The following pendulum is known as the Mackerras Pendulum, invented by psephologist Malcolm Mackerras. Designed for the outcome of the 2007 New South Wales state election and changes since, the pendulum works by lining up all of the seats held in Parliament, according to the percentage point margin on a two candidate preferred basis. The two party result is also known as the swing required for the seat to change hands. Given a uniform swing to the opposition or government parties in an election, the number of seats that change hands can be predicted. Swing is never uniform, but in practice variations of swings usually tend to cancel each other out. "Safe" seats require a swing of over 10 per cent to change, "fairly safe" seats require a swing of between 6 and 10 per cent, while "marginal" seats require a swing of less than 6 per cent.

Legislative Assembly

Changes in the pendulum since the 2007 election resulted through by-elections in the Labor held seats of Ryde in 2008 and Penrith

Penrith state by-election, 2010

A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Penrith on 19 June 2010. The by-election was triggered by the resignation of sitting member and Parliamentary Secretary for Education and Training Karyn Paluzzano, who had lied to an Independent Commission Against...

 in 2010. Both seats were won by the Liberal opposition in record swings against the Labor Government of 25% in Penrith and 23% in Ryde.

Pendulum

LABOR SEATS
Marginal
Miranda Electoral district of Miranda Miranda is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Graham Annesley of the Liberal Party of Australia.-Members for Miranda:-Election results:...	Barry Collier	ALP	0.8%
Newcastle Electoral district of Newcastle Newcastle is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales named after and including Newcastle. It is represented by Tim Owen of the Liberal Party of Australia.-History:...	Jodi McKay Jodi McKay Jodi Leyanne McKay is a former Australian politician who represented the electoral district of Newcastle in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 2007 until her defeat at the New South Wales state election, 2011.McKay was the Minister for Tourism and the Minister for the Hunter in the Rees...	ALP v IND	1.2%
Maitland Electoral district of Maitland Maitland is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Robyn Parker of the Liberal Party of Australia....	Frank Terenzini Frank Terenzini Francesco Terenzini is an Australian politician. He was an Australian Labor Party member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 2007 until 2011, representing the electorate of Maitland. He was a lawyer and teacher before entering politics....	ALP v IND	2.0%
Menai Electoral district of Menai Menai is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Melanie Gibbons of the Liberal Party of Australia. Currently, it is the only state seat in the state of New South Wales to have always been represented by a woman.-Members for...	Alison Megarrity Alison Megarrity Alison Patricia Megarrity , a former Australian politician, was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing Menai for the Australian Labor Party between 1999 and 2011....	ALP	2.7%
Wollondilly Electoral district of Wollondilly Wollondilly is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is currently held by Jai Rowell of the Liberal Party of Australia....	Phil Costa Phil Costa Phillip John "Phil" Costa is an Australian politician. He was an Australian Labor Party member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 2007 until 2011, representing the electorate of Wollondilly. He served as Minister for Water and Minister for Corrective Services.-Early life:Costa was...	ALP	3.3%
Balmain Electoral district of Balmain Balmain is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly of the Australian state of New South Wales in Sydney's Inner West. It includes the suburbs and localities of Annandale, Balmain, Balmain East, Birchgrove, Forest Lodge, Glebe, Glebe Island, Haberfield, Leichhardt, Lilyfield, Rozelle,...	Verity Firth Verity Firth Verity Helen Firth is the Chief Executive Officer of the Public Education Foundation in Australia and a former politician....	ALP v GRN	3.8%
Camden Electoral district of Camden Camden is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales in Sydney's south-west. It is currently represented by Chris Patterson of the Liberal Party of Australia.-History:...	Geoff Corrigan	ALP	4.0%
Gosford Electoral district of Gosford Gosford is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Chris Holstein of the Liberal Party. The former district of Gosford was renamed Terrigal for the 2007 state election...	Marie Andrews Marie Andrews Marie Therese Andrews , an Australian politician, is a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing the electorate of Peats for the Australian Labor Party between 1995 and 2007 and then the electorate of Gosford since 2007.Prior to entering politics, Andrews was a private...	ALP	4.9%
The Entrance Electoral district of The Entrance The Entrance is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly located on the Central Coast of New South Wales, Australia. It is represented by Chris Spence of the Liberal Party of Australia who defeated Labor candidate David Mehan at the State Election in 2011...	Grant McBride Grant McBride Grant Anthony McBride , a former Australian politician, was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing the electorate of The Entrance on the New South Wales Central Coast for the Australian Labor Party between 1992 and 2011.-Personal life:McBride is a qualified engineer who...	ALP	4.9%
Fairly safe
Monaro Electoral district of Monaro Monaro is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by John Barilaro of the National Party of Australia....	Steve Whan Steve Whan Steve Whan , an Australian politician, is a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council, appointed in June 2011 to fill a casual vacancy. Whan represented the electoral district of Monaro in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for the Australian Labor Party from 2003 until his defeat at...	ALP	6.3%
Londonderry Electoral district of Londonderry Londonderry is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Bart Bassett of the Liberal Party of Australia.-Members for Londonderry:-Election results:...	Allan Shearan Allan Shearan Allan Francis Shearan is a former Australian politician, elected as a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly.Shearan represented Londonderry for the Australian Labor Party from 2003 to 2011.-Notes:...	ALP	6.9%
Wyong Electoral district of Wyong Wyong is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. The district is a 44,017 km² urban and semi-rural electorate on the Central Coast. The main urban centres are the towns of Wyong, Toukley and Wyee...	David Harris David Harris (Australian politician) David Robert Harris is an Australian politician. He was an Australian Labor Party member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing the electoral district of Wyong from 24 March 2007 until his defeat at the 2011 state election.-Personal life:Harris is one of three children born to...	ALP	6.9%
Charlestown Electoral district of Charlestown Charlestown is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Andrew Cornwell of the Liberal Party of Australia....	Matthew Morris	ALP v IND	7.0%
Coogee Electoral district of Coogee Coogee is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Bruce Notley-Smith of the Liberal Party.-Members for Coogee:-Election results:...	Paul Pearce Paul Pearce Paul Ronald Pearce is an Australian politician. He was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing Coogee between 2003 and 2011 for the Australian Labor Party....	ALP	7.2%
Marrickville Electoral district of Marrickville Marrickville is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is a 13.47 km² urban electorate in Sydney's inner west, centred on the suburb of Marrickville from which it takes its name...	Carmel Tebbutt Carmel Tebbutt Carmel Mary Tebbutt is an Australian politician. She is the Australian Labor Party Member for Marrickville in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly and was Deputy Premier of New South Wales from 2008 to 2011. She was also Minister for Health in the Keneally Government...	ALP v GRN	7.5%
