Parliament of Romania
Encyclopedia
The Parliament of Romania
is made up of two chambers:
Prior to the modifications of the Constitution in 2003, the two houses had identical attributes. A text of a law had to be approved by both houses. If the text differed, a special commission (comisie de mediere) was formed by deputies and senators, that "negotiated" between the two houses the form of the future law. The report of this commission had to be approved in a joint session of the Parliament. After the 2003 referendum
, a law still has to be approved by both houses, but each house has designated matters it gets to deliberate before the other, in capacity of "deciding chamber" . If that first chamber adopts a law proposal (relating to its competences), it is passed on to the other one, which can approve or reject. If it makes amendments, the bill is sent back to the deciding chamber, the decision of which is final.
In 2009, a referendum
was held to consult the population about turning the parliament into a unicameral body and reducing the number of representatives to 300. Although the referendum passed, the results are not binding, a referendum explicitly mentioning the modification of the constitution
being required to achieve this.
, where a constitutional document was adopted, the Regulamentul Organic
("Organic Statute" or "Organic Regulation"); less than a year later, in January 1832, this same statute was implemented in Moldavia
as well. The organic regulation laid the foundations for the parliamentary institution in the Romanian Principalities.
The Paris Convention of 19 August 1858 and, especially, the Statutul Dezvoltător ("Expanding Statute") of that convention (which introduced a bicameral parliament, by founding the Corpul Ponderator, later renamed Senat), adopted on the initiative of prince (Domnitor) Alexandru Ioan Cuza, by means of a plebiscite in 1864, perfected and enlarged the principle of national representation. Under the political regime established by the Paris Convention, the legislative power faced an obvious process of modernization, and the legislative power as National Representation, which operated in accordance with the organization and operation mode of parliaments in Western Europe at that time.
The historical process of formation of the Parliament of Romania in the modern age strongly boosted the affirmation of national sovereignty
, subsequently leading to the Union of the two Principalities, in 1859. Under the dome of the Romanian Parliament, on 9 May 1877, the Declaration of Romania's Independence was read, and, in 1920, the documents of union with Transylvania
and Bessarabia
under the Treaty of Trianon
were read, the formal beginning of Greater Romania
.
In February 1938, amid the rather chaotic European political association that eventually led to World War II, King Carol II
, who always tended to favor his own personal rule over parliamentarism, imposed a rule of authoritarian monarchy. Under the royal dictatorship, the parliament became merely a decorative body, deprived of its main attributes.
Carol abdicated in September 1940, and the succeeding National Legionary State suspended parliament. The National Legionary State as such lasted less than five months, but it was succeeded by Ion Antonescu
's military dictatorship, and parliament remained suspended. After 23 August 1944, under the pressure of Soviet
and other communist forces, the parliament was re-organized as a single legislative body, the Assembly of Deputies
, changed under the 1948 constitution, into the Great National Assembly
, a merely formal body, totally subordinate to the power of the Romanian Communist Party
.
The Romanian Revolution of December 1989
opened the road for Romanians to restore authentic pluralistic electoral democracy, respecting human rights, and observing the separation of powers
and the rulers' responsibility before representative bodies. Thanks to the documents issued by the provisional revolutionary power, Romania has returned to a bicameral parliamentary system. All these stipulations can be found in the country's new Constitution
, approved by referendum
in 1991.
During more than a decade of post-communist transition, the Chamber of Deputies
and Senate
debated and adopted numerous laws and regulations aimed at reforming the entire society on a democratic basis, guaranteeing respect of fundamental human rights, promoting reform and privatization, consolidating market economic institutions and those of a state ruled by law, which led to Romania's integration into such institutions at NATO and the European Union
.
proved to be extremely long and inefficient with respect to the expectations of the Romania
ns towards democracy. After the 2003 referendum
, a law still has to be approved by both houses, but in some matters one is "superior" to the other, being called "decision chamber" ("cameră decizională"). This eliminates the process of "negotiation" between the two houses, and keeps the Senate
as the upper house
and the Chamber
as the lower house
.
Romania
Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea...
is made up of two chambers:
- The Chamber of DeputiesChamber of Deputies of RomaniaThe Chamber of Deputies is the lower house in Romania's bicameral parliament. It has 315 seats, to which deputies are elected by direct popular vote on a proportional representation basis to serve four-year terms...
- The SenateSenate of RomaniaThe Senate of Romania is the upper house in the bicameral Parliament of Romania. It has 137 seats , to which members are elected by direct popular vote, using Mixed member proportional representation in 42 electoral districts , to serve four-year terms.-Former location:After the Romanian...
Prior to the modifications of the Constitution in 2003, the two houses had identical attributes. A text of a law had to be approved by both houses. If the text differed, a special commission (comisie de mediere) was formed by deputies and senators, that "negotiated" between the two houses the form of the future law. The report of this commission had to be approved in a joint session of the Parliament. After the 2003 referendum
Referendum
A referendum is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. This may result in the adoption of a new constitution, a constitutional amendment, a law, the recall of an elected official or simply a specific government policy. It is a form of...
, a law still has to be approved by both houses, but each house has designated matters it gets to deliberate before the other, in capacity of "deciding chamber" . If that first chamber adopts a law proposal (relating to its competences), it is passed on to the other one, which can approve or reject. If it makes amendments, the bill is sent back to the deciding chamber, the decision of which is final.
In 2009, a referendum
Romanian parliamentary reform referendum, 2009
A referendum on modifying the size and structure of the Parliament from the current bicameral one with 137 senators and 334 deputies to a unicameral one with a maximum of 300 seats was held in Romania on 22 November 2009, at the same time as the first round of the 2009 presidential election...
was held to consult the population about turning the parliament into a unicameral body and reducing the number of representatives to 300. Although the referendum passed, the results are not binding, a referendum explicitly mentioning the modification of the constitution
Constitution of Romania
The 1991 Constitution of Romania, adopted on 21 November 1991, voted in the referendum of 8 December 1991 and introduced on the same day, is the current fundamental law that establishes the structure of the government of Romania, the rights and obligations of the country's citizens, and its mode...
being required to achieve this.
History
The parliamentary history of Romania starts in May 1831 in WallachiaWallachia
Wallachia or Walachia is a historical and geographical region of Romania. It is situated north of the Danube and south of the Southern Carpathians...
, where a constitutional document was adopted, the Regulamentul Organic
Regulamentul Organic
Regulamentul Organic was a quasi-constitutional organic law enforced in 1834–1835 by the Imperial Russian authorities in Moldavia and Wallachia...
("Organic Statute" or "Organic Regulation"); less than a year later, in January 1832, this same statute was implemented in Moldavia
Moldavia
Moldavia is a geographic and historical region and former principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between the Eastern Carpathians and the Dniester river...
as well. The organic regulation laid the foundations for the parliamentary institution in the Romanian Principalities.
