla oblongata contains a fold of pia mater, and extends along the entire length of the medulla oblongata: it ends at the lower border of the pons in a small triangular expansion, termed the foramen cecum ....

    • pyramidal decussation
    • anterior external arcuate fibers
      Anterior external arcuate fibers
      The anterior external arcuate fibers vary as to their prominence in different cases: in some they form an almost continuous layer covering the pyramid and olivary body, while in others they are barely visible on the surface.They arise from the cells of the gracile and cuneate nuclei, and passing...

  • Posterior median fissure (fissura mediana posterior; dorsal or dorsomedian fissure)

  • antero-lateral sulcus
  • postero-lateral sulcus

  • pyramid of medulla oblongata
    Pyramid of medulla oblongata
    The anterior or ventral portion of the medulla oblongata is named the pyramid and lies between the anterior median fissure and the antero-lateral sulcus....

     (pyramis medullæ oblongatæ)
  • pyramidal decussation

  • fasciculus gracilis
    Fasciculus gracilis
    The fasciculus gracilis is a bundle of axon fibres in the posterior column of the spinal cord and carries information from the middle thoracic and lower limbs of the body...

  • fasciculus cuneatus
    Fasciculus cuneatus
    The fasciculus cuneatus is a tract of nerves in the spinal cord which primarily transmits information from the arms...

  • clava
  • nucleus gracilis
  • cuneate tubercle
  • nucleus cuneatus

  • medial nucleus
  • lateral nucleus
    Lateral nucleus
    Lateral nucleus can refer to:* Lateral hypothalamus* Lateral vestibular nucleus...

  • lemniscus (fillet)
  • decussation of the lemniscus (sensory decussation
    Sensory decussation
    The sensory decussation or decussation of the lemniscus is a decussation or cross over of axons from the gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus. The fibres of this decussation are called the internal arcuate fibres and are found at the superior aspect of the closed medulla superior to the motor...

    )

  • locus cæruleus
  • dorsal spinocerebellar fasciculus (fasciculus cerebellospinalis; direct cerebellar tract)
  • proper fasciculi (basis bundles)

  • hypoglossal nucleus
    Hypoglossal nucleus
    The hypoglossal nucleus is a cranial nerve nucleus, and it extends the length of the medulla, and being a motor nucleus, is close to the midline...

    • trigonum hypoglossi
  • nucleus ambiguus
    Nucleus ambiguus
    The nucleus ambiguus is a region of histologically disparate cells located just dorsal to the inferior olivary nucleus in the lateral portion of the upper medulla...


  • dorsal nucleus
    • ala cinerea (trigonum vagi)
  • nucleus of the cochlear nerve and nucleus of the vestibular nerve
  • olivary nuclei
    • inferior olivary nucleus
      Inferior olivary nucleus
      The inferior olivary nucleus is the largest nucleus situated in the olivary body, part of the medulla oblongata.-Function:It is closely associated with the cerebellum, meaning that it is involved in control and coordination of movements, sensory processing and cognitive tasks likely by encoding the...

    • hilum
      Hilum (anatomy)
      In human anatomy, the hilum is a depression or fissure where structures such as blood vessels and nerves enter an organ.-Examples of hila:* Hilum of kidney, admits the renal artery, vein, ureter, and nerves...

    • peduncle of the olive
    • olivocerebellar fibers
    • medial accessory olivary nucleus

  • dorsal spinocerebellar fasciculus
  • olivocerebellar fibers
  • Internal arcuate fibers
    Internal arcuate fibers
    Internal arcuate fibers are the axons of second-order neurons contained within the gracile and cuneate nuclei of the medulla oblongata.These fibers cross from one side of the medulla to the other to form the medial lemniscus....

  • anterior external arcuate fibers
    Anterior external arcuate fibers
    The anterior external arcuate fibers vary as to their prominence in different cases: in some they form an almost continuous layer covering the pyramid and olivary body, while in others they are barely visible on the surface.They arise from the cells of the gracile and cuneate nuclei, and passing...

    • nucleus arcuatus
      Arcuate nucleus (medulla)
      In the medulla oblongata, the arcuate nucleus is a group of neurons located on the anterior surface of the medullary pyramids. They receive fibers from the corticospinal tract and send their axons through the anterior external arcuate fibers and striae medullares to the cerebellum via the inferior...


  • terminal sensory nuclei
  • ventral spinocerebellar fasciculus
  • cerebellum
    Cerebellum
    The cerebellum is a region of the brain that plays an important role in motor control. It may also be involved in some cognitive functions such as attention and language, and in regulating fear and pleasure responses, but its movement-related functions are the most solidly established...


  • reticularis alba
  • reticularis grisea
  • inferior central nucleus (nucleus of Roller)
  • nucleus lateralis
  • lemniscus
  • medial longitudinal fasciculus
    Medial longitudinal fasciculus
    The medial longitudinal fasciculus is a pair of crossed fiber tracts , one on each side of the brainstem. These bundles of axons are situated near the midline of the brainstem and are composed of both ascending and descending fibers that arise from a number of sources and terminate in different...


  • Pons
    Pons
    The pons is a structure located on the brain stem, named after the Latin word for "bridge" or the 16th-century Italian anatomist and surgeon Costanzo Varolio . It is superior to the medulla oblongata, inferior to the midbrain, and ventral to the cerebellum. In humans and other bipeds this means it...

     (pons Varoli)
  • tænia pontis
  • anterior surface (pars basilaris pontis)
    • middle peduncle
    • sulcus basilaris
  • posterior surface (pars dorsalis pontis)
  • basilar part of the pons
    • superficial transverse fibers (fibræ pontis superficiales)
    • deep transverse fibers (fibræ pontis profundæ)
    • longitudinal fasciculi (fasciculi longitudinales)

  • basilar part of the pons
    • nuclei pontis
  • Tegmental part of pons

  • Tegmental part of pons
    • trapezoid body
      Trapezoid body
      The trapezoid body is part of the acoustic pathway. It is a bundle of fibers and cells in the pontine tegmentum. It consists of fibers arising from the ventral cochlear nucleus. A collection of nerve cells inside forms a trapezoid nucleus. The superior olivary nucleus is situated on the dorsal...

    • trapezoid nucleus
    • medial longitudinal fasciculus
      Medial longitudinal fasciculus
      The medial longitudinal fasciculus is a pair of crossed fiber tracts , one on each side of the brainstem. These bundles of axons are situated near the midline of the brainstem and are composed of both ascending and descending fibers that arise from a number of sources and terminate in different...

    • pontine nuclei
      Pontine nuclei
      The pontine nuclei are a part of the pons involved in motor activity. Corticopontine fibres carry information from the primary motor cortex to the ipsilateral pontine nucleus in the ventral pons, and the pontocerebellar projection then carries that information to the contralateral cerebellum via...

      • superior olivary nucleus
        Superior olivary nucleus
        The superior olivary complex is a collection of brainstem nuclei that functions in multiple aspects of hearing and is an important component of the ascending and descending auditory pathways...

         (nucleus olivaris superior)
      • nuclei of the trigeminal nerve (nuclei n. trigemini)
        • motor nucleus
        • mesencephalic root
        • sensory nucleus
      • nucleus of the abducent nerve (nucleus n. abducentis)
      • nucleus of the facial nerve (nucleus n. fascialis)
        • colliculus facialis

  • Tegmental part of pons
    • pontine nuclei
      Pontine nuclei
      The pontine nuclei are a part of the pons involved in motor activity. Corticopontine fibres carry information from the primary motor cortex to the ipsilateral pontine nucleus in the ventral pons, and the pontocerebellar projection then carries that information to the contralateral cerebellum via...

      • nucleus of the cochlear nerve
        • lateral cochlear nucleus
        • accessory cochlear nucleus
      • nuclei of the vestibular nerve
        • chief vestibular nucleus
        • spinal vestibular nucleus
        • nucleus of Deiters
        • nucleus of Bechterew
    • medial nucleus
    • area acustica
    • lateral nucleus
      Lateral vestibular nucleus
      The lateral vestibular nucleus is the continuation upward and lateralward of the principal nucleus, and in it terminate many of the ascending branches of the vestibular nerve.-Anatomy:...


  • Cerebellum
    Cerebellum
    The cerebellum is a region of the brain that plays an important role in motor control. It may also be involved in some cognitive functions such as attention and language, and in regulating fear and pleasure responses, but its movement-related functions are the most solidly established...

  • Lobes of the Cerebellum
    Cerebellum
    The cerebellum is a region of the brain that plays an important role in motor control. It may also be involved in some cognitive functions such as attention and language, and in regulating fear and pleasure responses, but its movement-related functions are the most solidly established...

    • vermis
    • vallecula cerebelli
    • superior vermis
    • inferior vermis
    • posterior cerebellar notch
    • anterior cerebellar notch

  • horizontal sulcus
  • upper surface of the cerebellum
  • lingula (lingula cerebelli)
  • Lobulus Centralis and Alæ
    • lobulus centralis
    • precentral fissure
    • ala lobuli centralis
  • Monticulus and Quadrangular lobules
    • monticulus
    • postcentral fissure
    • quadrangular lobule
    • preclival fissure

  • Monticulus and Quadrangular lobules
    • culmen
      Culmen (cerebellum)
      The culmen is the portion of the anterior vermis adjacent to the primary fissure of cerebellum.The culmen and the anterior parts of the quadrangular lobules form the lobus culminis.-External links:* http://www.ib.amwaw.edu.pl/anatomy/atlas/image_11e.htm...

    • clivus
      Clivus (anatomy)
      The clivus is a part of the cranium, a shallow depression behind the dorsum sellæ that slopes obliquely backward. It forms a gradual sloping process at the anterior most portion of the basilar occipital bone at its junction with the sphenoid bone. On axial planes, it sits just posterior to the...

    • lobus culminis
    • lobus clivi
  • Folium vermis and Superior semilunar lobule
    • folium vermis (folium cacuminis; cacuminal lobe)
    • superior semilunar lobule (lobulus semilunaris superior; postero-superior lobules)
    • horizontal sulcus
    • lobus semilunaris
  • under surface of the cerebellum
    • inferior vermis
    • sulcus valleculæ
    • nodule
      Nodule (medicine)
      For use of the term nodule in dermatology, see Nodule In medicine, a nodule refers to a relatively hard, roughly spherical abnormal structure....

    • uvula
      Uvula
      The palatine uvula, usually referred to as simply the uvula , is the conic projection from the posterior edge of the middle of the soft palate, composed of connective tissue containing a number of racemose glands, and some muscular fibers .-Function in language:The uvula plays a role in the...

    • pyramid
      Pyramid
      A pyramid is a structure whose outer surfaces are triangular and converge at a single point. The base of a pyramid can be trilateral, quadrilateral, or any polygon shape, meaning that a pyramid has at least three triangular surfaces...

    • tuber vermis
    • flocculus
    • tonsilla cerebelli
    • biventral lobule
    • inferior semilunar lobule
    • postnodular fissure
    • prepyramidal fissure
    • postpyramidal fissure
  • Nodule
    Nodule (medicine)
    For use of the term nodule in dermatology, see Nodule In medicine, a nodule refers to a relatively hard, roughly spherical abnormal structure....

     and Flocculus
    • nodule
      Nodule (medicine)
      For use of the term nodule in dermatology, see Nodule In medicine, a nodule refers to a relatively hard, roughly spherical abnormal structure....

       (nodulus vermis; nodular lobe)

  • Nodule
    Nodule (medicine)
    For use of the term nodule in dermatology, see Nodule In medicine, a nodule refers to a relatively hard, roughly spherical abnormal structure....

     and Flocculus
    • posterior medullary velum
    • flocculus
    • lobus noduli
  • Uvula
    Uvula
    The palatine uvula, usually referred to as simply the uvula , is the conic projection from the posterior edge of the middle of the soft palate, composed of connective tissue containing a number of racemose glands, and some muscular fibers .-Function in language:The uvula plays a role in the...

     and Tonsilla
    • uvula
      Uvula
      The palatine uvula, usually referred to as simply the uvula , is the conic projection from the posterior edge of the middle of the soft palate, composed of connective tissue containing a number of racemose glands, and some muscular fibers .-Function in language:The uvula plays a role in the...

       (uvula vermis; uvular lobe)
    • sulcus valleculæ
    • furrowed band
    • tonsilla (tonsilla cerebelli; amygdaline nucleus)
    • bird's nest (nidus avis)
    • lobus uvulæ
  • lobus pyramidis
    • biventral lobule
  • Tuber vermis (tuber valvulæ)
  • Inferior semilunar lobule (lobulus semilunaris inferior; postero-superior lobule)
  • lobus tuberus (tuberæ lobe)
  • White substance
    • dentate nucleus
      Dentate nucleus
      The dentate nucleus is located within the deep white matter of each cerebellar hemisphere, and it is the largest single structure linking the cerebellum to the rest of the brain. It is the largest and most lateral, or farthest from the midline, of the four pairs of deep cerebellar nuclei, the...

    • arbor vitæ
  • projection fibers
    Projection fibers
    The projection fibers consist of efferent and afferent fibers uniting the cortex with the lower parts of the brain and with the spinal cord.-Efferent:The principal efferent strands are:...


  • projection fibers
    Projection fibers
    The projection fibers consist of efferent and afferent fibers uniting the cortex with the lower parts of the brain and with the spinal cord.-Efferent:The principal efferent strands are:...

    • superior cerebellar peduncles
      Superior cerebellar peduncles
      The superior cerebellar peduncles , two in number, emerge from the upper and medial part of the white substance of the hemispheres and are placed under cover of the upper part of the cerebellum....

       (brachia conjunctiva)

  • projection fibers
    Projection fibers
    The projection fibers consist of efferent and afferent fibers uniting the cortex with the lower parts of the brain and with the spinal cord.-Efferent:The principal efferent strands are:...

    • ventral spinocerebellar fasciculus
    • middle cerebellar peduncles
      Middle cerebellar peduncles
      The middle cerebellar peduncles are composed entirely of centripetal fibers, which arise from the cells of the nuclei pontis of the opposite side and end in the cerebellar cortex; the fibers are arranged in three fasciculi, superior, inferior, and deep.* The superior fasciculus, the most...

       (brachia pontis)
    • superior fasciculus
    • inferior fasciculus
    • deep fasciculus
    • inferior cerebellar peduncles (restiform bodies)
    • anterior medullary velum (velum medullare anterius; valve of Vieussens; superior medullary velum
      Superior medullary velum
      The superior medullary velum is a thin, transparent lamina of white substance, which stretches between the superior cerebellar peduncles; on the dorsal surface of its lower half the folia and lingula are prolonged.It forms, together with the superior cerebellar peduncle, the roof of the upper part...

      )

  • projection fibers
    Projection fibers
    The projection fibers consist of efferent and afferent fibers uniting the cortex with the lower parts of the brain and with the spinal cord.-Efferent:The principal efferent strands are:...

    • posterior medullary velum (velum medullare posterius; inferior medullary velum
      Inferior medullary velum
      The inferior medullary velum is a thin layer of white substance, prolonged from the white center of the cerebellum, above and on either side of the nodule; it forms a part of the roof of the fourth ventricle....

      )
  • Fibrae propriae
    • commissural fibers
      Commissural fibers
      The commissural fibers or transverse fibers connect the two hemispheres of the brain. They include:* the transverse fibers of the corpus callosum* the anterior commissure* the posterior commissure* the lyra or hippocampal commissure....

    • arcuate fibers
      Arcuate fibers
      Arcuate fibers can refer to:* Internal arcuate fibers* Anterior external arcuate fibers...

      (association fibers)
  • Gray substance
    • gray substance of the cortex
  • Microscopic Appearance of the Cortex
    Cerebral cortex
    The cerebral cortex is a sheet of neural tissue that is outermost to the cerebrum of the mammalian brain. It plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. It is constituted of up to six horizontal layers, each of which has a different...

    • cells of Purkinje
    • external gray layer
    • basket cells

  • Microscopic Appearance of the Cortex
    Cerebral cortex
    The cerebral cortex is a sheet of neural tissue that is outermost to the cerebrum of the mammalian brain. It plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. It is constituted of up to six horizontal layers, each of which has a different...

    • internal rust-colored layer (nuclear layer)

  • Microscopic Appearance of the Cortex
    Cerebral cortex
    The cerebral cortex is a sheet of neural tissue that is outermost to the cerebrum of the mammalian brain. It plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. It is constituted of up to six horizontal layers, each of which has a different...

    • moss fibers
    • tendril fibers
    • independent centers of gray substance
      • nucleus dentatus
      • nucleus emboliformis
      • nucleus globosus
      • nucleus fastigii

  • Fourth ventricle
    Fourth ventricle
    The fourth ventricle is one of the four connected fluid-filled cavities within the human brain. These cavities, known collectively as the ventricular system, consist of the left and right lateral ventricles, the third ventricle, and the fourth ventricle...

     (ventriculus quartus)
  • Roof or Dorsal Wall
    • superior peduncle
    • anterior medullary velum
    • posterior medullary velum
    • taeniae of the fourth ventricle (ligulae)
    • obex
      Obex
      The obex is the point in the human brain at which the fourth ventricle narrows to become the central canal of the spinal cord.The obex occurs in the caudal medulla.The decussating of sensory fibers happens at this point....

    • epithelial lining of the ventricle
    • tela chorioidea of the fourth ventricle
      Tela chorioidea of the fourth ventricle
      The tela chorioidea of the fourth ventricle is the name applied to the triangular fold of pia mater which is carried upward between the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata....

    • taeniae of the fourth ventricle (taenia ventriculi quarti; ligula)

  • Roof or Dorsal Wall
    • Cornucopia of Bochdalek
    • obex
      Obex
      The obex is the point in the human brain at which the fourth ventricle narrows to become the central canal of the spinal cord.The obex occurs in the caudal medulla.The decussating of sensory fibers happens at this point....

    • tela chorioidea of the fourth ventricle
      Tela chorioidea of the fourth ventricle
      The tela chorioidea of the fourth ventricle is the name applied to the triangular fold of pia mater which is carried upward between the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata....

  • Choroid plexuses
  • Openings in the Roof
    • medial aperture (foramen Majendii)
    • lateral apertures (foramina of Luschka)
  • Rhomboid fossa
    Rhomboid fossa
    The anterior part of the fourth ventricle is named, from its shape, the rhomboid fossa, and its anterior wall, formed by the back of the pons and medulla oblongata, constitutes the floor of the fourth ventricle....

     (fossa rhomboidea; "floor" of the fourth ventricle)

  • Rhomboid fossa
    Rhomboid fossa
    The anterior part of the fourth ventricle is named, from its shape, the rhomboid fossa, and its anterior wall, formed by the back of the pons and medulla oblongata, constitutes the floor of the fourth ventricle....

     (fossa rhomboidea; "floor" of the fourth ventricle)
    • calamus scriptorius
    • median sulcus
      Median sulcus
      Median sulcus can refer to:* median sulcus of the tongue* posterior median sulcus...

    • medial eminence
      Medial eminence
      In the human brain, the rhomboid fossa is divided into symmetrical halves by a median sulcus which reaches from the upper to the lower angles of the fossa and is deeper below than above...

    • sulcus limitans
      Sulcus limitans
      In the floor of the fourth ventricle, the sulcus limitans separates the cranial nerve motor nuclei from the sensory nuclei . In the superior part of the rhomboid fossa, it corresponds with the lateral limit of the fossa and presents a bluish-gray area, the locus ceruleus In the floor of the fourth...

    • colliculus facialis
    • trigonum hypoglossi
    • nucleus intercalatus
    • sulcus limitans
      Sulcus limitans
      In the floor of the fourth ventricle, the sulcus limitans separates the cranial nerve motor nuclei from the sensory nuclei . In the superior part of the rhomboid fossa, it corresponds with the lateral limit of the fossa and presents a bluish-gray area, the locus ceruleus In the floor of the fourth...


