Lombard regional election, 1995 - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

The Lombard regional election of 1995 took place on 23 April 1995. The 6th term of the Regional Council was chosen.

For the first time the President of the Region was directly elected by the people, although the election was not yet binding and the President-elect could have been replaced during the term.

Roberto Formigoni

Roberto Formigoni

Roberto Formigoni is an Italian politician, and the current President of Lombardy Region, Italy.-Life and career:Graduated in Philosophy at the Catholic University of Milan, he studied political economy at the Sorbonne, in Paris....

(United Christian Democrats

United Christian Democrats

The United Christian Democrats was a Christian democratic party in Italy.-History:It began in 1995 by a split of those members of the Italian People's Party who wanted to enter into an alliance with Silvio Berlusconi's Forza Italia...

, then Forza Italia

Forza Italia

Forza Italia was a liberal-conservative, Christian democratic, and liberal political party in Italy, with a large social democratic minority, that was led by Silvio Berlusconi, four times Prime Minister of Italy....

) was elected President of the Region, defeating Diego Masi

Diego Masi

Diego Masi is an Italian entrepreneur and politician, deputy during the XII and XIII legislatures.Loyalist of Mariotto Segni, he overlooked the political scene during the elections of 1994 as a member of the Segni Pact. He was elected in the proportional share for the small center party...

(Pact of Democrats

Pact of Democrats

The Pact of Democrats was an electoral alliance in Italy.It was launched for the 1995 regional elections by Patto Segni, Italian Socialists and Democratic Alliance. After the election, in which PD scored everywhere between 3 and 6%, with the exception of Abruzzo and tiny Molise , the alliance was...

) and Francesco Speroni

Francesco Speroni

Francesco Enrico Speroni is an Italian politician and Member of the European Parliament for the North-West Italy constituency, first elected in the 2004 European Parliament election...

(Lega Nord).

Electoral law

Lombardy used for the first time the national Tatarella Law to elect its Council. Sixty-four councillors are elected in provincial

Provinces of Italy

In Italy, a province is an administrative division of intermediate level between a municipality and a region .-Overview:...

constituencies by proportional representation

Proportional representation

Proportional representation is a concept in voting systems used to elect an assembly or council. PR means that the number of seats won by a party or group of candidates is proportionate to the number of votes received. For example, under a PR voting system if 30% of voters support a particular...

using the largest remainder method

Largest remainder method

The largest remainder method is one way of allocating seats proportionally for representative assemblies with party list voting systems...

with a Droop quota

Droop Quota

The Droop quota is the quota most commonly used in elections held under the Single Transferable Vote system. It is also sometimes used in elections held under the largest remainder method of party-list proportional representation . In an STV election the quota is the minimum number of votes a...

and open list

Open list

Open list describes any variant of party-list proportional representation where voters have at least some influence on the order in which a party's candidates are elected...

s; remained seats and votes are grouped at regional level where a Hare quota

Hare quota

The Hare quota is a formula used under some forms of the Single Transferable Vote system and the largest remainder method of party-list proportional representation...

is used, and then distributed to provincial party lists.

Sixteen councillors are elected at-large

At-Large

At-large is a designation for representative members of a governing body who are elected or appointed to represent the whole membership of the body , rather than a subset of that membership...

using a general ticket

General ticket

General ticket representation is a term used to describe a particular method of electing members of a multi-member state delegation to the United States House of Representatives...

: parties are grouped in alliances, and the aliance which receives a plurality of votes elects all its candidates, its leader becoming the President of Lombardy

President of Lombardy

The President of Lombardy is the supreme authority of Lombardy, the most populated Region of Italy.-Election:Originally appointed by the Regional Council of Lombardy, since 1995 de facto and 2000 de jure, he is elected by popular vote every five years under universal suffrage: the candidate who...

. If an alliance wins more than 60% of votes, only 8 candidates from the regional list will be chosen and the number of those elected in provincial constituencies will be 72; if the winning alliance receives less than 50% of votes, special seats are added to the Council to ensure a large majority for the President's coalition.