The Paris Convention of 19 August 1858 and, especially, the Statutul Dezvoltător ("Expanding Statute") of that convention (which introduced a bicameral parliament, by founding the Corpul Ponderator, later renamed Senat), adopted on the initiative of prince (Domnitor) Alexandru Ioan Cuza, by means of a plebiscite in 1864, perfected and enlarged the principle of national representation. Under the political regime established by the Paris Convention, the legislative power faced an obvious process of modernization, and the legislative power as National Representation, which operated in accordance with the organization and operation mode of parliaments in Western Europe at that time.
The historical process of formation of the Parliament of Romania in the modern age strongly boosted the affirmation of national sovereignty
Sovereignty
Sovereignty is the quality of having supreme, independent authority over a geographic area, such as a territory. It can be found in a power to rule and make law that rests on a political fact for which no purely legal explanation can be provided...
, subsequently leading to the Union of the two Principalities, in 1859. Under the dome of the Romanian Parliament, on 9 May 1877, the Declaration of Romania's Independence was read, and, in 1920, the documents of union with Transylvania
Transylvania
Transylvania is a historical region in the central part of Romania. Bounded on the east and south by the Carpathian mountain range, historical Transylvania extended in the west to the Apuseni Mountains; however, the term sometimes encompasses not only Transylvania proper, but also the historical...
and Bessarabia
Bessarabia
Bessarabia is a historical term for the geographic region in Eastern Europe bounded by the Dniester River on the east and the Prut River on the west....
under the Treaty of Trianon
Treaty of Trianon
The Treaty of Trianon was the peace agreement signed in 1920, at the end of World War I, between the Allies of World War I and Hungary . The treaty greatly redefined and reduced Hungary's borders. From its borders before World War I, it lost 72% of its territory, which was reduced from to...
were read, the formal beginning of Greater Romania
Greater Romania
The Greater Romania generally refers to the territory of Romania in the years between the First World War and the Second World War, the largest geographical extent of Romania up to that time and its largest peacetime extent ever ; more precisely, it refers to the territory of the Kingdom of...
.
In February 1938, amid the rather chaotic European political association that eventually led to World War II, King Carol II
Carol II of Romania
Carol II reigned as King of Romania from 8 June 1930 until 6 September 1940. Eldest son of Ferdinand, King of Romania, and his wife, Queen Marie, a daughter of Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, the second eldest son of Queen Victoria...
, who always tended to favor his own personal rule over parliamentarism, imposed a rule of authoritarian monarchy. Under the royal dictatorship, the parliament became merely a decorative body, deprived of its main attributes.
Carol abdicated in September 1940, and the succeeding National Legionary State suspended parliament. The National Legionary State as such lasted less than five months, but it was succeeded by Ion Antonescu
Ion Antonescu
Ion Victor Antonescu was a Romanian soldier, authoritarian politician and convicted war criminal. The Prime Minister and Conducător during most of World War II, he presided over two successive wartime dictatorships...
's military dictatorship, and parliament remained suspended. After 23 August 1944, under the pressure of Soviet
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
and other communist forces, the parliament was re-organized as a single legislative body, the Assembly of Deputies
Chamber of Deputies of Romania
The Chamber of Deputies is the lower house in Romania's bicameral parliament. It has 315 seats, to which deputies are elected by direct popular vote on a proportional representation basis to serve four-year terms...
, changed under the 1948 constitution, into the Great National Assembly
Great National Assembly
The Great National Assembly was the legislature of the Romanian People's Republic and the Socialist Republic Romania. When Communism was overthrown in Romania in December 1989, the National Assembly was replaced by a bicameral parliament, made up of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate.The Great...
, a merely formal body, totally subordinate to the power of the Romanian Communist Party
Romanian Communist Party
The Romanian Communist Party was a communist political party in Romania. Successor to the Bolshevik wing of the Socialist Party of Romania, it gave ideological endorsement to communist revolution and the disestablishment of Greater Romania. The PCR was a minor and illegal grouping for much of the...
.
The Romanian Revolution of December 1989
Romanian Revolution of 1989
The Romanian Revolution of 1989 was a series of riots and clashes in December 1989. These were part of the Revolutions of 1989 that occurred in several Warsaw Pact countries...
opened the road for Romanians to restore authentic pluralistic electoral democracy, respecting human rights, and observing the separation of powers
Separation of powers
The separation of powers, often imprecisely used interchangeably with the trias politica principle, is a model for the governance of a state. The model was first developed in ancient Greece and came into widespread use by the Roman Republic as part of the unmodified Constitution of the Roman Republic...
and the rulers' responsibility before representative bodies. Thanks to the documents issued by the provisional revolutionary power, Romania has returned to a bicameral parliamentary system. All these stipulations can be found in the country's new Constitution
Constitution of Romania
The 1991 Constitution of Romania, adopted on 21 November 1991, voted in the referendum of 8 December 1991 and introduced on the same day, is the current fundamental law that establishes the structure of the government of Romania, the rights and obligations of the country's citizens, and its mode...
, approved by referendum
Referendum
A referendum is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. This may result in the adoption of a new constitution, a constitutional amendment, a law, the recall of an elected official or simply a specific government policy. It is a form of...
in 1991.
During more than a decade of post-communist transition, the Chamber of Deputies
Chamber of Deputies of Romania
The Chamber of Deputies is the lower house in Romania's bicameral parliament. It has 315 seats, to which deputies are elected by direct popular vote on a proportional representation basis to serve four-year terms...
and Senate
Senate of Romania
The Senate of Romania is the upper house in the bicameral Parliament of Romania. It has 137 seats , to which members are elected by direct popular vote, using Mixed member proportional representation in 42 electoral districts , to serve four-year terms.-Former location:After the Romanian...
debated and adopted numerous laws and regulations aimed at reforming the entire society on a democratic basis, guaranteeing respect of fundamental human rights, promoting reform and privatization, consolidating market economic institutions and those of a state ruled by law, which led to Romania's integration into such institutions at NATO and the European Union
European Union
The European Union is an economic and political union of 27 independent member states which are located primarily in Europe. The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community and the European Economic Community , formed by six countries in 1958...
.