Drummoyne Electoral district of Drummoyne Drummoyne is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by John Sidoti of the Liberal Party of Australia.-History:...	Angela D'Amore Angela D'Amore Angela D'Amore , a former Australian politician, was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, representing the electorate of Drummoyne from 2003 until 2011 initially for the Australian Labor Party until 2010, and then as an independent member until her retirement from politics in 2011...	ALP	7.6%
Heathcote Electoral district of Heathcote Heathcote is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Lee Evans of the Liberal Party of Australia.-Members for Heathcote:-Election results:...	Paul McLeay Paul McLeay Paul Edward McLeay , a former Australian politician, was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing the electorate of Heathcote for the Australian Labor Party between 2003 and 2011. In 2010, McLeay resigned his position as a Minister on 1 September 2010 after he admitted...	ALP	8.8%
Safe
Riverstone Electoral district of Riverstone Riverstone is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales.It is a 94.30 km² urban and semi-rural electorate in Sydney's north west, taking in the suburbs of Stanhope Gardens, Rouse Hill, Quakers Hill and Riverstone...	John Aquilina John Aquilina John Joseph Aquilina , an Australian politician, is a former member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing the electorate of Blacktown between 1981 and 1991 and the electorate of Riverstone between 1991 and 2011 for the Australian Labor Party.Between 1986 and 1988 and again...	ALP	10.1%
Rockdale Electoral district of Rockdale Rockdale is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by John Flowers of the Liberal Party of Australia.-History:...	Frank Sartor Frank Sartor Francesco Ernest 'Frank' Sartor JP a former Australian politician, was New South Wales Minister for Climate Change and the Environment and Minister Assisting the Minister for Health between 2009 and 2011. He was a Member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing Rockdale for the...	ALP	10.3%
Swansea Electoral district of Swansea Swansea is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Hunter Region of the Australian state of New South Wales. It was represented by Milton Orkopoulos of the Australian Labor Party until his arrest in 2006 on allegations of child sex and drugs offences. It is now represented by Garry...	Robert Coombs Robert Coombs Robert Darcy Coombs is an Australian politician and former Australian Labor Party member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly. Coombs represented the electorate of Swansea from 2007 to his defeat at the New South Wales state election, 2011.Coombs is the son of Max and Clare Coombs and has...	ALP	10.8%
Blue Mountains	Phil Koperberg	ALP	11.1%
Granville Electoral district of Granville Granville is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales in Sydney's West. It is currently represented by Tony Issa of the Liberal Party of Australia.-History:...	David Borger David Borger David Borger is an Australian politician. He represented the Electoral district of Granville for the Australian Labor Party in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 2007 until 2011...	ALP	11.1%
Macquarie Fields Electoral district of Macquarie Fields Macquarie Fields is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales, located in the outer south-western suburbs of Sydney. It is currently represented by Dr Andrew McDonald of the Australian Labor Party....	Andrew McDonald Andrew McDonald (Australian politician) Andrew Dominic McDonald is an Australian doctor and politician. He attended St. Leo's Catholic College in Wahroonga, before studying medicine at the University of Sydney. He worked as a paediatrician at Campbelltown Hospital for 17 years prior to joining the Labor Party...	ALP	11.1%
Mulgoa Electoral district of Mulgoa Mulgoa is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is currently represented by Tanya Davies of the Liberal Party of Australia.-Members for Mulgoa:-Election results:...	Diane Beamer Diane Beamer Diane Beamer is a former Australian politician. She was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly between 1995–2011 representing the electorates of Badgerys Creek and Mulgoa for the Australian Labor Party.-Early life and background:Beamer joined Labor in 1975...	ALP	11.1%
Kiama Electoral district of Kiama Kiama is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Gareth Ward of the Liberal Party of Australia. This electorate is named after the Municipality of Kiama in the Illawarra, which is at the centre...	Matt Brown Matt Brown (Australian politician) Matthew James "Matt" Brown is an Australian politician, elected as a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Kiama between 1999 and 2011...	ALP	12.0%
Cessnock Electoral district of Cessnock Cessnock is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales in the rural fringe of the Hunter. It is represented by Clayton Barr of the Australian Labor Party.-History:...	Kerry Hickey Kerry Hickey Kerry Arthur Hickey , a former Australian politician, was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing the electorate of Cessnock between 1999 and 2011 for the Australian Labor Party....	ALP	12.4%
Bathurst	Gerard Martin Gerard Martin Gerard Francis Martin MP , a former Australian politician, was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing the electorate of Bathurst between 1999 and 2011 for the Australian Labor Party....	ALP	13.0%
Parramatta Electoral district of Parramatta Parramatta is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is currently held by Geoff Lee of the Liberal Party of Australia....	Tanya Gadiel Tanya Gadiel Tanya Rachelle Gadiel, née Barber , a former Australian politician, was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly between 2003–2011, representing the electorate of Parramatta for the Australian Labor Party...	ALP	13.7%
East Hills Electoral district of East Hills East Hills is a state electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is represented by Glenn Brookes of the Liberal Party of Australia.-Members for East Hills:-Election results:...	Alan Ashton Alan Ashton (Australian politician) Alan John Ashton is an Australian politician, a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly.Ashton received a Master of Arts and Diploma of Education from the University of Sydney and taught at schools in southwestern Sydney. He was a councillor on the City of Bankstown from 1977 to 1987...	ALP	14.1%
Oatley Electoral district of Oatley Oatley is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales in Sydney's St George district. It is currently held by Mark Coure of the Liberal Party of Australia.-History:...	Kevin Greene Kevin Greene (politician) Kevin Patrick Greene , is a former Australian politician, elected as a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly. He has a Diploma of Teaching and a Bachelor of Education and was a teacher before running for Parliament...	ALP	14.4%
Toongabbie Electoral district of Toongabbie Toongabbie is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales, created at the 2004 redistribution of electoral districts largely replacing the abolished district of Wentworthville. It was contested for the first time in the 2007 general election...	Nathan Rees Nathan Rees Nathan Rees MP, , an Australian politician, was the 41st Premier of New South Wales and parliamentary leader of the New South Wales division of the Australian Labor Party from September 2008 to December 2009...	ALP	14.5%
Strathfield Electoral district of Strathfield Strathfield is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It was first created in 1988, and derives its name from the suburb of the same name. Strathfield is an urban electorate, covering 17.94 km² and taking in the suburbs of Strathfield,...	Virginia Judge Virginia Judge Dianne "Virginia" Judge , a former Australian politician, was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing Strathfield for the Australian Labor Party from 2003 until 2011.-Early life:...	ALP	15.1%