  • Rhomboid fossa
    Rhomboid fossa
    The anterior part of the fourth ventricle is named, from its shape, the rhomboid fossa, and its anterior wall, formed by the back of the pons and medulla oblongata, constitutes the floor of the fourth ventricle....

     (fossa rhomboidea; "floor" of the fourth ventricle)
    • locus cæruleus
    • substantia ferruginea
      Substantia ferruginea
      The substantia ferruginea is an underlying patch of deeply pigmented nerve cells that give the locus ceruleus its bluish-gray color. It can be found in the region of the superior part of the rhomboid fossa.-External links:**...

    • superior fovea
    • inferior fovea
    • area acustica
    • tuberculum acusticum
    • striae medullares
      Striae medullares
      Winding around the inferior peduncle and crossing the area acustica and the medial eminence are a number of white strands, the striae medullares, which form a portion of the cochlear division of the vestibulocochlear nerve and disappear into the median sulcus....

    • ala cinerea
    • funiculus separans
    • area postrema
      Area postrema
      The area postrema is a medullary structure in the brain that controls vomiting. Its privileged location in the brain also allows the area postrema to play a vital role in the control of autonomic functions by the central nervous system.-Anatomy:...


  • cerebral peduncles (pedunculus cerebri; crus cerebri)
    • interpeduncular fossa
      Interpeduncular fossa
      The Interpeduncular fossa is a somewhat lozenge-shaped area of the base of the brain, limited in front by the optic chiasma, behind by the antero-superior surface of the pons, antero-laterally by the converging optic tracts, and postero-laterally by the diverging cerebral peduncles.The structures...

    • posterior perforated substance
      Posterior perforated substance
      The depressed area between the crura is termed the interpeduncular fossa, and consists of a layer of gray matter, the posterior perforated substance, which is pierced by small apertures for the transmission of blood vessels; its lower part lies on the ventral aspect of the medial portions of the...

    • interpeduncular ganglion

  • base (basis pedunculi; crusta or pes)
    • cerebrospinal fibers
      Cerebrospinal fibers
      The cerebrospinal fibers, derived from the cells of the motor area of the cerebral cortex, occupy the middle three-fifths of the base; they are continued partly to the nuclei of the motor cranial nerves, but mainly into the pyramids of the medulla oblongata....

    • frontopontine fibers
      Frontopontine fibers
      The frontopontine fibers are situated in the medial fifth of the base of the cerebral peduncles; they arise from the cells of the frontal lobe and end in the nuclei of the pons....

    • temporopontine fibers
      Temporopontine fibers
      In the human nervous system the temporopontine fibers, a component of the corticopontine tract, are lateral to the cerebrospinal fibers; they originate in the temporal lobe and end in the nuclei pontis....

  • substantia nigra
    Substantia nigra
    The substantia nigra is a brain structure located in the mesencephalon that plays an important role in reward, addiction, and movement. Substantia nigra is Latin for "black substance", as parts of the substantia nigra appear darker than neighboring areas due to high levels of melanin in...

     (intercalatum)
  • tegmentum
    Tegmentum
    The tegmentum is a general area within the brainstem. It is located between the ventricular system and distinctive basal or ventral structures at each level...

  • gray substance
  • red nucleus
    Red nucleus
    The red nucleus is a structure in the rostral midbrain involved in motor coordination. It comprises a caudal magnocellular and a rostral parvocellular part.-Function:...

  • interpeduncular ganglion

  • white substance
  • medial longitudinal fasciculus
    Medial longitudinal fasciculus
    The medial longitudinal fasciculus is a pair of crossed fiber tracts , one on each side of the brainstem. These bundles of axons are situated near the midline of the brainstem and are composed of both ascending and descending fibers that arise from a number of sources and terminate in different...

    • Deiters's nucleus (lateral vestibular nucleus
      Lateral vestibular nucleus
      The lateral vestibular nucleus is the continuation upward and lateralward of the principal nucleus, and in it terminate many of the ascending branches of the vestibular nerve.-Anatomy:...

      )
    • vestibulospinal fasciculus
  • ventral longitudinal bundle
    • tectospinal fasciculus
  • medial lemniscus
    Medial lemniscus
    The medial lemniscus, also known as Reil's band or Reil's ribbon, is a pathway in the brainstem that carries sensory information from the gracile and cuneate nuclei to the thalamus.-Path:...


  • thalamic tract of the cranial nerves
  • central tract of the trigeminal nerve
  • rubrospinal tract
    Rubrospinal tract
    The rubrospinal tract is a part of the nervous system. It is a part of the lateral indirect extra-pyramidal tract.-Function:In humans, the rubrospinal tract is one of several major motor control pathways. It is smaller and has fewer axons than the corticospinal tract, suggesting that it is less...

     (bundle of Monakow)
  • lateral lemniscus
    Lateral lemniscus
    The lateral lemniscus is a tract of axons in the brainstem that carries information about sound from the cochlear nucleus to various brainstem nuclei and ultimately the contralateral inferior colliculus of the midbrain...

     (lemniscus lateralis)

  • corpora quadrigemina
    Corpora quadrigemina
    In the brain, the corpora quadrigemina are the four colliculi—two inferior, two superior—located on the tectum of the dorsal aspect of the midbrain.They are respectively named the inferior and superior colliculus....

  • pulvinar
    Pulvinar
    The pulvinar nuclei are a collection of nuclei located in the pulvinar thalamus. The pulvinar part is the most posterior region of the thalamus....

  • pineal body
  • frenulum veli
    Frenulum veli
    The frenulum veli, or frenulum of superior medullary velum, also known as the frenulum veli medullaris superioris, cerebellar frenulum, or frenulum cerebelli is a slightly raised white band passing from the inferior end of the medial longitudinal fissure, through the groove between the...

  • brachium
    • superior brachium

  • brachium
    • lateral geniculate body
    • inferior brachium
    • medial geniculate body
  • inferior colliculus
    Inferior colliculus
    The inferior colliculus is the principal midbrain nucleus of the auditory pathway and receives input from several more peripheral brainstem nuclei in the auditory pathway, as well as inputs from the auditory cortex...

     (colliculus inferior; inferior quadrigeminal body; postgemina)
  • superior colliculus
    Superior colliculus
    The optic tectum or simply tectum is a paired structure that forms a major component of the vertebrate midbrain. In mammals this structure is more commonly called the superior colliculus , but, even in mammals, the adjective tectal is commonly used. The tectum is a layered structure, with a...

     (colliculus superior; superior quadrigeminal body; pregemina)
    • stratum zonale
      Stratum zonale
      The thalamus consists chiefly of gray substance, but its upper surface is covered by a layer of white substance, named the stratum zonale....

    • stratum cinereum
    • stratum opticum
    • stratum lemnisci
    • gray-white layers
    • fountain decussation of Meynert

  • cerebral aqueduct
    Cerebral aqueduct
    The mesencephalic duct, also known as the aqueductus mesencephali, aqueduct of Sylvius or the cerebral aqueduct, contains cerebrospinal fluid , is within the mesencephalon and connects the third ventricle in the diencephalon to the fourth ventricle in the mesencephalon, which is between the pons...

     (aqueductus cerebri; aqueduct of Sylvius)
  • ventricle of the mid-brain
  • central gray stratum

  • nucleus of the trigeminal nerve
  • nucleus of the oculomotor nerve
  • nucleus of the trochlear nerve

  • Thalami (optic thalamus)
  • extremities
    • anterior extremity
    • posterior extremity
      • Pulvinar
        Pulvinar
        The pulvinar nuclei are a collection of nuclei located in the pulvinar thalamus. The pulvinar part is the most posterior region of the thalamus....

      • lateral geniculate body
      • medial geniculate body
  • superior surface
    • stratum zonale
      Stratum zonale
      The thalamus consists chiefly of gray substance, but its upper surface is covered by a layer of white substance, named the stratum zonale....

    • stria terminalis

  • superior surface
    • taenia thalami
      Taenia thalami
      In the front, superior surface of the thalamus but separate from the inner, medial surface by a salient margin is the taenia thalami . The bottom epithelial lining of the third ventricle is in between the tela chorioidea and the taenia thalami....

    • sulcus habenulae
    • Trigonum habenulæ
  • inferior surface
    • subthalamic tegmental region
    • substantia innominata of Meynert
  • medial surface
    • massa intermedia (middle commissure or gray commissure
      Gray commissure
      The gray commissure is a thin strip of gray matter that surrounds the central canal of the spinal cord and, along with the anterior white commissure, connects the two halves of the cord. It comprises lamina X in the Rexed classification....

       of brain
      Human brain
      The human brain has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but is over three times larger than the brain of a typical mammal with an equivalent body size. Estimates for the number of neurons in the human brain range from 80 to 120 billion...

      )
  • lateral surface
    Lateral surface
    In geometry, the lateral surface of a solid is the face or surface of the solid on its sides. That is, any face or surface that is not a base.-Sources:*...


  • structure
    Structure
    Structure is a fundamental, tangible or intangible notion referring to the recognition, observation, nature, and permanence of patterns and relationships of entities. This notion may itself be an object, such as a built structure, or an attribute, such as the structure of society...

     of thalamus
    Thalamus
    The thalamus is a midline paired symmetrical structure within the brains of vertebrates, including humans. It is situated between the cerebral cortex and midbrain, both in terms of location and neurological connections...

    • stratum zonale
      Stratum zonale
      The thalamus consists chiefly of gray substance, but its upper surface is covered by a layer of white substance, named the stratum zonale....

    • lateral medullary lamina
    • medial medullary lamina
  • connections of thalamus
    Thalamus
    The thalamus is a midline paired symmetrical structure within the brains of vertebrates, including humans. It is situated between the cerebral cortex and midbrain, both in terms of location and neurological connections...

    • thalamomammillary fasciculus (bundle of Vicq d’Azyr)

  • Thalami: stalks of
    • anterior stalk
    • posterior stalk
    • inferior stalk
    • parietal stalk

  • Metathalamus
    Metathalamus
    The metathalamus is a composite structure of the thalamus, consisting of the medial geniculate nucleus and the lateral geniculate nucleus.-External links:*...

  • geniculate bodies
  • medial geniculate body (corpus geniculatum mediale; internal geniculate body; postgeniculatum)
  • lateral geniculate body (corpus geniculatum laterale; external geniculate body; pregeniculatum)

  • Epithalamus
    Epithalamus
    The epithalamus is a dorsal posterior segment of the diencephalon which includes the habenula, the stria medullaris and the pineal body...

     (see also Habenula
    Habenula
    In neuroanatomy, habenula originally denoted the stalk of the pineal gland , but gradually came to refer to a neighboring group of nerve cells with which the pineal gland was believed to be associated, the habenular nucleus...

     and Habenular nuclei
    Habenular nuclei
    The habenular nuclei comprise a small group of nuclei that are part of the epithalamus of the diencephalon, situated at the posterior end of the thalamus, on its upper surface.The habenular nuclei are typically divided into:* lateral habenular nucleus...

    )
    • trigonum habenulæ
      • ganglion habenulæ
      • habenular commissure
        Habenular commissure
        The habenular commissure, is a brain commissure situated in front of the pineal gland that connects the habenular nuclei on both sides of the diencephalon....

      • fasciculus retroflexus
    • pineal body (corpus pineale; epiphysis
      Epiphysis
      The epiphysis is the rounded end of a long bone, at its joint with adjacent bone. Between the epiphysis and diaphysis lies the metaphysis, including the epiphyseal plate...

      )
      • stalk of the pineal body
    • posterior commissure
      Posterior commissure
      The posterior commissure is a rounded band of white fibers crossing the middle line on the dorsal aspect of the upper end of the cerebral aqueduct. It is important in the bilateral pupillary light reflex....

      • nucleus of the posterior commissure (nucleus of Darkschewitsch)

  • Hypothalamus
    Hypothalamus
    The Hypothalamus is a portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions...

  • subthalamic tegmental region
    • stratum dorsale
    • zona incerta
      Zona incerta
      The zona incerta is a horizontally elongated region of gray matter cells in the subthalamus below the thalamus. Its connections project extensively over the brain from the cerebral cortex down into the spinal cord....

    • corpus subthalamicum (nucleus of Luys)

  • greater part of the floor of the third ventricle
    Third ventricle
    The third ventricle is one of four connected fluid-filled cavities comprising the ventricular system within the human brain. It is a median cleft between the two thalami, and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid ....

    • corpora mammillaria (corpus albicantia)
      • thalamomammillary fasciculus (bundle of Vicq d'Azyr)
    • tuber cinereum
      Tuber cinereum
      The tuber cinereum is a hollow eminence of gray matter situated between the mammillary bodies and the optic chiasm. The tuber cinereum is part of the hypothalamus.-Structure:...

      • lamina terminalis
        Lamina terminalis
        The median portion of the wall of the fore-brain vesicle consists of a thin lamina, the lamina terminalis, which stretches from the interventricular foramen to the recess at the base of the optic stalk and contains the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, which regulates the osmolarity of...

      • infundibulum
        Pituitary stalk
        The pituitary stalk is the connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary....

    • basal optic nucleus of Meynert
      • eminentia saccularis

  • greater part of the floor of the third ventricle
    Third ventricle
    The third ventricle is one of four connected fluid-filled cavities comprising the ventricular system within the human brain. It is a median cleft between the two thalami, and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid ....

    • hypophysis
      Pituitary gland
      In vertebrate anatomy the pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing 0.5 g , in humans. It is a protrusion off the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brain, and rests in a small, bony cavity covered by a dural fold...

       (pituitary body)
      • diaphragma sella
  • Optic chiasma (chiasma opticum; optic commissure)
    • commissure of Gudden

  • Optic tracts
    • lower visual centers
    • optic radiations
    • higher visual center (cortical visual center)

  • Third ventricle
    Third ventricle
    The third ventricle is one of four connected fluid-filled cavities comprising the ventricular system within the human brain. It is a median cleft between the two thalami, and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid ....

     (ventriculus tertius)
    • roof
      • choroid plexuses of the third ventricle
    • floor

  • Third ventricle
    Third ventricle
    The third ventricle is one of four connected fluid-filled cavities comprising the ventricular system within the human brain. It is a median cleft between the two thalami, and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid ....

     (ventriculus tertius)
    • floor
      • recessus infundibuli
    • anterior boundary
      • lamina terminalis
        Lamina terminalis
        The median portion of the wall of the fore-brain vesicle consists of a thin lamina, the lamina terminalis, which stretches from the interventricular foramen to the recess at the base of the optic stalk and contains the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, which regulates the osmolarity of...

      • optic recess
        Optic recess
        At the junction of the floor and anterior wall of the third ventricle, immediately above the optic chiasma, the ventricle presents a small angular recess or diverticulum, the optic recess ....

      • vulva
        Vulva
        The vulva consists of the external genital organs of the female mammal. This article deals with the vulva of the human being, although the structures are similar for other mammals....

      • interventricular foramen (foramen of Monro)
    • posterior boundary
      • recessus pinealis
      • recessus suprapinealis
    • lateral wall
      • sulcus of Monro
      • massa intermedia
  • Interpeduncular fossa
    Interpeduncular fossa
    The Interpeduncular fossa is a somewhat lozenge-shaped area of the base of the brain, limited in front by the optic chiasma, behind by the antero-superior surface of the pons, antero-laterally by the converging optic tracts, and postero-laterally by the diverging cerebral peduncles.The structures...


  • longitudinal cerebral fissure (Fissura longitudinalis)
  • falx cerebri
    Falx cerebri
    The falx cerebri, also known as the cerebral falx, so named from its sickle-like form, is a strong, arched fold of dura mater which descends vertically in the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres....

  • corpus callosum
    Corpus callosum
    The corpus callosum , also known as the colossal commissure, is a wide, flat bundle of neural fibers beneath the cortex in the eutherian brain at the longitudinal fissure. It connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres and facilitates interhemispheric communication...

  • splenium
    Splenium
    The posterior end of the corpus callosum is the thickest part, and is termed the splenium .It overlaps the tela chorioidea of the third ventricle and the mid-brain, and ends in a thick, convex, free border....

  • genu
    Genu
    Latin for "knee", genu is a term commonly encountered in studies of anatomy. It is used to refer to several anatomical structures, including :* conditions affecting the knees, such as genu valgum and genu varum...

  • rostrum
    Rostrum of corpus callosum
    The anterior end of the corpus callosum is named the genu, and is bent downward and backward in front of the septum pellucidum; diminishing rapidly in thickness, it is prolonged backward under the name of the rostrum, and is connected below with the lamina terminalis, which stretches from the...

  • fornix
  • Cerebral hemispheres: surfaces of:
    • supero-medial border
    • infero-lateral border
    • superciliary border
    • medial occipital border
    • medial orbital border
  • Poles of cerebral hemispheres
    Poles of cerebral hemispheres
    The anterior end of the hemisphere is named the frontal pole. The posterior end is named the occipital pole. The anterior end of the temporal lobe, the temporal pole....

    • frontal pole
    • occipital pole
    • temporal pole
  • preoccipital notch
    Preoccipital notch
    About 5 cm. in front of the occipital pole on the infero-lateral border is an indentation or notch, named the preoccipital notch....


  • gyri
  • Sulci
    Sulcus (neuroanatomy)
    In neuroanatomy, a sulcus is a depression or fissure in the surface of the brain.It surrounds the gyri, creating the characteristic appearance of the brain in humans and other large mammals....

     and fissure
    Fissure
    In anatomy, a fissure is a groove, natural division, deep furrow, elongated cleft, or tear in various parts of the body.-Brain:...

    s of cerebral hemisphere
    Cerebral hemisphere
    A cerebral hemisphere is one of the two regions of the eutherian brain that are delineated by the median plane, . The brain can thus be described as being divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres. Each of these hemispheres has an outer layer of grey matter called the cerebral cortex that is...

  • Lateral cerebral fissure (fissura cerebri lateralis; fissure of Sylvius)
  • Central sulcus
    Central sulcus
    -External links:* via the Neuroscience Information Framework...

     (sulcus centralis; fissure of Rolando; central fissure)

  • Parietoöccipital fissure
    Parietoöccipital fissure
    Only a small part of the Parietooccipital Fissure is seen on the lateral surface of the hemisphere, its chief part being on the medial surface....

     (fissura parietoöccipitalis)
  • Calcarine fissure
    Calcarine fissure
    The calcarine fissure is an anatomical landmark located at the caudal end of the medial surface of the brain. Its name comes from the Latin "calcar" meaning "spur."-Anatomy:...

     (fissura calcarina)
  • Cingulate sulcus
    Cingulate sulcus
    The cingulate sulcus is a sulcus on the medial wall of the cerebral cortex. The frontal and parietal lobes are separated by the cingulate sulcus from the cingulate gyrus.-External links:* via the Neuroscience Information Framework...

     (sulcus cinguli; callosomarginal fissure)
  • Collateral fissure
    Collateral fissure
    The collateral fissure is on the tentorial surface of the hemisphere and extends from near the occipital pole to within a short distance of the temporal pole....

     (fissura collateralis)

  • Sulcus circularis (circuminsular fissure)
  • Lobes
    Lobe (anatomy)
    In anatomy, a lobe is a clear anatomical division or extension that can be determined without the use of a microscope This is in contrast to a lobule, which is a clear division only visible histologically....

    : of cerebral hemisphere
    Cerebral hemisphere
    A cerebral hemisphere is one of the two regions of the eutherian brain that are delineated by the median plane, . The brain can thus be described as being divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres. Each of these hemispheres has an outer layer of grey matter called the cerebral cortex that is...


  • Frontal lobe
    Frontal lobe
    The frontal lobe is an area in the brain of humans and other mammals, located at the front of each cerebral hemisphere and positioned anterior to the parietal lobe and superior and anterior to the temporal lobes...

     (lobus frontalis)
  • precentral sulcus
    Precentral sulcus
    The precentral sulcus lies parallel to, and in front of, the central sulcus....