Leadership history
| El. yr. |
LOWER HOUSE | UPPER HOUSE | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | Name | Portrait | Born-Died | Took office | Left office | Party | # | Name | Portrait | Born-Died | Took office | Left office | Party | |
| 1862 | Assembly of Deputies | not yet established | ||||||||||||
| 1 | Metropolitan-primate Nifon Rusailă |  |
24 January 1862 | 2 May 1864 | Ind. | |||||||||
| 1864 | 2 | Alexandru Emanoil Florescu | |
29 December 1864 | 25 June 1865 | C | Corpul Ponderator | |||||||
| 1 | Metropolitan-primate Nifon Rusailă | |
6 December 1864 | 1 June 1866 | Ind. | |||||||||
| 3 | Emanoil Costache Epureanu | 1823 - 1880 | 12 December 1865 | 3 January 1866 | C | |||||||||
| 4 | Nicolae Catargiu | |
9 January 1866 | 12 February 1866 | C | |||||||||
| 1866 (Apr) |
(3) | Emanoil Costache Epureanu | 1823 - 1880 | 9 May 1866 | 6 July 1866 | C | Senat | |||||||
| (1) | Metropolitan-primate Nifon Rusailă | |
1 June 1866 | 6 June 1868 | Ind. | |||||||||
| 1866 (Nov) |
5 | Lascăr Catargiu Lascar Catargiu Lascăr Catargiu was a Romanian conservative statesman born in Moldavia. He belonged to an ancient Wallachian family, one of whose members had been banished in the 17th century by Prince Matei Basarab, and had settled in Moldavia.-Biography:... |
1823 - 1899 | 12 December 1866 | 1 November 1867 | C | ||||||||
| 6 | Anastasie Fătu | |
15 January 1868 | 15 November 1868 | RL | 2 | Ştefan Golescu Stefan Golescu Ştefan Golescu was a Wallachian Romanian politician who served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs for two terms from March 1, 1867 to August 5, 1867 and from November 13, 1867 to April 30, 1868, and as Prime Minister of Romania between November 26, 1867 and May 12, 1868.-Biography:Born in a boyar... |
 |
1809 - 1874 | 6 September 1868 | 15 November 1868 | RL | ||
| 7 | Ion C. Brătianu | 1821 - 1891 | 18 November 1868 | 29 January 1869 | RL | 3 | Nicolae Golescu Nicolae Golescu Nicolae Golescu was a Wallachian Romanian politician who served as the Prime Minister of Romania in 1860 and May–November 1868.-Early life:... |
 |
1810 - 1877 | 18 November 1868 | 9 July 1869 | RL | ||
| 1869 | 8 | Costache Negri Costache Negri Costache Negri was a Moldavian-born Romanian writer, politician and revolutionary.... |
1812 – 1876 | 8 May 1869 | 17 November 1869 | ML | 4 | Alexandru Plagino | |
September 2, 1869 | March 4, 1871 | MC | ||
| 9 | Grigore Balş | |
20 November 1869 | 1 May 1870 | MC | |||||||||
| 1870 | 10 | Gheorghe Costa-Foru Gheorghe Costa-Foru Gheorghe Costa-Foru was a lawyer, university professor and Romanian politician who served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs.-Life and career:... |
|
1820 - 1876 | 2 July 1870 | 3 February 1871 | C | |||||||
| 11 | Nicolae Pǎcleanu | |
5 February 1871 | 16 March 1871 | RL | |||||||||
| 1871 | 12 | Dimitrie Ghica Dimitrie Ghica Dimitrie Ghica or Ghika was a Romanian politician. A prominent member of the Conservative Party, he served as Prime Minister between 1868 and 1870.... |
1816 - 1897 | 26 May 1871 | 17 February 1876 | C | (1) | Metropolitan-primate Nifon Rusailă | |
March 4, 1871 | May 5, 1875 | Ind. | ||
| 1875 | 5 | Metropolitan-primate Calinic Miclescu | |
9 June 1875 | 25 March 1879 | Ind. | ||||||||
| 13 | Constantin N. Brăiloiu | |
18 February 1876 | 3 May 1876 | C | |||||||||
| 1876 | 14 | Constantin A. Rosetti |  |
1816 - 1885 | 25 June 1876 | 26 May 1878 | PNL National Liberal Party (Romania) The National Liberal Party , abbreviated to PNL, is a centre-right liberal party in Romania. It is the third-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 53 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 22 in the Senate: behind the centre-right Democratic Liberal Party and the centre-left Social... |
|||||||
| 15 | Gheorghe Vernescu | |
6 June 1878 | 15 November 1878 | PNL National Liberal Party (Romania) The National Liberal Party , abbreviated to PNL, is a centre-right liberal party in Romania. It is the third-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 53 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 22 in the Senate: behind the centre-right Democratic Liberal Party and the centre-left Social... |
|||||||||
| (14) | Constantin A. Rosetti | |
1816 - 1885 | 17 November 1878 | 9 June 1881 | PNL National Liberal Party (Romania) The National Liberal Party , abbreviated to PNL, is a centre-right liberal party in Romania. It is the third-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 53 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 22 in the Senate: behind the centre-right Democratic Liberal Party and the centre-left Social... |
||||||||
| 1879 | 6 | Constantin Bosianu Constantin Bosianu Constantin Bosianu was a Romanian jurist and politician, honorary member of the Romanian Academy, Prime Minister of Romania from 26 January to 14 June 1865. He was the first dean of the Bucharest Faculty of Law.... |
1815 - 1882 | 25 May 1879 | 15 November 1879 | PNL National Liberal Party (Romania) The National Liberal Party , abbreviated to PNL, is a centre-right liberal party in Romania. It is the third-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 53 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 22 in the Senate: behind the centre-right Democratic Liberal Party and the centre-left Social... |
||||||||
| 7 | Dimitrie Ghica Dimitrie Ghica Dimitrie Ghica or Ghika was a Romanian politician. A prominent member of the Conservative Party, he served as Prime Minister between 1868 and 1870.... |
1816 - 1897 | 17 November 1879 | 8 September 1888 | PNL National Liberal Party (Romania) The National Liberal Party , abbreviated to PNL, is a centre-right liberal party in Romania. It is the third-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 53 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 22 in the Senate: behind the centre-right Democratic Liberal Party and the centre-left Social... |
|||||||||
| 1881 | 16 | Dimitrie C. Brǎtianu | |
9 June 1881 | 21 October 1882 | PNL National Liberal Party (Romania) The National Liberal Party , abbreviated to PNL, is a centre-right liberal party in Romania. It is the third-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 53 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 22 in the Senate: behind the centre-right Democratic Liberal Party and the centre-left Social... |
||||||||
| 17 | Dimitrie Lecca | |
21 October 1882 | 5 March 1883 | PNL National Liberal Party (Romania) The National Liberal Party , abbreviated to PNL, is a centre-right liberal party in Romania. It is the third-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 53 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 22 in the Senate: behind the centre-right Democratic Liberal Party and the centre-left Social... |
|||||||||
| 1883 | (14) | Constantin A. Rosetti | |
1816 - 1885 | 16 May 1883 | 17 October 1883 | PNL National Liberal Party (Romania) The National Liberal Party , abbreviated to PNL, is a centre-right liberal party in Romania. It is the third-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 53 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 22 in the Senate: behind the centre-right Democratic Liberal Party and the centre-left Social... |
|||||||
| (17) | Dimitrie Lecca | |
19 October 1883 | 4 July 1888 | PNL National Liberal Party (Romania) The National Liberal Party , abbreviated to PNL, is a centre-right liberal party in Romania. It is the third-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 53 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 22 in the Senate: behind the centre-right Democratic Liberal Party and the centre-left Social... |
|||||||||
| 1884 | ||||||||||||||
| 1888 | 18 | Lascăr Catargiu Lascar Catargiu Lascăr Catargiu was a Romanian conservative statesman born in Moldavia. He belonged to an ancient Wallachian family, one of whose members had been banished in the 17th century by Prince Matei Basarab, and had settled in Moldavia.-Biography:... |
1823 - 1899 | 10 November 1888 | 14 January 1889 | PC Conservative Party (Romania, 1880-1918) The Conservative Party was between 1880 and 1918 one of Romania's two most important parties, the other one being the Liberal Party... |