Smithfield Electoral district of Smithfield Smithfield is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Andrew Rohan of the Liberal Party of Australia, who was elected as the first ever Liberal candidate of the electorate at the New South Wales state election, 2011.-Members...	Ninos Khoshaba Ninos Khoshaba Ninos Khoshaba is an Australian politician of Assyrian decent, and currently a member of Parliament of New South Wales. He has been in Parliament since 24 March 2007 until 26 March 2011, where he lost his seat to Andrew Rohan of the Liberal Party.-Early life:...	ALP	15.5%
Wallsend Electoral district of Wallsend Wallsend is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. Wallsend is a Newcastle suburban electorate, deriving its name from the suburb of the same name, covering 118.57 km² and encompassing at least part of the suburbs of Wallsend, Edgeworth,...	Sonia Hornery Sonia Hornery Sonia Kathleen Hornery JP MP is an Australian politician representing the seat of Electoral district of Wallsend for the Australian Labor Party...	ALP	15.8%
Maroubra Electoral district of Maroubra Maroubra is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is currently represented by Michael Daley of the Australian Labor Party,...	Michael Daley Michael Daley Michael John Daley MP , an Australian politician, is a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing Maroubra for the Australian Labor Party since 2005. He is currently Shadow Treasurer and Shadow Minister for Finance and Services.-Early life:Daley was educated at Marcellin...	ALP	16.1%
Kogarah Electoral district of Kogarah Kogarah is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales in Sydney's St George district. It is represented by Cherie Burton of the Australian Labor Party.-History:...	Cherie Burton Cherie Burton Cherie Ann Burton an Australian politician, is a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing Kogarah for the Australian Labor Party since 1999.- Biography :...	ALP	17.7%
Campbelltown Electoral district of Campbelltown Campbelltown is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly of the Australian state of New South Wales in Sydney's South-west.It is represented by Bryan Doyle of the Liberal Party of Australia.-Members for Campbelltown:-Election results:...	Graham West Graham West Graham James West , a former Australian politician, was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Campbelltown between 2001 and 2011 for the Australian Labor Party. He was Minister for Juvenile Justice, Minister for Volunteering and Minister for Youth in the New South Wales State...	ALP	18.6%
Very safe
Fairfield Electoral district of Fairfield Fairfield is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly of the Australian state of New South Wales in Sydney's West. Fairfield has historically been one of the safest Labor seats in New South Wales and is considered a part of Labor's heartland in Western Sydney...	Joe Tripodi	ALP	20.4%
Shellharbour Electoral district of Shellharbour Shellharbour is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. The seat was created at the 2004 redistribution of electoral districts and takes in the majority of voters from the abolished Illawarra, as well as territory that previously belonged to...	Lylea McMahon Lylea McMahon Lylea Anne McMahon , a former Australian politician, was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing the electoral district of Shellharbour between 2007 and 2011...	ALP v IND	21.6%
Keira Electoral district of Keira Keira is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Ryan Park of the Australian Labor Party.-Members for Keira:-Election results:...	David Campbell	ALP	22.0%
Blacktown	Paul Gibson	ALP	22.3%
Heffron Electoral district of Heffron Heffron is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is named after Robert Heffron, a former Labor premier of New South Wales. It is a safe Labor seat, and is currently represented by former Premier Kristina Keneally of the Australian Labor...	Kristina Keneally Kristina Keneally Kristina Kerscher Keneally MP, is an Australian politician and was the 42nd Premier of New South Wales. She was elected leader of the Australian Labor Party in New South Wales and thus Premier in 2009, but went on to lose government to the Liberal/National Coalition at the March 2011 state election...	ALP	23.7%
Wollongong Electoral district of Wollongong Wollongong is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Noreen Hay of the Australian Labor Party.-History:...	Noreen Hay Noreen Hay Noreen Hay is an Australian politician and member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly. She has represented Wollongong for the Australian Labor Party since 2003....	ALP	25.3%
Mount Druitt Electoral district of Mount Druitt Mount Druitt is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is a 89.01 km² urban electorate in Sydney's outer west, taking in the suburbs of Mount Druitt, Marsden Park, and Arndell Park. There were 45,408 voters enrolled in time for the 2003...	Richard Amery Richard Amery Richard Sanderson Amery MP , an Australian politician, is a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing Mount Druitt for the Australian Labor Party since 1991...	ALP	25.4%
Bankstown	Tony Stewart Tony Stewart Anthony Wayne "Tony" Stewart is an American auto racing driver and owner. Throughout his racing career, Stewart has won titles in Indy cars and stock cars as well as midget, sprint and USAC Silver Crown cars, giving him the recognition of "one of the finest racers of his generation."Stewart...	ALP	25.6%
Liverpool Electoral district of Liverpool Liverpool is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly of the Australian state of New South Wales in Sydney's West. It is currently represented by Paul Lynch of the Australian Labor Party....	Paul Lynch Paul Lynch (politician) Paul Gerard Lynch MP, an Australian politician, is a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing Liverpool since 1995 for the Australian Labor Party.-Early career and background:...	ALP	26.9%
Canterbury Electoral district of Canterbury Canterbury is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Linda Burney of the Australian Labor Party.-History:...	Linda Burney Linda Burney The Hon. Linda Jean Burney MP, an Australian politician, is a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing Canterbury for the Australian Labor Party since 2003...	ALP	27.1%
Auburn	Barbara Perry Barbara Perry Barbara Mazzel Anne Perry MP, , an Australian politician, is a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing Auburn for the Australian Labor Party since 2001. Perry is the Shadow Minister for Ageing, Shadow Minister for Disability Services, Shadow Minister for Family and Community...	ALP	28.8%
Cabramatta Electoral district of Cabramatta Cabramatta is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is a 19.82 km² urban electorate in Sydney's south-west, centred on the suburb of Cabramatta from which it takes its name. It also includes the suburbs of Bonnyrigg, Bonnyrigg Heights,...	Reba Meagher Reba Meagher Reba Paige Meagher is a former Australian politician who was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, representing the electoral district of Cabramatta. She was a minister in various portfolios from 2003 to 2008. On 6 September 2008 Meagher announced that she would not be seeking a...	ALP	29.0%
Lakemba Electoral district of Lakemba Lakemba is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales in Sydney's Inner West. It has been held by the Australian Labor Party since its creation in 1927...	Morris Iemma Morris Iemma Morris Iemma , is a former Australian politician and 40th Premier of New South Wales, succeeding Bob Carr after he resigned on 3 August 2005. Iemma led the Australian Labor Party to victory in the 2007 election before resigning as Premier on 5 September 2008, and as a Member of Parliament on 19...	ALP	34.0%