  • superior frontal sulcus
    Superior frontal sulcus
    The superior frontal sulcus is a sulcus between the superior frontal gyrus and the middle frontal gyrus....

     and inferior frontal sulcus
    Inferior frontal sulcus
    The inferior frontal sulcus is a sulcus between the middle frontal gyrus and the inferior frontal gyrus....

  • anterior central gyrus (gyrus centralis anterior; ascending frontal convolution; precentral gyre)
  • superior frontal gyrus
    Superior frontal gyrus
    The superior frontal gyrus makes up about one-third of the frontal lobe of the human brain. It is bounded laterally by the superior frontal sulcus....

     (gyrus frontalis superior; superfrontal gyre)

  • superior frontal gyrus
    Superior frontal gyrus
    The superior frontal gyrus makes up about one-third of the frontal lobe of the human brain. It is bounded laterally by the superior frontal sulcus....

    • paramedial sulcus
  • middle frontal gyrus
    Middle frontal gyrus
    The middle frontal gyrus makes up about one-third of the frontal lobe of the human brain....

     (gyrus frontalis medius; medifrontal gyre)
    • medial frontal sulcus
  • inferior frontal gyrus
    Inferior frontal gyrus
    The inferior frontal gyrus is a gyrus of the frontal lobe . It is labelled gyrus frontalis inferior, its Latin name...

     (gyrus frontalis inferior; subfrontal gyre)
    • orbital part
    • triangular part (cap of Broca)
    • basilar part
    • gyrus of Broca
  • inferior surface or orbital surface
    Orbitofrontal cortex
    The orbitofrontal cortex is a prefrontal cortex region in the frontal lobes in the brain which is involved in the cognitive processing of decision-making...

    • orbital sulcus
      • medial gyrus
      • anterior gyrus
      • lateral gyrus
      • posterior orbital gyrus
    • olfactory sulcus
      Olfactory sulcus
      The medial orbital gyrus presents a well-marked antero-posterior sulcus, the olfactory sulcus, for the olfactory tract.-Additional images:...

    • straight gyrus
  • medial surface
    • marginal gyrus
    • paracentral lobule
      Paracentral lobule
      The more medial part of the superior frontal gyrus is distinguished as the paracentral lobule . It is continuous with the precentral and postcentral gyri of the lateral surface....


  • Parietal lobe
    Parietal lobe
    The parietal lobe is a part of the Brain positioned above the occipital lobe and behind the frontal lobe.The parietal lobe integrates sensory information from different modalities, particularly determining spatial sense and navigation. For example, it comprises somatosensory cortex and the...

     (lobus parietalis)
  • intraparietal sulcus of Turner
  • postcentral sulcus
    Postcentral sulcus
    The postcentral sulcus of the parietal lobe lies parallel to, and behind, the central sulcus in the human brain....


  • occipital ramus
  • transverse occipital sulcus
    Transverse occipital sulcus
    The transverse occipital sulcus is a structure in the occipital lobe.The transverse occipital sulcus is continuous with the posterior end of the occipital ramus of the intraparietal sulcus, and runs across the upper part of the lobe, a short distance behind the parietoöccipital fissure....

  • superior parietal lobule
    Superior parietal lobule
    The superior parietal lobule is bounded in front by the upper part of the postcentral sulcus, but is usually connected with the postcentral gyrus above the end of the sulcus....

  • inferior parietal lobule
  • posterior central gyrus (gyrus centralis posterior; ascending parietal convolution; postcentral gyre)
  • superior parietal lobule
    Superior parietal lobule
    The superior parietal lobule is bounded in front by the upper part of the postcentral sulcus, but is usually connected with the postcentral gyrus above the end of the sulcus....

     (lobulus parietalis superior)
  • arcus parietoöccipitalis
  • inferior parietal lobule (lobulus parietalis inferior; subparietal district or lobule)
  • subparietal sulcus
  • precuneus
    Precuneus
    The precuneus is a part of the superior parietal lobule hidden in the medial longitudinal fissure between the two cerebral hemispheres. It is sometimes described as the medial area of the superior parietal cortex. It is involved with episodic memory, visuospatial processing, reflections upon self,...

     (quadrate lobe)

  • Occipital lobe
    Occipital lobe
    The occipital lobe is the visual processing center of the mammalian brain containing most of the anatomical region of the visual cortex. The primary visual cortex is Brodmann area 17, commonly called V1...

     (lobus occipitalis)
  • transverse occipital sulcus
    Transverse occipital sulcus
    The transverse occipital sulcus is a structure in the occipital lobe.The transverse occipital sulcus is continuous with the posterior end of the occipital ramus of the intraparietal sulcus, and runs across the upper part of the lobe, a short distance behind the parietoöccipital fissure....

  • lateral occipital sulcus
    Lateral occipital sulcus
    In the occipital lobe, the lateral occipital sulcus extends from behind forward, and divides the lateral surface of the occipital lobe into a superior and an inferior gyrus, which are continuous in front with the parietal and temporal lobes....

  • lingual gyrus
    Lingual gyrus
    The lingual gyrus of the occipital lobe lies between the calcarine sulcus and the posterior part of the collateral sulcus; behind, it reaches the occipital pole; in front, it is continued on to the tentorial surface of the temporal lobe, and joins the parahippocampal gyrus...

  • fusiform gyrus
    Fusiform gyrus
    The fusiform gyrus is part of the temporal lobe in Brodmann Area 37. It is also known as the occipitotemporal gyrus. Other sources have the fusiform gyrus above the occipitotemporal gyrus and underneath the parahippocampal gyrus....

     (occipitotemporal convolution)

  • transverse temporal gyri
  • superior temporal sulcus
    Superior temporal sulcus
    The superior temporal sulcus is the sulcus separating the superior temporal gyrus from the middle temporal gyrus in the temporal lobe of the brain. The superior temporal sulcus is the first sulcus inferior to the lateral fissure....

  • parallel sulcus
  • middle temporal sulcus
  • superior temporal gyrus
    Superior temporal gyrus
    The superior temporal gyrus is one of three gyri in the temporal lobe of the human brain, which is located laterally to the head, situated somewhat above the external ear.The superior temporal gyrus is bounded by:* the lateral sulcus above;...

  • middle temporal gyrus
    Middle temporal gyrus
    Middle temporal gyrus is a gyrus in the brain on the Temporal lobe. It is located between the superior temporal gyrus and inferior temporal gyrus. Its exact function is unknown, but it has been connected with processes as different as contemplating distance, recognition of known faces, and...

  • inferior temporal gyrus
    Inferior temporal gyrus
    The inferior temporal gyrus is placed below the middle temporal sulcus, and is connected behind with the inferior occipital gyrus; it also extends around the infero-lateral border on to the inferior surface of the temporal lobe, where it is limited by the inferior sulcus...

  • inferior temporal sulcus
    Inferior temporal sulcus
    The inferior surface of the temporal lobe is concave, and is continuous posteriorly with the tentorial surface of the occipital lobe. It is traversed by the inferior temporal sulcus, which extends from near the occipital pole behind, to within a short distance of the temporal pole in front, but is...

  • fusiform gyrus
    Fusiform gyrus
    The fusiform gyrus is part of the temporal lobe in Brodmann Area 37. It is also known as the occipitotemporal gyrus. Other sources have the fusiform gyrus above the occipitotemporal gyrus and underneath the parahippocampal gyrus....


  • Insula
    Insular cortex
    In each hemisphere of the mammalian brain the insular cortex is a portion of the cerebral cortex folded deep within the lateral sulcus between the temporal lobe and the frontal lobe. The cortical area overlying it towards the lateral surface of the brain is the operculum...

     (island of Reil; central lobe)
  • opercula of the insula
  • orbital operculum
  • circular sulcus

  • Limbic lobe
    Limbic lobe
    The limbic lobe is an arc-shaped region of cortex on the medial surface of each cerebral hemisphere of the mammalian brain, consisting of parts of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes...

  • cingulate gyrus (gyrus cinguli; callosal convolution)
  • callosal fissure
  • Isthmus of cingulate gyrus
    Isthmus of cingulate gyrus
    The cingulate gyrus commences below the rostrum of the corpus callosum, curves around in front of the genu, extends along the upper surface of the body, and finally turns downward behind the splenium, where it is connected by a narrow isthmus with the hippocampal gyrus.-External links:*...


  • hippocampal gyrus (gyrus hippocampi)
  • cingulum
    White matter
    White matter is one of the two components of the central nervous system and consists mostly of myelinated axons. White matter tissue of the freshly cut brain appears pinkish white to the naked eye because myelin is composed largely of lipid tissue veined with capillaries. Its white color is due to...

  • uncus
    Uncus
    The anterior extremity of the Parahippocampal gyrus is recurved in the form of a hook, the uncus, which is separated from the apex of the temporal lobe by a slight fissure, the incisura temporalis....

  • incisura temporalis
  • Hippocampal fissure (fissura hippocampi; dentate fissure)

  • Rhinencephalon
    Rhinencephalon
    In animal anatomy, the rhinencephalon is a part of the brain involved with olfaction.-Components:The term rhinencephalon has been used to describe different structures at different points in time....

  • Olfactory lobe (lobus olfactorius)
    • olfactory bulb
      Olfactory bulb
      The olfactory bulb is a structure of the vertebrate forebrain involved in olfaction, the perception of odors.-Anatomy:In most vertebrates, the olfactory bulb is the most rostral part of the brain. In humans, however, the olfactory bulb is on the inferior side of the brain...

       (bulbus olfactorius)
    • olfactory tract
      Olfactory tract
      The olfactory tract is a bundle of axons connecting the mitral and tufted cells of the olfactory bulb to several target regions in the brain, including piriform cortex, amygdala, and entorhinal cortex...

       (tractus olfactorius)
      • lateral stria

  • Olfactory lobe (lobus olfactorius)
    • olfactory tract
      Olfactory tract
      The olfactory tract is a bundle of axons connecting the mitral and tufted cells of the olfactory bulb to several target regions in the brain, including piriform cortex, amygdala, and entorhinal cortex...

       (tractus olfactorius)
      • medial stria
      • intermediate stria
    • olfactory trigone
      Olfactory trigone
      The olfactory trigone is a small triangular area in front of the anterior perforated substance.Its apex, directed forward, occupies the posterior part of the olfactory sulcus, and is brought into view by throwing back the olfactory tract....

       (trigonum olfactorium)
    • parolfactory area of Broca (area parolfactoria)
    • anterior perforated substance
      Anterior perforated substance
      The anterior perforated substance is an irregularly quadrilateral area in front of the optic tract and behind the olfactory trigone, from which it is separated by the fissure prima; medially and in front, it is continuous with the subcallosal gyrus; it is bounded laterally by the lateral stria of...

       (substantia perforata anterior)
    • fissure prima
  • Uncus
    Uncus
    The anterior extremity of the Parahippocampal gyrus is recurved in the form of a hook, the uncus, which is separated from the apex of the temporal lobe by a slight fissure, the incisura temporalis....

  • subcallosal gyrus (gyrus subcallosus; peduncle of the corpus callosum)
  • supracallosal gyrus
    Supracallosal gyrus
    The supracallosal gyrus consists of a thin layer of grey matter in contact with the dorsal surface of the corpus callosum and continuous laterally with the grey matter of the cingulate gyrus....

     (indusium griseum; gyrus epicallosus)
    • fasciola cinerea
  • fascia dentata hippocampi (gyrus dentatus)
    • fimbriodentate fissure
    • band of Giacomini

  • centrum ovale minus
  • puncta vasculosa
  • corpus callosum
    Corpus callosum
    The corpus callosum , also known as the colossal commissure, is a wide, flat bundle of neural fibers beneath the cortex in the eutherian brain at the longitudinal fissure. It connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres and facilitates interhemispheric communication...

  • labia cerebri

  • callosal fissure
  • centrum ovale majus
  • corpus callosum
    Corpus callosum
    The corpus callosum , also known as the colossal commissure, is a wide, flat bundle of neural fibers beneath the cortex in the eutherian brain at the longitudinal fissure. It connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres and facilitates interhemispheric communication...

    • Genu of corpus callosum
    • Rostrum of corpus callosum
      Rostrum of corpus callosum
      The anterior end of the corpus callosum is named the genu, and is bent downward and backward in front of the septum pellucidum; diminishing rapidly in thickness, it is prolonged backward under the name of the rostrum, and is connected below with the lamina terminalis, which stretches from the...

    • Splenium
      Splenium
      The posterior end of the corpus callosum is the thickest part, and is termed the splenium .It overlaps the tela chorioidea of the third ventricle and the mid-brain, and ends in a thick, convex, free border....

       of corpus callosum
      Corpus callosum
      The corpus callosum , also known as the colossal commissure, is a wide, flat bundle of neural fibers beneath the cortex in the eutherian brain at the longitudinal fissure. It connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres and facilitates interhemispheric communication...


  • corpus callosum
    Corpus callosum
    The corpus callosum , also known as the colossal commissure, is a wide, flat bundle of neural fibers beneath the cortex in the eutherian brain at the longitudinal fissure. It connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres and facilitates interhemispheric communication...

    • supracallosal gyrus
      Supracallosal gyrus
      The supracallosal gyrus consists of a thin layer of grey matter in contact with the dorsal surface of the corpus callosum and continuous laterally with the grey matter of the cingulate gyrus....

    • forceps anterior
    • forceps posterior
    • tapetum
      Tapetum of corpus callosum
      On either side of the corpus callosum, the fibers radiate in the white substance and pass to the various parts of the cerebral cortex; those curving forward from the genu into the frontal lobe constitute the forceps anterior, and those curving backward into the occipital lobe, the forceps posterior...

  • Ventricles
    • Lateral ventricles
      Lateral ventricles
      The lateral ventricles are part of the ventricular system of the brain. Classified as part of the telencephalon, they are the largest of the ventricles....

       (ventriculus lateralis)
    • septum pellucidum
      Septum pellucidum
      The septum pellucidum , and not to be confused with the medial septum, is a thin, triangular, vertical membrane separating the anterior horns of the left and right lateral ventricles of the brain...

    • interventricular foramen
    • ependyma
      Ependyma
      Ependyma is the thin epithelial membrane lining the ventricular system of the brain and the spinal cord. Ependyma is one of the four types of neuroglia in the central nervous system. It is involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid ....

    • cornua
    • central part (pars centralis ventriculi lateralis; cella
      Cella
      A cella or naos , is the inner chamber of a temple in classical architecture, or a shop facing the street in domestic Roman architecture...

      )

  • Ventricles
    • anterior cornu
      Anterior horn of lateral ventricle
      The anterior horn of the lateral ventricle is a portion of the lateral ventricle that passes forward and laterally, with a slight inclination downward, from the interventricular foramen into the frontal lobe, curving around the anterior end of the caudate nucleus...

       (cornu anterius; anterior horn; precornu)

  • Ventricles
    • rostrum
      Rostrum of corpus callosum
      The anterior end of the corpus callosum is named the genu, and is bent downward and backward in front of the septum pellucidum; diminishing rapidly in thickness, it is prolonged backward under the name of the rostrum, and is connected below with the lamina terminalis, which stretches from the...

    • posterior cornu (cornu posterius; postcornu)
    • calcar avis (hippocampus minor)
    • bulb of the posterior cornu
    • inferior cornu (cornu inferior; descending horn; middle horn; medicornu)

  • hippocampus
    Hippocampus
    The hippocampus is a major component of the brains of humans and other vertebrates. It belongs to the limbic system and plays important roles in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory and spatial navigation. Humans and other mammals have two hippocampi, one in...

     (hippocampus major)
    • pes hippocampi
      Pes hippocampi
      The lower end of the hippocampus is enlarged, and presents two or three rounded elevations or digitations which give it a paw-like appearance, and hence it is named the pes hippocampi.-External links:...

    • alveus
  • collateral eminence
    Collateral eminence
    The collateral eminence is an elongated swelling lying lateral to and parallel with the hippocampus.It corresponds with the medial part of the collateral fissure, and its size depends on the depth and direction of this fissure....

     (eminentia collateralis)
    • trigonum collaterale
  • corpus striatum
  • caudate nucleus
    Caudate nucleus
    The caudate nucleus is a nucleus located within the basal ganglia of the brains of many animal species. The caudate nucleus is an important part of the brain's learning and memory system.-Anatomy:...

     (nucleus caudatus; caudatum)

  • lentiform nucleus
    Lentiform nucleus
    The lentiform nucleus or lenticular nucleus comprises the putamen and the globus pallidus within the basal ganglia. It is a large, cone-shaped mass of gray matter just lateral to the internal capsule.-Etymology:...

     (nucleus lentiformis; lenticular nucleus; lenticula)
  • medullary laminæ
    • Putamen
      Putamen
      The putamen is a round structure located at the base of the forebrain . The putamen and caudate nucleus together form the dorsal striatum. It is also one of the structures that comprises the basal ganglia. Through various pathways, the putamen is connected to the substantia nigra and globus pallidus...


  • globus pallidus
    Globus pallidus
    The globus pallidus also known as paleostriatum, is a sub-cortical structure of the brain. Topographically, it is part of the telencephalon, but retains close functional ties with the subthalamus - both of which are part of the extrapyramidal motor system...

  • corticostriate fibers
  • ansa lentiformis
  • claustrum
    Claustrum
    The claustrum, which is suspected to be present in all mammals, is a fairly thin vertical curved sheet of subcortical gray matter...

    • capsula extrema (band of Baillarger)
  • nucleus amygdalæ (amygdala
    Amygdala
    The ' are almond-shaped groups of nuclei located deep within the medial temporal lobes of the brain in complex vertebrates, including humans. Shown in research to perform a primary role in the processing and memory of emotional reactions, the amygdalae are considered part of the limbic system.-...

    )

  • internal capsule
    Internal capsule
    The internal capsule is an area of white matter in the brain that separates the caudate nucleus and the thalamus from the lenticular nucleus. The internal capsule contains both ascending and descending axons....

     (capsula interna)
    • genu
    • geniculate fibers
      Geniculate fibers
      The geniculate fibers are the fibers in the region of the genu of the internal capsule; they originate in the motor part of the cerebral cortex, and, after passing downward through the base of the cerebral peduncle with the cerebrospinal fibers, undergo decussation and end in the motor nuclei of...

    • cerebrospinal fibers
      Cerebrospinal fibers
      The cerebrospinal fibers, derived from the cells of the motor area of the cerebral cortex, occupy the middle three-fifths of the base; they are continued partly to the nuclei of the motor cranial nerves, but mainly into the pyramids of the medulla oblongata....


  • internal capsule
    Internal capsule
    The internal capsule is an area of white matter in the brain that separates the caudate nucleus and the thalamus from the lenticular nucleus. The internal capsule contains both ascending and descending axons....

     (capsula interna)
    • corona radiata
      Corona radiata
      In neuroanatomy, the corona radiata is a white matter sheet that continues caudally as the internal capsule and rostrally as the centrum semiovale. This sheet of axons contains both descending and ascending axons that carry nearly all of the neural traffic from and to the cerebral cortex...

  • external capsule
    External capsule
    The external capsule is a series of white matter fiber tracts in the brain. These fibers run between the most lateral segment of the lentiform nucleus and the claustrum....

     (capsula externa)
  • substantia innominata of Meynert
    • ansa lentiformis
  • stria terminalis (tænia semicircularis)

  • terminal vein (vein of the corpus striatum)
  • lamina affixa
    Lamina affixa
    On the surface of the terminal vein is a narrow white band, named the lamina affixa.GDF-15/MIC-1 has been observed in lamina affixa cells.-External links:* http://www.univie.ac.at/anatomie2/plastinatedbrain/surfaceanatomy/surface-2-text.html...

  • Fornix
    • Columns of fornix
      Columns of fornix
      The columns of the fornix arch downward in front of the interventricular foramen and behind the anterior commissure, and each descends through the gray substance in the lateral wall of the third ventricle to the base of the brain, where it ends in the corpus mammillare.-External links:*...