Council apportionment

According to the official 1991 Italian census

Census

A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population. It is a regularly occurring and official count of a particular population. The term is used mostly in connection with national population and housing censuses; other common...

, the 64 Council seats which must be covered by proportional representation were so distributed between Lombard provinces.

BG Province of Bergamo The Province of Bergamo is a province in the Lombardy region of Italy. It has a population of 1,098,740 , an area of 2,722.86 square km, and contains 244 comuni...	BS Province of Brescia The Province of Brescia is a Province in Lombardy, Italy. It borders with the province of Sondrio in the N and NW, the province of Bergamo in the W, province of Cremona in the SW and S, the province of Mantova to the S, and to the east, the province of Verona and Trentino .Source for statistical...	CO Province of Como The Province of Como is a province in the north of the Lombardy region of Italy and borders the Swiss cantons of Ticino and Grigioni to the North, the Italian provinces of Sondrio and Lecco to the East, the Province of Milan to the south and the Province of Varese to the West...	CR Province of Cremona The Province of Cremona is a province in the Lombardy region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Cremona.The province has an area of 1,771 km² and in 2008 census, had a population of 358,628. There are 115 comuni...	LC Province of Lecco The Province of Lecco is a province in the Lombardy region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Lecco.On 1 January 2001 the province had a population of 311,452 on a surface of 816 km² divided in 90 communes...	LO Province of Lodi The Province of Lodi is a province in the Lombardy region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Lodi.It has an area of 782 km², and a total population of 209,874 . There are 61 comuni in the province . As of May 31, 2005, the main comuni by population are:- External links :...	MN	MI Province of Milan The Province of Milan : /) is a province in the Lombardy region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Milan. The provincial territory is highly urbanized, resulting in the third highest population density among the Italian provinces with more than 2,000 inhabitants/km2, just behind the provinces of...	PV Province of Pavia The Province of Pavia is a province in the region of Lombardy in northern Italy. Pavia is the capital.It has an area of 2,965 km², and a total population of 493,753...	SO Province of Sondrio The Province of Sondrio is in the Lombardy region of Italy. Its capital is the town of Sondrio.It has an area of 3,212 km², and a total population of 176,856...	VA Province of Varese The Province of Varese is a province in the Lombardy region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Varese but its largest city is Busto Arsizio....	total
7	8	4	2	2	1	3	27	3	1	6	64

The allocation is not fixed. Remaining seats and votes after proportional distribution, are all grouped at regional level and divided by party lists. The consequent division of these seats at provincial level usually change the original apportionment. Only 41 seats were directly assigned at provincial level, and the final distribution between provinces changed in this way.

BG Province of Bergamo The Province of Bergamo is a province in the Lombardy region of Italy. It has a population of 1,098,740 , an area of 2,722.86 square km, and contains 244 comuni...	BS Province of Brescia The Province of Brescia is a Province in Lombardy, Italy. It borders with the province of Sondrio in the N and NW, the province of Bergamo in the W, province of Cremona in the SW and S, the province of Mantova to the S, and to the east, the province of Verona and Trentino .Source for statistical...	CO Province of Como The Province of Como is a province in the north of the Lombardy region of Italy and borders the Swiss cantons of Ticino and Grigioni to the North, the Italian provinces of Sondrio and Lecco to the East, the Province of Milan to the south and the Province of Varese to the West...	CR Province of Cremona The Province of Cremona is a province in the Lombardy region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Cremona.The province has an area of 1,771 km² and in 2008 census, had a population of 358,628. There are 115 comuni...	LC Province of Lecco The Province of Lecco is a province in the Lombardy region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Lecco.On 1 January 2001 the province had a population of 311,452 on a surface of 816 km² divided in 90 communes...	LO Province of Lodi The Province of Lodi is a province in the Lombardy region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Lodi.It has an area of 782 km², and a total population of 209,874 . There are 61 comuni in the province . As of May 31, 2005, the main comuni by population are:- External links :...	MN	MI Province of Milan The Province of Milan : /) is a province in the Lombardy region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Milan. The provincial territory is highly urbanized, resulting in the third highest population density among the Italian provinces with more than 2,000 inhabitants/km2, just behind the provinces of...	PV Province of Pavia The Province of Pavia is a province in the region of Lombardy in northern Italy. Pavia is the capital.It has an area of 2,965 km², and a total population of 493,753...	SO Province of Sondrio The Province of Sondrio is in the Lombardy region of Italy. Its capital is the town of Sondrio.It has an area of 3,212 km², and a total population of 176,856...	VA Province of Varese The Province of Varese is a province in the Lombardy region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Varese but its largest city is Busto Arsizio....	total
+3	+3	+1	=	=	=	-1	+1	+2	=	+1	+10