LIBERAL/ NATIONAL SEATS
Marginal
Port Stephens Electoral district of Port Stephens Port Stephens is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Craig Baumann of the Liberal Party who won 51.1% of the primary vote at the 2011 election....	Craig Baumann Craig Baumann Craig Asbjorn Baumann MP , an Australian politician, is a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing Port Stephens for the Liberal Party since 2007.Baumann was elected at the 2007 state election...	LIB	0.1%
Goulburn Electoral district of Goulburn Goulburn is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Pru Goward of the Liberal Party of Australia....	Pru Goward Pru Goward Prudence Jane Goward MP , an Australian politician, is the Minister for Community Services and Women in the O'Farrell Liberal-National Coalition Government since 2011. Goward is a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing Goulburn for the Liberal Party of Australia since 2007...	LIB v IND	1.3%
Tweed Electoral district of Tweed Tweed is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Geoff Provest of the National Party of Australia. It includes eastern Tweed Shire, including Tweed Heads, Kingscliff, Fingal Head, Chinderah, Cudgen, Bogangar, Pottsville and...	Geoff Provest Geoff Provest Geoffrey Keith Provest is an Australian politician and National Party of Australia member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly. Provest has represented the Tweed since 24 March 2007....	NAT	3.0%
Manly Electoral district of Manly Manly is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It has historically tended to be a Liberal-leaning seat. It is currently represented by the Treasurer of New South Wales, Mike Baird of the Liberal Party of Australia.-Members for Manly:-Election...	Mike Baird Mike Baird (Australian politician) Michael Bruce "Mike" Baird MP, an Australian politician, is the Treasurer of New South Wales in the O'Farrell Government since 2011. He is a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing Manly for the Liberal Party of Australia since 2007....	LIB v IND	3.4%
Bega	Andrew Constance Andrew Constance Andrew James Constance MP , an Australian politician, is the New South Wales Minister for Ageing and Disability Services in the O'Farrell government, since 2011...	LIB	5.1%
Fairly safe
Hawkesbury Electoral district of Hawkesbury Hawkesbury is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It was represented by Steven Pringle, formerly of the Liberal Party of Australia, who contested the 2007 election as an independent but was defeated by Ray Williams of the Liberal Party of...	Ray Williams Ray Williams (Australian politician) Ray Williams, MP, an Australian politician, is a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing Hawkesbury for the Liberal Party of Australia since 2007.-Early life and background:...	LIB v IND	6.0%
Barwon	Kevin Humphries Kevin Humphries Kevin John Humphries is an Australian politician and National Party of Australia member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly. He has represented the Barwon since 24 March 2007...	NAT v IND	6.2%
South Coast Electoral district of South Coast South Coast is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Shelley Hancock of the Liberal Party of Australia.-Members for South Coast:-Election results:...	Shelley Hancock Shelley Hancock Shelley Elizabeth Hancock MP , an Australian politician, was elected as the first female Speaker of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly at the first sitting of Parliament following the 2011 state election...	LIB	7.8%
Epping Electoral district of Epping Epping is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Greg Smith of the Liberal Party of Australia.-Members for Epping:-Election results:...	Greg Smith	LIB	8.0%
Terrigal Electoral district of Terrigal Terrigal is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It was contested for the first time at the 2007 election and was won by the former member for Gosford, Chris Hartcher of the Liberal Party of Australia. Hartcher was re-elected at the 2011...	Chris Hartcher Chris Hartcher Christopher "Chris" Peter Hartcher MP , an Australian politician, is the New South Wales Minister for Resources and Energy, Special Minister of State and Minister for the Central Coast in the O'Farrell-Stoner Liberal/National coalitition government...	LIB	8.4%
Pittwater Electoral district of Pittwater Pittwater is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. Located in Sydney's north-east, it is 175.32 km² in size, and comprises the local government area of Pittwater Council and parts of Warringah Council...	Rob Stokes Rob Stokes Robert "Rob" Gordon Stokes BA, LLM MP , an Australian politician, is a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing Pittwater for the Liberal Party of Australia since 2007. He is currently the NSW Parliamentary Secretary for Renewable Energy.-Early life and background:Stokes grew...	LIB v IND	9.4%
Safe
Murray-Darling Electoral district of Murray-Darling Murray-Darling is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by John Williams of the National Party of Australia....	John Williams	NAT	10.1%
Baulkham Hills	Wayne Merton Wayne Merton Wayne Ashley Merton , a former Australian politician, was a Member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing the electorates of Carlingford between 1988 and 1991 and Baulkham Hills between 1991 and 2011 for the Liberal Party of Australia...	LIB	10.3%
Lismore Electoral district of Lismore Lismore is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Thomas George of the National Party of Australia....	Thomas George Thomas George Thomas George MP JP is an Australian politician and member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly. Thomas George was educated at St Mary's Primary and Marist Brothers College in Casino. He has worked as a bank officer, a stock and station agent, a real estate agent and a publican...	NAT	10.5%
Clarence Electoral district of Clarence Clarence is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales.It was represented by Steve Cansdell of the National Party of Australia until he resigned on 16th September 2011 due to issues relating to a statutory declaration related to a speeding offence...	Steve Cansdell Steve Cansdell Stephen Rhett "Steve" Cansdell is a former Australian politician and former member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly....	NAT	11.6%