    • crura
    • body (corpus fornicis)
    • psalterium
      Commissure of fornix
      The lateral portions of the body of the fornix are joined by a thin triangular lamina, named the psalterium . This lamina contains some transverse fibers that connect the two hippocampi across the middle line and constitute the commissure of fornix .The terminal lamina creates the commisure plate...

       (lyra)
    • hippocampal commissure
    • ventricle of the fornix (ventricle of Verga)
    • columns (columna fornicis; anterior pillars; fornicolumns)

  • olfactory fasciculus
  • crura (crus fornicis; posterior pillars)
    • alveus
    • fimbria hippocampi
    • fascia dentata hippocampi (dentate gyrus
      Dentate gyrus
      The dentate gyrus is part of the hippocampal formation. It is thought to contribute to new memories as well as other functional roles. It is notable as being one of a select few brain structures currently known to have high rates of neurogenesis in adult rats, .The dentate gyrus cells receive...

      )
    • fimbriodentate fissure
  • Interventricular foramen (foramen of Monro)
  • Anterior commissure
    Anterior commissure
    The anterior commissure is a bundle of nerve fibers , connecting the two cerebral hemispheres across the midline, and placed in front of the columns of the fornix...

     (precommissure)
    • Septum pellucidum
      Septum pellucidum
      The septum pellucidum , and not to be confused with the medial septum, is a thin, triangular, vertical membrane separating the anterior horns of the left and right lateral ventricles of the brain...

       (septum lucidum)
  • cavity of the septum pellucidum (cavum septi pellucidi; pseudocele; fifth ventricle)
  • Choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle (plexus chorioideus ventriculus lateralis; paraplexus)

  • tela chorioidea of the third ventricle
    Tela chorioidea of the third ventricle
    The part of the choroid plexus in relation to the body of the ventricle forms the vascular fringed margin of a triangular process of pia mater, named the tela chorioidea of the third ventricle, and projects from under cover of the lateral edge of the fornix....

  • choroidal fissure
  • tela chorioidea of the third ventricle
    Tela chorioidea of the third ventricle
    The part of the choroid plexus in relation to the body of the ventricle forms the vascular fringed margin of a triangular process of pia mater, named the tela chorioidea of the third ventricle, and projects from under cover of the lateral edge of the fornix....

     (tela chorioidea ventriculi tertii; velum interpositum)

  • transverse fissure of the brain
  • internal cerebral veins
    Internal cerebral veins
    The internal cerebral veins drain the deep parts of the hemisphere and are two in number; each is formed near the interventricular foramen by the union of the terminal and choroid veins....

     (venæ Galeni)
  • great cerebral vein (vena magna Galeni)

  • white substance
    • Projection fibers
      Projection fibers
      The projection fibers consist of efferent and afferent fibers uniting the cortex with the lower parts of the brain and with the spinal cord.-Efferent:The principal efferent strands are:...

    • Transverse fibers or commissural fibers
      Commissural fibers
      The commissural fibers or transverse fibers connect the two hemispheres of the brain. They include:* the transverse fibers of the corpus callosum* the anterior commissure* the posterior commissure* the lyra or hippocampal commissure....

    • Association fibers
      • short association fibers
      • long association fibers
        • uncinate fasciculus
          Uncinate fasciculus
          The uncinate fasciculus is a white matter tract in the human brain that connects parts of the limbic system such as the hippocampus and amygdala in the temporal lobe with frontal ones such as the orbitofrontal cortex. Its function is unknown though it is affected in several psychiatric conditions...

        • cingulum
          White matter
          White matter is one of the two components of the central nervous system and consists mostly of myelinated axons. White matter tissue of the freshly cut brain appears pinkish white to the naked eye because myelin is composed largely of lipid tissue veined with capillaries. Its white color is due to...


  • white substance
    • Association fibers
      • long association fibers
        • superior longitudinal fasciculus
          Superior longitudinal fasciculus
          The superior longitudinal fasciculus is a pair of long bi-directional bundles of neurons connecting the front and the back of the cerebrum. Each association fiber bundle is lateral to the centrum ovale of a cerebral hemisphere and connects the frontal, occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes...

        • inferior longitudinal fasciculus
          Inferior longitudinal fasciculus
          The inferior longitudinal fasciculus connects the temporal lobe and occipital lobe, running along the lateral walls of the inferior and posterior cornua of the lateral ventricle....

        • perpendicular fasciculus
        • occipitofrontal fasciculus

  • white substance
    • Association fibers
      • long association fibers
        • fornix
  • gray substance of the hemisphere
    • Structure of the Cerebral Cortex
      • outer band of Baillarger or band of Gennari
      • inner band of Baillarger
    • Nerve cells
      • giant cells of Betz
      • cells of Golgi
      • cells of Martinotti

  • Nerve Fibers
    • Tangential fibers of cerebral cortex
      Cerebral cortex
      The cerebral cortex is a sheet of neural tissue that is outermost to the cerebrum of the mammalian brain. It plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. It is constituted of up to six horizontal layers, each of which has a different...

      • plexus of Exner
      • Band of Bechterew
      • Band of Gennari
    • Radial fibers of cerebral cortex
      Cerebral cortex
      The cerebral cortex is a sheet of neural tissue that is outermost to the cerebrum of the mammalian brain. It plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. It is constituted of up to six horizontal layers, each of which has a different...


  • Special Types of Cerebral Cortex
    • Visual area of cerebral cortex
      • Visuosensory area
      • Visuopsychic area
    • Motor areas of cerebral cortex

  • Special Types of Cerebral Cortex
    • Olfactory bulb
      Olfactory bulb
      The olfactory bulb is a structure of the vertebrate forebrain involved in olfaction, the perception of odors.-Anatomy:In most vertebrates, the olfactory bulb is the most rostral part of the brain. In humans, however, the olfactory bulb is on the inferior side of the brain...

    • glomeruli
      Glomerulus (olfaction)
      The glomerulus is a spherical structure located in the olfactory bulb of the brain where synapses form between the terminals of the olfactory nerve and the dendrites of mitral, periglomerular and tufted cells...

      • Mitral cells

  • typical spinal nerve
    Spinal nerve
    The term spinal nerve generally refers to a mixed spinal nerve, which carries motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body...

    • somatic sensory fibers
    • sympathetic afferent fibers or sensory fibers
    • somatic motor fibers
    • sympathetic efferent fibers or preganglionic fibers
      Preganglionic fibers
      In the autonomic nervous system, fibers from the CNS to the ganglion are known as preganglionic fibers.All preganglionic fibers, whether they are in the sympathetic division or in the parasympathetic division, are cholinergic .Sympathetic preganglionic fibers tend to be shorter than parasympathetic...


  • Sensory pathways from the Spinal cord
    Spinal cord
    The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the brain . The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system...

     to the Brain
    Human brain
    The human brain has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but is over three times larger than the brain of a typical mammal with an equivalent body size. Estimates for the number of neurons in the human brain range from 80 to 120 billion...

    • conscious muscle sense
    • unconscious muscle sense

  • Sensory pathways from the Spinal cord
    Spinal cord
    The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the brain . The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system...

     to the Brain
    Human brain
    The human brain has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but is over three times larger than the brain of a typical mammal with an equivalent body size. Estimates for the number of neurons in the human brain range from 80 to 120 billion...

    • impulses of pain
    • impulses of temperature

  • Sensory pathways from the Spinal cord
    Spinal cord
    The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the brain . The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system...

     to the Brain
    Human brain
    The human brain has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but is over three times larger than the brain of a typical mammal with an equivalent body size. Estimates for the number of neurons in the human brain range from 80 to 120 billion...

    • tactile discrimination
      Tactile discrimination
      Tactile discrimination is the ability to differentiate information received through the sense of touch. This is often tested during neurological examination and represents a higher level of neurological function involving the cerebral cortex...

    • touch fibers
  • ventral spinothalamic fasciculus
  • superficial antero-lateral fasciculus (tract of Gowers)
  • spinotectal fasciculus
  • spino-olivary fasciculus (olivospinal; bulbospinal, Helweg's bundle)
  • Sympathetic
    Sympathetic nervous system
    The sympathetic nervous system is one of the three parts of the autonomic nervous system, along with the enteric and parasympathetic systems. Its general action is to mobilize the body's nervous system fight-or-flight response...

     afferent fibers (visceral afferent; viscero-sensory; splanchnic afferent)
  • Sympathetic
    Sympathetic nervous system
    The sympathetic nervous system is one of the three parts of the autonomic nervous system, along with the enteric and parasympathetic systems. Its general action is to mobilize the body's nervous system fight-or-flight response...

     efferent fibers (splanchnic motor; viscero-motor; preganglionic fibers
    Preganglionic fibers
    In the autonomic nervous system, fibers from the CNS to the ganglion are known as preganglionic fibers.All preganglionic fibers, whether they are in the sympathetic division or in the parasympathetic division, are cholinergic .Sympathetic preganglionic fibers tend to be shorter than parasympathetic...

    )

  • Hypoglossal nerve
    Hypoglossal nerve
    The hypoglossal nerve is the twelfth cranial nerve , leading to the tongue. The nerve arises from the hypoglossal nucleus and emerges from the medulla oblongata in the preolivary sulcus separating the olive and the pyramid. It then passes through the hypoglossal canal...

     (XII cranial)
  • Accessory nerve
    Accessory nerve
    In anatomy, the accessory nerve is a nerve that controls specific muscles of the shoulder and neck. As part of it was formerly believed to originate in the brain, it is considered a cranial nerve...

     (XI cranial)
  • Vagus nerve
    Vagus nerve
    The vagus nerve , also called pneumogastric nerve or cranial nerve X, is the tenth of twelve paired cranial nerves...

     (X cranial)
    • somatic sensory fibers

  • Vagus nerve
    Vagus nerve
    The vagus nerve , also called pneumogastric nerve or cranial nerve X, is the tenth of twelve paired cranial nerves...

     (X cranial)
    • sympathetic afferent fibers
    • Taste fibers
    • Somatic motor fibers
    • Sympathetic efferent fibers
  • Glossopharyngeal nerve
    Glossopharyngeal nerve
    The glossopharyngeal nerve is the ninth of twelve pairs of cranial nerves . It exits the brainstem out from the sides of the upper medulla, just rostral to the vagus nerve...

     (IX cranial)
    • somatic sensory fibers

  • Glossopharyngeal nerve
    Glossopharyngeal nerve
    The glossopharyngeal nerve is the ninth of twelve pairs of cranial nerves . It exits the brainstem out from the sides of the upper medulla, just rostral to the vagus nerve...

     (IX cranial)
    • Sympathetic afferent fibers
    • Taste fibers
    • Somatic motor fibers
    • Sympathetic efferent fibers (motor and secretory fibers)

  • Acoustic nerve (VIII cranial)
    • Cochlear nerve
      Cochlear nerve
      The cochlear nerve is a nerve in the head that carries signals from the cochlea of the inner ear to the brain...

    • cochlear nucleus
    • striæ medullares

  • Acoustic nerve (VIII cranial)
    • trapezoid body
      Trapezoid body
      The trapezoid body is part of the acoustic pathway. It is a bundle of fibers and cells in the pontine tegmentum. It consists of fibers arising from the ventral cochlear nucleus. A collection of nerve cells inside forms a trapezoid nucleus. The superior olivary nucleus is situated on the dorsal...

    • cochlear nucleus
    • acoustic tubercle
      Acoustic tubercle
      The cochlear nerve is placed lateral to the vestibular root. Its fibers end in two nuclei: one, the accessory nucleus, lies immediately in front of the inferior peduncle; the other, the acoustic tubercle, somewhat lateral to it.-External links:...

    • superior olivary nucleus
      Superior olivary nucleus
      The superior olivary complex is a collection of brainstem nuclei that functions in multiple aspects of hearing and is an important component of the ascending and descending auditory pathways...

    • nucleus of the trapezoid body

  • Acoustic nerve (VIII cranial)
    • lateral preolivary nucleus or semilunar nucleus
    • mesial preolivary nucleus
    • lateral lemniscus
      Lateral lemniscus
      The lateral lemniscus is a tract of axons in the brainstem that carries information about sound from the cochlear nucleus to various brainstem nuclei and ultimately the contralateral inferior colliculus of the midbrain...

       (lateral fillet)
    • fillet of Reil
    • lower and upper nuclei of the lateral lemniscus
      Lateral lemniscus
      The lateral lemniscus is a tract of axons in the brainstem that carries information about sound from the cochlear nucleus to various brainstem nuclei and ultimately the contralateral inferior colliculus of the midbrain...

    • inferior colliculi (lower or posterior quadrigeminal bodies)
    • medial geniculate body
    • commissure of Gudden

  • Vestibular nerve
    Vestibular nerve
    The vestibular nerve is one of the two branches of the Vestibulocochlear nerve . It goes to the semicircular canals via the vestibular ganglion...

     (vestibular root, VIII cranial)
    • dorsal vestibular nucleus (medial or principal nucleus)
    • inferior vestibular nucleus
      Inferior vestibular nucleus
      The inferior vestibular nucleus is the vestibular nucleus which lies near the fourth ventricle.-External links:* http://www.neuroanatomy.wisc.edu/virtualbrain/BrainStem/13VNAN.html* http://www.anatomyatlases.org/MicroscopicAnatomy/Section17/Plate17331.shtml...

    • lateral vestibular nucleus
      Lateral vestibular nucleus
      The lateral vestibular nucleus is the continuation upward and lateralward of the principal nucleus, and in it terminate many of the ascending branches of the vestibular nerve.-Anatomy:...

       (Deiters's nucleus)

  • Vestibular nerve
    Vestibular nerve
    The vestibular nerve is one of the two branches of the Vestibulocochlear nerve . It goes to the semicircular canals via the vestibular ganglion...

     (vestibular root, VIII cranial)
    • superior vestibular nucleus
      Superior vestibular nucleus
      The superior vestibular nucleus is the dorso-lateral part of the vestibular nucleus and receives collaterals and terminals from the ascending branches of the vestibular nerve....

       (Bechterew's nucleus)
  • Facial nerve
    Facial nerve
    The facial nerve is the seventh of twelve paired cranial nerves. It emerges from the brainstem between the pons and the medulla, and controls the muscles of facial expression, and functions in the conveyance of taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and oral cavity...

     (VII cranial)
    • somatic sensory fibers
    • sympathetic afferent fibers
    • Taste fibers
    • Somatic motor fibers
    • Sympathetic efferent fibers (preganglionic fibers
      Preganglionic fibers
      In the autonomic nervous system, fibers from the CNS to the ganglion are known as preganglionic fibers.All preganglionic fibers, whether they are in the sympathetic division or in the parasympathetic division, are cholinergic .Sympathetic preganglionic fibers tend to be shorter than parasympathetic...

      )
    • superior salivatory nucleus
  • Abducens nerve (VI cranial)

  • Abducens nerve (VI cranial)
    • corticopontine fibers
      Corticopontine fibers
      Corticopontine fibers are projections from the cerebral cortex to the pontine nuclei.Depending upon the lobe of origin, they can be classified as frontopontine fibers, parietopontine fibers, temporopontine fibers and occipitopontine fibers....

  • Trigeminal nerve
    Trigeminal nerve
    The trigeminal nerve contains both sensory and motor fibres. It is responsible for sensation in the face and certain motor functions such as biting, chewing, and swallowing. Sensory information from the face and body is processed by parallel pathways in the central nervous system...

     (V cranial)
    • motor nucleus
    • terminal sensory nucleus
    • main sensory nucleus
    • nucleus of the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve
    • main sensory nucleus
    • tractus spinalis
    • nucleus of the tractus spinalis

  • Trigeminal nerve
    Trigeminal nerve
    The trigeminal nerve contains both sensory and motor fibres. It is responsible for sensation in the face and certain motor functions such as biting, chewing, and swallowing. Sensory information from the face and body is processed by parallel pathways in the central nervous system...

     (V cranial)
    • central path of the trigeminal (trigeminothalamic tract)
    • mesencephalic root (descending root of the trigeminal)
  • Trochlear nerve
    Trochlear nerve
    The trochlear nerve is a motor nerve that innervates a single muscle: the superior oblique muscle of the eye....

     (IV cranial)
    • trochlear nucleus
      Trochlear nucleus
      The nucleus of the trochlear nerve is located in the midbrain, at the level of the inferior colliculus. It is a motor nucleus, so is located near the midline....

  • Oculomotor nerve
    Oculomotor nerve
    The oculomotor nerve is the 3rd of 12 paired cranial nerves. It enters the orbit via the superior orbital fissure and controls most of the eye's movements, including constriction of the pupil and maintaining an open eyelid by innervating the Levator palpebrae superiors muscle. The optic nerve is...

     (III cranial)
    • oculomotor nucleus
      Oculomotor nucleus
      The fibers of the oculomotor nerve arise from a nucleus in the midbrain, which lies in the gray substance of the floor of the cerebral aqueduct and extends in front of the aqueduct for a short distance into the floor of the third ventricle...


  • Optic nerve
    Optic nerve
    The optic nerve, also called cranial nerve 2, transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. Derived from the embryonic retinal ganglion cell, a diverticulum located in the diencephalon, the optic nerve doesn't regenerate after transection.-Anatomy:The optic nerve is the second of...

     or Nerve of Sight (II cranial)
    • primary visual centers
    • lateral geniculate body
    • superior colliculus
      Superior colliculus
      The optic tectum or simply tectum is a paired structure that forms a major component of the vertebrate midbrain. In mammals this structure is more commonly called the superior colliculus , but, even in mammals, the adjective tectal is commonly used. The tectum is a layered structure, with a...

    • stratum zonale
      Stratum zonale
      The thalamus consists chiefly of gray substance, but its upper surface is covered by a layer of white substance, named the stratum zonale....

    • stratum cinereum

  • Optic nerve
    Optic nerve
    The optic nerve, also called cranial nerve 2, transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. Derived from the embryonic retinal ganglion cell, a diverticulum located in the diencephalon, the optic nerve doesn't regenerate after transection.-Anatomy:The optic nerve is the second of...

     or Nerve of Sight (II cranial)
    • stratum opticum
    • lateral lemniscus
      Lateral lemniscus
      The lateral lemniscus is a tract of axons in the brainstem that carries information about sound from the cochlear nucleus to various brainstem nuclei and ultimately the contralateral inferior colliculus of the midbrain...

    • tectospinal fasciculus
  • Olfactory nerves (I cranial) or nerves of smell

  • Olfactory nerves (I cranial) or nerves of smell
    • lateral olfactory striæ
    • medial olfactory striæ
    • pars olfactoria
    • intermediate olfactory striæ
    • tractus olfactomesencephalicus (basal olfactory bundle of Wallenburg)
    • fasciculus mammillo-tegmentalis (mammillo-tegmental bundle of Gudden)

  • fasciculus retroflexus of Meynert
  • interpeduncular ganglion
  • tegmental bundle of Gudden
  • cingulum
    White matter
    White matter is one of the two components of the central nervous system and consists mostly of myelinated axons. White matter tissue of the freshly cut brain appears pinkish white to the naked eye because myelin is composed largely of lipid tissue veined with capillaries. Its white color is due to...

  • dentate gyrus
    Dentate gyrus
    The dentate gyrus is part of the hippocampal formation. It is thought to contribute to new memories as well as other functional roles. It is notable as being one of a select few brain structures currently known to have high rates of neurogenesis in adult rats, .The dentate gyrus cells receive...

  • indusium
  • medial longitudinal striæ (nerves of Lancisi)
  • lateral longitudinal striæ
  • gyrus subcallosus and the anterior perforated substance
    Anterior perforated substance
    The anterior perforated substance is an irregularly quadrilateral area in front of the optic tract and behind the olfactory trigone, from which it is separated by the fissure prima; medially and in front, it is continuous with the subcallosal gyrus; it is bounded laterally by the lateral stria of...

     (diagonal band of Broca
    Diagonal band of Broca
    The diagonal band of Broca forms the medial margin of the anterior perforated substance.-Contents:It consists of fibers that are said to arise in the parolfactory area, the gyrus subcallosus and the anterior perforated substance, and course backward in the longitudinal striae to the dentate gyrus...