As it can be seen, the simple plurality victory of the Pole of Freedoms

Pole of Freedoms

The Pole of Freedoms was a centre-right electoral alliance in Italy, launched at the 1994 general election by Silvio Berlusconi.The alliance was composed primarily of Forza Italia and the Lega Nord, but also included Christian Democratic Centre and the Union of the Centre...

caused the distribution of ten more seats to the President's majority at provincial level. Brescia

Province of Brescia

The Province of Brescia is a Province in Lombardy, Italy. It borders with the province of Sondrio in the N and NW, the province of Bergamo in the W, province of Cremona in the SW and S, the province of Mantova to the S, and to the east, the province of Verona and Trentino .Source for statistical...

and Como

Province of Como

The Province of Como is a province in the north of the Lombardy region of Italy and borders the Swiss cantons of Ticino and Grigioni to the North, the Italian provinces of Sondrio and Lecco to the East, the Province of Milan to the south and the Province of Varese to the West...

and Pavia

Province of Pavia

The Province of Pavia is a province in the region of Lombardy in northern Italy. Pavia is the capital.It has an area of 2,965 km², and a total population of 493,753...

received two new seats, Bergamo

Province of Bergamo

The Province of Bergamo is a province in the Lombardy region of Italy. It has a population of 1,098,740 , an area of 2,722.86 square km, and contains 244 comuni...

and Lodi

Province of Lodi

The Province of Lodi is a province in the Lombardy region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Lodi.It has an area of 782 km², and a total population of 209,874 . There are 61 comuni in the province . As of May 31, 2005, the main comuni by population are:- External links :...

and Milan

Province of Milan

The Province of Milan : /) is a province in the Lombardy region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Milan. The provincial territory is highly urbanized, resulting in the third highest population density among the Italian provinces with more than 2,000 inhabitants/km2, just behind the provinces of...

and Varese

Province of Varese

The Province of Varese is a province in the Lombardy region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Varese but its largest city is Busto Arsizio....

one each.

Results

In the context of the profound political changes that invested Italy

Italy

Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...

between 1992 and 1994, Italian Parliament changed the regional electoral law, adapting them to new majoritarian principle now in vogue in the country, trim and tend bipolar politics. The new political geography, however, did not fit properly to Lombardy

Lombardy

Lombardy is one of the 20 regions of Italy. The capital is Milan. One-sixth of Italy's population lives in Lombardy and about one fifth of Italy's GDP is produced in this region, making it the most populous and richest region in the country and one of the richest in the whole of Europe...

where, besides a garrison of far left

Far left

Far left, also known as the revolutionary left, radical left and extreme left are terms which refer to the highest degree of leftist positions among left-wing politics...

, assumed significant importance the presence of Umberto Bossi

Umberto Bossi

Umberto Bossi is an Italian politician, leader of the Northern League, a party seeking autonomy or independence for Northern Italy. He is married to Manuela Marrone and has four sons ....

's Northern League

Northern League (Italy)

Lega Nord , whose complete name is Lega Nord per l'Indipendenza della Padania , is a federalist and regionalist political party in Italy founded in 1991 as a federation of several regional parties of Northern and Central Italy, most of which had arisen...