Orange Electoral district of Orange Orange is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Andrew Gee of the National Party of Australia....	Russell Turner Russell Turner Russell William Turner , a former Australian politician, was a Member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing Orange between 1996 and 2011 for the National Party of Australia....	NAT V IND	11.7%
Lane Cove Electoral district of Lane Cove Lane Cove is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Anthony Roberts of the Liberal Party of Australia...	Anthony Roberts Anthony Roberts Anthony John Roberts MP , an Australian politician, is the New South Wales Minister for Fair Trading in the O'Farrell-Stoner Liberal/National coalitition government...	LIB	12.4%
Ryde Electoral district of Ryde Ryde is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It includes the suburbs and localities of Denistone, Denistone East, Denistone West, Macquarie Park, Marsfield, Meadowbank, Melrose Park, Ryde, North Ryde, West Ryde; and part of Eastwood.It is...	Victor Dominello Victor Dominello Victor Michael Dominello MP , an Australian politician, is a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, representing the electorate of Ryde for the Liberal Party of Australia since 2008, and is the Minister for Citizenship, Communities and Aboriginal Affairs since 2011 in the Coalition...	LIB	13.0%
Wagga Wagga Electoral district of Wagga Wagga Wagga Wagga is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Daryl Maguire of the Liberal Party of Australia....	Daryl Maguire Daryl Maguire Daryl William Maguire MP JP , an Australian politician, is a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing Wagga Wagga for the Liberal Party of Australia since 1999...	LIB	13.0%
Ballina	Don Page	NAT	14.5%
Willoughby Electoral district of Willoughby Willoughby is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Gladys Berejiklian of the Liberal Party of Australia.-History:...	Gladys Berejiklian Gladys Berejiklian Gladys Berejiklian MP , an Australian politician, is the Minister for Transport in the O'Farrell Government. Berejiklian is a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing Willoughby for the Liberal Party of Australia since 2003.-Early years and background:Berejiklian was born in...	LIB v IND	14.5%
Upper Hunter Electoral district of Upper Hunter Upper Hunter is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by George Souris of the National Party of Australia....	George Souris George Souris George Souris JP MP is an Australian politician and member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly. He is currently the Minister for Hospitality in the O'Farrell Liberal/National government. He was born at Gunnedah and was educated at The Armidale School and the University of New England...	NAT	14.7%
North Shore Electoral district of North Shore North Shore is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Jillian Skinner of the Liberal Party of Australia.-History:...	Jillian Skinner Jillian Skinner Jillian Gell Skinner MP , an Australian politician, is the New South Wales Minister for Health and Minister for Medical Research in the O'Farrell-Stoner Liberal/National coalitition government...	LIB v GRN	15.8%
Oxley	Andrew Stoner Andrew Stoner Andrew John Stoner is an Australian politician, Deputy Premier of New South Wales and member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for the seat of Oxley since the 1999 state election, and the Leader of the New South Wales National Party since 31 March 2003...	NAT	15.9%
Murrumbidgee Electoral district of Murrumbidgee Murrumbidgee is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales, named after the Murrumbidgee River. It is represented by Adrian Piccoli of the National Party of Australia....	Adrian Piccoli Adrian Piccoli Adrian Piccoli is an Australian politician representing the electoral district of Murrumbidgee in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly. He is the Minister for Education in the O'Farrell Government and the Deputy Leader of the New South Wales Nationals.-Personal life:Piccoli was born in Griffith...	NAT	16.1%
Vaucluse Electoral district of Vaucluse Vaucluse is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales, based on the suburb of Vaucluse. Vaucluse is one of two original electorates to have never been held by the opposing Labor party and always by the Liberal Party or its predecessors, the other...	Peter Debnam Peter Debnam Peter John Debnam , is a former Australian politician. He was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing Vaucluse between 1994 and 2011. Debnam is a former Leader of the New South Wales Liberal Party, Leader of the Opposition and Shadow Minister for Western Sydney,...	LIB v GRN	16.1%
Penrith Electoral district of Penrith Penrith is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It has been represented by Stuart Ayres of the Liberal Party of Australia since the 2010 by-election...	Stuart Ayres Stuart Ayres Stuart Ayres MP is an Australian politician. He is a Liberal Party of Australia Member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly since 19 June 2010, representing the electorate of Penrith.-Private life:...	LIB	16.48%
Hornsby Electoral district of Hornsby Hornsby is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. Hornsby is one of two post-1927 electorates to have never been held by the Labor party and always by the Liberals, a predecessor party to the Liberals, or an independent, the other such district...	Judy Hopwood Judy Hopwood Judith "Judy" Hopwood , a former Australian politician, was a Member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing Hornsby for Liberal Party of Australia between 2002 and 2011....	LIB	16.5%
Wakehurst Electoral district of Wakehurst Wakehurst is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Brad Hazzard of the Liberal Party of Australia.-Members for Wakehurst:-Election results:...	Brad Hazzard Brad Hazzard Bradley "Brad" Ronald Hazzard MP , an Australian politician, is the New South Wales Minister for Planning and Infrastructure and Minister Assisting the Premier on Infrastructure NSW in the O'Farrell-Stoner Liberal/National coalitition government...	LIB	17.3%