8 | Ion Emanoil Florescu |  |
1819 - 1893 | 4 November 1888 | 7 December 1889 | PC | |
| 19 | Constantin Grǎdişteanu | |
19 January 1889 | 16 November 1889 | PC Conservative Party (Romania, 1880-1918) The Conservative Party was between 1880 and 1918 one of Romania's two most important parties, the other one being the Liberal Party... |
9 | Nicolae Creţulescu Nicolae Cretulescu Nicolae Crețulescu was a Wallachian-born Romanian politician and physician. He served three terms as Prime Minister of Romania: from 1862 to 1863, again from 1865 to 1866, and finally in 1867. He was elected to the Romanian Academy.... |
1812 - 1900 | 13 December 1889 | 6 June 1890 | PC | |||
| 20 | Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino | 1833 - 1913 | 16 November 1889 | 22 February 1891 | PC Conservative Party (Romania, 1880-1918) The Conservative Party was between 1880 and 1918 one of Romania's two most important parties, the other one being the Liberal Party... |
(8) | Ion Emanoil Florescu | |
1819 - 1893 | 17 November 1890 | 21 February 1891 | PC | ||
| 1891 | 21 | Gheorghe Rosnovanu | |
3 May 1891 | 11 December 1891 | PC Conservative Party (Romania, 1880-1918) The Conservative Party was between 1880 and 1918 one of Romania's two most important parties, the other one being the Liberal Party... |
10 | Constantin Boerescu | |
1 March 1891 | 11 December 1891 | PC | ||
| 1892 | 22 | Gheorghe Manu Gheorghe Manu Gheorghe Manu was a Romanian Army general, artillery inspector and statesman.After he finished his high school studies in Romania, he went to Prussia in 1847 to study in the German military academies and in 1853, with the approval of the Romanian government, he joined the Prussian Army as a... |
|
1833 - 1911 | 26 February 1892 | 24 October 1895 | PC Conservative Party (Romania, 1880-1918) The Conservative Party was between 1880 and 1918 one of Romania's two most important parties, the other one being the Liberal Party... |
11 | Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino | 1833 - 1913 | 25 February 1892 | 24 October 1895 | PC | |
| 1895 | 23 | Petre C. Aurelian | |
9 December 1895 | 21 November 1896 | PNL National Liberal Party (Romania) The National Liberal Party , abbreviated to PNL, is a centre-right liberal party in Romania. It is the third-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 53 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 22 in the Senate: behind the centre-right Democratic Liberal Party and the centre-left Social... |
(7) | Dimitrie Ghica Dimitrie Ghica Dimitrie Ghica or Ghika was a Romanian politician. A prominent member of the Conservative Party, he served as Prime Minister between 1868 and 1870.... |
1816 - 1897 | 9 December 1895 | 15 February 1897 | PNL National Liberal Party (Romania) The National Liberal Party , abbreviated to PNL, is a centre-right liberal party in Romania. It is the third-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 53 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 22 in the Senate: behind the centre-right Democratic Liberal Party and the centre-left Social... |
||
| 12 | Dimitrie Alexandru Sturdza |  |
1833 - 1914 | 20 February 1897 | 31 March 1897 | PNL National Liberal Party (Romania) The National Liberal Party , abbreviated to PNL, is a centre-right liberal party in Romania. It is the third-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 53 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 22 in the Senate: behind the centre-right Democratic Liberal Party and the centre-left Social... |
||||||||
| 24 | Dimitrie Gianni | |
23 November 1896 | 21 April 1899 | PNL National Liberal Party (Romania) The National Liberal Party , abbreviated to PNL, is a centre-right liberal party in Romania. It is the third-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 53 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 22 in the Senate: behind the centre-right Democratic Liberal Party and the centre-left Social... |
13 | Eugeniu Stătescu Eugeniu Stătescu Eugeniu Stătescu was a Romanian politician who served as the Minister of Internal Affairs from April 10, 1881 until June 8, 1881 and as Minister of Foreign Affairs from June 9, 1881 until July 30, 1881 during the existence of United Principalities... |
1836 - 1905 | 31 March 1897 | 18 November 1897 | PNL National Liberal Party (Romania) The National Liberal Party , abbreviated to PNL, is a centre-right liberal party in Romania. It is the third-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 53 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 22 in the Senate: behind the centre-right Democratic Liberal Party and the centre-left Social... |
|||
| 14 | Nicolae Gane | |
18 November 1897 | 21 April 1899 | PNL National Liberal Party (Romania) The National Liberal Party , abbreviated to PNL, is a centre-right liberal party in Romania. It is the third-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 53 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 22 in the Senate: behind the centre-right Democratic Liberal Party and the centre-left Social... |
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| 1899 | 25 | Constantin Olǎnescu | |
13 June 1899 | 21 September 1900 | PC Conservative Party (Romania, 1880-1918) The Conservative Party was between 1880 and 1918 one of Romania's two most important parties, the other one being the Liberal Party... |
(10) | Constantin Boerescu | |
13 June 1899 | 14 February 1901 | PC | ||
| (20) | Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino | 1833 - 1913 | 25 September 1900 | 14 February 1901 | PC Conservative Party (Romania, 1880-1918) The Conservative Party was between 1880 and 1918 one of Romania's two most important parties, the other one being the Liberal Party... |
|||||||||
| 1901 | 26 | Mihail Pherekyde Mihail Pherekyde Mihail Pherekyde was a Romanian politician and diplomat who served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs and two terms as the Minister of Internal Affairs of Kingdom of Romania-Life and political career:... |
|
1842 - 1926 | 24 March 1901 | 9 December 1904 | PNL National Liberal Party (Romania) The National Liberal Party , abbreviated to PNL, is a centre-right liberal party in Romania. It is the third-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 53 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 22 in the Senate: behind the centre-right Democratic Liberal Party and the centre-left Social... |
(13) | Eugeniu Stătescu Eugeniu Stătescu Eugeniu Stătescu was a Romanian politician who served as the Minister of Internal Affairs from April 10, 1881 until June 8, 1881 and as Minister of Foreign Affairs from June 9, 1881 until July 30, 1881 during the existence of United Principalities... |
1836 - 1905 | 24 March 1901 | 15 November 1902 | PNL National Liberal Party (Romania) The National Liberal Party , abbreviated to PNL, is a centre-right liberal party in Romania. It is the third-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 53 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 22 in the Senate: behind the centre-right Democratic Liberal Party and the centre-left Social... |
|
| 27 | Ştefan Şendrea | |
9 December 1904 | 23 December 1904 | PNL National Liberal Party (Romania) The National Liberal Party , abbreviated to PNL, is a centre-right liberal party in Romania. It is the third-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 53 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 22 in the Senate: behind the centre-right Democratic Liberal Party and the centre-left Social... |
15 | Petre S. Aurelian Petre S. Aurelian Petre S. Aurelian was a Romanian politician who served as a Prime Minister of Romania between 2 December 1896 and 12 April 1897.... |
1833 - 1909 | 16 November 1902 | 23 December 1904 | PNL National Liberal Party (Romania) The National Liberal Party , abbreviated to PNL, is a centre-right liberal party in Romania. It is the third-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 53 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 22 in the Senate: behind the centre-right Democratic Liberal Party and the centre-left Social... |