    )

  • olfactory projection fibers
  • alveus
  • fornix
  • hippocampal commissure (ventral psalterium or lyre)
  • bundle of Vicq d'Azyr (mammillo-thalamic fasciculus)
  • amygdaloid nucleus and the tænia semicircularis (stria terminalis)

  • Motor tract
  • geniculate fibers
    Geniculate fibers
    The geniculate fibers are the fibers in the region of the genu of the internal capsule; they originate in the motor part of the cerebral cortex, and, after passing downward through the base of the cerebral peduncle with the cerebrospinal fibers, undergo decussation and end in the motor nuclei of...

  • cerebrospinal fibers
    Cerebrospinal fibers
    The cerebrospinal fibers, derived from the cells of the motor area of the cerebral cortex, occupy the middle three-fifths of the base; they are continued partly to the nuclei of the motor cranial nerves, but mainly into the pyramids of the medulla oblongata....

  • decussation of the pyramids
    Decussation of the pyramids
    The two pyramids contain the motor fibers that pass from the brain to the medulla oblongata and medulla spinalis, corticobulbar and corticospinal fibers....

  • lateral cerebrospinal fasciculus (crossed pyramidal tract)
  • anterior cerebrospinal fasciculus (direct pyramidal tract)
  • upper motor neurons
  • lower motor neurons
  • rubrospinal fasciculus

  • vestibulospinal fasciculus (part of the anterior marginal fasciculus or Loewenthal's tract)
  • pontospinal fasciculus (Bechterew)

The meninges
Meninges
The meninges is the system of membranes which envelopes the central nervous system. The meninges consist of three layers: the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. The primary function of the meninges and of the cerebrospinal fluid is to protect the central nervous system.-Dura...

 of the brain
Human brain
The human brain has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but is over three times larger than the brain of a typical mammal with an equivalent body size. Estimates for the number of neurons in the human brain range from 80 to 120 billion...

 and medulla spinalis 

  • dura mater
    Dura mater
    The dura mater , or dura, is the outermost of the three layers of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is derived from Mesoderm. The other two meningeal layers are the pia mater and the arachnoid mater. The dura surrounds the brain and the spinal cord and is responsible for...

    • cranial dura mater (dura mater encephali; dura of the brain)

  • processes
    Process (anatomy)
    In anatomy, a process is a projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body. The vertebra has several kinds of processes,such as: transverse process, prezygapophysis, postzygapophysis.-Examples:Examples of processes include:...

     of dura mater
    Dura mater
    The dura mater , or dura, is the outermost of the three layers of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is derived from Mesoderm. The other two meningeal layers are the pia mater and the arachnoid mater. The dura surrounds the brain and the spinal cord and is responsible for...

    • Tentorium cerebelli
      Tentorium cerebelli
      The tentorium cerebelli or cerebellar tentorium is an extension of the dura mater that separates the cerebellum from the inferior portion of the occipital lobes.-Anatomy:...

      • Incisura tentorii
    • Falx cerebelli
      Falx cerebelli
      The falx cerebelli is a small triangular process of dura mater, received into the posterior cerebellar notch.Its base is attached, above, to the under and back part of the tentorium cerebelli; its posterior margin, to the lower division of the vertical crest on the inner surface of the occipital...

    • Diaphragma sellae
      Diaphragma sellae
      The diaphragma sellae or sellar diaphragm is the circular fold of dura mater that almost completely roofs the fossa hypophyseos of the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone within the skull. It retains the pituitary gland in the fossa hypophyseos, with only the infundibulum of the pituitary gland...


  • Structure
    • Endosteal layer of dura mater
      Dura mater
      The dura mater , or dura, is the outermost of the three layers of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is derived from Mesoderm. The other two meningeal layers are the pia mater and the arachnoid mater. The dura surrounds the brain and the spinal cord and is responsible for...

    • Meningeal layer of dura mater
      Dura mater
      The dura mater , or dura, is the outermost of the three layers of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is derived from Mesoderm. The other two meningeal layers are the pia mater and the arachnoid mater. The dura surrounds the brain and the spinal cord and is responsible for...

    • arteries of Dura mater
      Dura mater
      The dura mater , or dura, is the outermost of the three layers of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is derived from Mesoderm. The other two meningeal layers are the pia mater and the arachnoid mater. The dura surrounds the brain and the spinal cord and is responsible for...

    • veins of Dura mater
      Dura mater
      The dura mater , or dura, is the outermost of the three layers of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is derived from Mesoderm. The other two meningeal layers are the pia mater and the arachnoid mater. The dura surrounds the brain and the spinal cord and is responsible for...

    • nerves of Dura mater
      Dura mater
      The dura mater , or dura, is the outermost of the three layers of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is derived from Mesoderm. The other two meningeal layers are the pia mater and the arachnoid mater. The dura surrounds the brain and the spinal cord and is responsible for...

  • spinal dura mater (dura mater spinalis; spinal dura)
    • Subdural cavity
    • Epidural space
      Epidural space
      In the spine, the epidural space is the outermost part of the spinal canal. It is the space within the canal lying outside the dura mater...


  • spinal dura mater (dura mater spinalis; spinal dura)
    • Structure
  • Dura mater
    Dura mater
    The dura mater , or dura, is the outermost of the three layers of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is derived from Mesoderm. The other two meningeal layers are the pia mater and the arachnoid mater. The dura surrounds the brain and the spinal cord and is responsible for...

    : structure
    Structure
    Structure is a fundamental, tangible or intangible notion referring to the recognition, observation, nature, and permanence of patterns and relationships of entities. This notion may itself be an object, such as a built structure, or an attribute, such as the structure of society...

     of:
  • Arachnoid
    Arachnoid mater
    The arachnoid mater, literally from Latin "spider -like mother", is one of the three meninges, the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord...

     (Arachnoid membrane)
    • Cranial arachnoid (Arachnoidea encephali)
    • Spinal arachnoid (Arachnoidea spinalis)
    • structure
      Structure
      Structure is a fundamental, tangible or intangible notion referring to the recognition, observation, nature, and permanence of patterns and relationships of entities. This notion may itself be an object, such as a built structure, or an attribute, such as the structure of society...

       of Arachnoid
      Arachnoid mater
      The arachnoid mater, literally from Latin "spider -like mother", is one of the three meninges, the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord...

  • Subarachnoid cavity (Cavum subarachnoideale, Subarachnoid space
    Subarachnoid space
    In the central nervous system, the subarachnoid cavity is the interval between the arachnoid membrane and pia mater....

    )
  • Subarachnoid cisternæ (Cisternæ subarachnoidales)
    • Cisterna cerebellomedullaris (Cisterna magna
      Cisterna magna
      The cisterna magna is one of three principal openings in the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid and pia mater layers of the meninges surrounding the brain. The openings are collectively referred to as cisterns. The cisterna magna is located between the cerebellum and the dorsal surface of...

      )
    • Cisterna pontis
    • Cisterna interpeduncularis (Cisterna basalis)

  • Subarachnoid cisternæ (Cisternæ subarachnoidales)
    • Cisterna chiasmatis
    • Cisterna fossae cerebri lateralis
    • Cisterna venae magnae cerebri
  • openings
    • Foramina of Majendie
    • Foramina of Luschka
  • Subarachnoid septum
  • Ligamentum denticulatum
  • Cerebrospinal fluid
    Cerebrospinal fluid
    Cerebrospinal fluid , Liquor cerebrospinalis, is a clear, colorless, bodily fluid, that occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain and spinal cord...


  • Arachnoid villi (Granulationes arachnoideales, Arachnoid granulations, Glandulæ Pacchioni, Pacchionian glands )
  • Pia mater
    Pia mater
    Pia mater often referred to as simply the pia, is the delicate innermost layer of the meninges, the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. The word finds its roots in Latin, meaning literally "tender mother." The other two meningeal membranes are the dura mater and the arachnoid mater....


  • Pia mater
    Pia mater
    Pia mater often referred to as simply the pia, is the delicate innermost layer of the meninges, the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. The word finds its roots in Latin, meaning literally "tender mother." The other two meningeal membranes are the dura mater and the arachnoid mater....

    • Cranial pia mater
    • Spinal pia mater
    • Linea splendens
      Linea splendens
      The linea splendens is a band of longitudinal fibers within the spinal pia mater, lying along the surface of the anterior median fissure of the spinal cord and forming a sheath for the anterior spinal artery....

    • Ligamentum denticulatum
    • Filum terminale
      Filum terminale
      The filum terminale , is a delicate strand of fibrous tissue, about 20 cm. in length, proceeding downward from the apex of the conus medullaris. It gives longitudinal support to the spinal cord and consists of two parts:...

    • Central ligament of medulla spinalis

  • Cerebrospinal fasciculus: fluid
    Fluid
    In physics, a fluid is a substance that continually deforms under an applied shear stress. Fluids are a subset of the phases of matter and include liquids, gases, plasmas and, to some extent, plastic solids....

  • Dentate fissure: ligament
    Ligament
    In anatomy, the term ligament is used to denote any of three types of structures. Most commonly, it refers to fibrous tissue that connects bones to other bones and is also known as articular ligament, articular larua, fibrous ligament, or true ligament.Ligament can also refer to:* Peritoneal...

  • Ligament
    Ligament
    In anatomy, the term ligament is used to denote any of three types of structures. Most commonly, it refers to fibrous tissue that connects bones to other bones and is also known as articular ligament, articular larua, fibrous ligament, or true ligament.Ligament can also refer to:* Peritoneal...

     or Ligaments: dentate
    Dentate nucleus
    The dentate nucleus is located within the deep white matter of each cerebellar hemisphere, and it is the largest single structure linking the cerebellum to the rest of the brain. It is the largest and most lateral, or farthest from the midline, of the four pairs of deep cerebellar nuclei, the...


The cranial nerves
Cranial nerves
Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain, in contrast to spinal nerves, which emerge from segments of the spinal cord. In humans, there are traditionally twelve pairs of cranial nerves...

 

  • Cranial nerves
    Cranial nerves
    Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain, in contrast to spinal nerves, which emerge from segments of the spinal cord. In humans, there are traditionally twelve pairs of cranial nerves...

     (Nervi cerebrales, Cerebral nerves)
  • Nuclei
    Nucleus (neuroanatomy)
    In neuroanatomy, a nucleus is a brain structure consisting of a relatively compact cluster of neurons. It is one of the two most common forms of nerve cell organization, the other being layered structures such as the cerebral cortex or cerebellar cortex. In anatomical sections, a nucleus shows up...

    : of origin of motor nerves

  • Optic nerve
    Optic nerve
    The optic nerve, also called cranial nerve 2, transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. Derived from the embryonic retinal ganglion cell, a diverticulum located in the diencephalon, the optic nerve doesn't regenerate after transection.-Anatomy:The optic nerve is the second of...

     (Nervus opticus, Second nerve)
  • Visual center

  • Optic chiasma
  • Decussation
    Decussation
    Decussation is used in biological contexts to describe a crossing.Examples include:* In the brain, where nerve fibers obliquely cross from one lateral part to the other, that is to say they cross at a level other than their origin...

     of optic nerves
  • Commissure of Gudden

  • Oculomotor nerve
    Oculomotor nerve
    The oculomotor nerve is the 3rd of 12 paired cranial nerves. It enters the orbit via the superior orbital fissure and controls most of the eye's movements, including constriction of the pupil and maintaining an open eyelid by innervating the Levator palpebrae superiors muscle. The optic nerve is...

     (Nervus oculomotorius, Third nerve )
  • Nucleus of oculomotor nerve

  • Trigeminal nerve
    Trigeminal nerve
    The trigeminal nerve contains both sensory and motor fibres. It is responsible for sensation in the face and certain motor functions such as biting, chewing, and swallowing. Sensory information from the face and body is processed by parallel pathways in the central nervous system...

     (Nervus trigeminus, Trifacial nerve, Fifth nerve)
  • Semilunar ganglion (ganglion semilunare, Gasserian ganglion)
  • Cavum Meckelii

  • Ophthalmic nerve
    Ophthalmic nerve
    The ophthalmic nerve is one of the three branches of the trigeminal nerve, the fifth cranial nerve. The ophthalmic nerve carries only sensory fibers.-Branches:*Nasociliary nerve**sensory root of ciliary ganglion**posterior ethmoidal nerve...

      (Nervus ophthalmicus)
  • Lacrimal nerve
    Lacrimal nerve
    The lacrimal nerve is the smallest of the three branches of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve.It sometimes receives a filament from the trochlear nerve, but this is possibly derived from the branch that goes from the ophthalmic to the trochlear nerve.It passes forward in a separate...

     (Nervus lacrimalis)
  • Frontal nerve
    Frontal nerve
    The frontal nerve is the largest branch of the ophthalmic nerve, and may be regarded, both from its size and direction, as the continuation of the nerve....

     (Nervus frontalis)

  • Frontal nerve
    Frontal nerve
    The frontal nerve is the largest branch of the ophthalmic nerve, and may be regarded, both from its size and direction, as the continuation of the nerve....

    • Supratrochlear nerve
      Supratrochlear nerve
      The supratrochlear nerve is a branch of the frontal nerve, which itself comes from the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal cranial nerve.It is smaller than the nearby supraorbital nerve...

       (Nervus supratrochlearis)
    • Supraorbital nerve
      Supraorbital nerve
      The supraorbital nerve is a terminal branch of the frontal nerve.It passes through the supraorbital foramen, and gives off, in this situation, palpebral filaments to the upper eyelid...

       (Nervus supraorbitalis)
  • Nasociliary nerve
    Nasociliary nerve
    The nasociliary nerve is a branch of the ophthalmic nerve. It is intermediate in size between the two other main branches of the ophthalmic nerve, the frontal nerve and the lacrimal nerve, and is more deeply placed.-Path:...

     (Nervus nasociliaris, Nasal nerve)
    • Long root of ciliary ganglion (Radix longa ganglii ciliaris)
    • Long ciliary nerves
      Long ciliary nerves
      The long ciliary nerves, two or three in number, are given off from the nasociliary, as it crosses the optic nerve.They accompany the short ciliary nerves from the ciliary ganglion, pierce the posterior part of the sclera, and running forward between it and the choroid, are distributed to the iris...

       (Nervi ciliares longi)
    • Infratrochlear nerve
      Infratrochlear nerve
      The infratrochlear nerve is given off from the nasociliary just before it enters the anterior ethmoidal foramen.It runs forward along the upper border of the medial rectus, and is joined, near the pulley of the superior oblique, by a filament from the supratrochlear nerve.It then passes to the...

       (Nervus infratrochlearis)
    • Ethmoidal branches (Nervi ethmoidales)
  • Ciliary ganglion
    Ciliary ganglion
    The ciliary ganglion is a parasympathetic ganglion located in the posterior orbit. It measures 1–2 millimeters in diameter and contains approximately 2,500 neurons. Preganglionic axons from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus travel along the oculomotor nerve and form synapses with these cells...

     (ophthalmic ganglion or lenticular ganglion)
  • Ciliary nerves

  • Maxillary nerve (Nervus maxillaris, superior maxillary nerve)
  • In the Cranium
    • Middle meningeal nerve
      Middle meningeal nerve
      The middle meningeal nerve is given off from the maxillary nerve directly after its origin from the semilunar ganglionIt accompanies the middle meningeal artery and supplies the dura mater....

       (Nervus meningeus medius, meningeal branch, dural branch)
  • In the Pterygopalatine Fossa
    • Zygomatic nerve
      Zygomatic nerve
      The zygomatic nerve is a branch of the maxillary nerve that enters the orbit and helps to supply the skin over the zygomatic and temporal bones. The zygomatic nerve is not to be confused with the zygomatic branches of the facial nerve.-Structure:The zygomatic nerve arises in the pterygopalatine...

        (Nervus zygomaticus; Temporomalar nerve; Orbital nerve)

  • In the Pterygopalatine fossa
    Pterygopalatine fossa
    The pterygopalatine fossa is a fossa in the skull. It is the indented area medial to the pterygomaxillary fissure leading into the sphenopalatine foramen.-Boundaries:It has the following boundaries:...

    • Zygomatic nerve
      Zygomatic nerve
      The zygomatic nerve is a branch of the maxillary nerve that enters the orbit and helps to supply the skin over the zygomatic and temporal bones. The zygomatic nerve is not to be confused with the zygomatic branches of the facial nerve.-Structure:The zygomatic nerve arises in the pterygopalatine...

        (Nervus zygomaticus; Temporomalar nerve; Orbital nerve)
      • Zygomaticotemporal branch
      • Zygomaticofacial branch
    • Sphenopalatine nerves
      Sphenopalatine nerves
      The pterygopalatine nerves , two in number, descend to the pterygopalatine ganglion.Although it is closely related to the pterygopalatine ganglion, it is still considered a branch of the maxillary nerve and does not synapse in the ganglion.It is found in the pterygopalatine fossa....

       (Nervi sphenopalatini)
    • Posterior superior alveolar branches (Nervus rami alveolares superiores posteriores, posterior superior dental branches)

  • In the Infraorbital canal
    Infraorbital canal
    Not to be confused with the infraorbital groove and infraorbital foramen, which are on opposite ends of the canal.One of the canals of the orbital surface of the maxilla, the infraorbital canal, opens just below the margin of the orbit...

    • Middle superior alveolar branch (ramus alveolaris superior medius; middle superior dental branch)
    • Anterior superior alveolar branch (ramus alveolaris superior anteriores; Nervus ramus alveolaris superior anteriores, anterior superior dental branch, Anterior superior dental nerve )
      • nasal branch
  • On the Face
    Face
    The face is a central sense organ complex, for those animals that have one, normally on the ventral surface of the head, and can, depending on the definition in the human case, include the hair, forehead, eyebrow, eyelashes, eyes, nose, ears, cheeks, mouth, lips, philtrum, temple, teeth, skin, and...

    • Inferior palpebral branches (rami palpebrales inferiores; palpebral branches)
    • External nasal branches (rami nasales externi, Nervus nasales externi)
    • Superior labial branches (rami labiales superiores, Nervus labialis superiores, labial branches)
      • Infraorbital plexus
        Infraorbital plexus
        The superior labial branches descend behind the Quadratus labii superioris, and are distributed to the skin of the upper lip, the mucous membrane of the mouth, and labial glands. They are joined, immediately beneath the orbit, by filaments from the facial nerve, forming with them the infraorbital...

  • Sphenopalatine ganglion (ganglion of Meckel)

  • Sphenopalatine ganglion (ganglion of Meckel)
    • Greater superficial petrosal nerve (Nervus petrosus superficialis major, Large superficial petrosal nerve)
    • Deep petrosal nerve
      Deep petrosal nerve
      The deep petrosal nerve is given off from the carotid plexus, and runs through the carotid canal lateral to the internal carotid artery....

       (Nervus petrosus profundus, Large deep petrosal nerve)
    • Nerve of pterygoid canal
      Nerve of pterygoid canal
      The nerve of the pterygoid canal is formed by the junction of the great petrosal nerve and the deep petrosal nerve within the pterygoid canal containing the cartilaginous substance which fills the foramen lacerum.-Course:...

       (Nervus canalis pterygoidei, Vidian nerve)

  • Branches of Distribution
    • orbital branches (rami orbitales; ascending branches)
    • palatine nerves
      Palatine nerves
      The palatine nerves are distributed to the roof of the mouth, soft palate, tonsil, and lining membrane of the nasal cavity.Most of their fibers are derived from the sphenopalatine branches of the maxillary nerve....

       (nn. palatini; descending branches)
      • anterior palatine nerve (n. palatinus anterior)
      • middle palatine nerve (n. palatinus medius)
      • posterior palatine nerve (n. palatinus posterior)
    • posterior superior nasal branches (rami nasales posteriores superiores)
      • nasopalatine nerve
        Nasopalatine nerve
        One branch of the posterior superior nasal branches , longer and larger than the others, is named the nasopalatine nerve ....