Myall Lakes Electoral district of Myall Lakes Myall Lakes is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Stephen Bromhead of the National Party of Australia....	John Turner John Turner (Australian politician) John Harcourt Turner , a former Australian politician, was a Member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing Myall Lakes between 1988 and 2011 for the National Party of Australia....	NAT	17.4%
Cronulla Electoral district of Cronulla Cronulla is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Mark Speakman of the Liberal Party of Australia.-Members for Cronulla:-Election results:...	Malcolm Kerr Malcolm Kerr (Australian politician) Malcolm John Kerr JP , a former Australian politician, was a Member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing Cronulla for the Liberal Party of Australia between 1984 and 2011.Kerr is a barrister and is not married....	LIB	17.5%
Burrinjuck	Katrina Hodgkinson Katrina Hodgkinson Katrina Ann Hodgkinson MP JP is an Australian politician and a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly. She has represented the Burrinjuck for the National Party of Australia since 27 March 1999...	NAT	17.6%
Coffs Harbour Electoral district of Coffs Harbour Coffs Harbour is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Andrew Fraser of the National Party of Australia....	Andrew Fraser Andrew Fraser (New South Wales politician) Andrew Raymond Gordon Fraser JP , an Australian politician, is a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing Coffs Harbour for the National Party of Australia since 1990....	NAT	17.6%
Albury	Greg Aplin Greg Aplin Gregory John "Greg" Aplin MP , an Australian politician, is a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing Albury for the Liberal Party of Australia since 2003.-Early life and background:...	LIB	19.0%
Castle Hill Electoral district of Castle Hill Castle Hill is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales, formed during the redistribution in 2004. It is an urban electorate in Sydney's north west, taking in the suburbs of Castle Hill, Carlingford and West Pennant Hills...	Michael Richardson Michael Richardson Michael John Richardson , a former Australian politician, was a Member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing the electorates of The Hills between 1993 and 2007 and Castle Hill between 2007 and 2011 for the Liberal Party of Australia.Richardson was educated at North Sydney Boys...	LIB	19.1%
Very safe
Davidson Electoral district of Davidson Davidson is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Jonathan O'Dea of the Liberal Party of Australia.-Members for Davidson:-Election results:...	Jonathan O'Dea Jonathan O'Dea Jonathan Richard O'Dea MP , an Australian politician, is a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing Davidson for the Liberal Party of Australia since 2007.-Early life:...	LIB	24.7%
Ku-ring-gai Electoral district of Ku-ring-gai Ku-ring-gai is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by the current Premier of New South Wales, Barry O'Farrell of the Liberal Party of Australia, since 1999.-Electorate History:...	Barry O'Farrell Barry O'Farrell Barry Robert O'Farrell MP, is an Australian politician and is the 43rd Premier of New South Wales, Minister for Western Sydney, Leader of the New South Wales Liberal Party and a Member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing Ku-ring-gai for the Liberal Party since 1999.Born in...	LIB	29.0%
INDEPENDENT SEATS
Lake Macquarie Electoral district of Lake Macquarie Lake Macquarie is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Hunter region of the Australian state of New South Wales. It is currently represented by the independent Greg Piper.-Members for Lake Macquarie:-Election results:...	Greg Piper Greg Piper Gregory Michael Piper MP , an Australian politician, is the independent member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing Lake Macquarie since 2007. Piper also serves as Mayor of City of Lake Macquarie, since 2004.-Early years and background:Piper grew up in the Lake Macquarie suburb...	IND v ALP	0.1%
Dubbo Electoral district of Dubbo Dubbo is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Troy Grant of the National Party of Australia....	Dawn Fardell Dawn Fardell Dawn Elizabeth Fardell , a former Australian politician, was an independent member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing Dubbo between 2004 and 2011.-Early years and background:...	IND v NAT	0.9%
Port Macquarie Electoral district of Port Macquarie Port Macquarie is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Leslie Williams of the National Party....	Peter Besseling Peter Besseling Peter Edward Besseling is an Australian politician. He was also a former professional rugby union player. - Political Career:...	IND v NAT	4.5%
Tamworth Electoral district of Tamworth Tamworth is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Kevin Anderson of the National Party of Australia...	Peter Draper Peter Draper Peter Ross Draper , a former Australian politician, represented Tamworth as an independent politician between 2003 and 2011....	IND v NAT	4.8%
Sydney Electoral district of Sydney Sydney is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly of the Australian state of New South Wales in Inner Sydney. It includes the commercial centre of the Sydney CBD; the suburbs and localities of Barangaroo, Broadway, Chinatown, Chippendale, Darling Harbour, Dawes Point, Elizabeth Bay,...	Clover Moore Clover Moore Clover Moore , is an Australian politician, the Lord Mayor of the City of Sydney and an independent member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, representing the electorate of Sydney. Moore is the first publicly elected female Lord Mayor of Sydney. Prior to the 2007 NSW state election, she...	IND v ALP	16.6%
Northern Tablelands Electoral district of Northern Tablelands Northern Tablelands is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is currently represented by independent member Richard Torbay....	Richard Torbay Richard Torbay George Richard Torbay MP , an Australian politician, is an independent member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing Northern Tablelands since 1999. Torbay was the 30th Speaker of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, serving from 2007 until 2011, and was the first independent...	IND v NAT	30.2%