|||
| 1905 | 28 | Grigore Trandafil | |
25 February 1905 | 23 February 1907 | PC Conservative Party (Romania, 1880-1918) The Conservative Party was between 1880 and 1918 one of Romania's two most important parties, the other one being the Liberal Party... |
(10) | Constantin Boerescu | |
25 February 1905 | 26 April 1907 | PC | ||
| 29 | Constantin Cantacuzino-Paşcanu | |
26 February 1907 | 26 April 1907 | PC Conservative Party (Romania, 1880-1918) The Conservative Party was between 1880 and 1918 one of Romania's two most important parties, the other one being the Liberal Party... |
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| 1907 | (26) | Mihail Pherekyde Mihail Pherekyde Mihail Pherekyde was a Romanian politician and diplomat who served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs and two terms as the Minister of Internal Affairs of Kingdom of Romania-Life and political career:... |
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1842 - 1926 | 8 June 1907 | 15 December 1909 | PNL National Liberal Party (Romania) The National Liberal Party , abbreviated to PNL, is a centre-right liberal party in Romania. It is the third-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 53 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 22 in the Senate: behind the centre-right Democratic Liberal Party and the centre-left Social... |
(15) | Petre S. Aurelian Petre S. Aurelian Petre S. Aurelian was a Romanian politician who served as a Prime Minister of Romania between 2 December 1896 and 12 April 1897.... |
1833 - 1909 | 9 June 1907 | 24 January 1909 | PNL National Liberal Party (Romania) The National Liberal Party , abbreviated to PNL, is a centre-right liberal party in Romania. It is the third-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 53 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 22 in the Senate: behind the centre-right Democratic Liberal Party and the centre-left Social... |
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| 30 | Basile M. Missir | |
15 December 1909 | 16 February 1910 | PNL National Liberal Party (Romania) The National Liberal Party , abbreviated to PNL, is a centre-right liberal party in Romania. It is the third-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 53 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 22 in the Senate: behind the centre-right Democratic Liberal Party and the centre-left Social... |
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| (26) | Mihail Pherekyde Mihail Pherekyde Mihail Pherekyde was a Romanian politician and diplomat who served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs and two terms as the Minister of Internal Affairs of Kingdom of Romania-Life and political career:... |
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1842 - 1926 | 16 February 1910 | 10 January 1911 | PNL National Liberal Party (Romania) The National Liberal Party , abbreviated to PNL, is a centre-right liberal party in Romania. It is the third-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 53 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 22 in the Senate: behind the centre-right Democratic Liberal Party and the centre-left Social... |
16 | Constantin Budişteanu | |
28 January 1909 | 10 January 1911 | PNL National Liberal Party (Romania) The National Liberal Party , abbreviated to PNL, is a centre-right liberal party in Romania. It is the third-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 53 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 22 in the Senate: behind the centre-right Democratic Liberal Party and the centre-left Social... |
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| 1911 | (25) | Constantin Olǎnescu | |
8 March 1911 | 17 October 1912 | PC Conservative Party (Romania, 1880-1918) The Conservative Party was between 1880 and 1918 one of Romania's two most important parties, the other one being the Liberal Party... |
(11) | Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino | 1833 - 1913 | 10 March 1911 | 23 March 1913 | PC | ||
| 1912 | (29) | Constantin Cantacuzino-Paşcanu | |
1 December 1912 | 11 January 1914 | PCD | ||||||||
| 17 | Theodor Rosetti Theodor Rosetti Theodor Rosetti was a Romanian writer, journalist and politician who served as Prime Minister of Romania between 13 April 1888 and 11 April 1889.... |
1837 - 1932 | 27 March 1913 | 3 July 1913 | PC | |||||||||
| 18 | Ion Lahovari | |
3 July 1913 | 11 January 1914 | PC | |||||||||
| 1914 | (26) | Mihail Pherekyde Mihail Pherekyde Mihail Pherekyde was a Romanian politician and diplomat who served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs and two terms as the Minister of Internal Affairs of Kingdom of Romania-Life and political career:... |
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1842 - 1926 | 21 February 1914 | 11 December 1916 | PNL National Liberal Party (Romania) The National Liberal Party , abbreviated to PNL, is a centre-right liberal party in Romania. It is the third-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 53 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 22 in the Senate: behind the centre-right Democratic Liberal Party and the centre-left Social... |
19 | Basile M. Missir | |
21 February 1914 | 9 December 1916 | PNL National Liberal Party (Romania) The National Liberal Party , abbreviated to PNL, is a centre-right liberal party in Romania. It is the third-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 53 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 22 in the Senate: behind the centre-right Democratic Liberal Party and the centre-left Social... |
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| 31 | Vasile C. Morţun | |
11 December 1916 | 25 April 1918 | PNL National Liberal Party (Romania) The National Liberal Party , abbreviated to PNL, is a centre-right liberal party in Romania. It is the third-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 53 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 22 in the Senate: behind the centre-right Democratic Liberal Party and the centre-left Social... |
20 | Emanoil Porumbaru | |
1845 - 1921 | 9 December 1916 | 25 April 1918 | PNL National Liberal Party (Romania) The National Liberal Party , abbreviated to PNL, is a centre-right liberal party in Romania. It is the third-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 53 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 22 in the Senate: behind the centre-right Democratic Liberal Party and the centre-left Social... |
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| 1918 | 32 | Constantin Meissner | |
5 June 1918 | 5 November 1918 | PCP | 21 | Dimitrie I. Dobrescu | |
4 June 1918 | 5 November 1918 | PCP | ||
| 1919 | 33 | Alexandru Vaida-Voevod Alexandru Vaida-Voevod Alexandru Vaida-Voevod or Vaida-Voievod was a Romanian politician who was a supporter and promoter of the union of Transylvania with the Romanian Old Kingdom; he later served three terms as a Prime Minister of Greater Romania.-Transylvanian politics:He was born to a Greek-Catholic family in the... |
1872 - 1950 | 28 November 1919 | 1 December 1919 | PNR Romanian National Party The Romanian National Party , initially known as the Romanian National Party in Transylvania and Banat , was a political party which was initially designed to offer ethnic representation to Romanians in the Kingdom of Hungary, the Transleithanian half of Austria-Hungary, and especially to those in... |
22 | Paul Bujor | |
28 December 1918 | 26 March 1920 | PŢB Bessarabian Peasants' Party The Bessarabian Peasants' Party was an agrarian political party active in Romania, founded in Chişinău, Bessarabia, on 23 August 1918.- Overview :... |
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| 34 | Nicolae Iorga Nicolae Iorga Nicolae Iorga was a Romanian historian, politician, literary critic, memoirist, poet and playwright. Co-founder of the Democratic Nationalist Party , he served as a member of Parliament, President of the Deputies' Assembly and Senate, cabinet minister and briefly as Prime Minister... |