, during the previous five years had not made any secret to aim the conquest of the Regional Presidency

President of Lombardy

as a key step for a transformation of Italy

Italy

in a federal state. In addition to the League, however, another major innovation had originated in Lombardy in 1994: the descent into the political field of Silvio Berlusconi

Silvio Berlusconi

Silvio Berlusconi , also known as Il Cavaliere – from knighthood to the Order of Merit for Labour which he received in 1977 – is an Italian politician and businessman who served three terms as Prime Minister of Italy, from 1994 to 1995, 2001 to 2006, and 2008 to 2011. Berlusconi is also the...

, who by its movement Forza Italia

Forza Italia

had collected anti-Communist

Communism

Communism is a social, political and economic ideology that aims at the establishment of a classless, moneyless, revolutionary and stateless socialist society structured upon common ownership of the means of production...

orphans of deceased traditional parties.

The central political alliances had not been followed up at Lombardy, with the League in sharp contrast with Forza Italia, not only for connecting the latter with the newly formed training nationalist

Nationalism

Nationalism is a political ideology that involves a strong identification of a group of individuals with a political entity defined in national terms, i.e. a nation. In the 'modernist' image of the nation, it is nationalism that creates national identity. There are various definitions for what...

and post-fascist

Fascism

Fascism is a radical authoritarian nationalist political ideology. Fascists seek to rejuvenate their nation based on commitment to the national community as an organic entity, in which individuals are bound together in national identity by suprapersonal connections of ancestry, culture, and blood...

of National Alliance

National Alliance

The National Alliance is a white separatist political organization. It was founded by University physics teacher Dr. William Luther Pierce in 1974, and is based in the Pierce family's compound in Hillsboro, West Virginia. Although it operates primarily in the United States, the National Alliance...

, but mainly because the entrance into the political arena of Forza Italia, accused by the League to be the trojan horse
Trojan Horse
The Trojan Horse is a tale from the Trojan War about the stratagem that allowed the Greeks finally to enter the city of Troy and end the conflict. In the canonical version, after a fruitless 10-year siege, the Greeks constructed a huge wooden horse, and hid a select force of men inside...

for the recycling of the old political class, had led to the arrest of the Northern League's electoral steady ascent - which had previously yielded the capture of the City of Milan

Milan

Milan is the second-largest city in Italy and the capital city of the region of Lombardy and of the province of Milan. The city proper has a population of about 1.3 million, while its urban area, roughly coinciding with its administrative province and the bordering Province of Monza and Brianza ,...

in 1993 - if not also a marked reflux into the consent of the federalist party.

Election on April 23 saw the success of the broad coalition of rightist Berlusconi, grouping conservative ex-Democrats, ex-socialist

Socialism

Socialism is an economic system characterized by social ownership of the means of production and cooperative management of the economy; or a political philosophy advocating such a system. "Social ownership" may refer to any one of, or a combination of, the following: cooperative enterprises,...

, liberals

Liberalism

Liberalism is the belief in the importance of liberty and equal rights. Liberals espouse a wide array of views depending on their understanding of these principles, but generally, liberals support ideas such as constitutionalism, liberal democracy, free and fair elections, human rights,...

and post-fascist

Fascism

, and led to presidency Communion and Liberation

Communion and Liberation

Communion and Liberation, or CL, is a lay ecclesial movement within the Catholic Church.-Overview:CL grew out of the educational and catechetical methods of Msgr. Luigi Giussani, who founded the movement...