Legislative Council

Labor MLC Michael Costa resigned on 22 September 2008. Unions NSW

Labor Council of New South Wales

The Labor Council of New South Wales is a representative body of Trade union organisations in the State of New South Wales, Australia. As of 2005 there are 67 unions and 8 Rural and Regional Trades & Labor Councils affiliated to the Labor Council, representing 800,000 workers in NSW...

 secretary John Robertson

John Robertson (New South Wales politician)

John Cameron Robertson MP , an Australian politician, is the Leader of the Australian Labor Party in New South Wales and the Leader of the Opposition. Robertson is a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing Blacktown for Labor since 2011...

 was nominated by Labor as his successor, and was formally appointed at a joint sitting of parliament on 28 October.

Gordon Moyes

Gordon Moyes

Gordon Keith Mackenzie Moyes AC is an Australian Christian evangelist, broadcaster and former politician.-Early life and career:...

 was appointed in 2002 as a member of the Christian Democratic Party to fill the casual vacancy caused by Elaine Nile

Elaine Nile

Elaine Blanche Nile was an Australian politician who represented the Christian Democratic Party in the New South Wales Legislative Council between 1998 and 2002...

's resignation from the Legislative Council. He was elected in 2003. Having been expelled from the party in March 2009, he sat as an independent until November 2009 when he joined the Family First Party

Family First Party

The Family First Party is a socially conservative minor political party in Australia. It has two members in the South Australian Legislative Council...

.