    • pharyngeal nerve
      Pharyngeal nerve
      The pharyngeal nerve is a small branch arising from the posterior part of the pterygopalatine ganglion.It passes through the pharyngeal canal with the pharyngeal branch of the maxillary nerve, and is distributed to the mucous membrane of the nasal part of the pharynx, behind the auditory tube....

       (pterygopalatine nerve)

  • Nervus spinosus
    Nervus spinosus
    The meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve is a branch of the mandibular nerve that supplies the dura mater.-Course:It enters the skull through the foramen spinosum with the middle meningeal artery....

  • Internal pterygoid nerve
    Internal pterygoid nerve
    The medial pterygoid nerve is a branch of the mandibular nerve that innervates the medial pterygoid muscle, tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani.-Structure:...

     (n. pterygoideus internus)
  • anterior and smaller division of the mandibular nerve
    • Masseteric nerve
      Masseteric nerve
      The masseteric nerve passes laterally, above the Pterygoideus externus, in front of the temporomandibular articulation, and behind the tendon of the Temporalis; it crosses the mandibular notch with the masseteric artery, to the deep surface of the Masseter, in which it ramifies nearly as far as its...

       (Nervus massetericus)

  • anterior and smaller division of the mandibular nerve
    • Deep temporal nerves
      Deep temporal nerves
      The deep temporal nerves, branches of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve, are two in number, anterior and posterior. They pass above the upper border of the pterygoideus externus and enter the deep surface of the temporalis.-Branches:...

       (nn. temporales profundi)
    • Buccinator nerve (n. buccinatorus; long buccal nerve)
    • External pterygoid nerve
      External pterygoid nerve
      External Pterygoid Nerve : The nerve to the Pterygoideus externus frequently arises in conjunction with the buccinator nerve, but it may be given off separately from the anterior division of the mandibular nerve....

       (n. pterygoideus externus)
  • posterior and larger division of the mandibular nerve
    • Auriculotemporal nerve
      Auriculotemporal nerve
      The auriculotemporal nerve is a branch of the mandibular nerve that runs with the superficial temporal artery and vein, and provides sensory innervation to various regions on the side of the head.-Origin:...

       (n. auriculotemporalis)
      • anterior auricular branches (nn. auriculares anteriores)
      • branches to the external acoustic meatus (n. meatus auditorii externi)
      • articular branches
      • parotid branches (rami parotidei)
      • superficial temporal branch (rami temporales superficiales)
    • Lingual nerve
      Lingual nerve
      The lingual nerve is a branch of the mandibular nerve , itself a branch of the trigeminal nerve, which supplies sensory innervation to the tongue...

       (n. lingualis)

  • posterior and larger division of the mandibular nerve
    • Inferior alveolar nerve
      Inferior alveolar nerve
      The inferior alveolar nerve is a branch of the mandibular nerve, which is itself the third branch of the trigeminal nerve .-Path:...

       (n. alveolaris inferior; inferior dental nerve)
      • Mylohyoid nerve
        Mylohyoid nerve
        The mylohyoid nerve is a nerve that innervates the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric muscle.-Structure:...

         (n. mylohyoideus)

  • posterior and larger division of the mandibular nerve
    • Inferior alveolar nerve
      Inferior alveolar nerve
      The inferior alveolar nerve is a branch of the mandibular nerve, which is itself the third branch of the trigeminal nerve .-Path:...

       (n. alveolaris inferior; inferior dental nerve)
      • dental branches
      • incisive branch
      • mental nerve
        Mental nerve
        Mental nerve is a general somatic afferent nerve which provides sensation to the anterior aspects of the chin and lower lip as well as the buccal gingivae of the mandibular anterior teeth and the premolars...

         (n. mentalis)
  • Otic ganglion
    Otic ganglion
    The otic ganglion is a small, oval shaped, flattened parasympathetic ganglion of a reddish-gray color, located immediately below the foramen ovale in the infratemporal fossa. It gives innervation to the parotid gland for salivation....

     (ganglion oticum)

  • cavernous sinus
    Cavernous sinus
    The cavernous sinus , within the human head, is a large collection of thin-walled veins creating a cavity bordered by the temporal bone of the skull and the sphenoid bone, lateral to the sella turcica.-Contents:...

  • superior orbital fissure
  • Orbits: relation of nerves in:

  • Facial nerve
    Facial nerve
    The facial nerve is the seventh of twelve paired cranial nerves. It emerges from the brainstem between the pons and the medulla, and controls the muscles of facial expression, and functions in the conveyance of taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and oral cavity...

     (Nervus facialis, Seventh nerve)
  • nervus intermedius
    Nervus intermedius
    The nervus intermedius, or intermediate nerve, is the part of the facial nerve located between the motor component of the facial nerve and the vestibulocochlear nerve . It contains the sensory and parasympathetic fibers of the facial nerve...

     (pars intermedii of Wrisberg)

  • motor root
  • sensory root
  • Geniculum
    Geniculum
    A geniculum is a small genu, or angular knee-like structure. It is often used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a sharp knee-like bend in a small structure or organ....

     of facial nerve
    Facial nerve
    The facial nerve is the seventh of twelve paired cranial nerves. It emerges from the brainstem between the pons and the medulla, and controls the muscles of facial expression, and functions in the conveyance of taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and oral cavity...

  • Genicular ganglion of facial nerve
    Facial nerve
    The facial nerve is the seventh of twelve paired cranial nerves. It emerges from the brainstem between the pons and the medulla, and controls the muscles of facial expression, and functions in the conveyance of taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and oral cavity...

  • Parotid plexus
    Parotid plexus
    The pes anserinus is the term for the branch point of the facial nerve after it leaves the stylomastoid foramen...


  • greater superficial petrosal nerve (large superficial petrosal nerve)

  • With the facial canal
    Facial canal
    The facial canal is a Z-shaped canal running through the temporal bone from the internal acoustic meatus to the stylomastoid foramen. In humans it is approximately 3 centimeters long, which makes it the longest human osseous canal of a nerve...

    • Nerve to the stapedius
      Nerve to the stapedius
      The Nerve to the Stapedius arises opposite the pyramidal eminence.It passes through a small canal in this eminence to reach the muscle....

       (n. stapedius; tympanic branch)
    • Chorda tympani nerve
      • iter chordae posterius
      • iter chordae anterius

  • At its exit from the stylomastoid foramen
    Stylomastoid foramen
    Between the styloid and mastoid processes of the temporal bone is the stylomastoid foramenIt is the termination of the facial canal, and transmits the facial nerve and stylomastoid artery.- Clinical Relevance :...

    • Posterior auricular nerve
      Posterior auricular nerve
      The posterior auricular nerve arises from the facial nerve close to the stylomastoid foramen and runs upward in front of the mastoid process; here it is joined by a filament from the auricular branch of the vagus and communicates with the posterior branch of the great auricular as well as with the...

       (n. auricularis posterior)
      • auricular branch
      • occipital branch
    • Digastric branch (ramus digastricus)
    • Stylohyoid branch (ramus stylohyoideus)
  • On the face
    Face
    The face is a central sense organ complex, for those animals that have one, normally on the ventral surface of the head, and can, depending on the definition in the human case, include the hair, forehead, eyebrow, eyelashes, eyes, nose, ears, cheeks, mouth, lips, philtrum, temple, teeth, skin, and...

    • Temporal branches
      Temporal branches of the facial nerve
      The temporal branches of the facial nerve, also known as the frontal branch of the facial nerve, crosses the zygomatic arch to the temporal region, supplying the auriculares anterior and superior, and joining with the zygomaticotemporal branch of the maxillary, and with the auriculotemporal branch...

       (rami temporales)
    • Zygomatic branches
      Zygomatic branches of facial nerve
      The Zygomatic branches of the facial nerve run across the zygomatic bone to the lateral angle of the orbit, where they supply the Orbicularis oculi, and join with filaments from the lacrimal nerve and the zygomaticofacial branch of the maxillary nerve.-Testing:To test the zygomatic branches of the...

       (rami zygomatici; malar branches)
    • Buccal branches (rami buccales; infraorbital branches)
      • superficial branches
      • deep branches
      • infraorbital plexus
        Infraorbital plexus
        The superior labial branches descend behind the Quadratus labii superioris, and are distributed to the skin of the upper lip, the mucous membrane of the mouth, and labial glands. They are joined, immediately beneath the orbit, by filaments from the facial nerve, forming with them the infraorbital...

    • Mandibular branch (ramus marginalis mandibulæ)
    • Cervical branch (ramus colli)

  • Cochlear nerve
    Cochlear nerve
    The cochlear nerve is a nerve in the head that carries signals from the cochlea of the inner ear to the brain...

    • accessory nucleus
    • tuberculum acusticum
    • striæ medullares (striæ acusticæ)
    • lateral lemniscus
      Lateral lemniscus
      The lateral lemniscus is a tract of axons in the brainstem that carries information about sound from the cochlear nucleus to various brainstem nuclei and ultimately the contralateral inferior colliculus of the midbrain...

    • nucleus of the lateral lemniscus
  • Vestibular nerve
    Vestibular nerve
    The vestibular nerve is one of the two branches of the Vestibulocochlear nerve . It goes to the semicircular canals via the vestibular ganglion...

    • ganglion of Scarpa

  • sensory fibers
    • taste fibers
    • Fasciculus solitarius
      Fasciculus solitarius
      The solitary tract is a compact fiber bundle that extends longitudinally through the posterolateral region of the medulla. The solitary tract is surrounded by the nucleus of the solitary tract, and descends to the upper cervical segments of the spinal cord....

    • somatic sensory fibers
  • somatic motor fibers
    • nucleus ambiguus
      Nucleus ambiguus
      The nucleus ambiguus is a region of histologically disparate cells located just dorsal to the inferior olivary nucleus in the lateral portion of the upper medulla...

  • sympathetic efferent fibers

  • Ganglia
    • Superior ganglion
      Superior cervical ganglion
      The superior cervical ganglion , the largest of the cervical ganglia, is placed opposite the second and third cervical vertebræ. It contains neurons that supply sympathetic innervation to the face....

       (ganglion superius; jugular ganglion)
    • Petrous ganglion
      Petrous ganglion
      The inferior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve is larger than the superior ganglion and is situated in a depression in the lower border of the petrous portion of the temporal bone....

       (ganglion petrosum; inferior ganglion)

  • Branches of Distribution
    • Tympanic nerve
      Tympanic nerve
      The tympanic nerve is a branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve found near the ear.-Path:It arises from the petrous ganglion, and ascends to the tympanic cavity through a small canal, the fossula petrosa/tympanic canaliculus, on the under surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone on the...

       (n. tympanicus; nerve of Jacobson)
      • Tympanic plexus
        Tympanic plexus
        In the tympanic cavity, the tympanic nerve divides into branches which form the tympanic plexus. This plexus is located on the surface of the promontory.This tympanic plexus gives off:* the lesser petrosal nerve...

    • Carotid branches (n. caroticotympanicus superior and n. caroticotympanicus inferior)
    • Pharyngeal branches (rami pharyngei)
      • Pharyngeal plexus
    • Muscular branch (ramus stylopharyngeus)
    • Tonsillar branches (rami tonsillares)
    • Lingual branches (rami linguales)

  • Vagus nerve
    Vagus nerve
    The vagus nerve , also called pneumogastric nerve or cranial nerve X, is the tenth of twelve paired cranial nerves...

     (Nervus vagus, Tenth nerve; Pneumogastric nerve )
  • Jugular ganglion
    Jugular ganglion
    The vagus presents a well-marked ganglionic enlargement, which is called the superior ganglion of the vagus nerve. It contains afferent somatosensory neuronal cell bodies that provide sensory information from the external auditory meatus , cranial meninges , and the external surface of the tympanic...

     (ganglion of the root)
  • Ganglion nodosum (ganglion of the trunk)
  • Posterior pulmonary plexus
  • Esophageal plexus
    Esophageal plexus
    The esophageal plexus is formed by fibers from two sources: 1.branches of the vagus nerve 2.visceral branches of the sympathetic trunk. The esophageal plexus and the cardiac plexus contain the same types of fibers and are both considered thoracic autonomic plexus.-Parasympathetic Fibers:1. The...


  • Ganglion nodosum (ganglion of the trunk; inferior ganglion)
  • In the Jugular fossa
    Jugular fossa
    The jugular fossa is a deep depression in the inferior part of the base of the skull. More specifically, it is located in the temporal bone, posterior to the carotid canal and the aquæductus cochleæ...

    • Meningeal branch
      Meningeal branch
      Meningeal branch can refer to:* Meningeal branches of vertebral artery* Meningeal branch of occipital artery* Meningeal branch of vagus nerve...

      (ramus meningeus; dural branch)
    • Auricular branch
      Auricular branch
      Auricular branch can refer to any one of several different structures having to do with the ear or hearing:*Nerves**The auricular branch of the vagus nerve - "ramus auricularis nervi vagi"...

      (ramus auricularis; nerve of Arnold)
  • In the Neck
    Neck
    The neck is the part of the body, on many terrestrial or secondarily aquatic vertebrates, that distinguishes the head from the torso or trunk. The adjective signifying "of the neck" is cervical .-Boner anatomy: The cervical spine:The cervical portion of the human spine comprises seven boney...

    • Pharyngeal branch (ramus pharyngeus)

  • In the Neck
    Neck
    The neck is the part of the body, on many terrestrial or secondarily aquatic vertebrates, that distinguishes the head from the torso or trunk. The adjective signifying "of the neck" is cervical .-Boner anatomy: The cervical spine:The cervical portion of the human spine comprises seven boney...

    • Pharyngeal branch
      Pharyngeal branch
      Pharyngeal branch can refer to any one of several different structures near the pharynx:* Nerves** Pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve - "ramus pharyngeus nervi vagi"...

      (ramus pharyngeus)
      • Pharyngeal plexus
        Pharyngeal plexus
        Pharyngeal plexus can refer to:* Pharyngeal plexus of vagus nerve* Pharyngeal plexus...

    • Superior laryngeal nerve
      Superior laryngeal nerve
      The superior laryngeal nerve is a branch of the vagus nerve. It arises from the middle of the ganglion nodosum and in its course receives a branch from the superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic....

       (n. laryngeus superior)
      • external branch (ramus externus) - external laryngeal nerve
        External laryngeal nerve
        The external laryngeal nerve is the smaller, external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve. It descends on the larynx, beneath the sternothyroid muscle, to supply the cricothyroid muscle....

      • internal branch (ramus internus) - internal laryngeal nerve
        Internal laryngeal nerve
        The internal laryngeal nerve is the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve. It descends to the thyrohyoid membrane, pierces it in company with the superior laryngeal artery, and is distributed to the mucous membrane of the larynx....

    • Recurrent nerve (n. recurrens; inferior or recurrent laryngeal nerve
      Recurrent laryngeal nerve
      The recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch of the vagus nerve that supplies motor function and sensation to the larynx . It travels within the endoneurium...

      )
    • Superior cardiac branches (rami cardiaci superiores; cervical cardiac branches)
      • upper branches
      • lower branch
  • In the Thorax
    • Inferior cardiac branches (rami cardiaci inferiores; thoracic cardiac branches)

  • In the Thorax
    • Anterior bronchial branches (rami bronchiales anteriores; anterior or ventral pulmonary branches)
      • Anterior pulmonary plexus
    • Posterior bronchial branches (rami bronchiales posteriores; posterior or dorsal pulmonary branches)
      • posterior pulmonary plexus
    • Esophageal branches (rami æsophagei)
      • esophageal plexus
        Esophageal plexus
        The esophageal plexus is formed by fibers from two sources: 1.branches of the vagus nerve 2.visceral branches of the sympathetic trunk. The esophageal plexus and the cardiac plexus contain the same types of fibers and are both considered thoracic autonomic plexus.-Parasympathetic Fibers:1. The...


  • In the Abdomen
    Abdomen
    In vertebrates such as mammals the abdomen constitutes the part of the body between the thorax and pelvis. The region enclosed by the abdomen is termed the abdominal cavity...

    • Gastric branches (rami gastrici)
      • posterior gastric plexus
      • anterior gastric plexus
    • Celiac branches (rami cæliaci)
    • Hepatic branches (rami hepatici)

  • accessory nerve
    Accessory nerve
    In anatomy, the accessory nerve is a nerve that controls specific muscles of the shoulder and neck. As part of it was formerly believed to originate in the brain, it is considered a cranial nerve...

     (Nervus accessorius, Eleventh nerve; Spinal accessory nerve )
    • Cranial Part (ramus internus; accessory portion)
    • Spinal Part (ramus externus; spinal portion)

  • Meningeal branches (dural branches)
  • Descending ramus (ramus descendens; descendens hypoglossi)
    • ansa hypoglossi
  • Thyrohyoid branch (ramus thyreohyoideus)
  • Muscular branches

  • spinal nerves (Nervi spinales)
  • first cervical nerve (suboccipital nerve
    Suboccipital nerve
    The first cervical nerve, the suboccipital nerve exits the spinal cord between the skull and the first cervical vertebra, the atlas.It supplies muscles around the suboccipital triangle including the rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis superior, and obliquus capitis inferior. The...

    )
  • Nerve roots
  • Anterior root (radix anterior; ventral root)
  • Posterior root (radix posterior; dorsal root)

  • spinal nerve
    Spinal nerve
    The term spinal nerve generally refers to a mixed spinal nerve, which carries motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body...

  • gray ramus communicans
    Gray ramus communicans
    Each spinal nerve receives a branch, gray ramus communicans, from the adjacent ganglion of the sympathetic trunk.They contain unmyelinated postganglionic sympathetic fibers.-Function:...

  • white ramus communicans
    White ramus communicans
    The thoracic, and the first and second lumbar nerves each contribute a branch, white ramus communicans to the adjoining sympathetic ganglion.They contain myelinated preganglionic sympathetic fibers ....

  • somatic fibers
  • sympathetic fibers (splanchnic fibers)

  • cells of Dogiel
  • meningeal branch
    Meningeal branch
    Meningeal branch can refer to:* Meningeal branches of vertebral artery* Meningeal branch of occipital artery* Meningeal branch of vagus nerve...


  • posterior divisions (Rami Posteriores)
  • Cervical nerves
    Cervical nerves
    The cervical nerves are the spinal nerves from the cervical vertebrae.Although there are seven cervical vertebrae , there are eight cervical nerves . All nerves except C8 emerge above their corresponding vertebrae, while the C8 nerve emerges below the C7 vertebra...

     (Nn. Cervicales)

  • Cervical nerves
    Cervical nerves
    The cervical nerves are the spinal nerves from the cervical vertebrae.Although there are seven cervical vertebrae , there are eight cervical nerves . All nerves except C8 emerge above their corresponding vertebrae, while the C8 nerve emerges below the C7 vertebra...

     (Nn. Cervicales)
    • posterior division of the second cervical nerve
      • medial branch (ramus medialis; internal branch)
        • greater occipital nerve
          Greater occipital nerve
          The greater occipital nerve is a spinal nerve, specifically the medial branch of the dorsal primary ramus of cervical spinal nerve 2. This nerve arises from between the first and second cervical vertebrae, along with the lesser occipital nerve. It ascends after emerging from the suboccipital...

           (n. occipitalis major; great occipital nerve)
      • lateral branch (ramus lateralis; external branch)
    • posterior division of the third cervical nerve
      • medial branch
        • third occipital nerve
          Third occipital nerve
          While under the Trapezius, the medial branch of the posterior division of the third cervical nerve gives off a branch called the third occipital nerve , which pierces the Trapezius and ends in the skin of the lower part of the back of the head.It lies medial to the greater occipital and...

      • lateral branch
    • posterior cervical plexus
    • posterior divisions of the lower five cervical nerves
      Cervical nerves
      The cervical nerves are the spinal nerves from the cervical vertebrae.Although there are seven cervical vertebrae , there are eight cervical nerves . All nerves except C8 emerge above their corresponding vertebrae, while the C8 nerve emerges below the C7 vertebra...