1871 - 1940 | 9 December 1919 | 26 March 1920 | PND | |||||||||
| 1920 | 35 | Duliu Zamfirescu | |
30 June 1920 | 22 January 1922 | PP | 23 | Constantin Coandă Constantin Coanda Constantin Coandă was a Romanian soldier and politician. He reached the rank of general in the Romanian Army, and later became mathematics professor at the National School of Bridges and Roads in Bucharest... |
1857 - 1932 | 22 June 1920 | 22 January 1922 | PP | ||
| 1922 | 36 | Mihail Orleanu | |
6 April 1922 | 27 March 1926 | PNL National Liberal Party (Romania) The National Liberal Party , abbreviated to PNL, is a centre-right liberal party in Romania. It is the third-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 53 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 22 in the Senate: behind the centre-right Democratic Liberal Party and the centre-left Social... |
24 | Mihail Pherekyde Mihail Pherekyde Mihail Pherekyde was a Romanian politician and diplomat who served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs and two terms as the Minister of Internal Affairs of Kingdom of Romania-Life and political career:... |
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1842 - 1926 | 31 March 1922 | 24 January 1926 | PNL National Liberal Party (Romania) The National Liberal Party , abbreviated to PNL, is a centre-right liberal party in Romania. It is the third-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 53 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 22 in the Senate: behind the centre-right Democratic Liberal Party and the centre-left Social... |
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| 25 | Constantin I. Nicolaescu | |
3 February 1926 | 27 March 1926 | PNL National Liberal Party (Romania) The National Liberal Party , abbreviated to PNL, is a centre-right liberal party in Romania. It is the third-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 53 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 22 in the Senate: behind the centre-right Democratic Liberal Party and the centre-left Social... |
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| 1926 | 37 | Petre P. Negulescu | |
10 July 1926 | 5 June 1927 | PP | (23) | Constantin Coandă Constantin Coanda Constantin Coandă was a Romanian soldier and politician. He reached the rank of general in the Romanian Army, and later became mathematics professor at the National School of Bridges and Roads in Bucharest... |
1857 - 1932 | 8 July 1926 | 5 June 1927 | PP | ||
| 1927 | 38 | Nicolae Sǎveanu | |
30 July 1927 | 10 November 1928 | PNL National Liberal Party (Romania) The National Liberal Party , abbreviated to PNL, is a centre-right liberal party in Romania. It is the third-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 53 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 22 in the Senate: behind the centre-right Democratic Liberal Party and the centre-left Social... |
26 | Constantin I. Nicolaescu | |
18 June 1927 | 10 November 1928 | PNL National Liberal Party (Romania) The National Liberal Party , abbreviated to PNL, is a centre-right liberal party in Romania. It is the third-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 53 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 22 in the Senate: behind the centre-right Democratic Liberal Party and the centre-left Social... |
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| 1928 | 39 | Ştefan Cico Pop | |
23 December 1928 | 30 April 1931 | PNŢ National Peasants' Party The National Peasants' Party was a Romanian political party, formed in 1926 through the fusion of the Romanian National Party from Transylvania and the Peasants' Party . It was in power between 1928 and 1933, with brief interruptions... |
27 | Traian Bratu | |
23 December 1928 | 30 April 1931 | PNŢ National Peasants' Party The National Peasants' Party was a Romanian political party, formed in 1926 through the fusion of the Romanian National Party from Transylvania and the Peasants' Party . It was in power between 1928 and 1933, with brief interruptions... |
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| 1931 | 40 | Dimitrie Pompeiu Dimitrie Pompeiu -Biography:After studying in Dorohoi and Bucharest, he went to France, where he studied mathematics at the University of Paris . He obtained a Ph.D. degree in mathematics in 1905 with a thesis, On the continuity of complex variable functions, written under the direction of Henri Poincaré... |
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1873 - 1954 | 20 June 1931 | 10 June 1932 | PND | 28 | Mihail Sadoveanu Mihail Sadoveanu Mihail Sadoveanu was a Romanian novelist, short story writer, journalist and political figure, who twice served as acting republican head of state under the communist regime . One of the most prolific Romanian-language writers, he is remembered mostly for his historical and adventure novels, as... |
18 June 1931 | 10 June 1932 | Ind. | ||
| 1932 | (39) | Stefan Cicio Pop | |
10 August 1932 | 18 November 1933 | PNŢ National Peasants' Party The National Peasants' Party was a Romanian political party, formed in 1926 through the fusion of the Romanian National Party from Transylvania and the Peasants' Party . It was in power between 1928 and 1933, with brief interruptions... |
29 | Nicolae Costălescu | |
4 August 1932 | 18 November 1933 | PNŢ National Peasants' Party The National Peasants' Party was a Romanian political party, formed in 1926 through the fusion of the Romanian National Party from Transylvania and the Peasants' Party . It was in power between 1928 and 1933, with brief interruptions... |
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| 1933 | (38) | Nicolae Sǎveanu | |
10 February 1934 | 19 November 1937 | PNL National Liberal Party (Romania) The National Liberal Party , abbreviated to PNL, is a centre-right liberal party in Romania. It is the third-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 53 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 22 in the Senate: behind the centre-right Democratic Liberal Party and the centre-left Social... |
31 | Leonte Moldovan | |
10 February 1934 | 15 November 1935 | PNL National Liberal Party (Romania) The National Liberal Party , abbreviated to PNL, is a centre-right liberal party in Romania. It is the third-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 53 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 22 in the Senate: behind the centre-right Democratic Liberal Party and the centre-left Social... |
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| 1934 | ||||||||||||||
| 32 | Constantin Dimitriu-Dovlecel | |
15 November 1935 | 15 November 1936 | PNL National Liberal Party (Romania) The National Liberal Party , abbreviated to PNL, is a centre-right liberal party in Romania. It is the third-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 53 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 22 in the Senate: behind the centre-right Democratic Liberal Party and the centre-left Social... |
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| 33 | Alexandru Lapedatu | |
16 November 1936 | 20 March 1937 | PNL National Liberal Party (Romania) The National Liberal Party , abbreviated to PNL, is a centre-right liberal party in Romania. It is the third-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 53 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 22 in the Senate: behind the centre-right Democratic Liberal Party and the centre-left Social... |
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| 1937 | ||||||||||||||
| 1939 | (33) | Alexandru Vaida-Voevod Alexandru Vaida-Voevod Alexandru Vaida-Voevod or Vaida-Voievod was a Romanian politician who was a supporter and promoter of the union of Transylvania with the Romanian Old Kingdom; he later served three terms as a Prime Minister of Greater Romania.-Transylvanian politics:He was born to a Greek-Catholic family in the... |
1872 - 1950 | 9 June 1939 | 5 September 1940 | FRN National Renaissance Front The National Renaissance Front was a fascist Romanian political party created by King Carol II in 1938 as the single monopoly party of government following his decision to ban all other political parties and suspend the 1923 Constitution, and the passing of the 1938 Constitution of Romania... /PN |