Labor MLC Henry Tsang

Henry Tsang

Henry Tsang OAM is an Australian architect, politician and formerly an Australian Labor Party member of the New South Wales Legislative Council. Tsang was a member of the Council from 27 March 1999 until his resignation effective 3 December 2009...

 resigned effective 3 December 2009. Former Mayor of the City of Rockdale

City of Rockdale

The City of Rockdale is a Local Government Area in southern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The city centre is located 12 kilometres south-south-west of the Sydney central business district, on the western shores of Botany Bay...

 Shaoquett Moselmane

Shaoquett Moselmane

Shaoquett Moselmane MLC , an Australian politician, is a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council since 2009, representing the Australian Labor Party.-Early years and background:...

 was nominated by Labor as his successor, and was formally appointed at a joint sitting of parliament on 3 December.

On 7 June 2010, Labor Minister Ian Macdonald

Ian Macdonald (New South Wales politician)

Ian Michael Macdonald BA MLC , a former Australian politician, was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council from 1988 to 2010 representing the Australian Labor Party...

 resigned from the Legislative Council

New South Wales Legislative Council

The New South Wales Legislative Council, or upper house, is one of the two chambers of the parliament of New South Wales in Australia. The other is the Legislative Assembly. Both sit at Parliament House in the state capital, Sydney. The Assembly is referred to as the lower house and the Council as...

 after resigning from the ministry when it was discovered that he had mis-used taxpayer funds to fund a private holiday in Europe. In total, 12 of the 22 Ministers sworn in after the last State election have resigned or been replaced to date. Assistant general secretary of the NSW branch of the ALP Luke Foley

Luke Foley

Luke Aquinas Foley , an Australian politician, is a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council since 10 June 2010 representing the Australian Labor Party...

 was nominated by Labor as his successor, and was formally appointed at a joint sitting of parliament on 10 June 2010.

Greens MLC Lee Rhiannon

Lee Rhiannon

Lee Rhiannon , an Australian politician, is a Senator for New South Wales, elected at the 2010 federal election, representing the Australian Greens...

 resigned on 19 July 2010 to contest a seat for the Federal Senate

Australian Senate

The Senate is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of Australia, the lower house being the House of Representatives. Senators are popularly elected under a system of proportional representation. Senators are elected for a term that is usually six years; after a double dissolution, however,...

 at the 2010 election. The death of Shooters and Fishers Party MLC Roy Smith

Roy Smith (Australian politician)

Roy Anthony Smith was an Australian politician, and a former manager of the New South Wales Sporting Shooters Association of Australia. He was a member of the Shooters Party, and at the 2007 state election was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Council...

 on 30 July 2010 and the resignations of Labor MLC John Della Bosca

John Della Bosca

John Joseph Della Bosca is a former Australian politician, representing the Australian Labor Party in the New South Wales Legislative Council...

 on 30 July and Greens MLC Sylvia Hale

Sylvia Hale

Sylvia Phyllis Hale is a social justice, community and environmental campaigner, and a former Australian politician. She was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council from 2003 to 2010 for the Greens....

 on 6 September left four vacancies, which were filled by Cate Faehrmann

Cate Faehrmann

Cate Faehrmann is a Greens Member of the New South Wales Legislative Council, environmental activist and former director of the Nature Conservation Council of NSW. She was also a board member of the progressive political organisation GetUp and the public interest environmental law firm, the...

, Robert Borsak

Robert Borsak

Robert Borsak is an Australian voluntary conservation hunter, recreational hunter and shooter and is now an elected MP of the Shooters and Fishers Party...

, Sophie Cotsis

Sophie Cotsis

Sophie Cotsis MLC, is an Australian politician. She is a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council since 7 September 2010, representing the Australian Labor Party....

 and David Shoebridge

David Shoebridge

David Shoebridge is an Australian politician. He has been a Greens member of the New South Wales Legislative Council since September 2010, when he was appointed to replace outgoing MLC Sylvia Hale....

 respectively on 7 September 2010.

Current balance

Party	Seats held		Current Council
	2007	Now
Australian Labor Party Australian Labor Party The Australian Labor Party is an Australian political party. It has been the governing party of the Commonwealth of Australia since the 2007 federal election. Julia Gillard is the party's federal parliamentary leader and Prime Minister of Australia...	19	19
Liberal Party of Australia Liberal Party of Australia The Liberal Party of Australia is an Australian political party.Founded a year after the 1943 federal election to replace the United Australia Party, the centre-right Liberal Party typically competes with the centre-left Australian Labor Party for political office...	10	10
National Party of Australia National Party of Australia The National Party of Australia is an Australian political party.Traditionally representing graziers, farmers and rural voters generally, it began as the The Country Party, but adopted the name The National Country Party in 1975, changed to The National Party of Australia in 1982. The party is...	5	5
The Greens Greens New South Wales The Greens New South Wales is the state Greens party in New South Wales. It is a member party of the Australian Greens. The Greens NSW have one member in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly , five members in the New South Wales Legislative Council...	4	4
Shooters and Fishers Party	2	2
Christian Democratic Party Christian Democratic Party (Australia) The Christian Democratic Party is a right-wing political party in Australia. Its leader is Fred Nile, a Congregational Church minister and a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council.-Formation:...	2	1
Family First Party Family First Party The Family First Party is a socially conservative minor political party in Australia. It has two members in the South Australian Legislative Council...	0	1