      • medial branches
      • lateral branches
  • Thoracic nerves
    Thoracic nerves
    The thoracic nerves are the spinal nerves emerging from the thoracic vertebrae. Branches also exit the spine and go directly to the Sympathetic Chain Ganglia of the Autonomic Nervous System where they are involved in the functions of organs and glands in the head, neck, thorax and abdomen.-Anterior...

     (Nn. Thoracales)
    • medial branches (ramus medialis; internal branch)
      • upper six thoracic nerves
        Thoracic nerves
        The thoracic nerves are the spinal nerves emerging from the thoracic vertebrae. Branches also exit the spine and go directly to the Sympathetic Chain Ganglia of the Autonomic Nervous System where they are involved in the functions of organs and glands in the head, neck, thorax and abdomen.-Anterior...

      • lower six thoracic nerves
        Thoracic nerves
        The thoracic nerves are the spinal nerves emerging from the thoracic vertebrae. Branches also exit the spine and go directly to the Sympathetic Chain Ganglia of the Autonomic Nervous System where they are involved in the functions of organs and glands in the head, neck, thorax and abdomen.-Anterior...

    • lateral branches (ramus lateralis; external branch)

  • Lumbar nerves
    Lumbar nerves
    The lumbar nerves are the five spinal nerves emerging from the lumbar vertebrae. They are divided into posterior and anterior divisions.-Posterior divisions:...

     (Nn. Lumbales)
    • medial branches
    • lateral branches
  • Sacral nerves
    Sacral nerves
    The five sacral nerves emerge from the sacrum. Although the vertebral components of the sacrum are fused into a single bone, the sacral vertebrae are still used to number the sacral nerves....

     (Nn. Sacrales)
    • upper three sacral nerves
      Sacral nerves
      The five sacral nerves emerge from the sacrum. Although the vertebral components of the sacrum are fused into a single bone, the sacral vertebrae are still used to number the sacral nerves....

      • medial branches
      • lateral branches
    • lower two sacral nerves
      Sacral nerves
      The five sacral nerves emerge from the sacrum. Although the vertebral components of the sacrum are fused into a single bone, the sacral vertebrae are still used to number the sacral nerves....


  • anterior divisions (Rami Anteriores)
  • Cervical nerves
    Cervical nerves
    The cervical nerves are the spinal nerves from the cervical vertebrae.Although there are seven cervical vertebrae , there are eight cervical nerves . All nerves except C8 emerge above their corresponding vertebrae, while the C8 nerve emerges below the C7 vertebra...

     (Nn. Cervicales)
  • anterior division of the first (suboccipital nerve
    Suboccipital nerve
    The first cervical nerve, the suboccipital nerve exits the spinal cord between the skull and the first cervical vertebra, the atlas.It supplies muscles around the suboccipital triangle including the rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis superior, and obliquus capitis inferior. The...

    )
  • upper four cervical nerves
  • cervical plexus
    Cervical plexus
    The cervical plexus is a plexus of the ventral rami of the first four cervical spinal nerves which are located from C1 to C4 cervical segment in the neck. They are located laterally to the transverse processes between prevertebral muscles from the medial side and vertebral from lateral side...

     (plexus cervicalis)

  • Smaller occipital nerve (n. occipitalïs minor; small occipital nerve)
    • auricular branch
  • Great auricular nerve (n. auricularis magnus)

  • Great auricular nerve
    • anterior branch (ramus anterior; facial branch)
    • posterior branch (ramus posterior; mastoid branch)
  • Cutaneous cervical (n. cutaneus colli; superficial or transverse cervical nerve)
    • ascending branches (rami superiores)

  • Cutaneous cervical
    • descending branches (rami inferiores)
  • Supraclavicular nerves
    Supraclavicular nerves
    The supraclavicular nerves arise from the third and fourth cervical nerves; they emerge beneath the posterior border of the Sternocleidomastoideus, and descend in the posterior triangle of the neck beneath the platysma and deep cervical fascia.-Branches:Near the clavicle they perforate the fascia...

     (nn. supraclaviculares; descending branches)
    • anterior supraclavicular nerves (nn. supraclaviculares anteriores; suprasternal nerves)
    • middle supraclavicular nerves (nn. supraclaviculares medii; supraclavicular nerves)
    • posterior supraclavicular nerves (nn. supraclaviculares posteriores; supra-acromial nerves)

  • Communicating branches
  • Muscular branches
  • Communicantes cervicales (communicantes hypoglossi)
  • descendens cervicalis
  • ansa hypoglossi
  • Phrenic nerve
    Phrenic nerve
    The phrenic nerve originates mainly from the 4th cervical nerve, but also receives contributions from the 5th and 3rd cervical nerves in humans....

     (n. phrenicus; internal respiratory nerve of Bell)

  • Dorsal scapular nerve
    Dorsal scapular nerve
    The dorsal scapular nerve arises from the brachial plexus, usually from the plexus root of C5.It provides motor innervation to the rhomboid muscles, which pull the scapula towards the spine and levator scapulae muscle, which elevates the scapula....

     (n. dorsalis scapulæ; nerve to the Rhomboidei; posterior scapular nerve)
  • Suprascapular nerve
    Suprascapular nerve
    The suprascapular nerve arises from the upper trunk . It innervates the supraspinatus muscles and infraspinatus muscles....

     (n. suprascapularis)

  • Nerve to the subclavius
    Nerve to the subclavius
    The nerve to the Subclavius is a small filament, which arises from the point of junction of the fifth and sixth cervical nerves....

     (n. subclavius)
  • Long thoracic nerve
    Long thoracic nerve
    The long thoracic nerve supplies the Serratus anterior. This nerve characteristically arises by three roots from the fifth, sixth, and seventh cervical nerves but the root from C7 may be absent...

     (n. thoracalis longus; external respiratory nerve of Bell; posterior thoracic nerve)

  • Lateral cord
    Lateral cord
    The Lateral cord is a division of the brachial plexus.The lateral cord gives rise to the following nerves:*The lateral pectoral nerve, C5, C6 and C7 to the pectoralis major muscle*The musculocutaneous nerve which innervates the biceps muscle...

    : Musculocutaneous (5, 6, 7 C), Lateral anterior thoracic (5, 6, 7 C), Lateral head of median
    Median nerve
    The median nerve is a nerve in humans and other animals. It is in the upper limb. It is one of the five main nerves originating from the brachial plexus....

     (6, 7 C)

  • Medial cord
    Medial cord
    The Medial cord is a division of the brachial plexus.The medial cord gives rise to the following nerves:*The median pectoral nerve, C8 and T1, to the pectoralis muscle*The medial brachial cutaneous nerve, T1...

    : Medial anterior thoracic (8 C, 1 T), Medial antibrachial cutaneous, Medial brachial cutaneous, Ulnar
    Ulnar nerve
    In human anatomy, the ulnar nerve is a nerve which runs near the ulna bone. The ulnar collateral ligament of elbow joint is in relation with the ulnar nerve. The nerve is the largest unprotected nerve in the human body , so injury is common...

    , Medial head of median
    Median nerve
    The median nerve is a nerve in humans and other animals. It is in the upper limb. It is one of the five main nerves originating from the brachial plexus....

    , Upper subscapular (5, 6 C), Lower subscapular (5, 6 C.)

  • Posterior cord
    Posterior cord
    The posterior cord is a part of the brachial plexus. It consists of contributions from all of the roots of the brachial plexus.The posterior cord gives rise to the following nerves:...

    : Thoracodorsal
    Thoracodorsal nerve
    The thoracodorsal nerve is a nerve present in humans and other animals. It is also known as the middle subscapular nerve or the long subscapular nerve. It supplies the latissimus dorsi muscle....

     (5, 6, 7 C.), Axillary
    Axillary nerve
    The axillary nerve or the circumflex nerve is a nerve of the human body, that comes off the of the brachial plexus at the level of the axilla and carries nerve fibers from C5 and C6...

     (5, 6 C.), Radial
    Radial nerve
    The radial nerve is a nerve in the human body that supplies the upper limb. It supplies the medial and lateral heads of the triceps brachii muscle of the arm, as well as all 12 muscles in the posterior osteofascial compartment of the forearm and the associated joints and overlying skin.It...

     (6, 7, 8 C, 1 T.)

  • Anterior thoracic nerves (nn. thoracales anteriores)
    • lateral anterior thoracic (fasciculus lateralis)
    • medial anterior thoracic (fasciculus medialis)
  • Subscapular nerves (nn. subscapulares)

  • Subscapular nerves
    • upper subscapular (short subscapular)
    • lower subscapular
  • Thoracodorsal nerve
    Thoracodorsal nerve
    The thoracodorsal nerve is a nerve present in humans and other animals. It is also known as the middle subscapular nerve or the long subscapular nerve. It supplies the latissimus dorsi muscle....

     (n. thoracodorsalis; middle or long subscapular nerve)
  • Axillary nerve
    Axillary nerve
    The axillary nerve or the circumflex nerve is a nerve of the human body, that comes off the of the brachial plexus at the level of the axilla and carries nerve fibers from C5 and C6...

     (n. axillaris; circumflex nerve)
    • anterior branch of axillary nerve (upper branch)
    • posterior branch of axillary nerve (lower branch)
      • lateral brachial cutaneous nerve

  • lateral antibrachial cutaneous nerve (n. cutaneus antibrachii cutaneous lateralis; branch of musculocutaneous nerve)

  • Medial antibrachial cutaneous nerve (n. cutaneus antibrachii medialis; internal cutaneous nerve)
  • Medial brachial cutaneous nerve (n. cutaneus brachii medialis; lesser internal cutaneous nerve; nerve of Wrisberg)

  • Median nerve
    Median nerve
    The median nerve is a nerve in humans and other animals. It is in the upper limb. It is one of the five main nerves originating from the brachial plexus....

     (n. medianus)
    • In the forearm
      Forearm
      -See also:*Forearm flexors*Forearm muscles...

      • muscular branches (rami musculares)
      • volar interosseous nerve (n. interosseus volaris; anterior interosseous nerve)
      • palmar branch
        Palmar branch of the median nerve
        The palmar branch of the median nerve is a branch of the median nerve which arises at the lower part of the forearm.-Branches:It pierces the palmar carpal ligament, and divides into a lateral and a medial branch;...

         (ramus cutaneus palmaris n. mediani)
    • In the palm of the hand
      Hand
      A hand is a prehensile, multi-fingered extremity located at the end of an arm or forelimb of primates such as humans, chimpanzees, monkeys, and lemurs...

      • proper volar digital nerves
      • common volar digital nerves

  • articular branches to the elbow-joint
  • muscular branches of ulnar nerve
    Muscular branches of ulnar nerve
    The muscular branches of ulnar nerve, two in number, arise near the elbow: one supplies the Flexor carpi ulnaris; the other, the ulnar half of the Flexor digitorum profundus. ....

     (rami musculares)
  • palmar cutaneous branch of ulnar nerve
  • dorsal branch of ulnar nerve
    Dorsal branch of ulnar nerve
    The dorsal branch of ulnar nerve arises about 5 cm. proximal to the wrist; it passes backward beneath the Flexor carpi ulnaris, perforates the deep fascia, and, running along the ulnar side of the back of the wrist and hand, divides into two dorsal digital branches; one supplies the ulnar side of...

     (ramus dorsalis manus)
  • volar branch of ulnar nerve (ramus volaris manus)
  • superficial branch of ulnar nerve
    Superficial branch of ulnar nerve
    The superficial branch of the ulnar nerve is a terminal branch of the ulnar nerve. It supplies the palmaris brevis and the skin on the ulnar side of the hand, and divides into a proper palmar digital nerve and a common palmar digital nerve....

     (ramus superficialis [n. ulnaris])

  • Radial nerve
    Radial nerve
    The radial nerve is a nerve in the human body that supplies the upper limb. It supplies the medial and lateral heads of the triceps brachii muscle of the arm, as well as all 12 muscles in the posterior osteofascial compartment of the forearm and the associated joints and overlying skin.It...

     (n. radialis; musculospiral nerve)
    • Muscular branches of the radial nerve
      Muscular branches of the radial nerve
      The muscular branches of the radial nerve supply the Triceps brachii, Anconæus, Brachioradialis, Extensor carpi radialis longus, and Brachialis, and are grouped as medial, posterior, and lateral. -Medial:...

       (rami musculares)
      • ulnar collateral nerve
    • Cutaneous branches of the radial nerve
      • posterior brachial cutaneous nerve (n. cutaneus brachii posterior; internal cutaneous branch of musculospiral)

  • Radial nerve
    Radial nerve
    The radial nerve is a nerve in the human body that supplies the upper limb. It supplies the medial and lateral heads of the triceps brachii muscle of the arm, as well as all 12 muscles in the posterior osteofascial compartment of the forearm and the associated joints and overlying skin.It...

    • Cutaneous branches of the radial nerve
      • dorsal antibrachial cutaneous nerve (n. cutaneus antibrachii dorsalis; external cutaneous branch of musculospiral)
    • Superficial branch of the radial nerve
      Superficial branch of the radial nerve
      The superficial branch of the radial nerve passes along the front of the radial side of the forearm to the commencement of its lower third.It lies at first slightly lateral to the radial artery, concealed beneath the Brachioradialis. In the middle third of the forearm, it lies behind the same...

       (ramus superficialis radial nerve)
    • Deep branch of the radial nerve
      Deep branch of the radial nerve
      The deep branch of the radial nerve winds to the back of the forearm around the lateral side of the radius between the two planes of fibers of the Supinator, and is prolonged downward between the superficial and deep layers of muscles, to the middle of the forearm.Considerably diminished in size,...

       (n. interosseus dorsalis; dorsal or posterior interosseous nerve)
      • dorsal interosseous nerve

  • anterior divisions of the thoracic nerves (rami anteriores; ventral divisions)

  • First thoracic nerve
  • first intercostal nerve
  • Upper thoracic nerves (nn. intercostales)
  • thoracic intercostal nerves
  • Lateral cutaneous branches (rami cutanei laterales)

  • Lower thoracic nerves
  • thoracicoabdominal intercostal nerves
  • anterior cutaneous branches
  • lateral cutaneous branches
  • twelfth thoracic nerve
  • lateral cutaneous branch

  • lumbosacral plexus
    Lumbosacral plexus
    The anterior divisions of the lumbar nerves, sacral nerves, and coccygeal nerve form the lumbosacral plexus, the first lumbar nerve being frequently joined by a branch from the twelfth thoracic. For descriptive purposes this plexus is usually divided into three parts:* lumbar plexus* sacral plexus*...

     (Plexus Lumbosacralis)
  • Lumbar nerves
    Lumbar nerves
    The lumbar nerves are the five spinal nerves emerging from the lumbar vertebrae. They are divided into posterior and anterior divisions.-Posterior divisions:...

     (Nn. Lumbales)
  • anterior divisions of the lumbar nerves (rami anteriores)
  • lumbosacral trunk
    Lumbosacral trunk
    The lumbosacral trunk is nervous tissue that connects the lumbar plexus with the sacral plexus.-Structure:The lumbosacral trunk comprises the whole of the anterior division of the fifth and a part of that of the fourth lumbar nerve; it appears at the medial margin of the psoas major and runs...


  • Iliohypogastric nerve
    Iliohypogastric nerve
    The iliohypogastric nerve is the superior branch of the anterior ramus of spinal nerve L1 after this nerve receives fibers from T12 . The inferior branch is the ilioinguinal nerve....

     (n. iliohypogastricus)
    • lateral cutaneous branch (ramus cutaneus lateralis; iliac branch)
    • anterior cutaneous branch (ramus cutaneus anterior; hypogastric branch)

  • Genitofemoral nerve
    Genitofemoral nerve
    In human anatomy, the genitofemoral nerve originates from the upper part of the lumbar plexus of spinal nerves. Its roots are L1 and L2 .The genitofemoral nerve is responsible for both the efferent and afferent limbs of the cremasteric reflex...

     (n. genitofemoralis; genitocrural nerve)
    • external spermatic nerve (n. spermaticus externus; genital branch of genitofemoral)
    • lumboinguinal nerve
      Lumboinguinal nerve
      The lumboinguinal nerve descends on the external iliac artery, sending a few filaments around it, and, passing beneath the inguinal ligament, enters the sheath of the femoral vessels, lying superficial and lateral to the femoral artery.It pierces the anterior layer of the sheath of the vessels and...

       (n. lumboinguinalis; femoral or crural branch of genitofemoral)
  • Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (n. cutaneus femoralis lateralis; external cutaneous nerve)
    • patellar plexus
      Patellar plexus
      The terminal filaments of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve frequently communicate with the anterior cutaneous branches of the femoral nerve, and with the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve, forming with them the patellar plexus ....

  • Obturator nerve
    Obturator nerve
    The obturator nerve in human anatomy arises from the ventral divisions of the second, third, and fourth lumbar nerves; the branch from the third is the largest, while that from the second is often very small.-Path:...

     (n. obturatorius)

  • Obturator nerve
    Obturator nerve
    The obturator nerve in human anatomy arises from the ventral divisions of the second, third, and fourth lumbar nerves; the branch from the third is the largest, while that from the second is often very small.-Path:...

     (n. obturatorius)
    • anterior branch (ramus anterior)
    • posterior branch (ramus posterior)

  • Obturator nerve
    Obturator nerve
    The obturator nerve in human anatomy arises from the ventral divisions of the second, third, and fourth lumbar nerves; the branch from the third is the largest, while that from the second is often very small.-Path:...

     (n. obturatorius)
    • articular branch for the knee-joint
  • Accessory obturator nerve
    Accessory obturator nerve
    In human anatomy, the accessory obturator nerve is an accessory nerve in the lumbar region present in about 29% of cases.It is of small size, and arises from the ventral divisions of the third and fourth lumbar nerves...

     (n. obturatorius accessorius)
  • Femoral nerve
    Femoral nerve
    The femoral nerve, the largest branch of the lumbar plexus, arises from the dorsal divisions of the ventral rami of the second, third, and fourth lumbar nerves...

     (n. femoralis; anterior crural nerve)
    • intermediate cutaneous nerve (ramus cutaneus anterior; middle cutaneous nerve)
    • medial cutaneous nerve (ramus cutaneus anterior; internal cutaneous nerve)

  • Femoral nerve
    Femoral nerve
    The femoral nerve, the largest branch of the lumbar plexus, arises from the dorsal divisions of the ventral rami of the second, third, and fourth lumbar nerves...

     (n. femoralis; anterior crural nerve)
    • medial cutaneous nerve (ramus cutaneus anterior; internal cutaneous nerve)
    • subsartorial plexus
      Subsartorial plexus
      The subsartorial plexus is a plexus of nerves that is located under the sartorius muscle. It is formed by:# the medial cutaneous nerve of the thigh # the saphenous nerve...

    • Muscular branches (rami musculares)
      • nerve to the Pectineus
      • nerve to the Sartorius
    • Saphenous nerve
      Saphenous nerve
      The saphenous nerve is the largest cutaneous branch of the femoral nerve.-Path:It approaches the femoral artery where this vessel passes beneath the sartorius, and lies in front of the artery, behind the aponeurotic covering of the adductor canal, as far as the opening in the lower part of the...

       (n. saphenus; long or internal saphenous nerve)
    • infrapatellar branch
    • plexus patellæ
    • articular branch to the hip-joint
    • articular branches to the knee-joint

  • Sacral plexus
    Sacral plexus
    -External links:*...

     (plexus sacralis)
  • Nerve to the Quadratus femoris and Gemellus inferior

  • Nerve to the Piriformis
    Nerve to the Piriformis
    -Course:The nerve to piriformis originates in the sacral plexus. It arises from the dorsal division of the second sacral nerve, or the dorsal divisions of the first and second sacral nerves , and enters the anterior surface of the piriformis muscle; this nerve may be double....