34 | Nicolae Iorga Nicolae Iorga Nicolae Iorga was a Romanian historian, politician, literary critic, memoirist, poet and playwright. Co-founder of the Democratic Nationalist Party , he served as a member of Parliament, President of the Deputies' Assembly and Senate, cabinet minister and briefly as Prime Minister... |
1871 - 1940 | 9 June 1939 | 13 June 1939 | Ind. | ||
| 35 | Constantin Argetoianu Constantin Argetoianu Constantin Argetoianu was a Romanian politician, one of the best-known personalities of interwar Greater Romania, who served as the Prime Minister between September 28 and November 23, 1939. His memoirs, Memorii. Pentru cei de mâine. Amintiri din vremea celor de ieri Constantin Argetoianu... |
1871 - 1952 | 15 June 1939 | 5 August 1940 | FNR National Renaissance Front The National Renaissance Front was a fascist Romanian political party created by King Carol II in 1938 as the single monopoly party of government following his decision to ban all other political parties and suspend the 1923 Constitution, and the passing of the 1938 Constitution of Romania... /PN |
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| 1946 | 41 | Mihail Sadoveanu Mihail Sadoveanu Mihail Sadoveanu was a Romanian novelist, short story writer, journalist and political figure, who twice served as acting republican head of state under the communist regime . One of the most prolific Romanian-language writers, he is remembered mostly for his historical and adventure novels, as... |
5 December 1946 | 24 February 1948 | BPD | suspended | ||||||||
| 1948 | Great National Assembly | disbanned | ||||||||||||
| 42 | Gheorghe Apostol Gheorghe Apostol Gheorghe Apostol was a Romanian politician, deputy Prime Minister of Romania and a former leader of the Communist Party, noted for his rivalry with Nicolae Ceauşescu.-Early life:... |
1913 - 2010 | 7 April 1948 | 11 June 1948 | PMR | |||||||||
| 43 | Constantin Agiu | |
11 June 1948 | 27 December 1948 | PMR | |||||||||
| 44 | Constantin Pârvulescu |  |
1895 - 1992 | 27 December 1948 | 5 July 1949 | PMR | ||||||||
| 45 | Dumitru Petrescu | |
5 July 1949 | 28 December 1949 | PMR | |||||||||
| 46 | Alexandru Drǎghici | |
28 December 1949 | 26 January 1950 | PMR | |||||||||
| (45) | Dumitru Petrescu | |
26 January 1950 | 29 May 1950 | PMR | |||||||||
| 47 | Constantin Doncea | |
29 May 1950 | 6 September 1950 | PMR | |||||||||
| (42) | Gheorghe Apostol Gheorghe Apostol Gheorghe Apostol was a Romanian politician, deputy Prime Minister of Romania and a former leader of the Communist Party, noted for his rivalry with Nicolae Ceauşescu.-Early life:... |
1913 - 2010 | 6 September 1950 | 5 April 1951 | PMR | |||||||||
| 48 | Ioan Vinţe | |
1910 - 1996 | 5 April 1951 | 26 March 1952 | PMR | ||||||||
| (42) | Gheorghe Apostol Gheorghe Apostol Gheorghe Apostol was a Romanian politician, deputy Prime Minister of Romania and a former leader of the Communist Party, noted for his rivalry with Nicolae Ceauşescu.-Early life:... |
1913 - 2010 | 26 March 1952 | 6 June 1952 | PMR | |||||||||
| 49 | Gheorghe Stoica | |
2 June 1952 | 30 November 1952 | PMR | |||||||||
| 1952 | (44) | Constantin Pârvulescu | |
1895 - 1992 | 23 January 1953 | 5 March 1961 | PMR | |||||||
| 1957 | ||||||||||||||
| 1961 | ||||||||||||||
| 50 | Ştefan Voitec Stefan Voitec Ştefan Voitec was a Romanian socialist and communist journalist, politician, and statesman of Communist Romania.-Biography:... |
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1900 - 1984 | 20 March 1961 | 28 March 1974 | PMR/PCR | ||||||||
| 1965 | ||||||||||||||
| 1969 | ||||||||||||||
| 51 | Miron Constantinescu Miron Constantinescu Miron Constantinescu was a Romanian communist politician, a leading member of the Romanian Communist Party , as well as a Marxist sociologist, historian, academic, and journalist... |
1917 - 1974 | 28 March 1974 | 18 July 1974 | PCR | |||||||||
| 52 | Nicolae Giosan | |
26 July 1974 | 12 December 1989 | PCR | |||||||||
| 1975 | ||||||||||||||
| 1980 | ||||||||||||||
| 1985 | ||||||||||||||
| 1990 | Assembly of Deputies | Senate | ||||||||||||
| 53 | Dan Marţian | |
19 June 1990 | 16 October 1992 | FSN | 35 | Alexandru Bârlădeanu | |
1911 - | 18 June 1990 | 16 October 1992 | FSN | ||
| 1992 | Chamber of Deputies | 36 | Oliviu Gherman | |
1930 - | 22 October 1992 | 22 November 1996 | FDSN Democratic National Salvation Front The Democratic National Salvation Front was a political party formed in Romania by Ion Iliescu and his supporters upon the breaking of the ruling National Salvation Front on April 7, 1992. The smaller wing led by Petre Roman continued using the brand FSN... /PDSR |
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| 54 | Adrian Năstase Adrian Nastase Adrian Năstase is a Romanian politician who was the Prime Minister of Romania from December 2000 to December 2004.He competed as the Social Democratic Party candidate in the 2004 presidential election, but was defeated by centre-right Justice and Truth Alliance candidate Traian Băsescu.He was... |
1950 - | 28 October 1992 | 22 November 1996 | FDSN Democratic National Salvation Front The Democratic National Salvation Front was a political party formed in Romania by Ion Iliescu and his supporters upon the breaking of the ruling National Salvation Front on April 7, 1992. The smaller wing led by Petre Roman continued using the brand FSN... /PDSR Social Democratic Party (Romania) The Social Democratic Party is the major social-democratic political party in Romania. It was formed in 1992, after the post-communist National Salvation Front broke apart. It adopted its present name after a merger with a minor social-democratic party in 2001. Since its formation, it has always... |
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| 1996 | 55 | Ion Diaconescu Ion Diaconescu Ion Diaconescu was a Romanian anti-Communist activist and politician. He was imprisoned as a political prisoner for seventeen years from 1947 to 1964 during Romania's Communist era... |
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1917 - | 27 November 1996 | 30 November 2000 | PNŢCD Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party (Romania) The Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party is a Romanian Christian-Democratic party... |
37 | Petre Roman Petre Roman Petre Roman is a Romanian politician and a former Prime Minister of Romania. He served from 1989 to 1991, when his government was overthrown by the intervention of the miners led by Miron Cozma. Roman is a member of the Club of Madrid, grouping 66 democratic former heads of state and government... |
1946 - | 27 November 1996 | 22 December 1999 | PD | |
| 38 | Mircea Ionescu-Quintus Mircea Ionescu-Quintus Mircea Ionescu-Quintus is a Romanian politician, former Senator and Minister of Justice.-External links:... |
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1917 - | 4 February 2000 | 30 November 2000 | PNL National Liberal Party (Romania) The National Liberal Party , abbreviated to PNL, is a centre-right liberal party in Romania. It is the third-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 53 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 22 in the Senate: behind the centre-right Democratic Liberal Party and the centre-left Social... |
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| 2000 | 56 | Valer Dorneanu | |
December 15, 2000 | November 30, 2004 | PDSR/PSD Social Democratic Party (Romania) The Social Democratic Party is the major social-democratic political party in Romania. It was formed in 1992, after the post-communist National Salvation Front broke apart. It adopted its present name after a merger with a minor social-democratic party in 2001. Since its formation, it has always... |
39 | Nicolae Văcăroiu Nicolae Vacaroiu Nicolae Văcăroiu is a Romanian politician, member of the Social Democratic Party, who served as Prime Minister between 1992 and 1996. Before the 1989 Revolution he worked at the Committee for State Planning, together with Theodor Stolojan.... |