's Roberto Formigoni

Roberto Formigoni

Forza Italia

–United Christian Democrats

United Christian Democrats

| align=right|1,455,706
| align=right|29.2
| align=right|new
| align=right|28
| align=right|38
| rowspan="4" align="right" valign="top"|54
|-
|align="left"| National Alliance

National Alliance (Italy)

National Alliance was a conservative political party in Italy.Gianfranco Fini was the leader of the party since its foundation in 1995, however he stepped down in 2008 after being elected to the nominally non-partisan post of President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies and was succeeded by...

| align=right|496,939
| align=right|10.0
| align=right|new
| align=right|8
| align=right|12
|-
|align="left"| Christian Democratic Centre
| align=right|110,058
| align=right|2.2
| align=right|new
| align=right|2
| align=right|4
|-
|align="left"| others
| align=right|14,518
| align=right|0.3
| align=right|new
| align=right|-
| align=right|-

|-
!rowspan="5" align="left" valign="top"|Diego Masi
Diego Masi
Diego Masi is an Italian entrepreneur and politician, deputy during the XII and XIII legislatures.Loyalist of Mariotto Segni, he overlooked the political scene during the elections of 1994 as a member of the Segni Pact. He was elected in the proportional share for the small center party...

|rowspan="5" valign="top"|1,462,438
|rowspan="5" valign="top"|27.6
|rowspan="5" valign="top"|-

|align="left"| Democratic Party of the Left

Democratic Party of the Left

The Democratic Party of the Left was a post-communist, democratic socialist political party in Italy.-History:...

| align=right|821,280
| align=right|16.5
| align=right|new
| align=right|11
| align=right|11
| rowspan="5" align="right" valign="top"|19
|-
|align="left"| Italian People's Party
| align=right|321,314
| align=right|6.5
| align=right|new
| align=right|4
| align=right|4
|-
|align="left"| Federation of the Greens

Federation of the Greens

The Federation of the Greens is a green political party in Italy, which includes also a large eco-socialist faction. Since 2009 the party leader is Angelo Bonelli.-Early years:...

| align=right|154,624
| align=right|3.1
| align=right|-2.1
| align=right|2
| align=right|2
|-
|align="left"| Pact of Democrats

Pact of Democrats

| align=right|146,293
| align=right|2.9
| align=right|new
| align=right|2
| align=right|2
|-
|align="left"| others
| align=right|29,828
| align=right|0.6
| align=right|new
| align=right|-
| align=right|-

|-
!rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"|Francesco Speroni
Francesco Speroni
Francesco Enrico Speroni is an Italian politician and Member of the European Parliament for the North-West Italy constituency, first elected in the 2004 European Parliament election...

|rowspan="1" valign="top"|937,649
|rowspan="1" valign="top"|17.7
|rowspan="1" valign="top"|-
|align="left"| Lega Lombarda

Lega Lombarda

Lega Lombarda is a regionalist political party active in Lombardy. Led by Giancarlo Giorgetti, the party is the second largest in the region....

Communist Refoundation Party

The Communist Refoundation Party is a communist Italian political party. Its current secretary is Paolo Ferrero....

| align=right|381,221
| align=right|7.7
| align=right|new
| align=right|5
| align=right|5
| align=right|5
|-
!rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top"|Marco Pannella
Marco Pannella
Giacinto Pannella, better known as Marco Pannella is an Italian politician.He is the historic leader of the Italian Radicals...

|rowspan="2" valign="top"|155,147
|rowspan="2" valign="top"|2.9
|rowspan="2" valign="top"|-
|align="left"| Pannella List

Pannella List

Pannella List was a strongly libertarian Radical electoral list active in the 1990s in Italy. Its long-standing leader and standard-bearer was Marco Pannella, who had been the historical leader of the Radical Party from 1963 to 1989....

Pensioners' Party (Italy)

The Pensioners' Party is a centrist Italian political party. It was founded in 1987 in Milan and its current leader is Carlo Fatuzzo....

| align=right|71,608
| align=right|1.4
| align=right|-0.4
| align=right|-
| align=right|
| align=right|
|-
|- bgcolor="#E9E9E9"
!rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"|Total candidates
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|5,292,725
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|100.0
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|16
!rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"|Total parties
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|4,978,569
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|100.0
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|=
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|74
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|90
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|90
|}
Source: Ministry of the Interior

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