  • Superior gluteal nerve (n. glutæus superior)
  • Inferior gluteal nerve
    Inferior gluteal nerve
    The inferior gluteal nerve is a nerve in the pelvis that innervates the gluteus maximus muscle.-Structure:The inferior gluteal nerve originates in the sacral plexus...

     (n. glutæus inferior)
  • Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve (n. cutaneus femoralis posterior; small sciatic nerve)

  • Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve (n. cutaneus femoralis posterior; small sciatic nerve)
    • gluteal branches (nn. clunium inferiores)
    • perineal branches (rami perineales)
    • inferior pudendal (long scrotal nerve)
    • branches to the back of the thigh and leg
  • Sciatic nerve
    Sciatic nerve
    The sciatic nerve is a large nerve fiber in humans and other animals. It begins in the lower back and runs through the buttock and down the lower limb...

     (n. ischiadicus; great sciatic nerve)

  • Tibial nerve
    Tibial nerve
    The tibial nerve is a branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve passes through the popliteal fossa to pass below the arch of soleus.In the popliteal fossa the nerve gives off branches to gastrocnemius, popliteus, soleus and plantaris muscles, an articular branch to the knee joint, and a...

     (n. tibialis; internal popliteal nerve)
    • Articular branches (rami articulares)
    • Muscular branches (rami musculares)
    • medial sural cutaneous nerve
      Medial sural cutaneous nerve
      The medial sural cutaneous nerve originates from the tibial nerve of the sciatic, descends between the two heads of the Gastrocnemius, and, about the middle of the back of the leg, pierces the deep fascia, and unites with the anastomotic ramus of the common peroneal to form the sural nerve....

       (n. cutaneus suræ medialis; n. communicans tibialis)

  • Tibial nerve
    Tibial nerve
    The tibial nerve is a branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve passes through the popliteal fossa to pass below the arch of soleus.In the popliteal fossa the nerve gives off branches to gastrocnemius, popliteus, soleus and plantaris muscles, an articular branch to the knee joint, and a...

     (n. tibialis; internal popliteal nerve)
    • sural nerve
      Sural nerve
      The sural nerve , formed by the junction of the medial sural cutaneous with the peroneal anastomotic branch of the lateral sural cutaneous nerve, passes downward near the lateral margin of the tendo calcaneus, lying close to the small saphenous vein, to the interval between the lateral malleolus...

       (n. suralis; short saphenous nerve)
      • lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve
        Lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve
        The lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve is a cutaneous branch of the foot. The turns into a dorsal digital nerve and supplies the lateral side of the fifth toe....

    • medial calcaneal branches (rami calcanei mediales; internal calcaneal branches)
    • medial plantar nerve
      Medial plantar nerve
      The medial plantar nerve , the larger of the two terminal divisions of the tibial nerve, accompanies the medial plantar artery....

       (n. plantaris medialis; internal plantar nerve)
      • cutaneous branches
      • muscular branches
      • articular branches
      • proper digital nerve of the great toe (nn. digitales plantares proprii; plantar digital branches)
      • three common digital nerves (nn. digitales plantares communes)
    • Lateral plantar nerve
      Lateral plantar nerve
      The lateral plantar nerve is a branch of the tibial nerve, in turn a branch of the sciatic nerve and supplies the skin of the fifth toe and lateral half of the fourth, as well as most of the deep muscles, its distribution being similar to that of the ulnar nerve in the hand.It passes obliquely...

       (n. plantaris lateralis; external plantar nerve)

  • Common peroneal nerve (n. peronæus communis; external popliteal nerve; peroneal nerve)
    • lateral sural cutaneous nerve
      Lateral sural cutaneous nerve
      The lateral sural cutaneous nerve supplies the skin on the posterior and lateral surfaces of the leg. The lateral sural cutaneous nerve originates from the Common fibular nerve.One branch, the peroneal anastomotic The lateral sural cutaneous nerve (lateral cutaneous branch) supplies the skin on...

       (n. cutaneus suræ lateralis; lateral cutaneous branch)
    • peroneal anastomotic (n. communicans fibularis)

  • Deep peroneal nerve (n. peronæus profundus; anterior tibial nerve)
    • muscular branches
    • articular branch
    • lateral terminal branch (external or tarsal branch)
      • interosseous branches
    • medial terminal branch (internal branch)
      • dorsal digital nerves (nn. digitales dorsales hallucis lateralis et digiti secundi medialis)
      • interosseous branch

  • Superficial peroneal nerve (n. peronæus superficialis; musculocutaneous nerve
    Musculocutaneous nerve
    The musculocutaneous nerve arises from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus, opposite the lower border of the Pectoralis major, its fibers being derived from C5, C6 and C7.-Path:...

    )
    • medial dorsal cutaneous nerve
      Medial dorsal cutaneous nerve
      The medial dorsal cutaneous nerve passes in front of the ankle-joint, and divides into two dorsal digital branches, one of which supplies the medial side of the great toe, the other, the adjacent side of the second and third toes.It also supplies the integument of the medial side of the foot and...

       (n. cutaneus dorsalis medialis; internal dorsal cutaneous branch)
    • intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve
      Intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve
      The intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve , the smaller, passes along the lateral part of the dorsum of the foot, and divides into dorsal digital branches, which supply the contiguous sides of the third and fourth, and of the fourth and fifth toes.It also supplies the skin of the lateral side of the...

       (n. cutaneus dorsalis intermedius; external dorsal cutaneous branch)
      • dorsal digital branches

  • Perforating cutaneous nerve
    Perforating cutaneous nerve
    The perforating cutaneous nerve is a cutaneous nerve that supplies skin over the gluteus maximus muscle.-Structure:The perforating cutaneous nerve arises from the sacral plexus. It pierces the lower part of the sacrotuberous ligament, and winds around the inferior border of the gluteus maximus...

     (n. clunium inferior medialis)
  • Pudendal nerve
    Pudendal nerve
    The pudendal nerve is a sensory and somatic nerve in the pelvic region which is a large branch of the sacral plexus that innervates the external genitalia of both sexes, as well as sphincters for the bladder and the rectum...

     (n. pudendus; internal pudic nerve)

  • Alcock’s canal
  • dorsal nerve of the penis
    Dorsal nerve of the penis
    The dorsal nerve of the penis is the deepest division of the pudendal nerve; it accompanies the internal pudendal artery along the ramus of the ischium; it then runs forward along the margin of the inferior ramus of the pubis, between the superior and inferior layers of the fascia of the...

     or clitoris
    Clitoris
    The clitoris is a sexual organ that is present only in female mammals. In humans, the visible button-like portion is located near the anterior junction of the labia minora, above the opening of the urethra and vagina. Unlike the penis, which is homologous to the clitoris, the clitoris does not...

  • inferior hemorrhoidal nerve (n. hæmorrhoidalis inferior)
  • perineal nerve
    Perineal nerve
    The perineal nerve is a nerve arising from the pudendal nerve that supplies the perineum.-Structure:The perineal nerve is the inferior and larger of the two terminal branches of the pudendal nerve, is situated below the internal pudendal artery....

     (n. perinei)
    • posterior scrotal branches
      Posterior scrotal nerves
      The posterior scrotal branches or ""posterior labial branches"" are two in number, medial and lateral. They are branches of the perineal nerve, which is itself is a branch of the pudendal nerve...

       (or labial) (nn. scrotales (or labiales) posteriores
    • muscular branches
      • nerve to the bulb
  • dorsal nerve of the penis
    Dorsal nerve of the penis
    The dorsal nerve of the penis is the deepest division of the pudendal nerve; it accompanies the internal pudendal artery along the ramus of the ischium; it then runs forward along the margin of the inferior ramus of the pubis, between the superior and inferior layers of the fascia of the...

     (n. dorsalis penis)
  • Anococcygeal nerves (nn. anococcygei)

  • cranial sympathetics
    • Sympathetic efferent fibers of the Oculomotor nerve
      Oculomotor nerve
      The oculomotor nerve is the 3rd of 12 paired cranial nerves. It enters the orbit via the superior orbital fissure and controls most of the eye's movements, including constriction of the pupil and maintaining an open eyelid by innervating the Levator palpebrae superiors muscle. The optic nerve is...

    • Sympathetic efferent fibers of the Facial nerve
      Facial nerve
      The facial nerve is the seventh of twelve paired cranial nerves. It emerges from the brainstem between the pons and the medulla, and controls the muscles of facial expression, and functions in the conveyance of taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and oral cavity...


  • cranial sympathetics
    • Sympathetic afferent fibers of the Glossopharyngeal nerve
      Glossopharyngeal nerve
      The glossopharyngeal nerve is the ninth of twelve pairs of cranial nerves . It exits the brainstem out from the sides of the upper medulla, just rostral to the vagus nerve...

    • Sympathetic efferent fibers of the Vagus nerve
      Vagus nerve
      The vagus nerve , also called pneumogastric nerve or cranial nerve X, is the tenth of twelve paired cranial nerves...


  • cranial sympathetics
    • Sympathetic afferent fibers of the Vagus
  • Sacral sympathetics
    • Sacral sympathetic efferent fibers

  • Sacral sympathetics
    • Afferent sympathetic fibers
  • Thoracolumbar sympathetics
    • thoracolumbar sympathetic fibers
    • vasoconstrictor fibers

  • Thoracolumbar sympathetics
    • central ganglia
      • prevertebral plexuses
      • sympathetic trunks (truncus sympathicus; gangliated cord)
      • ganglion impar
        Ganglion impar
        The pelvic portion of each sympathetic trunk is situated in front of the sacrum, medial to the anterior sacral foramina. It consists of four or five small sacral ganglia, connected together by interganglionic cords, and continuous above with the abdominal portion...

    • Connections with the Spinal nerves
      • gray and white rami communicantes

  • Thoracolumbar sympathetics
    • three great gangliated plexuses (collateral ganglia
      Collateral ganglia
      Prevertebral ganglia are sympathetic ganglia which lie between the sympathetic chain and the organ of supply.-Function:...

      )
      • cardiac plexus
        Cardiac plexus
        The cardiac plexus is a plexus of nerves situated at the base of the heart that innervates the heart.-Structure:The cardiac plexus is divided into a superficial part, which lies in the concavity of the aortic arch, and a deep part, between the aortic arch and the trachea.The two parts are, however,...

      • solar plexus or epigastric plexus
      • hypogastric plexus

  • internal carotid nerve
  • internal carotid plexus
    Internal carotid plexus
    The internal carotid plexus is situated on the lateral side of the internal carotid artery, and in the plexus there occasionally exists a small gangliform swelling, the carotid ganglion, on the under surface of the artery....

     (plexus caroticus internus; carotid plexus
    Internal carotid plexus
    The internal carotid plexus is situated on the lateral side of the internal carotid artery, and in the plexus there occasionally exists a small gangliform swelling, the carotid ganglion, on the under surface of the artery....

    )
  • carotid ganglion
  • deep petrosal

  • caroticotympanic
    Caroticotympanic nerves
    The caroticotympanic nerves are nerves which supply the eardrum and carotid canal....

  • cavernous plexus
    Cavernous plexus
    The cavernous nerve plexus is situated below and medial to that part of the internal carotid artery which is placed by the side of the sella turcica in the cavernous sinus, and is formed chiefly by the medial division of the internal carotid nerve....

     (plexus cavernosus)
  • filaments of connection
  • terminal filaments

  • superior cervical ganglion
    Superior cervical ganglion
    The superior cervical ganglion , the largest of the cervical ganglia, is placed opposite the second and third cervical vertebræ. It contains neurons that supply sympathetic innervation to the face....

     (ganglion cervicale superius)
    • Inferior branch
    • Lateral branches (external branches)
    • Medial branches (internal branches)
    • laryngopharyngeal branches (rami laryngopharyngei)

  • superior cervical ganglion
    Superior cervical ganglion
    The superior cervical ganglion , the largest of the cervical ganglia, is placed opposite the second and third cervical vertebræ. It contains neurons that supply sympathetic innervation to the face....

     (ganglion cervicale superius)
    • pharyngeal plexus
      Pharyngeal plexus of vagus nerve
      The pharyngeal plexus is a network of nerve fibers innervating most of the palate, larynx, and pharynx.It is located on the surface of the middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle.-Sources:...

    • superior cardiac nerve
      Superior cardiac nerve
      The superior cardiac nerve arises by two or more branches from the superior cervical ganglion, and occasionally receives a filament from the trunk between the first and second cervical ganglia....

       (n. cardiacus superior)
    • Anterior branches (nn. carotici externi)
    • external petrosal nerve
  • middle cervical ganglion
    Middle cervical ganglion
    The middle cervical ganglion is the smallest of the three cervical ganglia, and is occasionally absent.It is placed opposite the sixth cervical vertebra, usually in front of, or close to, the inferior thyroid artery....

     (ganglion cervicale medium)
    • Middle cardiac nerve
      Middle cardiac nerve
      The middle cardiac nerve , the largest of the three cardiac nerves, arises from the middle cervical ganglion, or from the trunk between the middle and inferior ganglia...

       (n. cardiacus medius; great cardiac nerve)

  • inferior cervical ganglion
    Inferior cervical ganglion
    The inferior cervical ganglion is situated between the base of the transverse process of the last cervical vertebra and the neck of the first rib, on the medial side of the costocervical artery....

     (ganglion cervicale inferius)
    • ansa subclavia (Vieussenii)
    • inferior cardiac nerve
      Inferior cardiac nerve
      The inferior cardiac nerve arises from either the inferior cervical or the first thoracic ganglion.It descends behind the subclavian artery and along the front of the trachea, to join the deep part of the cardiac plexus....

       (n. cardiacus inferior)
    • offsets to bloodvessels

  • branches from the upper five ganglia
  • branches from the lower seven ganglia
  • greater splanchnic nerve (n. splanchnicus major; great splanchnic nerve)
  • ganglion splanchnicum
  • lesser splanchnic nerve (n. splanchnicus minor)
  • lowest splanchnic nerve (n. splanchnicus imus; least splanchnic nerve)

  • Pars Abdominalis S. Sympathici; Lumbar portion of Gangliated cord

  • ganglion impar
    Ganglion impar
    The pelvic portion of each sympathetic trunk is situated in front of the sacrum, medial to the anterior sacral foramina. It consists of four or five small sacral ganglia, connected together by interganglionic cords, and continuous above with the abdominal portion...

  • branches of distribution
  • glomus coccygeum (coccygeal body)

  • Cardiac plexus
    Cardiac plexus
    The cardiac plexus is a plexus of nerves situated at the base of the heart that innervates the heart.-Structure:The cardiac plexus is divided into a superficial part, which lies in the concavity of the aortic arch, and a deep part, between the aortic arch and the trachea.The two parts are, however,...

     (Plexus Cardiacus)
    • superficial part of the cardiac plexus
    • cardiac ganglion of Wrisberg
    • deep part of the cardiac plexus

  • Cardiac plexus
    Cardiac plexus
    The cardiac plexus is a plexus of nerves situated at the base of the heart that innervates the heart.-Structure:The cardiac plexus is divided into a superficial part, which lies in the concavity of the aortic arch, and a deep part, between the aortic arch and the trachea.The two parts are, however,...

     (Plexus Cardiacus)
    • Posterior coronary plexus (plexus coronarius posterior; left coronary plexus)
    • Anterior coronary plexus (plexus coronarius anterior; right coronary plexus)
  • Celiac plexus
    Celiac plexus
    The celiac plexus or coeliac plexus, also known as the solar plexus, is a complex network of nerves located in the abdomen, where the celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and renal arteries branch from the abdominal aorta...

     (Plexus Cœliacus; Solar plexus)
    • Celiac ganglia
      Celiac ganglia
      The celiac ganglia or coeliac ganglia are two large irregularly shaped masses of nerve tissue in the upper abdomen. Part of the sympathetic subdivision of the autonomic nervous system , the two celiac ganglia are the largest ganglia in the ANS, and they innervate most of the digestive tract.They...

       (ganglia cæliaca; semilunar ganglia)
    • aorticorenal ganglion
      Aorticorenal ganglion
      Sympathetic input to the gut comes from the sympathetic chain next to the thoracic vertebrae. The upper nerve supply leaves the sympathetic chain by the greater splanchnic nerve and synapses in the celiac ganglion before proceeding onto the foregut...

    • phrenic plexus
      Phrenic plexus
      The phrenic plexus accompanies the inferior phrenic artery to the diaphragm, some filaments passing to the suprarenal gland.It arises from the upper part of the celiac ganglion, and is larger on the right than on the left side....

       (plexus phrenicus)

  • Celiac plexus
    Celiac plexus
    The celiac plexus or coeliac plexus, also known as the solar plexus, is a complex network of nerves located in the abdomen, where the celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and renal arteries branch from the abdominal aorta...

     (Plexus Cœliacus; Solar plexus)
    • ganglion phrenicum
    • hepatic plexus
      Hepatic plexus
      The hepatic plexus, the largest offset from the celiac plexus, receives filaments from the left vagus and right phrenic nerves.It accompanies the hepatic artery, ramifying upon its branches, and upon those of the portal vein in the substance of the liver....

       (plexus hepaticus)
    • inferior gastric plexus
    • lienal plexus (plexus lienalis; splenic plexus
      Splenic plexus
      The splenic plexus is formed by branches from the celiac plexus, the left celiac ganglion, and from the right vagus nerve....

      )

  • Celiac plexus
    Celiac plexus
    The celiac plexus or coeliac plexus, also known as the solar plexus, is a complex network of nerves located in the abdomen, where the celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and renal arteries branch from the abdominal aorta...

     (Plexus Cœliacus; Solar plexus)
    • superior gastric plexus (plexus gastricus superior; gastric plexus or coronary plexus)
    • suprarenal plexus
      Suprarenal plexus
      The suprarenal plexus is formed by branches from the celiac plexus, from the celiac ganglion, and from the phrenic and greater splanchnic nerves, a ganglion being formed at the point of junction with the latter nerve....

       (plexus suprarenalis)
    • renal plexus
      Renal plexus
      The renal plexus is formed by filaments from the celiac plexus, the aorticorenal ganglion, and the aortic plexus .It is joined also by the least splanchnic nerve....

       (plexus renalis)
    • spermatic plexus
      Spermatic plexus
      The spermatic plexus is derived from the renal plexus, receiving branches from the aortic plexus. It accompanies the internal spermatic artery to the testis....

       (plexus spermaticus) / ovarian plexus
      Ovarian plexus
      In the female, the ovarian plexus arises from the renal plexus, and is distributed to the ovary, and fundus of the uterus.It is carried in the suspensory ligament of the ovary....

       (plexus arteriæ ovaricæ)
    • superior mesenteric plexus
      Superior mesenteric plexus
      The superior mesenteric plexus is a continuation of the lower part of the celiac plexus, receiving a branch from the junction of the right vagus nerve with the plexus....

       (plexus mesentericus superior)
      • ganglion mesentericum superius
    • abdominal aortic plexus (plexus aorticus abdominalis; aortic plexus)
    • inferior mesenteric plexus
      Inferior mesenteric plexus
      The inferior mesenteric plexus is derived chiefly from the aortic plexus.It surrounds the inferior mesenteric artery, and divides into a number of secondary plexuses, which are distributed to all the parts supplied by the artery, viz., the left colic and sigmoid plexuses, which supply the...

       (plexus mesentericus inferior)
      • left colic
      • sigmoid plexuses
      • superior hemorrhoidal plexus
  • Hypogastric plexus (Plexus Hypogastricus)
    • Pelvic plexuses

  • Hypogastric plexus (Plexus Hypogastricus)
    • Middle hemorrhoidal plexus (plexus hæmorrhoidalis medius)
    • Vesical plexus (plexus vesicalis)
    • Prostatic plexus (plexus prostaticus)

  • Hypogastric plexus (Plexus Hypogastricus)
    • lesser cavernous nerves (nn. cavernosi penis minores; small cavernous nerves)
    • greater cavernous nerve (n. cavernosus penis major; large cavernous plexus)
    • Vaginal plexus
    • Uterine plexus

See also

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