1943 - | 15 December 2000 | 14 October 2008 | PDSR/PSD Social Democratic Party (Romania) The Social Democratic Party is the major social-democratic political party in Romania. It was formed in 1992, after the post-communist National Salvation Front broke apart. It adopted its present name after a merger with a minor social-democratic party in 2001. Since its formation, it has always... |
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| 2004 | (54) | Adrian Năstase Adrian Nastase Adrian Năstase is a Romanian politician who was the Prime Minister of Romania from December 2000 to December 2004.He competed as the Social Democratic Party candidate in the 2004 presidential election, but was defeated by centre-right Justice and Truth Alliance candidate Traian Băsescu.He was... |
1950 - | December 19, 2004 | March 16, 2006 | PSD Social Democratic Party (Romania) The Social Democratic Party is the major social-democratic political party in Romania. It was formed in 1992, after the post-communist National Salvation Front broke apart. It adopted its present name after a merger with a minor social-democratic party in 2001. Since its formation, it has always... |
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| 57 | Bogdan Olteanu Bogdan Olteanu Bogdan Olteanu is a Romanian politician and lawyer. He was the president of the Chamber of Deputies between 2006 and 2008.... |
1971 - | 20 March 2006 | 13 December 2008 | PNL National Liberal Party (Romania) The National Liberal Party , abbreviated to PNL, is a centre-right liberal party in Romania. It is the third-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 53 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 22 in the Senate: behind the centre-right Democratic Liberal Party and the centre-left Social... |
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| — | Doru Ioan Tărăcilă (acting) | |
1951 - | 14 October 2008 | 28 October 2008 | PSD Social Democratic Party (Romania) The Social Democratic Party is the major social-democratic political party in Romania. It was formed in 1992, after the post-communist National Salvation Front broke apart. It adopted its present name after a merger with a minor social-democratic party in 2001. Since its formation, it has always... |
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| 40 | Ilie Sârbu Ilie Sârbu Ilie Sârbu is a Romanian theologian, economist and politician. A member of the Social Democratic Party , he has sat in the Romanian Senate since 2004, representing Timiş County... |
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1950 - | 28 October 2008 | 13 December 2008 | PSD Social Democratic Party (Romania) The Social Democratic Party is the major social-democratic political party in Romania. It was formed in 1992, after the post-communist National Salvation Front broke apart. It adopted its present name after a merger with a minor social-democratic party in 2001. Since its formation, it has always... |
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| 2008 | 58 | Roberta Anastase | |
1976 - | 19 December 2008 | PD-L Democratic Liberal Party (Romania) The Democratic Liberal Party is a populist, centre-right party in Romania. It was formed on 15 December 2007, when the Democratic Party merged with the Liberal Democratic Party. From 2004 to 2007, the Democratic Party was part of the governing Justice and Truth Alliance... |
41 | Mircea Geoană Mircea Geoana Dan Mircea Geoană is a Romanian politician, who served as president of the upper chamber of the Romanian Parliament, the Senate from December 20, 2008 until he was revoked by the senators on November 23, 2011. From 21 April 2005 until 21 February 2010 he was the head of the Partidul Social... |
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1958 - | 19 December 2009 | 23 November 2011 | PSD Social Democratic Party (Romania) The Social Democratic Party is the major social-democratic political party in Romania. It was formed in 1992, after the post-communist National Salvation Front broke apart. It adopted its present name after a merger with a minor social-democratic party in 2001. Since its formation, it has always... |
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| — | Petru Filip Petru Filip Petru Filip is a Romanian politician, member of the Liberal Democratic Party currently holding the uninominal seat for College 3 Oradea Sud-Holod-Salonta in the Senate of Romania.... (acting) |
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1955 - | 23 November 2011 | 28 November 2011 | PDL Democratic Liberal Party (Romania) The Democratic Liberal Party is a populist, centre-right party in Romania. It was formed on 15 December 2007, when the Democratic Party merged with the Liberal Democratic Party. From 2004 to 2007, the Democratic Party was part of the governing Justice and Truth Alliance... |
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| 43 | Vasile Blaga Vasile Blaga Vasile Blaga is a Romanian politician and the current Speaker of the Upper Chamber of the Romanian Parliament, the Senate, and a former Minister of Regional Development and Housing and twice former Minister of Administration and Internal Affairs.... |
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1956 - | 28 November 2011 | PDL Democratic Liberal Party (Romania) The Democratic Liberal Party is a populist, centre-right party in Romania. It was formed on 15 December 2007, when the Democratic Party merged with the Liberal Democratic Party. From 2004 to 2007, the Democratic Party was part of the governing Justice and Truth Alliance... |
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Functioning
Prior to the modifications of the Constitution in 2003, the two houses had identical attributes. A text of a law had to be approved by both houses. If the text differed, a special commission (comisie de mediere) was formed by deputies and senators, that "negotiated" between the two houses the form of the future law. The report of this commission had to be approved in a joint session of the Parliament. This French procedureParliament of France
The French Parliament is the bicameral legislature of the French Republic, consisting of the Senate and the National Assembly . Each assembly conducts legislative sessions at a separate location in Paris: the Palais du Luxembourg for the Senate, the Palais Bourbon for the National Assembly.Each...
proved to be extremely long and inefficient with respect to the expectations of the Romania
Romania
Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea...
ns towards democracy. After the 2003 referendum
Referendum
A referendum is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. This may result in the adoption of a new constitution, a constitutional amendment, a law, the recall of an elected official or simply a specific government policy. It is a form of...
, a law still has to be approved by both houses, but in some matters one is "superior" to the other, being called "decision chamber" ("cameră decizională"). This eliminates the process of "negotiation" between the two houses, and keeps the Senate
Senate of Romania
The Senate of Romania is the upper house in the bicameral Parliament of Romania. It has 137 seats , to which members are elected by direct popular vote, using Mixed member proportional representation in 42 electoral districts , to serve four-year terms.-Former location:After the Romanian...
as the upper house
Upper house
An upper house, often called a senate, is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the lower house; a legislature composed of only one house is described as unicameral.- Possible specific characteristics :...
and the Chamber
Chamber of Deputies of Romania
The Chamber of Deputies is the lower house in Romania's bicameral parliament. It has 315 seats, to which deputies are elected by direct popular vote on a proportional representation basis to serve four-year terms...
as the lower house
Lower house
A lower house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the upper house.Despite its official position "below" the upper house, in many legislatures worldwide the lower house has come to wield more power...
.